Stage Concert Barricade Collapse, Pyrotechnic Indoor Flash Fire, uye Nightclub Single-Kubuda Bottleneck Kupona¶

Pakati penzvimbo dzemimhanzi dzemukati, makirabhu eusiku, dzimba dzemitambo, dzimba dzemichato, uye nhanho-yekugamuchira mutambo pasi rese, njodzi mbiri dzechimiro uye thermodynamic dzakadzokorodza kushandura kuungana kwemhemberero kuita njodzi dzinouraya vanhu vazhinji: ** indoor pyrotechnic kana murazvo wemoto we polyurethane acoustic madziro / sirin'i furo* rakasanganiswa negonhi remabhodhoro * rakasanganiswa negonhi rimwe chete. asphyxiation ("kupwanya kwakamira") kana kutadza kwechimiro pamwe chete nepamberi-ye-nhanho zvipingamupinyi zvevanhu . Mumazhinji ekuferefeta kwemoto kunoitwa ne U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), iyo National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), uye hushumiri hwepasi rose hwemukati, indoor stage pyrotechnics ("gerbs", moto unotonhora, kana mafireworks emukati), zvinopenya-moto zvechampagne sparklers, kana overheated stage lighting rakavharirwa pazasi pesirin'i inobatidza-yakabatidza-inopfuta-inopfuta furo, sirin'i mataira epolystyrene, kana madhirivhiti evelvet. Kemikari, yakavhurika-sero polyurethane acoustic foam yakasimba hydrocarbon mafuta akazadzwa nehomwe dzemhepo: kana yangobatidzwa, murazvo wayo wemberi unomhanya wakakwira kumadziro esiteji uye kuyambuka sirin'i pa 0.3 kusvika 1.0 mita pasekondi (1 kusvika 3.3 tsoka pasekondi), ichisvika ** yakazara-mukamuri flashover (> 600 °C / 1,100 °F) mumasekonzi 60 kusvika ku120** uku uchidonhedza sirin'i dema-dema ye hydrogen cyanide (HCN), carbon monoxide (CO), uye phosgene/hydrogen chloride utsi kusvika kumusoro kumusoro mu pasi pe90 seconds.

Kana 300 kusvika 2,000 vatengesi vakatendeuka panguva imwe chete kuti vatize kirabhu yeusiku isina kuvheneka, isina mahwindo, maitiro evanhu anotevera ** affiliative egress routing : ** 70 kusvika 85 muzana yemhomho inofuratira yakanyorwa kudivi/kumashure kwemoto wekubuda kwechimbichimbi uye kumhanyira kumashure kwakananga kumusuwo wakamanikana wepamberi wavakapinda napo pavakasvika . Mukati masekonzi makumi mana neshanu, kuwanda kwevanhu panzvimbo imwechete yekumberi kwebhodhoro kunodarika ** vanhu 6 kusvika 8 paskweya mita, zvichikonzera murwi wevanhu ("horizontal arch effect") unoisa chisimbiso chemusuwo ukuwo kicheni yekumashure yekumashure uye yekurodha-bay inobuda isina chinhu. Panguva imwe chete, pamakonsati ekumira-mukamuri-chete, masaisai ekumanikidza kwechaunga chemberi anogadzira ** 3,000 kusvika 4,500+ Newtons (675 kusvika 1,000+ pounds-force) pakatarisana nemutsara wepamberi ** aluminium A-frame ("Mojo") nhanho yekuvharira , kupinza vatsigiri 'ribcages kuti vawedzere kufema asphyxia) kana kurasa 80-kilogiramu ** mhomho-vafambi ** musoro-kutanga pane simbi barricade njanji kana kongiri gomba pasi. Kuziva kutsvaga kwechipiri kumashure/sevhisi yekubuda mukati memasekonzi makumi matatu ekupinda chero nzvimbo, matangiro ekutanga kuenda kunobuda masekonzi gumi ekutanga emurazvo wedariro chero upi zvawo, kubata "Boxer's Ribcage Shield" pachikuva, uye nzira yekudzikisa-inokambaira pasi pehutsi hwehydrogen** Maona nhamba dze emergency, mhomho inopwanya uye kupukunyuka, moto wemba,uye inhalation yeutsi, carbon monoxide, uye cyanide poisoning.

Ita izvi ikozvino¶

1. **MUTEMO WECHIGUMI WECHIPIRI PYROTECHNIC: Kana ukaona Chero murazvo, moto unopenya, kana utsi huchikwira kuseri kwedariro, acoustic wall foam, kana sirin'i baffle panguva yeshoo yemukati, USAmirira KUZIVISA UYE USAIFIRIRA PAFONI YAKO: FAMBA PASI PEDYO PEDYO PASI PEDYO. acoustic-foam nightclub moto, vatsigiri vakatanga kufamba vakananga kunobuda mukati me masekonzi gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu ekutanga ekubatidza vakatiza hutsi husati hwadonha; vatsigiri vakamirira ** 45 kusvika 60 seconds ** (tichifunga kuti murazvo waiva "chikamu cheshoo") vakanga vakavharirwa muhutsi hune muchetura husingaonekwi uye jam yemusuwo.
2. BVHAI MAIN MAIN FRONENT ENTRANCE FOYER: Tungamira wakananga kugirinhi/tsvuku dzakavhenekerwa SECONDARY EXIT zviratidzo (magonhi emoto epadivi, seri kwebhawa service corridor, gonhi rekubikira, kana chiteshi chekutakura zvinhu). Anenge munhu wese ari munzvimbo inovhundutsa anomhanya achidzokera kunopinda nemusuwo mukuru wetiketi uye mukati mejasi rejasi rejasi; kusundidzira-kuvhurika ** kuvhunduka-bhaa magonhi emoto ** padivi pemadziro emadziro, padivi pezvimbuzi, kana kuseri kwechikuva/bhawa inotungamira yakananga kumugwagwa kana mukoto une chidimbu cheboka.
3. Kana utsi hutema hukadonha kubva pasirin'i usati wasvika pamusuwo: DWIRA KUMAWOKO AKO NEKUGWARAMA PAMBERI (chengeta mhino yako nemuromo 30 kusvika 60 centimita / 1 kusvika 2 tsoka pamusoro peuriri) uye kamba neruoko rumwe uchibata kumadziro eperimeter. Kupisa polyurethane acoustic foam inoburitsa zvinouraya (hydrogen cyanid)HCN) uye carbon monoxide (CO)* kudziyisa kusvika ku400+ °C; kungotora ** 2 kusvika ku3 kufema kwakamira ** kweiyo yepamusoro dema yehutsi hunoita kukonzeresa "kugogodza" kufenda, nepo mweya unotonhorera, unofema unoramba uri muzasi ** masendimita makumi mana neshanu (18 inches)* pamusoro peuriri; maona moto wemba.
4. klzzwxh:0034 4). Usambofaakasiya maoko ako akarovera pasi pasi pamativi ako: kamwe yakatwasuka dzvinyiriro yevanhu vakawanda inodarika 1,500 Newtons (340 pounds) kumusana wako, haugoni kubudisa mweya uye kuwedzera ribcage yako zvakare kunze kwekunge maoko ako akasungwa akabata ** 5-to-10-centimita yekufema yehomwe ** pamberi pechipfuva chako; maona mhomho inopwanya uye kupukunyuka.
5. Kuti utize chinouraya chemberi-ye-chikuva chekupwanya, USAyedze kusunda kumashure zvakanangana nevanhu zviuru zvishanu:
6. Kana uri muRow 1 kana Row 2 pabarricade: Bata maziso nevarindi vegomba vakamira pakamuka pakati pechivharo nechikuva, yambuka maoko ako mu "X" pamusoro pemusoro wako (kana kuti anongedza mudenga), uye rega varindi vakukweve ** UP uye PASI penjanji yepamusoro** mumukoto wegomba wakachengeteka.
7. Kana uri muMitsara 3 kusvika 15: Mirira pfupi pfupi 3-kusvika-5-yechipiri kunyarara pakati pemafungu emhepo, shandura mapendekete ako 45 madhigirii diagonally (diagonal tacking), uye shandisa nzira yako nedivi wakananga kunze kuruboshwe kana kurudyi kumucheto kwechaunga uko kuderera kunoderera nekukurumidza.
8. Kana wangobuda kunze kune mhepo yakachena, fambisa ingangoita 50 metres (165 tsoka) kubva pamikova yekubuda kuti vanhu varikumashure vako vasavharirwa pamusuwo, uye fonera nhamba yako yekukurumidzira yemunharaunda (911 muUS/Canada, 112 muEU, 999 muUK). Chero ani zvake anodhonzwa kubva mufuro remukati memba/moto wepurasitiki uyo asina chaanoziva, akavhiringika. yakanyanya-kuyerera okisijeni uye pre-chipatara hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit)** yeacute **cyanide uye carbon monoxide poisoning **; check nhamba dze emergency uye inhalation yeutsi, carbon monoxide, uye cyanide poisoning.

Muti wesarudzo: konsati pyrotechnic flash moto uye nhanho barricade kupwanya kupona¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Concert, Nightclub, kana Indoor Stage Venue Emergency"] --> EmergencyType{"Ndeipi njodzi iri kuitika mukati menzvimbo?"}
    EmergencyType -->|"Sparks/Flames Touch Stage Foam, Drapes, kana Ceiling"| FlashFire["1. FAMBA MUKATI 10 SECONDS: Usambomira kuita firimu, kubata mabhachi, kana kutsvaga shamwari dzakaparadzana; 2. Bypass yakavharika pamberi pefoyer; enda wakananga kudivi / kumashure panic-bar yekubuda nemoto, kuseri kwebhawa, kana kicheni / nhanho yekurodha gonhi; 3. Kana utsi hutema hukadonhera pasi pehurefu hwemusoro, donhera kumawoko nemabvi (chengetedza mhino kubva pa30 kusvika 60 cm kubva pasi) uye tevera madziro emadziro kunze."]
    EmergencyType -->|"Yakapinirwa Kumberi-kwe-Stage Barricade kana Kubatwa muCrowd Surge"| BarricadeCrush["1. Simudza maoko ako muBOXER'S RIBCAGE SHIELD pamberi pechipfuva kuchengetedza nzvimbo yekuwedzera mapapu kubva pa5 kusvika ku10 cm; 2. Chengeta tsoka dzakadzedzereka & mabvi akakotama zvishoma (USAGARA wakakotama kuti utore foni yakadonha kana shangu); 3. Row 1/2: Signal gomba chengetedzo (yakayambuka maoko pamusoro) kuti isimudzwe UP & OVER njanji; Row 3+: Famba DIAGONALLY pamadhigirii makumi mana neshanu panguva yemasaisai emhepo yakananga kunze kwenzira dzekunze."]
    EmergencyType -->|"Simbi Yakavharirwa Inodonha Mberi KANA Mhomho-Surfer Inodonha pamutsipa"| TraumaRescue["1. Shield head & cervical spine ne forearm kana mhomho-surfer ikadonha kubva kumusoro; 2. Kana mazano ekuvharisa kumberi, kwira UP pauriri hwendiro yakati sandara pane kuti gumbo ribatwe nepakati; 3. Dhonza vakadonha kunze nedivi & kudzikamisa cervical spine"]
    FlashFire --> PostEvac["Kana Panze: 1. Bvisa gonhi ne50+ metres kuti mhomho yekuseri ikwanise kubuda; 2. Dana 911 / 112 / 999; 3. Kuongorora utsi hweHydrogen Cyanide (HCN) + CO poisoning (soot mumhino, kuvhiringidzika, coma -> 100% O2 + Hydroxocobalamin)"]
    BarricadeCrush --> PostEvac
    TraumaRescue --> PostEvac

Iyo 90-yechipiri fizikisi yemukati acoustic foam moto uye imwe-yekubuda mabhodhoro¶

1. Nei polyurethane acoustic foam ichipisa sepeturu yakasimba¶

Nzvimbo zhinji dzemimhanzi diki, makirabhu epasi, nzvimbo dzekudzidzira, uye akachinjirwa matura glue akakomberedzwa ** "zai-crate" kana piramidi acoustic foam mapaneru** kumadziro uye sirin'i kuseri kwechikuva kuti iparadze dhiramu uye amplifier kuratidza. Nepo chaiwo ezvokutengeserana acoustic mapaneru akagadzirwa neasingabatike mineral wool (rockwool), fiberglass, kana Kirasi A melamine foam (ASTM E84 flame-spread index \(\le 25\)), nzvimbo dzisingaverengeki dzinoisa zvisiri pamutemo zvakachipa ** isiri-fire-retardant flexible polyurethane (PU) kana polystyrene yakawedzerwa (XPS) kuputira furo**:

• Exponential Surface-to-Mass Ratio: Convoluted egg-crate polyurethane foam is 95 muzana yakavharirwa mweya nevhoriyamu yakakomberedzwa ne-ultra-thin hydrocarbon polymer cell wall. Kana dariro pyrotechnic spark shower ("gerb"), flame projector, kana bhodhoro sparkler inobata furo, madziro matete epolymer anoputika pakarepo.
• The 90-Second Timeline (NIST Station Nightclub Fire Benchmark):
• masekonzi 0 kusvika ku15: Murazvo wakatwasuka unokwira kubva panobatidza wakananga kumadziro edariro kuenda kusirin'i. Nekuti sirin'i ichiri kujeka uye bhendi rinogona kunge richiri kutamba, vazhinji vevateereri vanomira vachiona kana kutora mafirimu.
• 15 kusvika 45 seconds: Marimi emoto akarova sirin'i nehowa zvakachinjika nepamusoro pepamusoro acoustic foam kana mataira ekudonhedza sirin'i (**ceiling jet flame spread **). Kupisa polyurethane inodonhedza madonhwe etara anopfuta (thermoplastic melt-drip) zvichidzika padariro nemutsara wepamberi, zvipfeko zvinobatidza nebvudzi.
• 45 kusvika 90 seconds: The neutral thermal plane inodonha nekukurumidza kubva padenga ichidzika kusvika 1.2 metres (4 feet) pamusoro peuriri. Kabudura rekuvheneka pamusoro kana kuti rakavharwa neopaque, pitch-black soot. Tembiricha yehutsi hwepamusoro inodarika 500 kusvika 600 °C (930 kusvika 1,110 °F), uye uwandu hwe **hydrogen cyanide (HCN) inodarika 500 kusvika 1,500 ppm ** (kupi 300 ppm inokurumidza kuuraya mukati memaminitsi) padivi pe 30,000+ ppm yecarbon monoxide (CO) ** uye ** kupera kweokisijeni (< 10% O2).
• ** 90 kusvika 120 masekonzi: ** ** Flashover ** inoitika mhiri kwekamuri huru, uye kumira kuoneka kunodonha kusvika ** 0.0 metres **.

2. Sei single-exit mabhodhoro jam: Iyo "Horizontal Arch Effect"¶

Kana vanhu mazana maviri vachimhanya panguva imwe chete kuenda kuchiyero 90-kusvika-120-centimita (36-kusvika-48-inch) yakafara yekupinda mukoridho (kana zvakatoipisisa, gonhi rine **magonhi anotendereka mukati ** kana vhesi rinotenderera), simba remvura rinoputsika kuita jekiseni rakasimba:

• Sezvakangoita tsanga dzejecha dzinodururwa nepakati pemutsipa mutete wehourglass inogona kukiya pamwe chete kuita arch yezvimiro kana yakasaidzirwa zvakanyanya, ** mapendekete mashanu kana matanhatu evanhu akasungirirwa panguva imwe chete mu1.2-mita yemasuo emusuwo anoita rigid lateral compression arch **.
• Kana munhu mumwe chete ari pamusuwo afamba pamusoro pechikumbaridzo nhanho kana chikwama chakadonha, mhomho inosunda kubva kumashure mukuonekwa zero inounganidza miviri mitatu kusvika ku5 yakadzika pamusoro pemunhu akadonha mukati me ** 10 seconds **, kuisa chisimbiso chezasi chezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemusuwo zvachose.
• Makunde sei bhodhoro paunosvika (The 30-Second Venue Scan): Pese paunopinda munightclub, pasi pebhawa, kana indoor concert hall, imbomira kwe 10 seconds kamwe mukati meimba huru uye tsvaga ** dzimwe nzira mbiri dzekubuda **:
• Tarisa ** yakavhenekerwa yegirini kana tsvuku EXIT saina ** padivi pemadziro emadziro kana makona ekumashure emukamuri (tarisa kuti gonhi harina kusungwa kana kuvharwa nemabhegi edoro akarongedzerwa kana makese ezvitauriri; kana akasungwa necheni, ** siyai panzvimbo nekukasika **).
• Tsvaga ** gonhi rebasa kuseri kwebhawa huru, gonhi rekugezera rekubikira, kana gonhi reparutivi-danho rekurodha **: bhawa yega yega yekutengesa uye nzvimbo yemimhanzi ine rakafara reseri sevhisi / rekutakura gonhi rinoshandiswa nevashandi nemabhendi kukungurutsa makesi emumugwagwa anorema uye kegs mukati kubva mukoto.

   NIGHTCLUB EGRESS BOTTLENECK VS. SECONDARY EXIT ROUTING

        [ STAGE / PYROTECHNIC IGNITION OF ACOUSTIC FOAM ]
      +===================================================+
      |   || <-- Side Stage                Rear Kitchen / || <-- WIDE BAND
      |   ||     Fire Exit                 Service Door   ||     LOADING DOOR
      |   v      (CLEAR)                   (CLEAR)        v      (CLEAR)
      |                                                   |
      |              [ MAIN AUDIENCE FLOOR ]              |
      |                 /       |       \                 |
      |                /   80% OF CROWD  \                |
      |               v    RUSHES HERE    v               |
      |             +-----------------------+             |
      |             |XXXX JAMMED FOYER XXXXX| <-- Ticket Booth / Turnstile /
      +=============+=========[   ]=========+=====+       Coat Check Bottleneck
                        [Main Entrance]

Front-of-stage concert barricades: Mojo barrier mechanics, compressive asphyxia, uye chaunga-surfer trauma.¶

1. "Mojo" aluminium stage barricade inoshanda sei (uye kana yakundikana)¶

Pamitambo yedombo, pop, hip-hop, uye yemagetsi, mutsara wepamberi wevateereri unoparadzaniswa kubva pachikuva nemutsara unopindirana weheavy-duty *aluminium A-frame crowd barriers ** (inozivikanwa pasi rose muindasitiri yezviitiko zvinorarama se ** Mojo zvipingamupinyi , yakagadzirwa pasi pe ** EN 13200-3 / 2 * 140 ANSI 1 kusvika ku ANSI * 140 * E1. 6,000 Newtons per linear mita ye yakatwasuka mhomho yevanhu):

• Nei Zvipingamupinyi Zvakakodzera Mojo Zvisingapfuurire: Imwe neimwe 1-mita inovharira chikamu ine 1.2-mita (4-foot) yakadzika flat flat aluminium floor plate ("treadplate") inoenda mberi pasi petsoka dzemutsetse wekutanga chaiwo wemafeni. Kurema kwemutsetse wemberi kunotsikirira kumberi kukatarisana neyakamira yakatwasuka 1.2-mita-yakareba chipfuva njanji, ndiko kuwedzera kwehuremu hwemuviri wavo (300+ kg pamita) inorovera pasi ndiro rakati sandara pasi, zvichiita kuti Mojo barriers yakanyatsopinirwa zvisaite kuti iende mberi.
• ** Kana MaBarricade Adonha Zvinoita Nenjodzi:** Kana nzvimbo dzevanofarira kana zviitiko zvisina kufambiswa zvakanaka zvikashandisa marata ebhasikoro asina kuvharwa (maFrench barricades), fenzi yenguva pfupi yechain-link, kana zvikamu zveMojo apo vashandi vakakanganwa kupinza mapini esimbi anobatanidza clevis nemabhaudhi epasi epasi" anodonhedza musoro wepasi" mhomho yekutanga" inodonhedza musoro wepasi pekutanga" inodonhedza musoro song) inokonzeresa mutsara wekuvharira ku jackknife pamubatanidzwa kana flip mberi 90 madhigirii. Mitsara mitatu yekumberi yevateveri inowira nechiso-kutanga pajagged simbi furemu apo mitsara 4 kusvika 10 inodonha pamusoro pemusana wavo nemakumbo mukupwanya domino murwi.

2. Kupona "Kumira Compressive Asphyxia" panjanji¶

Kunyangwe kana barricade yeMojo ikabata zvine mutsindo, kumberi kwemamita mashanu (mafiti gumi nematanhatu) kwegomba rakaomesesa rekugamuchira ("iyo D-peni" kana "Golden Circle") rinogona kusvika pahuwandu hunouraya hwechaunga che 8 kusvika 10 vanhu paskweya mita:

1. Makanika ekumira Asphyxiation:
2. Mapapu omunhu haakure nokusveta oga; kufemesa, intercostal tsandanyama uye diaphragm inofanira kuwedzera vhoriyamu yembabvu yako nekunze ne3 kusvika ku5 centimita (1.2 kusvika 2 inches) kurwisana nemhepo.
3. Kana masaisai achimanikidza mhomho yevanhu kupikisa njanji yakasimba yealuminium yepamusoro pe barricade, pese paunoexhale, mhomho iri shure kwako inosimuka mberi nemasendimita maviri kuti itore twutete, ichiwedzera kutenderedza torso yako seboa constrictor kusvika 1,500 kusvika 3,500 kusvika 3,500 static to 7500 3500 Newtons * 7500 pounds yako sternum inopesana nealuminium njanji kana kumashure kwemunhu ari pamberi pako. Mukati me2 kusvika kumaminetsi mana**, unorasika njere wakamira wakatwasuka kubva kucompressive asphyxia.
4. Nzvimbo Yekupona Pakarepo paBarricade:
5. The Boxer's Ribcage Shield: Pakarepo mhomho inotanga kurongedza zvakasimba mugadziri wemusoro asati abuda, uyisa maoko ose kusvika pacollarbone yako nemagokora ako akarereka kunze pamberi pembabvu dzako dzezasi. Kana ukasaidzirwa njanji yealuminium barricade, simbisa mawoko nemagokora pachubhu yekumusoro yakatenderedzwa pane kuregedza pfupa repazamu risina kana huro kubatirwa zvakananga pamupendero wesimbi.
6. ** Chengetedza Hurefu Hwepfupi uye Vana / Vachengeti Vechidiki: ** Vechidiki uye vapfupi vakuru (< 160 cm / 5 ft 3 in) vari panjodzi yakanyanyisa pachiyero 1.2-mita (47-inch) Mojo barricade nekuti njanji yealuminium yakatenderedzwa inovarovera nepakati pahuro (dokoriro/trachea) kana shaya yezasi pachinzvimbo chechipfuva. Kana munhu mupfupi akapinirwa mitsipa yake nechepamusoro penjanji, vavakidzani vaviri vanofanira kubva vangotsikitsira maoko avo panjanji iri kumativi ese emapendekete emunhu uye kuratidza kuchengetedzwa kwegomba re inokurumidza kusimudza njanji.
7. Usambofa Wakanyunguduka Pasi Peboka: Pazasi pemuchiuno muchaunga chakati wandei, kupisa kunopfuura 40 °C (104 °F), carbon dioxide inoungana, uye kamwe chete kurereka kunoita kuti vanhu vakawanda vakamira vadonhe pane chero munhu akazvambarara pasi.

3. Crowd-surfer cervical spine uye musoro-drop trauma¶

Pamakonti edombo, simbi, uye punk, ** boka-surfing ** (apo muteveri we60-kusvika-100-kilogiramu anopfuudzwa pamusoro pemaoko akasimudzwa eboka revanhu vakananga kugomba repamberi) inokonzera mazana ehutsinye ** cervical spine fractures, concussions, uye kutsemuka kwechiso ** gore rega rega, kwete chete kune mhomho isina chinhu uye yakadonha pamusoro peboka revanhu. ** 2 metres / 6.5 tsoka musoro-kutanga ** pakongiri), asi ** kune vasingafungidzirwe vepamberi vatengesi vakarohwa kuseri kwemusoro nemutsipa kubva kumashure **:

• Murau we "Glance-Back & Forearm Helmet": Kana wakamira pamberi pemitsara gumi yekonzati ine vanhu vakawanda vachisefa, usambofa wakangotarisa pachikuva. Masekonzi gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri ega ega, tarisa mutauro wevarindi vegomba vakamira pamberi pako chaipo: **kana muchengeti anokwira kunhanho yekumashure yeMojo barricade uye akatarisa pamusoro wako, boka resurfer riri kuseri kwemutsipa wako **.
• Pakarepo ** dhadha chirebvu chako zvishoma, simudza maoko ese ari maviri pamusoro pemusana/korona yemusoro wako sengowani, uye shandisa zvanza zvako (zvisina kumbovharwa zvigunwe zvakatwasuka) kutungamira uremu hwemufesi kuenda mberi ** kune murindi usingaregi bhutsu ye80-kilogram kana pelvis ichidzika kumusoro kwemusoro wako (axial loading).
• Kana boka revanhu-surfer rinowira pasi-kutanga pasi kana gomba kongiri uye akarara asina kufamba kana kurondedzera kurwadziwa kwemutsipa kana kurira mumaoko avo / tsoka, ** gadzira 3-munhu katatu katatu kumativi ose emuviri wavo pakarepo ** kumisa mhomho kuti irege kutsika pamusoro pavo, kudzikamisa misoro yavo nemutsipa mukurongeka kwazvakarerekera, uye kuvheyesa tochi yefoni pamusoro pedenderedzwa; maona kukuvara kwemusana uye kukuvara mumusoro.

Rubatsiro rwekutanga rwemukati mehutsi inhalation (Cyanide + CO) uye compressive asphyxia¶

Kana vakakuvadzwa vanoburitswa kunze kwenzvimbo yemukati moto kana kuburitswa pamusoro pechivharo chekonsati:

1. Triage for Compressive Asphyxia (Crush Kusungwa):
2. Mumwe muimbi akadhonzerwa asina chaanoziva uye bhuruu (cyanotic) pamusoro pechivharo chemberi chine madotsi matsvuku anonongedza (petechiae) pachiso chavo uye maziso atambura ** zvinoshungurudza / zvinodzvinyirira asphyxia **; Mwoyo wavo kana kufema kwakamira chete kubva pamichina yekudzivirira muchipfuva uye hypoxia.
3. Varadzike pasi kumusana wavo mugomba rakajeka kana tende rezvokurapa, vhura nzira yemhepo ne ** musoro-tilt / chin-lift **, uye ** tanga CPR pakarepo nekununura kufema uye kudzvinyirira kwechipfuva (30: 2) **; painofefeterwa mukati mekutanga kwe2 kusvika ku3 maminetsi ekudhirowa, vechidiki vanoenda kumakonti vane chiyero chakanyanya chepamusoro chekukurumidza kudzoka kwekutenderera kunongoerekana kwaitika (ROSC); maona CPR uye AED.
4. Triage yeIndoor Acoustic Foam Smoke Inhalation (Twin Threat: Hydrogen Cyanide HCN + Carbon Monoxide CO):
5. Chero ani zvake anunurwa kubva mumba yemba yehusiku kirabhu kana moto wetheater pakapisirwa furo repolyurethane, mapurasitiki, makapeti, kana madhiraini ekugadzira anofanira kurapwa panguva imwe chete nokuda kweacute cyanide poisoning UYE carbon monoxide poisoning*:
6. Yambiro Zviratidzo zveCyanide Toxicity: Kufenda, pfari, kuvhiringika kwakanyanya, kufema kunonokera kana kufemereka, soot yakatenderedza mhuno/muromo, uye ganda rakatsvuka kana cherry/cyanotic.
7. Immediate Pre-Hospital Action: Tonga 100 muzana high-flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask (kana bag-valve-mask ventilation kana apneic) pakarepo; ** usambovimba neyakajairwa chigunwe pulse oximeter (SpO2), inorava zvenhema 98% to 100% nokuti haigoni kusiyanisa carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) kubva ku hemoglobin ine oxygenated. Paramedics uye madhipatimendi ekukurumidzira anopa intravenous ** hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit, 5 g IV yevakuru), inosunga maion cyanide ane chepfu kuva vhitamini B12 isingakuvadzi (cyanocobalamin) yakabudiswa muweti; maona inhalation yeutsi, carbon monoxide, uye cyanide poisoning.

Nhamba dzenharaunda dzechimbichimbi uye mitemo yekuchengetedza nzvimbo yegungano¶

Kana moto, pyrotechnic ignition, kana kuputsika kweboka revanhu kukaitika pakonzati kana kirabhu yehusiku, fonera nhamba yako yekukurumidzira yemunharaunda nekukurumidza kana yabva pabhodhoro. Maona nhamba dze emergency.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa¶

Sei moto wemumba yemakirabhu ehusiku unosanganisira pyrotechnics yechikuva uchichinja musingasviki 90 seconds?¶

Kana chikuva ("gerbs" kana mafireworks emumba) kana kuti moto wakavhurika unobata furo risingapise moto repolyurethane "zai-crate" rinodzivirira ruzha pamadziro kana sirin'i kuseri kwechikuva, furo rinopisa sepeturu yakasimba nekuti 95 muzana inovharirwa mweya wakakomberedzwa nemadziro matete epurasitiki ehydrocarbon. Murazvo unowaridza madziro uye nepamusoro pesirin'i pamusoro pemita imwe pasekondi, uchidonhedza sirin'i inopisa, ine dema-dema yeinouraya yehydrogen cyanide (HCN) uye kabhoni monoxide (CO) gasi pasi kusvika kumusoro kumusoro mumasekonzi makumi mana nemashanu kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe. Kungofema kaviri kana katatu kwakamira kwehutsi hwepolurethane kunokonzeresa kufenda kubva kuhuturu hwecyanide.

Sei vanhu vazhinji vari munjodzi dzenightclub vachibatwa pamusuwo wepamberi nepo mabudiro ekumashure asina chinhu?¶

Egress psychology yemunhu pasi pekunetsekana inodzorwa ne "affiliative routing": kunze kwekunge munhu aziva kwechipiri kubuda nguva isati yasvika, 70 kusvika 85 muzana yevanhu vari muchivako chine rima vanodzokorodza tsoka dzavo chaidzo kudzokera kumusuwo mukuru wekupinda napo wavakapinda napo pavakasvika. Kana mazana evatengi vanosangana pane imwe nhete yekupinda foyer kana bhachi-cheki mukoridho mukati memasekonzi makumi matatu, mapendekete avo akabatana pamwe chete mu "horizontal arch jam", uye rwendo rwumwe-uye-kudonha miviri yakadzama yakadzama, ichiisa chisimbiso chemusuwo wemberi uku kudivi nekumashure magonhi emoto kuseri kwebhawa kana danho rinoramba rakajeka.

Chii chinonzi "10-Second Rule" kana ndikaona kamoto kadiki pachikuva panguva yekonzati yemukati?¶

Muzvidzidzo zvepamberi zvemoto wemumba (kusanganisira neNIST kuferefeta kweStation nightclub fire), munhu wese akatanga kufamba achienda kunobuda mukati me15 yekutanga kusvika 30 masekonzi ekuona murazvo mudiki pamadziro enhandare akapukunyuka ari mupenyu, nepo vatengesi vakamirira 45 kusvika 60 masekonzi vachifunga kuti moto yaive yakarongwa nhanho mhedzisiro kana kumisa nharembozha yavo pamusiwo wakabatwa neutsi. Pakarepo paunoona chero murazvo wausingafungire uchikwira keteni, acoustic panel, kana sirin'i inomira mukati, famba nekukasika uchienda kune imwe nzira iri pedyo yekubuda usina kumirira chiziviso chevashandi.

Ndinoita sei kuti ndirambe ndichifema kana ndikaroverwa pakatarisana nedanho repamberi panguva yekuvhiya kwekonzati?¶

Vanhu vakavharirwa mukuwanda kweboka rekonzati havafi nokutsikwa-tsikwa pasi; vazhinji vanofa vakamira vakati twasu kubva ku"compressive asphyxia" apo dzvinyiriro yehorizontal inodarika 1,500 kusvika 3,000 Newtons (340 kusvika 675 pounds) inosvina mbabvu yavo zvakasimba zvekuti mapapu avo haakwanisi kuwedzera mushure mekunge vafemereka. Misa maoko ese ari maviri kumusoro pamberi pemuviri wako mu "Boxer's Ribcage Shield" magokora ako akakotama uye maoko akasungwa akachinjika masendimita gumi (4 inches) pamberi pepfupa rechipfuva. Iri retatu rakaomarara rebhonzo rinobata homwe yekufema yakakosha yakavhurika pamberi pechipfuva chako uye inochengeta simbi inovhara njanji kubva pamhepo yako.

Ndinoita sei chiratidzo chegomba kuti ndibudiswe kunze kana kupwanya kwekonzati yepamberi kusingatsungiririki?¶

Kana iwe uri mumitsara miviri yekutanga pamberi-ye-chikamu "Mojo" barricade, usaedze kusundira kumashure kurwisa zviuru zvevanhu kumashure kwako. Pane kudaro, tarisana nemeso akatarisana nemumwe wevarindi vegomba vakamira mukoridho pakati pechivharo nechikuva, yambuka maoko ese ari maviri mu "X" pamusoro pemusoro wako (kana dzvanya pamusoro pemusoro wako uye unongedza kumusoro), uye nemusoro kana vabvunza kana uchida kubuda. Bvisa chero tambo dzebhegi dzakabatwa pachitima, tora maoko emurindi / mafudzi sezvaanorairwa, uye rega akusimudze akananga kumusoro uye pamusoro penjanji mugomba.

Nei usingambofa wakamhanya uchidzokera mukati menzvimbo kunotsvaga shamwari yakaparadzana mushure mekunge watiza moto?¶

Munenge mahombe ehusiku mahombe ehusiku nemakonsati emoto, vazhinji vakapona vanga vatobuda zvakachengeteka munzira vakafa mushure mekumhanya nepamusuwo kunotsvaga shamwari kana shamwari, kazhinji vachizoona kuti shamwari yavo yakanga yatopukunyuka neimwe nzira yekumashure kana yekudivi. Kamwe kamwe utsi hwepolyurethane hutema huchizadza nzvimbo yemukati (inenge masekonzi makumi mapfumbamwe mushure mekubatidzwa), tembiricha yemukati inodarika 500 °C uye gasi rehydrogen cyanide rinokonzera kufenda mukufema kuviri. Gara uchibvumirana pane imwe nzvimbo yekunze yemugwagwa-pakona yemusangano 100 metres kubva pachivakwa usati wapinda chero nzvimbo ine vanhu vakawanda.

*Nhungamiro iyi inopa kubviswa kwemoto kwekukurumidzira, kupona kwevanhu vakawanda, uye utsi / asphyxia yekutanga-protocol yemakonsati nemanightclub uye haitsivi nyanzvi yekununura moto kana kurapwa. Funga kutora maoko-pane First Aid uye CPR kosi kubva kuRed Cross kana St John Ambulance.

Mazano anoenderana¶

• Mhomho inopwanya uye kupona kupona
• Kufema utsi, kabhoni monoxide, uye chepfu yecyanide
• Moto wemba
• CPR uye AED
• Kukuvara kwemusana

Nzvimbo uye nhungamiro yepamutemo¶

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, United States): Chirevo cheTechnical Investigation yeThe Station Nightclub Fire (NIST NCSTAR 2): Polyurethane Acoustic Foam Ignition, Tenability Timeline, uye Egress Bottleneck Modelling
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (Assembly Occupancies & Crowd Manager Mandates) uye NFPA 1126 (Yakajairika Yekushandiswa KwePyrotechnics Pamberi Nevateereri Vapedyo)
• UK Events Industry Forum & Health and Safety Executive (HSE): The Purple Guide to Health, Safety and Welfare paMumhanzi uye Zvimwe Zviitiko (Front-of-Stage Barrier Design, Pit Extraction, uye Crowd Density Management)
• European Committee for Standardization (CEN): EN 13200-3: Zvivako zveVataridzi - Kupatsanura Zvinhu (Mojo Barricade Horizontal Load Zvinodiwa)
• American Heart Association (AHA) & Toxicology Guidelines: Pre-Hospital Resuscitation of Compressive Asphyxia uye Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) Therapy for Closed-Space Structural Smoke Inhalation