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Atmospheric Nzizi, Levee Kuputsika, uye Njodzi Mafashamo eBasin

Nhamba dze emergency dzinosiyana nenyika. Iri peji rinoshandisa 911, nhamba yeUnited States neCanada. Dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa 112, 999, kana imwe nhamba. Tsvaga nhamba yenyika yako.

(Gulf of Mexico)

Zvaunonyanya kukoshesa pakurarama panguva yerwizi rwakanyanyisa mumhepo kana dambudziko remuchadenga nderokubvisa ** pamberi** mvura isati yaputika (semvura inodururwa nepakati pemvura inozadza madhishi emvura yakanyura pamamita 2 kusvika matanhatu / 6 kusvika 20 tsoka kudzika mukati meawa uye inogara yakavharirwa kwemavhiki), ziva zviratidzo zvegomarara ** Kutubukira kuseri kwechigunwe chechigunwe, usazodzokera muimba yakavharwa isina demo kana hwindo redenga, uye usambotyaira uchitenderedza zvivhariso zvemafashamo kana mumigwagwa yakafukidzwa nemvura.

Ita izvi ikozvino

  1. Ibva ipapo kana Levee Breach Warning kana Evacuation Order yapihwa kunzvimbo yako: Usamirire kuona mvura mumugwagwa wako kana uchigara mubheseni rakachengetedzwa nelevee, polder, kana mupata pasi (senge California's Central Valley, Pacific Northwest valleys, European river polders, kana coastal deltas). Kusiyana nemafashama mapfupi epamusoro pechikomo anopera muawa imwe chete, mvura inomhanya nemurwizi rwakapwanyika inozadza ndiro dzakadzika 2 kusvika 6 metres (6 kusvika 20 tsoka) dzakadzika uye haikwanise kuyerera ichidzokera murwizi kwemazuva kana mavhiki.
  2. Ukaona mvura ine madhaka ichitubuka kubva pasi kuseri kwegwenzi ("jecha boil"), fonera 911 / 112 / 999 wobuda: Ipo mvura yakachena ichiyerera zvinyoro-nyoro nemugwenzi ichitariswa, chitubu kana geyser yemadhaka, jecha, yakazara nejecha inotubukira paivhu rakati sandarara* kubva pamawere* erosion**) zvinoreva kuti mvura iri kuburitsa hwaro pasi pegwenzi uye kukanganisa kunotyisa kunogona kuitika mukati memaminetsi kusvika maawa.
  3. Usambofa watyaira mumvura yakavhara mugwagwa, kunyanya pedyo nepanokwirirwa migwagwa kana makombi: Just 15 masendimita (6 inches) yemvura inofamba ichimhanya inodonhedza munhu mukuru kubva patsoka dzavo, masendimita makumi matatu (12 inches) inoyangarara pamotokari inotakura vanhu, uye 45 kusvika 60 masendimita inorema 24 inches* uye inorema 24 inches* mota dzekutakura. Mukati menzizi dzomuchadenga, mvura ine rima yemafashamo inovanza mibhedha yemigwagwa yakakukurwa zvachose uye makoronga akadonha.
  4. Kana mvura yemafashama ikakwira yakatenderedza imba yako usati watyaira kunze, enda pauriri hwepamusoro-soro kana padenga, usambofa wakavharwa imba yemukati: Vhara iyo hombe yemagetsi inotyora mutsindo ** chete kana uchikwanisa kusvika papanera wakamira panzvimbo yakaoma zvachose **. Takura yako go-bag, zvipfeko zvinodziya zvisingapindi mvura, mvura yekunwa, tochi, uye demo rinorema, gakwa, kana kuti chiredzo kusvika munyaya yechipiri. ** Usambofa wakakwira muimba yedenga rakavharirwa kunze kwekunge iine hwindo, skylight, kana gable louver yakakura zvekukwira nepamusoro pedenga **, sezvo mvura inokwira ichiteya vanhu padanda pasina kutiza.
  5. Gara zvingangoita mamita gumi (mamita makumi matatu) kubva pamawere, madziro emadziro, uye miromo yegoronga: Nzizi dzemuchadenga dzemazuva mazhinji dzinozadza ivhu remujinga mezvikomo kusvikira dzanyungudika ichimhanya zvikuru. kuondomoka kwevhu nemarara kuyerera iyo inorova dzimba dzekurara dzakadzika pasina yambiro, kunyanya husiku kana pasi pemoto wesango uchangobva kupisa mavanga.
  6. Dzivirira kubva ku hypothermia uye kusvibiswa kwetsvina kana ukamanikidzwa kuyerera: Mvura yemafashamo munguva yechando uye muchirimo nzizi dzomumhepo inowanzoitika 4 kusvika 12 madhigirii celsius (39 kusvika 54 madhigirii Fahrenheit) uye yakasvibiswa netsvina yemunisiparati, mishonga yezvipembenene, uye mafungu emagetsi ari pasi pemvura. Pfeka mudziyo wokuyangarara wega (bhachi rehupenyu) kana unaro, shandisa danda rakaoma kana mubato wemutsvairo kuferefeta pasi pamberi petsoka dzako kuti uwane makomba akavhurika, uye usambobata mabhokisi emagetsi akanyorova.
flowchart TD
    Start["Chikamu 4 kana 5 Rwizi rweAtmospheric / Yakareba-Mazuva mazhinji Basin Yambiro yeMafashamo"] --> Location{"1. Ziva Your Geographic Topographic Risk"}
    Location -->|Inside a Levee-Protected Floodplain Basin or Below a Dam| LeveeWatch["High-Depth Basin Inundation Zone: Motokari Yemafuta, Rongedza Go-Bag, Mepu Nzira mbiri dzakakwirira-Panze kunze kweBasin."]
    Location -->|Against Steep Hillsides, Bluffs, or Below Wildfire Burn Scars| SlideWatch["Debris Flow / Landslide Zone: Rara Pauriri hweKumusoro paKukwidza/Kudivi Kure kubva paSlope, ibva wabuda"]
    LeveeWatch --> BreachCheck{"2. Ko Evhacuation Order Inoshanda KANA Unoona Madhaka Ejecha Mamota"}
    SlideWatch --> BreachCheck
    BreachCheck -->|Yes: Breach Imminent or Ordered| EvacNow["Buda Pakarepo kuenda paPamusoro Pamberi Migwagwa Inonyura; Usambofa Wakatyaira Nomumvura Inofamba"]
    BreachCheck -->|Trapped by Rapidly Rising Water| Vertical["3. Vertical Survival: Dzima Main Breaker CHETE kana Wakamira PaDry Floor, Famba Kumusoro Nyaya kana Roof."]
    Vertical --> AtticRule["4. Usambopinda muAttic Yakavharwa Pasina Window Yedenga kana Heavy Demo/Pry Bar yekupwanya Nepadenga Sheathing."]
    AtticRule --> Signal["5. Dana 911/112/999, Wave Bright Mucheka kana Strobe Light kubva padenga/Hwindo rekumusoro, Gara Uchidziya uye Waoma"]

Iyo Ralph / CW3E Atmospheric Rwizi Scale (AR Katsi 1 kusvika AR Katsi 5)

Yakagadziridzwa neCentre for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E) kuScripps Institution of Oceanography uye yakagamuchirwa neUnited States National Weather Service (NWS) nemasangano epasi rose e hydrometeorological agency, iyo Atmospheric River Scale mazinga emadutu kubva ku ** AR Cat 1 kusvika kuAR Cat 5** zvichienderana nezviyero zviviri zvakasanganiswa:

  1. Maximum Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT): Yakawanda sei mhute yemvura iri kuyerera ichipfuura 1-mita-yakafara chidimbu chedenga sekondi yega yega, inoyerwa ne **makirogiramu pamita pasekondi (\(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{*.*1}\))
  2. Kutora nguva panzvimbo imwe chete: Imaawa mangani akatevedzana rwizi rwemuchadenga runoramba rwakanangana nenzvimbo imwe cheteyo yemvura (inogara pasi pemaawa makumi maviri nemana kana ichienzaniswa nekumira kwe 24 kusvika 72+ maawa).
AR Category Descriptive Rating Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT) & Duration Inotarisirwa Hydrological Impact & Emergency Posture
AR Katsi 1 **Kunyanya Kubatsira ** Chifambiso chemhute chisina kusimba (250 kusvika 500 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) inotora maawa gumi nemaviri kusvika makumi maviri nemana. Inozadza madhamu uye makomo echando ane mvura shoma; nzvimbo dzemudhorobha dzemudhorobha dzinodziva munzvimbo dzisina kunaka dzemvura.
AR Katsi 2 **Inonyanya Kubatsira, Zvakare Ine Njodzi ** Kutakurwa kwemhute kuri pakati nepakati (500 kusvika 750 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) kwemaawa 12 kusvika ku24, kana kuyerera kusina simba kunotora maawa makumi maviri nemana kusvika makumi mana nemasere. Hova duku nehova dzomumaguta dzinosvika kubhanga; tumatombo tuduku-duku mumipata ine materu emakomo; mapombi epadenga akajeka uye madhamu emvura.
AR Katsi 3 Balance yeBatsiro uye ine ngozi Kutakurwa kwemhute kwakasimba (750 kusvika 1,000 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana, kana kuyerera kuri pakati nepakati kwe 48+ maawa. Mafashamo uye Yambiro: Nzizi diki dzinofashukira kumahombekombe; madhaka asina kudzika pamateru akazara; mhepo huru inowisira miti isina kudzika midzi patambo dzemagetsi.
AR Katsi 4 ** Yakanyanya Njodzi (Yakanyanya)** Kutakurwa kwemhute yakanyanyisa (1,000 kusvika 1,250 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) kwemaawa 24 kusvika ku48, kana kuyerera kwakasimba kunomira kwe 48 kusvika maawa 72. Mafashamo makuru eRwizi uye Levee Stress: Nzizi dzeMainstem dzinopfuura nepanhanho yemafashamo; reservoir emergency spillways yakazaruka; kupararira kwemarara kuyerera uye kugezeswa kwemigwagwa; gadzirira kubvisirwa basin ipapo ipapo.
AR Katsi 5 Kunyanya Njodzi (Yakasiyana) Kutakurwa kwemhute kwakasarudzika (kupfuura 1,250 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) inomira pamusoro pemvura yakafanana kwe48 kusvika 72+ maawa (kana kurova pakarepo mushure mekare AR Cat ¾ dutu). Catastrophic Basin Inundation uye Levee Failures: Nhoroondo kunaya kwemvura zhinji (300 kusvika 750+ mm / 12 kusvika 30+ mukati) inowanzosanganiswa nekukurumidza kunyungudika kwemvura-pachando; kutyora kwevhu reshizha; mataundi ose ari mumabheseni akaderera anonyura kwemazuva kusvika kumavhiki.

Nei "Pineapple Express" uye nzizi dzemuchadenga dzinodziya dzine njodzi zvakapetwa kaviri muchando

(Gulf of Mexico)

Panzvimbo pekuwedzera sinou, mhepo inopisa uye mvura inonaya inonaya yakananga pamapaki echando aripo epakati pemukwidza (chiitiko che "mvura pachando"). Mamilimita ega ega emvura inonaya mugomo rose, pamwe nekunyunguduka nekukurumidza kwechando chiri pasi, inoyerera panguva imwe chete ichienda munzizi, mafashamo akapetwa kaviri kana katatu achipinda mumipata nemadziva mukati memaawa gumi nemaviri kusvika makumi maviri nemana.

Kuti mashizha evhu anokundikana sei: kudarika, kudonha, uye pasi pe "jecha mamota"

Mamiriyoni evanhu anogara, anorima, uye achishanda munzvimbo dzakati sandarara dzemafashamo, munzizi, nenzvimbo dzakanyura dzekurima kana dzemumaguta dzakadzivirirwa nezviuru zvemakiromita*** (migumo yakagadzirwa nevhu rakamanikana, ivhu, nejecha) kana madziro emafashamo. Nekuti vagari vanotarisa nepamahwindo mumugwagwa wakaoma wakavanzwa kuseri kwemadziro akafukidzwa neuswa, havawanzo ziva kuti rwizi rwerwizi kune rumwe rutivi rwetsvina irworwo rwuri kuyerera ** 3 kusvika 6 metres (10 kusvika 20 tsoka) kumusoro kupfuura imba yavo yekutandarira pasi **, kana kuti levee iri kure nemaawa kubva pakudonha mushure memazuva ekunyura.

Maererano neUnited States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) uye Rijkswaterstaat (Dhipatimendi reNetherlands reInfrastructure and Water Management), marara evhu anokundikana kuburikidza nenzira ina dzakasiyana panguva yemvura yakareba yemhepo yemhepo yakakwirira:

Levee Kukundikana Mechanism Maitirwo Azvinoita Panyama Anooneka Yambiro Zviratidzo Pamberi Pakutyora Kwakazara Masaga Anogona Kuamisa Here?
1. Underseepage uye Internal Piping ("Sand Boils") Kudzvinyirirwa kwerwizi rukuru kunomanikidza mvura kuburikidza nejecha rine nyuchi kana matombo akaturikidzana pasi pe pasi pechitsiko. Mvura painotubuka kudivi rakaoma renyika, inotakura tsanga dzejecha kubva pasi pemugero, ichichera mugero wepasi pevhu (piping) kudzamara denga rerevhee raputsika mugomba. Chitubu chinotubuka kana chejecha chakaita segomo rinoputika (mubhodhoro rejecha) rinoonekwa pasi rakati sandara kana mugomba remvura 3 kusvika ku50 metres (10 kusvika 165 tsoka) mukati merutivi rwakaoma rwelevee. Ehe, CHETE kana mvura yakachena kana kubatwa nekukurumidza uchishandisa "Sandbag Ring" (usambofa wakavhara kana kuvhara jecha bhoirisa zvakananga; gadzira chimuney chedenderedzwa chemasaga ejecha kuchitenderedza kuti ugadzire kudzvanya). Kana mvura yejecha iri kubuda mvura ine madhaka/ine silt nekukasira, ibva ipapo ipapo.
2. Saturation Slumping (Slope Instability) Mushure memazuva mana kusvika gumi ekunaya kwemvura yemuchadenga nekuwanda kwenzizi, mvura inozadza tsinga yevhu kusvikira mvura yepore yasunda tsanga dzevhu nepakati, zvichishandura nzvimbo yakaoma yevhu kuita mush. Yakareba ** yakatsemuka yakaita secrescent ** padhuze nepamusoro pekorona yerevee, ichikwidibira pachigunwe chakaoma-padivi, kana chunk hombe yebhangi rakaoma reuswa rinotsvedza richidzika (** sloughing **). Kwete: Kana imwe nzvimbo yakanyura yelevee yatanga kudonha, kuwedzera masaga ejecha anorema kumusoro kwekorona zvinotosundidzira kutsvedza pasi nekukurumidza. Ibva ipapo.
**3. Kuburikidza ne-Seepage uye Animal Burrow Washout ** Mhuka dzinochera (beavers, nutria, muskrats, pasi squirrels, badgers) vanochera tunnels nechepakati nepakati; mvura yenzizi yakakwirira inopinda mugomba uye inobvisa pombi inokurumidza kuwedzera yakananga nemuruko. Jeti kana mvura ine madhaka inopfura yakananga kunze kwechiso chakaoma chemuchinjiko. Inoda vashandi vehunyanzvi hwekurwisa mafashamo; kukurumidza kuwedzera kunoratidza kukanganisa kwava pedyo.
**4. Kukukura kwevhu ** Mvura yerwizi inokwira kumusoro kupfuura iyo yepamusoro peiyo levee uye inodururira pamusoro pekorona semapopoma emvura. Mvura inokurumidza kuyerera ichidzika pamateru ehuswa hwakaoma husina kudzivirirwa inobvisa sod nevhu kubva kumashure kusvika madziro akukurwa. Mvura inoputika mukati me ** 15 kusvika ku 30 masentimita (6 kusvika 12 inches) ** pamusoro pekorona ye levee, kana mapepa emvura anoyerera achiyambuka mugwagwa welevee. Kwete yevaridzi vemba: Kana mvura ichinge yanyura pamusoro pevhu revee crest, inokwenya 30-kusvika-100-mamita-yakafara gap mumaminetsi. Ibva ipapo.

Nei usingambofanire plug "jecha bika" zvakananga (Uye mainjiniya anoriridza sei)

Kana iwe uchigara pedyo nelevee uye ukaona mvura ichitubuka kubva pasi padivi renyika panguva yemafashamo:

  1. ** Ongorora kujeka kwemvura kubva chinhambwe chakachengeteka uye kufonera 911/112/999 kana dunhu rako remunharaunda reclamation reclamation:**
  2. Mvura yakachena inonyura: Kana mvura inoyerera ichibuda mumota yakajeka isina jecha kana madhaka, marangwanda evhu ari pasi pemupfuhwira anenge achiripo.
  3. Mvura ine madhaka, makore, kana jecha (Active Piping Emergency): Kana mvura yakaita shava, ine madhaka, kana kuvaka koni yetsanga dzejecha pagomba, ivhu riri kucherwa kubva pasi pehwaro hwelevee.
  4. Usazofa wakarasa tsvina pamusoro pebhodhoro rejecha uye usambotsika pariri kuti uvhare: Kuedza kunama bhodhoro rejecha rakavharwa nekututira masaga ejecha pamusoro pegomba kunovharira pokubuda napo pakumanikidza; iyo yakavharirwa mvura yakamanikidzika inobva yafuridza buri hombe, risingamisikike kubva pamamita maviri kana kunyorovesa chigunwe chose.
  5. Vashandi vanorwa nemafashamo vanoita sei kuvira kwejecha (Chete kana vakadzidziswa uye vakarairwa vakamirira mainjiniya): Vashandi vemafashamo vanovaka mhete yedenderedzwa ("chimney") yemasaga ejecha pamota, vachisiya dhishi remvura rakajeka inenge 60 kusvika 90 centimita (mafiti maviri kusvika matatu) yakafara kutenderedza. Sezvo mvura ichizadza mukati memhete yesaga yejecha uye ichipfachukira zvinyoro-nyoro pamusoro pemupendero wepamusoro, huremu hwekoramu yemvura yakamira mukati memhete inoita ichidzika hydrostatic back-pressure iyo inononotsa kuyerera kwepamusoro kunongokwana zvekuti tsanga dzejecha dzinomira kusimuka kubva pasi uku ichibvumira mvura yakachena kupukunyuka zvisina ngozi.

Basin mafashama maringe nemafashama emvura: sei wakamirira kuona mvura ichikuteya

Vagari vakajairawo zvavo mvura zhinji kana mafashamo anopenya kazhinji unofunga kuti, "Ndinogara makiromita matatu (makiromita maviri) kubva kurwizi runonzi levee, uye kunyange rukatsemuka, mvura yacho inongodzika kusvika pamakumbo uye ichapera mangwana.” Mumugadziko remvura rakachengetedzwa nelevee kana kuti polder, kufungidzira ikoko kunouraya nokuda kwezvikonzero zvitatu:

  1. Bowl-shaped basin topography: Kwemazana emakore, nzizi dzechisikigo dzinovaka mirwi yakakwirira yesilt kumahombekombe adzo (natural levees), ukuwo madhiraini ekurima nekupomba mvura yepasi zvichikonzera kuti nzvimbo yakati sandara iri kure nerwizi inyake (**nyika inodzika **). Nekuda kweizvozvo, chikamu chakaderera chegomba remafashamo kazhinji **makiromita kubva kurwizi **, yakagara 3 kusvika 8 metres (10 kusvika 26 tsoka) yakaderera kupfuura pamusoro perwizi.
  2. Musoro unoramba uripo wehydraulic kuburikidza nekutyora: Kana chikamu chakafara mamita zana chelevee chadonha panguva yeAr Cat 4 kana kuti Cat 5 dutu, rwizi rwese rwunotsaudzira nerutivi nepamukaha sedhamu rakapwanyika. Kunyangwe uchigara makiromita mashanu kubva pakakoromoka, mudhuri wemvura unofamba uchiyambuka bheseni rakati sandarara, richinyudza dzimba dzine nhurikidzwa imwe kusvika kumawere (** 2.5 kusvika 5 metres / 8 kusvika 16 tsoka kudzika **).
  3. Kufungisisa kwenguva refu kwemavhiki ("Mugumisiro Webhavhu"): Kana rwizi rwangodonha mazuva gare gare, mabhiriyoni emalita emvura yemafashamo agere mukati mebheseni rakanyura haakwanise kuyerera achikwira achidzokera mumugero werwizi. Bheseni rinogara rakafashama sebhavhu hombe kwe2 kusvika masvondo matanhatu kudzamara mainjiniya agadzirisa panoputika uye vaunza pombi dzedhiziri dzakakura kuti dzipombe dhamu kunze.

Nhanho-ne-nhanho kupona kana mafashama akakomberedza imba yako

Kana levee ikatyora husiku kana rwizi rwemuchadenga rikafashamira mupata wako usati watyaira uchienda kunzvimbo yakakwirira, chinja nekukasira kubva kune yakachinjika kuenda ku ** kupona kwakamira mukati mechimiro **:

Danho 1: Kuchengetedzeka kwemagetsi uye gasi nekukurumidza (Mvura isati yabata pasi)

  • Murau mukuru wemagetsi wekutyora mutemo: Kana uriri pamberi pepanera rekupwanya magetsi rikaoma 100 muzana bhonzo-rakaoma, dzima chekupwanya chikuru nekukasika kudzivirira moto wemagetsi uye kuvharwa nemagetsi sezvo madziro emadziro anonyura.
  • MUTEMO WENGOZI YAKATAURWA: Kana kunyange 1 centimita (hafu yeinji) yemvura yatomira pasi pedyo nepaneti yemagetsi, kana tsoka dzako dzakanyorova, USAPINDA pasi kana kubata bhokisi rebreaker. Mvura inofambisa magetsi kubva pawaya dzepasi pepasi pepasi; kupinda mukamuri yepasi yakazara mvura kana kubata bhokisi resimbi rinopwanya umire pauriri hwakanyorova kunokonzeresa pakarepo, kuuraya magetsi. Dzokera pauriri hwepamusoro nekukasira wofonera kambani yekushandisa kana kutumira kwechimbichimbi kuti ubvise simba kubva padanda rekunze.
  • Propane uye gasi rechisikigo: Usatambise maminetsi akakosha uchiedza kudzvanya mita yakaoma yegasi yekunze kana mvura yemafashamo ichipinda muchivanze chako; ita kuti mhuri yako ikwire kumusoro kutanga.

Nhanho yechipiri: Kuenda kumusoro uye kudzivirira iyo "Yakavharwa Attic Trap"

Panguva yekuvhuvhuta kwedutu remhepo (mafungu emvura uye dutu remhepo) nekutyorwa kwenjodzi, imwe yezvikanganiso zvakaipisisa zvemumba kukwira pamanera ekudhonzera mu ** yakavharirwa attic ** sezvo mvura ichizadza pasi pasi.

Usambodzokera mukamuri repamusoro kunze kwekunge uine nzira nepadenga

Kana kutyora kwegwenzi kuchizadza imba ine nhurikidzwa imwe chete mubheseni rakadzika, mvura inokwira kupfuura pasirin'i yepasi uye inozadza nzvimbo yedenga remba kusvika pamusoro pedenga remba. Denga remazuva ano ekugara akavakwa ne ** 12-kusvika-19-millimeter (hafu-inch kusvika matatu-quarter-inch) plywood kana oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing ** akarovererwa pamatanda makobvu uye akafukidzwa neshingles kana simbi / ivhu mataira. Munhu haakwanisi kubaya, kukava, kana kusunda nepadenga remba nemaoko asina chinhu. Usambofa wakakwira muimba yepamusoro kunze kwekunge: 1. Imba yedenga ine saizi yakazara ** gable hwindo, dormer hwindo, kana skylight ** inovhurika padenga, KANA 2. Iwe unotakura **demo rinorema rehuni, simbi inotsemura simbi, sando inorema, gakwa, kana inochaja inodzosera saha ** kumusoro pamusoro pedenga remba newe kuti ugone kutema gomba rekutiza nepaburi replywood pakati pemapuranga maviri (kunzvenga mataira evhu kana solar panels kana zvichibvira) mvura isati yasvika pauriri hwedenga.

Nhanho 3: Kupona kwedenga uye chikopokopo / chikepe chekununura chiratidzo

Kana mvura ichikumanikidza kubuda nepahwindo repamusoro padenga:

  1. Pfeka marata anodziya, asingapindi mvura uye mabhachi ezvokuchengetedza mvura USATI waenda padenga: Madutu emurwizi rwemumhepo anounza mvura inonaya uye 60 kusvika 110 km/h (40 kusvika 70 mph) inovhuvhuta nemhepo patembiricha ye 5 kusvika 12 degrees Celsius (41 kusvika 54 degrees Fahrenheit). Zvipfeko zvedonje zvakanyorova mumhepo ye50 km/h zvinokonzera kuuraya hypothermia mukati maawa maviri. Pfeka mabhachi emvura, mvere dzemakwai kana mvere dzemakwai, heti, uye **mabhegi epurasitiki anorema ** (cheka gomba rekuti musoro wako nemaoko zvipfeke seponcho isingapindi mhepo pamusoro pemvere dzako), uye isa ** midziyo yekufambisa yega (mabhachi ehupenyu) ** pamwana wese, mukuru, uye chipfuyo.
  2. Gara padyo nedenga remba padivi reLeeward (inodzika nemhepo): Gara uchitsika kana kuti pazasi penhongonya padivi rakadzivirirwa kubva kumhepo, kure nemiti iri pamusoro uye tambo dzemagetsi dziri pamusoro dzinobatana nedenga remba.
  3. ** Ita kuti uoneke kununura zvikepe uye Coast Guard / mauto helikopta: **
  4. Sunga ** neon orenji inopenya, yero, dzvuku, kana chena mubhedha wemubhedha, tarp, kana bhachi** zvakachengetedzeka kuchimuni kana pombi inobuda.
  5. Husiku, shandisa ** tochi reLED, rambi remusoro, kana tochi ye smartphone** inopenya mumaseti matatu (**SOS: matatu mapfupi, matatu akareba, matatu mapfupi **) yakanangana nekusvika magwa kana pasi pamusoro pedenga remba (usambopenyera ine simba repamusoro-laser pointer kana mwenje wakananga mumutyairi weherikoputa's cockpit cockpit night-vision) inoenda kunovharisa mhepo usiku, inopofomadza.
  6. Fonera nhamba yako yemunharaunda yekukurumidzira uye utaure ** nhamba chaiyo yevanhu vari padenga **, mazera avo / zvinodiwa zvekurapa, uye kero yako yemugwagwa kana GPS inoronga. Chengetedza bhatiri refoni nekudzima kupenya kwescreen kusvika kushoma uye kuvhara kumashure mapurogiramu.

Kupona kwemotokari panguva yenzizi dzemuchadenga: ma culverts, sinkholes, uye kunyura kwakadzika.

Inopfuura 60 muzana yenzufu dzemafashamo munyika dzakabudirira dzinoitika mukati memotokari apo vatyairi vanoedza kuyambuka migwagwa ine mafashamo kana kuti nzira dzepasi. Munguva yerwizi rwemuchadenga, kutyaira kunotakura njodzi mbiri dzakavanzwa kunze kwekudzika kwemvura:

  1. Makombi akaputika nemakoronga asingaonekwe: Migwagwa yemakomo neyemumaruwa inoyambuka mazana etukova tuchishandisa marata pombi makombi akavigwa pasi peasphalt. Munguva yeAr Cat 4 kana Katsi 5 dutu, marara ane matanda anovhara mukova wekupinda; mvura inodzokera kuseri kwemuchinjiziri wemugwagwa kunge dhamu, inozadza mugwagwa, uye kamwe kamwe inosuka 6-mita-yakadzika (mamita makumi maviri) mugomba wakananga pamhiri pemugwagwa mukuru. Kana mvura ine madhaka yemafashamo ichiyerera masendimita gumi (masendimita mana) yakadzika nepamusoro pemugwagwa, mvura iri pamusoro pebhiriji risipo kana kuti mugero wagezwa-gezwa inotaridzika kuti sandarara uye yakangofanana negwara rakarongwa, kusvikira mavhiri epamberi adonhera mugomba risina chigadziko.
  2. Ntima dzepasi penjanji dzehusiku nemadips enzira yemahara: Nzira dzepasi dzinozadza nemamita matatu kusvika mana (mamita gumi kusvika gumi nematatu) emvura mumaminitsi panguva yekunaya kwemvura zhinji uku mwenje wemumugwagwa uchiratidza pamusoro pemvura, zvichiita kuti dziva rakadzika riite seasphalt dema rakanyorova usiku.

Zvekuita kana mota yako ikatsika kana kuyangarara mumvura yemafashama

Tevedza iyo ** SWIM (Seatbelts, Windows, Out Pakarepo) ** protocol kubva kune yedu mota mumvura yekupona gwara mukati mekutanga ** 30 kusvika 60 seconds ** motokari isati yanyura pasi pemutsara wehwindo:

  1. **Surura bhandi rako repachigaro nekukurumidza ** wosunungura vana kubva kumukuru kusvika kugotwe.
  2. ** Dhonza pasi kana kuputsa hwindo rekudivi nekukasira (Usambofa wakamirira uye usamboedza kuvhura musuwo):** Kana mvura yangokwira nepakati nepakati kunze kwegonhi remotokari, 600+ kilograms (1,300+ pounds) yedzvinyiriro yemvura inopinza gonhi kuvharika zvachose. Shingairira kushandura hwindo remagetsi pakarepo (mahwindo emagetsi anowanzo shanda kwe10 kusvika ku60 seconds mumvura); kana simba rikakundikana, rova ​​​​*kona yezasi yehwindo rerutivi rwakadzikama ** (isina kumbomira mhepo yekumberi) ine chitubu-chakaremerwa chepakati punch kana heavy metal chinhu.
  3. **Kwira kunze nepahwindo rakavhurika padenga remota ** kana mota yakamira mumvura isina kudzika, KANA kushambira/kubuda wakananga kunzvimbo iri padyo nepamusoro pemvura yazvino kana mota iri kutsvairwa yakananga kumvura yakadzika yemugero.

Kuchengeteka kwepashure pemafashamo: kudzokera kudhishi mushure mekunge mvura yaserera

Mvura painozopera kana kudhonzwa kubva mudhishi rine mafashamo mazuva kana mavhiki gare gare, kudzokera kumba kunoda matanho akasimba ekudzivirira:

  • ** Tarisa kune yekumisikidza nheyo yekugezesa uye gasi rinodonha usati wapinda: ** Famba nzira yese uchitenderedza kunze kwemba kutanga. Kana kona yenheyo yagara, madziro akatsamira, kana iwe unonhuwa yakaora-zai gasi rechisikigo (gasi kubuda), usapinda.
  • ** Usambofa watanga jenareta repeturu mumba, mugaraji, kana pavharanda:** Mafashamo carbon monoxide poisoning kubva mumajenareta anotakurika akaiswa pedyo nemahwindo kana kuti mumagaraji anouraya vakawanda vakapukunyuka mafashamo pashure pokunge dutu racho rapfuura. Chengeta majenareta angangoita **6 metres (20 tsoka) kunze ** kure nemagonhi ese nemahwindo.
  • Tora madhaka ese emvura nemvura yakamira setsvina ine muchetura: Madhishi afashama anosanganisa madhamu emupfudze wekurima, zvidyarwa zvemunisiparati zvine tsvina, matangi emvura, uye matangi emafuta emumaindasitiri. Pfeka majombo erabha anorema asingapindi mvura, magirovhosi akakora nitrile/rabha, magirazi, uye N95 yekufemerera panguva. mold uye kuchenesa mvura, uye geza chero ganda ripi zvaro rakachekwa nekukasika nesipo uye nemvura yakachena yemubhodhoro.
  • Teerera Zviziviso zveMvura uye edza matsime akavanzika: Usafe wakanwa mvura yemupombi kana yemvura yemugodhi yakavanzika mushure mekufashama kwebheseni kudzamara mudziyo wako wemvura wasimudza. bika mvura yambiro kana tsime rako rave kuvhundutsa-chlorinated uye lab-yakaongororwa coliform bacteria uye nitrate.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa

What is an atmospheric river ("Pineapple Express"), and how is it rated from Category 1 to Category 5?

An atmospheric river is a narrow, concentrated plume of water vapor in the sky, often stretching thousands of kilometers from the tropics (such as near Hawaii in a "Pineapple Express"), that carries 7.5 to 15 times the water volume of the Mississippi River at the Gulf of Mexico. Meteorologists rate them from AR Category 1 (primarily beneficial rain) to AR Category 4 (Extreme) and AR Category 5 (Exceptional) based on the total water vapor flux and how many hours the storm stalls over a single region; Category 4 and 5 storms drop 300 to 750 millimeters (12 to 30 inches) of rain over several days, triggering catastrophic river flooding and levee failures.

What is a "sand boil" behind a levee, and why does muddy water bubbling up mean you must evacuate?

A sand boil occurs when extreme water pressure in a high river forces water through sandy soil layers underneath the base of an earthen levee, bubbling up out of the flat ground on the dry landward side. While a small trickle of crystal-clear water is monitored by engineers, a sand boil that is bubbling up brown, muddy water or building a cone of sand grains means the water is actively eroding and hollowing out an underground tunnel beneath the levee (internal piping), which can cause the entire levee wall to collapse without warning. Call emergency services and evacuate immediately, and never try to plug or dump dirt directly onto the hole.

Why is flooding from a levee breach in a valley basin much deeper and longer-lasting than a typical flash flood?

Many agricultural and urban floodplains protected by levees are shaped like giant sunken bowls that sit 3 to 8 meters (10 to 26 feet) lower than the elevated river channel. When a levee breaches, the river pours sideways into the sunken basin until water stands 2 to 6 meters (6 to 20 feet) deep over entire neighborhoods, and once the river level eventually drops, the trapped lake of floodwater cannot drain uphill back into the river, remaining for weeks until the levee is patched and giant pumps drain the basin.

Why must you never climb into a closed attic to escape rising floodwaters unless you have an axe or roof window?

In a deep levee breach or storm surge where water rises above the first-floor ceiling, climbing into an enclosed attic without an operable window, skylight, or heavy axe/pry bar traps you in an air pocket that rapidly fills to the roof peak. Because residential roofs are built with thick plywood sheathing nailed to rafters, it is physically impossible to punch or kick your way out with bare hands; always go out an upper window onto the roof instead, or carry a heavy axe into the attic so you can chop through the roof sheathing.

Why do warm winter atmospheric rivers cause much worse flooding than cold winter snowstorms?

Warm subtropical atmospheric rivers have very high freezing levels (often above 2,500 to 3,000 meters / 8,000 to 10,000 feet), meaning heavy precipitation falls as warm rain rather than snow all the way to the high mountain peaks. This triggers a "rain-on-snow" event where massive rainfall combines with rapid melting of the existing mountain snowpack, sending two to three times more runoff crashing down into reservoirs and river levees at once.

Kwatariswa

  • ** Nzvimbo yeWestern Weather uye Mvura Yakanyanyisa (CW3E, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) uye National Oceanic uye Atmospheric Administration (NOAA / National Weather Service, United States):** The Ralph et al. Chikero cheKusimba uye Zvakaipa zveAtmospheric Rivers (AR Katsi 1 kusvika AR Katsi 5).
  • United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) neCalifornia Department of Water Resources (DWR, United States): Levee Owner's Manual for Non-Federal Flood Control Works, Underseepage Sand Boil Ringing Protocols, uye Flood Fight Handbook.
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) uye Ready.gov (United States): Mafashamo, Levee Failure Evacuation, uye Vertical Shelter Safety Guidelines.
  • Rijkswaterstaat (Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, Netherlands) neEnvironment Agency (United Kingdom): Dike and Levee Breach Inundation Modeling, Piping Erosion Recognition, uye Polder Evacuation Standards.
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS): ARkStorm Megastorm Scenario uye Post-Wildfire Atmospheric River Debris Flow Hazards.

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