Skip to content

I-Atmospheric Rivers, i-Levee Breaches, kanye nezikhukhula ze-Catastrophic Basin

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo ziyehluka ngezwe. Leli khasi lisebenzisa u-911, inombolo yase-United States naseCanada. Amanye amazwe amaningi asebenzisa u-112, 999, noma enye inombolo. Thola inombolo yezwe lakini.

Umfula womkhathi (AR) uwumhubhe omude, omncane womhwamuko wamanzi ogxile phezulu emkhathini, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umfula esibhakabhakeni" noma, uma usuka eduze kwaseHawaii, "Pineapple Express", onganwebeka 2,000 kuya ku-4,000 amakhilomitha (1,200 amamayela) ukunqamula amamayela angu-1,200 kuphela amakhilomitha angama-400 kuye kwangama-600 (amamayela angama-250 kuye kwangama-375) ububanzi. Umfula owodwa oqinile womkhathi uthwala isilinganiso esingu-7.5 ukuya kwezingu-15 kunomthamo wamanzi awuketshezi woMfula i-Mississippi emlonyeni wawo uye eGulf of Mexico. Lapho isiphepho esihamba kancane Isigaba 4 se-AR (Esidlulele) noma Isigaba 5 (Esiyingqayizivele) sithela phezu kokhahlamba lwentaba noma lapho "umndeni" wemifula yasemkhathini ebuyela emuva uhlasela umhlabathi osuvele ugcwele phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-5 kuya kweziyi-14, udedela imvula engu-300 kuya ku-300 kuya ku-750 amamilimitha aleyo mvula kuncibilikisa ngokushesha amaphakethe eqhwa asezintabeni, kukhungathekise ukuchitheka kwedamu, futhi kugcwale amaza omfula wobumba kuze kube yilapho ehluleka amathumba esihlabathi esingaphansi kwekhasi noma ukubhodloka okweqile.

Izinto eziza kuqala ekuphileni kwakho ngokushesha phakathi nenhlekelele yomfula osemkhathini noma i-levee enkulu kufanele uphume ngaphambi kokuphulwa kwe-levee yobumba (njengoba amanzi ageleza ngesikhathi sokuphumula egcwalisa izitsha ezigcwele izikhukhula ezingamamitha angu-2 kuya kwangu-6 / 6 kuya ku-20 amafithi ukujula emahoreni futhi uhlale uvaleleke amasonto), qaphela izimpawu ezinjengalezi zogwadule*** ukugeleza ngemva kozwane lwe-levee, ungalokothi uhlehle ungene ku-attic evaliwe ngaphandle kwembazo noma ifasitela lophahla, futhi ungalokothi ushayele uzungeze imigoqo yezikhukhula noma uwele imigwaqo embozwe amanzi.

Yenza lokhu manje

  1. Phuma ngokushesha uma Isexwayiso Sokuphulwa Kwe-Levee noma I-oda Lokuphuma sikhishelwe indawo yakho: Ungalindi ukubona amanzi emgwaqeni wakho uma uhlala endaweni evikelwe yi-levee, i-polder, noma i-valley floor (njenge-California's Central Valley, Pacific Northwest valleys, European river polders, noma i-deltas yogu). Ngokungafani nesikhukhula esifushane esisegqumeni esigeleza ngehora, amanzi ageleza emfuleni ophukile agcwalisa izitsha eziphansi amamitha angu-2 ukuya kwangu-6 (amafidi angu-6 ukuya kwangu-20) ukujula futhi awakwazi ukuphindela emfuleni izinsuku noma amasonto.
  2. Uma ubona amanzi anodaka egeleza ephuma emhlabathini ngemuva kwe-levee ("ithumba lesihlabathi"), shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 bese uphuma: Ngenkathi amanzi acwebile ageleza kancane emgwaqeni aqashwe, umthombo noma amanzi ashisayo anodaka, anesihlabathi, anodaka aphuphuma inhlabathi evundlile* endaweni ewugwadule* ukuguguleka**) kusho ukuthi amanzi adonsa isisekelo ngaphansi kwe-levee futhi kugqekezwe inhlekelele phakathi nemizuzu ukuya emahoreni.
  3. Ungalokothi ushayele emanzini avale umgwaqo, ikakhulukazi eduze kwamaleve noma amakholvethi:*15 amasentimitha (6 amayintshi) amanzi ezikhukhula agijima ngokushesha awisa umuntu omdala ezinyaweni zabo, amasentimitha angu-30 (12 amayintshi) intanta imoto yomgibeli ehlangene, futhi 45 kuya ku-60 amasentimitha angu-60 futhi asindayo amasentimitha angu-24 (amasentimitha angu-18) amaloli. Phakathi nemifula ewumoya osemkhathini, amanzi amnyama ezikhukhula afihla imigwaqo egezeke ngokuphelele kanye nama-culverts adilikile.
  4. If floodwater rises around your home before you can drive out, move to the highest open floor or roof, never a closed attic: Shut off the main electrical circuit breaker only if you can reach the panel while standing on completely dry ground. Carry your go-bag, warm waterproof clothing, drinking water, flashlights, and a heavy axe, crowbar, or sledgehammer to the second story. Never climb into an enclosed attic unless it has a window, skylight, or gable louver large enough to climb through onto the roof, as rising water traps people against the rafters with no escape.
  5. Stay at least 10 meters (35 feet) away from steep hillsides, retaining walls, and canyon mouths: Multi-day atmospheric rivers saturate hillside soils until they liquefy into high-speed landslides and debris flows that strike downslope bedrooms without warning, particularly at night or below recent wildfire burn scars.
  6. Protect against hypothermia and sewage contamination if forced to wade: Floodwaters in winter and spring atmospheric rivers are frequently 4 to 12 degrees Celsius (39 to 54 degrees Fahrenheit) and contaminated with raw municipal sewage, pesticides, and submerged electrical currents. Wear a personal flotation device (life jacket) if you have one, use a stout pole or broom handle to probe the ground ahead of your feet for open manholes, and never touch wet electrical boxes.
flowchart TD
    Start["Category 4 or 5 Atmospheric River / Prolonged Multi-Day Basin Flood Warning"] --> Location{"1. Identify Your Geographic Topographic Risk"}
    Location -->|Inside a Levee-Protected Floodplain Basin or Below a Dam| LeveeWatch["High-Depth Basin Inundation Zone: Fuel Vehicle, Pack Go-Bag, Map Two High-Ground Routes Out of the Basin"]
    Location -->|Against Steep Hillsides, Bluffs, or Below Wildfire Burn Scars| SlideWatch["Debris Flow / Landslide Zone: Sleep on Upper Floor on Uphill/Side Away from Slope, Evacuate Early"]
    LeveeWatch --> BreachCheck{"2. Is an Evacuation Order Active OR Do You See Muddy Sand Boils / Slumping on the Levee?"}
    SlideWatch --> BreachCheck
    BreachCheck -->|Yes: Breach Imminent or Ordered| EvacNow["Evacuate Immediately to High Ground Before Roads Submerge; Never Drive Through Moving Water"]
    BreachCheck -->|Trapped by Rapidly Rising Water| Vertical["3. Vertical Survival: Turn Off Main Breaker ONLY if Standing on Dry Floor, Move to Upper Story or Roof"]
    Vertical --> AtticRule["4. NEVER Enter a Closed Attic Without a Roof Window or Heavy Axe/Pry Bar to Break Through Roof Sheathing"]
    AtticRule --> Signal["5. Call 911/112/999, Wave Bright Cloth or Strobe Light from Roof/Upper Window, Stay Warm and Dry"]

The Ralph / CW3E Atmospheric River Scale (AR Cat 1 to AR Cat 5)

Developed by the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E) at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and adopted by the United States National Weather Service (NWS) and international hydrometeorological agencies, the Atmospheric River Scale rates storms from AR Cat 1 to AR Cat 5 based on two combined physical measurements:

  1. Maximum Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT): How much water vapor is flowing past a 1-meter-wide vertical slice of the sky every second, measured in kilograms per meter per second (\(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)).
  2. Ubude besikhathi endaweni eyodwa: Mangakhi amahora alandelanayo umfula wasemkhathini uhlala uqondiswe endaweni efanayo yamanzi (ehlala ngaphansi kwamahora angu-24 uma iqhathaniswa nokuma amahora angu-*24 kuya kwangu-72+**).
Isigaba se-AR Isilinganiso Esichazayo I-Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT) Nobude besikhathi I-Hydrological Impact & Isimo Esiphuthumayo Esilindelwe
AR Cat 1 Inenzuzo Ngokuyinhloko Ukuthuthwa komhwamuko okubuthakathaka ukuya kokumaphakathi (250 kuya ku-500 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) okuthatha amahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-24. Igcwalisa amadamu kanye ne-snowpack yasezintabeni ngezikhukhula ezincane; amachibi asezitaladini zasemadolobheni asendaweni ezindaweni ezingeyinhle zokudonsa amanzi.
I-AR Cat 2 Kunenzuzo Kakhulu, Futhi Kuyingozi Ukuthutha komhwamuko okumaphakathi (500 kuya ku-750 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) amahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-24, noma ukugeleza okubuthakathaka okuhlala amahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-48. Imifudlana emincane nemifudlana yasemadolobheni isondela ebhange; amatshe amancane emihosheni yezintaba; sula amagatha ophahleni kanye nemisele yesiphepho.
AR Cat 3 Ibhalansi Yenzuzo Neyingozi Ukuthuthwa komhwamuko okuqinile (750 kuya ku-1,000 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) amahora angu-24, noma ukugeleza okumaphakathi kumile amahora angu-48+. Ukubuka Izikhukhula Nezixwayiso: Imifula emincane ichichima osebeni; ama-mudslides angajulile emithambekeni egcwele; umoya omkhulu uwisa izihlahla ezinezimpande ezingashoni ezintanjeni zikagesi.
AR Cat 4 Iyingozi Kakhulu (Eyedlulele) Ukuthutha komhwamuko omkhulu (1,000 kuya ku-1,250 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) amahora angu-24 kuya kwangu-48, noma ukugeleza okuqinile kumile 48 amahora kuya kwangu-72. Izikhukhula ezinkulu zomfula kanye ne-Levee Stress: Imifula i-Mainstem idlula esigabeni sezikhukhula; i-reservoir spillways ephuthumayo ivuliwe; ukugeleza kwemfucumfucu okusabalele kanye nokugezwa kwemigwaqo; lungiselela ukuphuma kwesitsha ngokushesha.
AR Cat 5 Iyingozi Ngokuyinhloko (Eyingqayizivele) Ukuthutha komhwamuko okhethekile (ngaphezu kuka-1,250 \(\text{kg}\cdot\text{m}^{-1}\cdot\text{s}^{-1}\)) imile phezu kwendawo enamanzi efanayo amahora angu-48 kuya kwangu-72+* (noma ukushaya ngemva kwesiphepho sangaphambilini se-AR Cat ¾). I-Catastrophic Basin Inundation and Levee Failures: Imvula engokomlando yezinsuku eziningi (300 kuya ku-750+ mm / 12 kuya ku-30+ in) ngokuvamile ehlanganiswa nokuncibilika kwemvula eqhweni okusheshayo; ukuphulwa kwe-levees yobumba; wonke amadolobha asezigodini eziphansi acwila emanzini izinsuku ukuya emavikini.

Kungani i-"Pineapple Express" nemifula esemkhathini efudumele iyingozi ngokuphindwe kabili ebusika

Lapho isiphepho sasebusika esibandayo sihlasela izintaba eziphakeme, imvula engaphezu kwamamitha angu-1 200 kuya kwangu-1 500 (amafidi angu-4 000 kuya kwangu-5 000) iwa njengeqhwa, ivale amanzi ngokuphephile eziqongweni kuze kube intwasahlobo. Ngokuphambene, umfula we-subtropical atmospheric (ofana ne-Pineapple Express edonsa umswakama oshisayo wezindawo ezishisayo eduze kwaseHawaii, noma umfula wase-Atlantic atmospheric odonsa umswakama ofudumele osuka ezindaweni ezishisayo noma Gulf of Mexico ukuya entshonalanga yeYurophu noma empumalanga yeNyakatho Melika) unezinga eliphezulu eliyingozi elibanda, ngokuvamile 2,500 kuya ku-8 wamamitha angu-300,500 kuya ku-8 izinyawo).

Esikhundleni sokwengeza iqhwa, umoya oshisayo we-tropical kanye nemvula enamandla kakhulu ngqo kuma-snowpacks akhona aphakathi nendawo (umcimbi "wemvula eqhweni"). Yonke imilimitha yemvula ena kuzo zonke izintaba, kanye nokuncibilika ngokushesha kwesikhwama seqhwa ngaphansi, sisuka kanye kanye siye emifuleni, umthamo wezikhukhula ophindwe kabili noma ophindwe kathathu uye ezigodini eziwela phansi nomfula phakathi kwamahora angu-12 kuya kwangu-24.

Ukuthi ama-levees obumba ahluleka kanjani: ukweqa, ukudilika, kanye ne-underseepage "amathumba esihlabathi"

Izigidi zabantu zihlala, zilima, futhi zisebenza ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula eziyisicaba, eziqhingini zemifula, nasezindaweni ezicwila zezolimo noma zasemadolobheni ezivikelwe izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ama-earthen levees (amaphethelo akhiwe enhlabathi ecinene, ubumba, nesihlabathi) noma izindonga zezikhukhula. Ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zibuka ngamafasitela azo emgwaqeni owomile ocashe ngemva kodonga lwe-levee embozwe utshani, ngokuvamile azinalwazi lokuthi izinga lomfula ngaphesheya kwalolo donga lokungcola okwamanje ligeleza 3 kuya ku-6 amamitha (10 kuya ku-20 amafidi) ngaphezu kwegumbi lazo lokuphumula, noma ukuthi i-levee isekude namahora ukuthi idilike ngemva kwezinsuku zokucwiliswa.

Ngokusho kwe-United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) kanye ne-Rijkswaterstaat (uMnyango Wengqalasizinda Nokuphathwa Kwamanzi WaseNetherlands), izintambo zobumba ziyehluleka ngezindlela ezine ezihlukene phakathi namanzi aphakeme omfula osemkhathini:

I-Levee Failure Mechanism Kwenzeka Kanjani Emzimbeni Izimpawu Zesexwayiso Ezibonakalayo Ngaphambi Kokuphulwa Kwengqikithi Ingabe Izikhwama Zesihlabathi Ziyakwazi?
1. I-Underseepage kanye ne-Internal Piping ("Amathumba Esihlabathi") Umfutho ophakeme womfula uphoqa amanzi esihlabathini esinezimbotshana noma izingqimba zamatshe ngaphansi kwesisekelo se-levee. Njengoba amanzi egeleza ohlangothini olomile olubheke ezweni, akhipha izinhlamvu zesihlabathi ngaphansi komsele, emboza umhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba (ipayipi) kuze kube yilapho uphahla lwe-levee ludilika endaweni engenalutho. Isiphethu esigezayo noma isihlabathi esimise okwentaba-mlilo ikhoni yesihlabathi (ithumba lesihlabathi) elivela emhlabathini oyisicaba noma emgodini okhipha amanzi 3 kuya ku-50 amamitha (10 kuya ku-165 amafidi) ngaphakathi ohlangothini olomile lwe-levee. Yebo, KUPHELA uma amanzi ecwebile noma ebanjwe kusenesikhathi kusetshenziswa i-"Sandbag Ring" (ungalokothi umboze noma uxhume amathumba esihlabathi ngokuqondile; yakha ushimula oyindilinga wamasaka esihlabathi ukuze udale ukucindezela). Uma ithumba lesihlabathi ligeleza amanzi anodaka/anodaka ngokushesha, phuma ngokushesha.
2. I-Saturation Slumping (Ukungazinzi Kweslope) Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-10 zemvula yomfula osemkhathini kanye namazinga aphezulu emifula, amanzi agcwala umgogodla we-levee kuze kube yilapho umfutho wamanzi ombotshana uphusha izinhlamvu zenhlabathi zihlukane, uphendule umthambeka wobumba oseceleni owomile ube amakhowe. Okude imifantu emise okweceli eduze komqhele ongaphezulu we-levee, egobile ozwaneni oluseceleni elomile, noma ingxenye enkulu yosebe lotshani olusohlangothini olomile eshelela phansi (i-sloughing). Cha: Uma i-saturated levee slope iqala ukuwohloka, ukwengeza amasaka esihlabathi esindayo phezulu kuphushela isilayidi phansi ngokushesha. Phuma ngokushesha.
3. I-Trough-Seepage kanye ne-Animal Burrow Washout Burrowing animals (beavers, nutria, muskrats, ground squirrels, badgers) dig tunnels partway through the levee; high river water enters the burrow and erodes a rapidly widening pipe straight through the embankment. A jet or muddy stream of water shooting directly out of the dry-side face of the levee embankment. Requires professional flood-fight crews; rapid widening signals imminent breach.
4. Overtopping Erosion River water rises higher than the top crest of the levee and pours over the crown like a waterfall. Fast water cascading down the unprotected dry-side grass slope strips away sod and soil from the back side until the wall washes away. Water lapping within 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) of the top of the levee crown, or sheets of water flowing across the levee road. No for homeowners: Once water actively sheets over an earthen levee crest, it scours a 30-to-100-meter-wide gap in minutes. Evacuate immediately.

Why you must never plug a "sand boil" directly (And how engineers ring it)

If you live near a levee and discover water bubbling out of the ground on the landward side during a flood:

  1. Inspect the water clarity from a safe distance and call 911 / 112 / 999 or your local levee reclamation district immediately:
  2. Clear water seepage: If the water trickling out of the boil is crystal clear with no sand or mud, the soil skeleton underneath the levee is still intact.
  3. Muddy, cloudy, or sand-ejecting water (Active Piping Emergency): If the water is brown, muddy, or building a cone of sand grains around the hole, soil is actively being mined out from beneath the levee foundation.
  4. Never dump dirt on top of a sand boil and never step on it to plug it: Trying to seal a sand boil shut by piling sandbags directly on top of the hole blocks the pressure relief outlet; the trapped pressurized water immediately blows out a bigger, unstoppable hole two meters away or liquefies the entire levee toe.
  5. How flood-fight crews ring a sand boil (Only if trained and instructed while waiting for engineers): Flood crews build a circular ring ("chimney") of sandbags around the boil, leaving a clear water basin at least 60 to 90 centimeters (2 to 3 feet) wide around the bubbling hole. As water fills the inside of the sandbag ring and overflows gently over the top rim, the weight of the standing water column inside the ring creates downward hydrostatic back-pressure that slows the upward flow rate just enough that sand grains stop lifting out of the ground while allowing clean water to harmlessly escape.

Basin flooding versus flash flooding: why waiting to see water traps you

Residents accustomed to ordinary heavy rain or flash floods often think, "I live 3 kilometers (2 miles) away from the river levee, and even if it breaks, the water will only be ankle-deep and will drain away by tomorrow." In a levee-protected floodplain basin or polder, that assumption is fatal for three reasons:

  1. Bowl-shaped basin topography: Over centuries, natural rivers build up elevated ridges of silt along their banks (natural levees), while agricultural drainage and groundwater pumping cause the flat land miles away from the river to sink (land subsidence). As a result, the lowest part of a floodplain basin is often kilometers away from the river, sitting 3 to 8 meters (10 to 26 feet) lower than the river surface.
  2. Ikhanda le-hydraulic eliqhubekayo lapho libhobokile: Uma ingxenye yobubanzi obungamamitha ayi-100 ye-levee iwa phakathi nesiphepho se-AR Cat 4 noma i-Cat 5, wonke umfula uyaphambukisa emaceleni ngegebe njengedamu eliphukile. Ngisho noma uhlala amakhilomitha angu-5 ukusuka lapho kubhodloke khona, udonga lwamanzi ludlula endaweni eyisicaba, lucwilisa amakhaya anesitezi esisodwa aze afike ezinqeni zawo (2.5 kuya ku-5 amamitha / 8 kuya ku-16 amafidi ukujula).
  3. Ukuzindla okuthatha amaviki amade ("Umphumela Kabhavu"): Uma umfula ekugcineni sewuconsa ezinsukwini kamuva, izigidigidi zamalitha amanzi ezikhukhula ahlezi ngaphakathi komgodla ocwile awukwazi ukugeleza ukhuphukele emuva egunjini lomfula. Isitsha sihlala sigcwele amanzi njengobhavu omkhulu amaviki amabili kuya kwayisi-6 kuze kube yilapho onjiniyela belungisa indawo yokuphumula bese beletha amaphampu amakhulu edizili azompompa ichibi.

Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokusinda uma amanzi ezikhukhula ezungeze ikhaya lakho

Uma i-levee igqekeza ebusuku noma umfula womkhathi ukhukhula isigodi sakho ngaphambi kokuthi uhambe uye endaweni ephakeme, suka ngokushesha usuke ekuphumeni ovundlile uye ekuphileni okuqondile ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo:

Isinyathelo 1: Ukuphepha ngokushesha kukagesi negesi (Ngaphambi kokuthi amanzi athinte phansi)

  • Umthetho wokuphula okuyinhloko kagesi: Uma phansi phambi kwephaneli yakho yokuphula ugesi kungu-100% womile amathambo*, cisha isinqamuli esikhulu ngokushesha ukuze uvimbele imililo kagesi nokucinywa kukagesi njengoba izindonga zicwila emanzini.
  • UMTHETHO OYINGOZI ENGAPHELELE: Uma ngisho nesentimitha elingu-1 (uhhafu we-intshi) lamanzi selivele limile phansi eduze kwephaneli kagesi, noma uma izinyawo zakho zimanzi, UNGAFIKI egumbini elingaphansi noma uthinte ibhokisi le-breaker. Amanzi ahambisa ugesi ngezintambo ezingaphansi kwamanzi; ukungena endaweni engaphansi egcwele izikhukhula noma ukuthinta ibhokisi lensimbi ngenkathi umile phansi okumanzi kubangela ukushaywa ugesi osheshayo, obulalayo. Hlelela phezulu ngokushesha futhi ushayele inkampani yesevisi noma ukuthunyelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ukuze unqamule amandla esigxotsheni esingaphandle.
  • I-propane negesi yemvelo: Ungamoshi imizuzu ebucayi uzama ukucisha imitha yegesi yangaphandle eqinile uma amanzi ezikhukhula etheleka egcekeni lakho; yisa umndeni wakho endaweni ephakeme kuqala.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Iya phezulu futhi ugwema "I-Closed Attic Trap"

Ngesikhathi seziphepho zesiphepho (amagagasi enkosi kanye nokukhuphuka kwesiphepho) kanye nokuphulwa kwe-levee eyinhlekelele, elinye lamaphutha asekhaya abulala kakhulu ukukhuphuka iledi yokudonsela phansi ungene e- attic evalekile njengoba amanzi egcwala phansi.

Ungalokothi uhlehle ungene e-attic ngaphandle uma unendlela edlula ophahleni

Lapho ukuphulwa kwe-levee kukhukhula indlu enesitezi esisodwa emgodini ojulile, amanzi akhuphuka adlule ophahleni oluphansi futhi agcwalise isikhala se-attic kuze kufike phezulu ophahleni. Uphahla lwesimanjemanje lwezindlu lwakhiwe nge-12-to-19-millimeter (uhhafu-intshi ukuya ku-intshi amathathu-yintshi) noma i-oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing* ebethelwe ophahleni oluwugqinsi futhi embozwe ngama-shingles noma amathayela ensimbi/wobumba. Umuntu akakwazi ukubhoboza, ukukhahlela, noma ukuphusha ophahleni lwepulangwe ehesha ngezandla ezingenalutho. Ungalokothi ugibele egunjini elingaphansi ngaphandle uma: 1. I-attic inefasitela le-gable elingusayizi ogcwele, iwindi le-dormer, noma ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka** elivulela ophahleni, NOMA 2. Uphethe izembe lomkhandi elisindayo, insimbi ehlukanisayo yensimbi, isando esisindayo, i-crowbar, noma isaha eliphindwe kabili elikhokhiswayo ukhuphukele ku-attic nawe ukuze ukwazi ukusika imbobo yokuphunyuka phakathi kwepulangwe lepulangwe phakathi kwamapulangwe amabili (ugwema amathayela obumba noma amaphaneli elanga uma kungenzeka) ngaphambi kokuba amanzi afinyelele endaweni engaphansi.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Ukusinda ophahleni kanye nokusayina kwendiza enophephela emhlane/yesikebhe

Uma amanzi ekuphoqa ukuthi uphume efasiteleni eliphezulu uye ophahleni:

  1. Gqoka izendlalelo ezifudumele, ezingangenwa amanzi kanye namajakhethi okuphila NGAPHAMBI kokungena ophahleni: Iziphepho zasemfuleni womkhathi ziletha imvula enkulu kanye 60 kuya ku-110 km/h (40 kuya ku-70 mph) nezivunguvungu zomoya emazingeni okushisa angu- 5 kuya ku-12 degrees Celsius (41 kuya ku-54 degrees Fahrenheit). Izingubo zikakotini ezimanzi emoyeni ongu-50 km/h zibangela ukubulala hypothermia phakathi kwamahora ama-2. Gqoka amajakhethi emvula, izingqimba zoboya noma zoboya bezimvu, izigqoko, kanye nezikhwama zikadoti zepulasitiki ezinzima (sika imbobo ozoyigqoka ekhanda nasezingalweni njenge-poncho evikela umoya phezu koboya bakho), bese ufake imishini yomuntu siqu yokuntanta (amajakhethi okuphila) kuyo yonke ingane, umuntu omdala, nesilwane esifuywayo.
  2. Hlala eduze nendawo ephakemeyo yophahla ohlangothini lwe-leeward (ekwehleni): Hlala ucashile noma ngezansi nje kwesiqongo sommango ohlangothini oluvikelwe umoya, kude nezihlahla ezilengayo nezintambo zikagesi ezingaphezulu ezixhumeka esihlokweni sezulu sendlu.
  3. Zenze ubonakale ukuze usindise izikebhe kanye ne-Coast Guard / izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zempi:
  4. Bopha ishidi elineon elikhanyayo elikhanyayo, eliphuzi, elibomvu, noma elimhlophe, ithafa, noma ijakhethi ngokuvikelekile kushimula noma ipayipi lokukhipha umoya.
  5. Ebusuku, sebenzisa ithoshi le-LED, ilambu langaphambili, noma ithoshi le-smartphone elikhanya ngamasethi amathathu (SOS: amathathu amafushane, amathathu amade, amathathu amafushane) aqondiswe ngasezikebheni ezisondelayo noma ezansi ophahleni (**ungalinge ukhanyise isikhombi se-laser esinamandla amakhulu noma ukukhanya okuqondile ngqo ku-cockpit yomshayeli wendiza enophephela emhlane evula iwindi lewindi le-windshield).
  6. Shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo futhi ubike inombolo eqondile yabantu abasophahleni, ubudala babo/izidingo zokwelapha, kanye nekheli lakho lomgwaqo noma izixhumanisi ze-GPS. Yonga ibhethri yefoni ngokufiphaza ukukhanya kwesikrini kube ubuncane kanye nokuvala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingemuva.

Ukusinda kwezimoto phakathi nemifula yasemkhathini: ama-culverts, ama-sinkhole, kanye nokubalekela ngaphansi kwamanzi

Amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-60 okufa kwezikhukhula emazweni asethuthukile kwenzeka ezimotweni lapho abashayeli bezama ukuwela imigwaqo egcwele izikhukhula noma emigwaqweni engaphansi. Phakathi nomfula osemkhathini, ukushayela kuthwala izingozi ezimbili ezifihlekile ngale kokujula kwamanzi:

  1. Amakholvethi apheshuliwe kanye nemihosha yemigwaqo engabonakali: Imigwaqo yasezintabeni neyasemaphandleni inqamula amakhulu emifudlana esebenzisa ipayipi likathayela amakholvethi agqitshwe ngaphansi kwetiyela. Ngesikhathi kunesiphepho se-AR Cat 4 noma i-Cat 5, imfucumfucu yezinkuni ixhuma umnyango we-culvert; amanzi abuyela emuva ngemva konqenqema lomgwaqo njengedamu, agcwale umbhede womgwaqo, futhi kungazelelwe akhukhula umhosha ongamamitha angu-6 ukujula (amafidi angu-20) uqonde ngaphesheya komgwaqo omkhulu. Uma amanzi ezikhukhula anodaka egeleza ngamasentimitha angu-10 (amayintshi angu-4) ukujula endaweni yomgwaqo, amanzi aphezu kwebhuloho elingekho noma i-culvert egeziwe abukeka eyisicaba ngokuphelele futhi efana nendlela egandayiwe ngayo eqinile, kuze kube yilapho amasondo angaphambili ehlela emgodini ongenamkhawulo.
  2. Imigwaqo engaphansi kukaloliwe wasebusuku kanye namadiphu omgwaqo onguthelawayeka: Imigwaqo yangaphansi igcwala amanzi angamamitha angu-3 ukuya kwangu-4 (amafidi angu-10 kuye kwangu-13) ngemizuzu phakathi nemvula enamandla kuyilapho izibani zasemgwaqweni ziveza phezu kwamanzi, okwenza ichibi elijulile libukeke njengetiyela elimanzi elimnyama ebusuku.

Okufanele ukwenze uma imoto yakho intela noma intanta emanzini ezikhukhula

Landela i-SWIM (Amabhande ezihlalo, iWindows, Phuma Ngokushesha) kuhlelo lwethu lokusebenza imoto emanzini umhlahlandlela okusinda phakathi nemizuzwana engu-30 kuya kwengama-60* ngaphambi kokuba imoto izike ngaphansi komugqa wefasitela:

  1. Khumula ibhande lakho lesihlalo ngokushesha bese uqaqa izingane kusukela endala kuya kwencane.
  2. Yehlisela phansi noma uphule iwindi eliseceleni ngokushesha (Ungalokothi ulinde futhi ungalokothi uzame ukuvula umnyango): Uma amanzi esenyukele phakathi nendawo ngaphandle komnyango wemoto, 600+ kilograms (1,300+ pounds) wokucindezela kwamanzi uvala umnyango unomphela. Cindezela inkinobho yewindi kagesi ngokushesha (amafasitela kagesi ngokuvamile asebenza imizuzwana engu-10 kuya kwangu-60 emanzini); uma amandla ehluleka, shaya ikhona elingezansi lewindi elihlangothini elithambile (ungalokothi ufake iwindshield yangaphambili ene-laminated) ngesibhakela samaphakathi esigcwele intwasahlobo noma into yensimbi esindayo.
  3. Khwela ngefasitela elivuliwe ophahleni lwemoto uma imoto imile emanzini angashoni, NOMA ubhukude/uphume ubheke endaweni ephakeme eseduze ekhuphuka nomsinga uma imoto ishanelwa ibheke emanzini ajulile omsele.

Ukuphepha kwangemva kwezikhukhula: ukubuyela endishini ngemva kokuba amanzi esebohlile

Lapho amanzi ekugcineni ephuma noma ekhishwa emgodini ogcwele izikhukhula ezinsukwini noma amasonto kamuva, ukubuyela ekhaya kudinga izinyathelo zokuzivikela eziqinile:

  • Hlola indawo yokugeza isisekelo sesakhiwo kanye nokuvuza kwegesi ngaphambi kokungena: Hamba uzungeze yonke indawo ngaphandle kwendlu kuqala. Uma ikhona lesisekelo lizinzile, izindonga zincike, noma uhogela igesi yemvelo ebolile yeqanda (ukuvuza kwegesi), Ungangeni.
  • Ungalokothi uqale umshini wokuphehla uphethiloli endlini, egalaji, noma kuvulandi: Ngemva kwezikhukhula ubuthi be-carbon monoxide kusuka kumajeneretha aphathwayo abekwe eduze kwamafasitela noma emagaraji abulala inqwaba yabasinde ezikhukhuleni ngemva kokudlula kwesiphepho. Gcina amajeneretha okungenani amamitha angu-6 (amafidi angu-20) ngaphandle kude kuyo yonke iminyango namafasitela.
  • Phatha lonke udaka lwezikhukhula namanzi amile njengamanzi angcolile anobuthi: Izitsha ezigcwele izikhukhula zixuba amachweba omquba wezolimo, izimboni ezigcwele amanzi angcolile zikamasipala, amathangi e-septic, namathangi kaphethiloli ezimbonini. Gqoka amabhuzu enjoloba asindayo angangeni manzi, amagilavu awugqinsi we-nitrile/rubber, izibuko, kanye ne-N95 yokuphefumula ngesikhathi isikhunta kanye nokuhlanza amanzi, futhi ugeze noma yisiphi isikhumba esisikiwe ngokushesha ngensipho namanzi ahlanzekile asebhodleleni.
  • Lalela Izaziso Zamanzi Abilise futhi uhlole imithombo yangasese: Ungalokothi uphuze amanzi aphuma empompini noma amanzi omthombo wangasese ngemva kokugcwala kwamanzi kuze kube inkampani yakho yamanzi kamasipala iphakamisa iseluleko samanzi abilayo noma umthombo wakho uye wahlolwa nge-shock-chlorine futhi wahlolelwa amagciwane e-coliform nama-nitrate.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

What is an atmospheric river ("Pineapple Express"), and how is it rated from Category 1 to Category 5?

An atmospheric river is a narrow, concentrated plume of water vapor in the sky, often stretching thousands of kilometers from the tropics (such as near Hawaii in a "Pineapple Express"), that carries 7.5 to 15 times the water volume of the Mississippi River at the Gulf of Mexico. Meteorologists rate them from AR Category 1 (primarily beneficial rain) to AR Category 4 (Extreme) and AR Category 5 (Exceptional) based on the total water vapor flux and how many hours the storm stalls over a single region; Category 4 and 5 storms drop 300 to 750 millimeters (12 to 30 inches) of rain over several days, triggering catastrophic river flooding and levee failures.

What is a "sand boil" behind a levee, and why does muddy water bubbling up mean you must evacuate?

A sand boil occurs when extreme water pressure in a high river forces water through sandy soil layers underneath the base of an earthen levee, bubbling up out of the flat ground on the dry landward side. While a small trickle of crystal-clear water is monitored by engineers, a sand boil that is bubbling up brown, muddy water or building a cone of sand grains means the water is actively eroding and hollowing out an underground tunnel beneath the levee (internal piping), which can cause the entire levee wall to collapse without warning. Call emergency services and evacuate immediately, and never try to plug or dump dirt directly onto the hole.

Why is flooding from a levee breach in a valley basin much deeper and longer-lasting than a typical flash flood?

Many agricultural and urban floodplains protected by levees are shaped like giant sunken bowls that sit 3 to 8 meters (10 to 26 feet) lower than the elevated river channel. When a levee breaches, the river pours sideways into the sunken basin until water stands 2 to 6 meters (6 to 20 feet) deep over entire neighborhoods, and once the river level eventually drops, the trapped lake of floodwater cannot drain uphill back into the river, remaining for weeks until the levee is patched and giant pumps drain the basin.

Why must you never climb into a closed attic to escape rising floodwaters unless you have an axe or roof window?

In a deep levee breach or storm surge where water rises above the first-floor ceiling, climbing into an enclosed attic without an operable window, skylight, or heavy axe/pry bar traps you in an air pocket that rapidly fills to the roof peak. Because residential roofs are built with thick plywood sheathing nailed to rafters, it is physically impossible to punch or kick your way out with bare hands; always go out an upper window onto the roof instead, or carry a heavy axe into the attic so you can chop through the roof sheathing.

Why do warm winter atmospheric rivers cause much worse flooding than cold winter snowstorms?

Warm subtropical atmospheric rivers have very high freezing levels (often above 2,500 to 3,000 meters / 8,000 to 10,000 feet), meaning heavy precipitation falls as warm rain rather than snow all the way to the high mountain peaks. This triggers a "rain-on-snow" event where massive rainfall combines with rapid melting of the existing mountain snowpack, sending two to three times more runoff crashing down into reservoirs and river levees at once.

Imithombo ihloliwe

  • Isikhungo Sezimo Zezulu ZaseNtshonalanga Nezimo Zamanzi (CW3E, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) kanye Nokuphathwa Kwe-Ocenic and Atmospheric National (NOAA / National Weather Service, United States): The Ralph et al. Isikali Sokuqina kanye Nemithelela Yemifula yase-Atmospheric (AR Cat 1 kuya ku-AR Cat 5).
  • I-United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) kanye ne-California Department of Water Resources (DWR, United States): Imanuwali yomnikazi we-Levee ye-Non-Federal Flood Control Works, I-Underseepage Sand Boil Ringing Protocols, kanye Nebhuku Lokulwa Nezikhukhula.
  • I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) kanye ne-Ready.gov (United States): Izikhukhula, Ukuphunyuka Kokwehluleka Kwe-Levee, kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yokuphepha Eme Yama Shelter.
  • I-Rijkswaterstaat (UNgqongqoshe Wengqalasizinda Nokuphathwa Kwamanzi, e-Netherlands) kanye Ne-Ejensi Yezemvelo (e-United Kingdom): I-Dike and Levee Breach Inundation Modeling, Ukuqashelwa Kokuguguleka Kwemibhobho, kanye Namazinga Okukhipha I-Polder.
  • I-United States Geological Survey (USGS): I-ARkStorm Megastorm Scenario kanye ne-Post-Wildfire Atmospheric Debris Flow Hazards.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene