I-Meteor Airbursts, i-Industrial Shockwaves, kanye ne-Blast Overpressure Glass Hazards¶

Lapho i-meteoroid (i-bolide) elingana nendlu iqhuma emkhathini ongaphezulu noma endaweni enkulu yezimboni, idepho yezikhali, indawo yokuhluza amakhemikhali, noma isisele sokusanhlamvu siqhuma amakhilomitha ambalwa, ugibe oluyingozi lwefiziksi lubamba cishe wonke umuntu obukele ngokungalindelekile: igebe elikhulu phakathi kwejubane lokukhanya nesivinini somsindo. Ukukhanya okuphuma esibhakabhakeni noma kumlilo wamakhowa. Amakhilomitha angu-300,000 ngomzuzwana (amamayela angu-186,000 ngomzuzwana), efinyelela amehlo akho ngokushesha. Ngokuphambene, i-supersonic acoustic shockwave ebhubhisayo (blast overpressure wave) ihamba emoyeni cishe ngesivinini somsindo, 340 amamitha ngomzuzwana (1,115 amafidi ngomzuzwana, noma cishe ikhilomitha elingu-1 njalo ngemizuzwana emi-3 / imayela elingu-1 njalo ngemizuzwana emi-5).

Ngaleso sikhathi sokulibaziseka okuthulile okuyimizuzwana eyi-10 kuya kwengu-150 ngemva kokubaneka kwesibhakabhaka esikhanyayo noma i-fireball emkhathizwe ekude, ilukuluku lomuntu liphoqelela izigidi zabantu ukuthi zihambe ziqonde emafasiteleni amakhulu ezithombe, amafacade ehhovisi lezingilazi, namafasitela ekilasi lesikole ukuze alunguze ngaphandle emzileni wentuthu. Imizuzwana kamuva, i-shockwave engabonakali icindezela kakhulu esakhiweni, iguqule izinkulungwane zamamitha-skwele engilazi yengilazi ibe isichotho esivundlile esiyingozi esindiza sinqamula amagumbi ngo-*30 kuya ku-60 amamitha ngesekhondi (65 kuya ku-135 mph)**. Idatha yomlando evela ekuqhumeni okukhulu kwe-meteor airbursts nokuqhuma kwechweba lezimboni ibonisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 kuya kwangu-90 akho konke ukulimala kwabantu okubangelwa ingilazi yewindi endizayo ukushaya abantu abahambe baya efasiteleni ngemva kokubona ukukhanya. Ukwazi umthetho osheshayo othi, "Bona ifleshi eliphuphuthekisayo noma ikholomu yentuthu: suka emafasiteleni ngokushesha", kuvikela amehlo akho, imithambo yegazi, nempilo.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. klzzwxh:0012 Ungalokothi uhambe uye ngasefiteleni ukuze ubuke ukukhanya okukhanyayo noma ikholomu yentuthu. Unganoma yikuphi ukusuka kokuthi imizuzwana emi-3 ukuya kumaminithi angu-2.5 ngaphambi kokuthi kufike i-supersonic shockwave futhi ivuthele wonke amawindi ebhilidini ngaphakathi ngamandla.
2. Yehlela phansi ngaphakathi kwephasishi elingaphakathi, izitebhisi, noma ngemuva kwefenisha eqinile futhi umboze ikhanda namehlo akho. Lala ubheke phansi noma uqosheme phansi ubeke umhlane wakho ubheke kunoma iyiphi ingilazi esele, vikela ingemuva lekhanda lakho nentamo ngamangalo akho, futhi uvale amehlo akho ngokuqinile ukuze uthuli lwengilazi oluphuma emoyeni lungakwazi ukucwilisa ama-corneas akho.
3. Vula umlomo wakho kancane futhi ungaxhumi izindlebe zakho ngezinto eziqinile uma igagasi lokuqhuma kwebanga eliseduze liseduze. Ukulinganisa umfutho womoya nhlangothi zombili ze-eardrum yakho (ulwelwesi lwe-tympanic) ngamashubhu akho e-Eustachian kunciphisa ingozi yokugqashuka kwe-eardrum lapho umfutho womoya womoya uhlasela kungazelelwe; vala izindlebe zakho zangaphandle ngezintende zezandla zakho eziboshwe ngenkathi ugcine umhlathi wakho ukhululekile kancane.
4. Susa uphahla olubuthakathaka lwendlu yokugcina izinto, ongaphambili bezitini, nosilingi olumisiwe ngemva kokuduma kwezulu lokuqala. Kokubili ukuqhuma kwe-meteor airburst nokuqhuma kwezitshalo zezimboni kudala amagagasi amaningi (kungaba yizicucu ze-meteor eziqhekekayo ezishaya izindawo zazo zokuqhuma ngokulandelana, noma lapho indawo yokugcina impahla encane eyisisekelo ishisa i-nitrate noma i-30000000000 ye-ammonium amonium. 120 imizuzwana kamuva).
5. Gqoka izicathulo ezinesoli eliqinile ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo esisodwa ngemva kokudlula kwegagasi, futhi uhlole ukopha komthambo. Ngemva kokuba igagasi eliqhumayo liphahlaza amafasitela, yonke iphansi inokhaphethi wezinaliti zengilazi ezingabonakali. Lawula noma yikuphi ukugxuma kwentamo noma ukuhushulwa kwemilenze ngokushesha ngokucindezela okuqondile okuqinile noma i-tourniquet (bona ukopha usizo lokuqala), futhi ungalokothi ucikice iso elinothuli lwengilazi.
6. Hlola ukuvuza kwegesi, hambela phezulu uma ikhemikhali ibonakala, futhi gwema ukuhlanganisa amanethiwekhi ezwi eselula ngaphandle kwalapho unesimo esiphuthumayo esisongela ukuphila. Shayela kuphela inombolo yakho yezimo eziphuthumayo yasendaweni (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom; bona izinombolo eziphuthumayo) ukuze uthole ukuhlukumezeka okukhulu, izisulu ezivaleleke, noma imililo eqhubekayo, futhi usebenzise umlayezo wombhalo we-SMS ukuhlola amalungu omndeni ukuze iziteshi zokuthunyelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo zingawi.

I-physics yama-airbursts, ama-shockwaves, kanye nezikhathi zokulibaziseka kokukhanya ukuya komsindo¶

Ukuthi ukuqhuma kwenzeka kumakhilomitha angu-25 (amamayela angu-15.5) ngokuqondile ku-stratosphere kusuka ku-hypersonic asteroid noma ezingeni eliphansi eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-5 (3.1 miles) endaweni yokucwenga amakhemikhali noma edepho kaphethiloli, indlela yokulimala ngaphakathi ezindlini, ezikoleni, nasemahhovisi ibuswa ukuqhuma ngokweqile kanye nesivinini *****.

flowchart TD
    A["I-Blinding Flash Esibhakabhakeni, I-Vapor Trail, NOMA I-Distant Explosion Plume"] --> B["ISINYATHELO ESISHESHAYO: Ungahambi uye efasiteleni; memeza uthi 'PHUMANI KUGALASI'"]
    B --> C["Iya Ehholo Elingaphakathi / Igumbi phakathi kwamasekhondi angu-3"]
    C --> D["Yehlisa Phansi, Ususe Ubuso Engilazini, Mboza Ikhanda/Intamo, Vula Umlomo Kancane"]
    D --> E["I-PRIMARY SHOCKWAVE HITS: I-Windows shatter; ukwakha unyakazisa; umsindo we-sonic boom"]
    E --> F["Linda amaminithi angu-2 ukuya kwangu-3 kukhava ye-Shockwaves yesibili / i-Falling Glass"]
    F --> G{"Wawuyini umsuka we-shockwave?"}
    G -->|"I-Meteor / Bolide Airburst ku-Upper Sky"| H["Gqoka izicathulo; phatha ukusikeka kwengilazi; hlola izifudumezi zegesi/amapayipi axegiswe amagagasi okucindezela"]
    G -->|"I-Ground-Level Industrial / Chemical / Port Explosion"| I["Hlola isiqondiso somoya; khipha umoya ovunguzayo/umoya ovunguzayo noma indawo yokukhosela uma kusondela intuthu enobuthi"]

I-meteor (i-bolide / superbolide) i-airburst idala kanjani i-shockwave yedolobha lonke¶

Nsuku zonke, ama- meteoroid amancane asha ngokungenabungozi njengezinkanyezi ezidubulayo kumakhilomitha angu-80 kuya kwangu-100 (amamayela angu-50 kuya kwangu-62) ngaphezu koMhlaba. Nokho, uma ucezu olunetshe noma lwensimbi olulingana namamitha angu-5 kuya ku-30 (amafidi angu-16 kuye kwayi-100)* luwela lungena emkhathini womhlaba ngesivinini esikhulu esingu-15 kuya kumakhilomitha angu-40 ngomzuzwana (33,500 kuya ku-90,000 mph, noma Mach 45 kuya ku-Mach:120)

1. Ukucindezela kwenqama okwedlulele kanye nebhola lomlilo elikhazimulayo: Njengoba i-meteoroid ishona phansi emkhathini ominyene phakathi kuka-45 namakhilomitha angu-20 (amamayela angu-28 ukuya kwangu-12) ukuphakama, umoya ophambi kwayo awukwazi ukuphuma endleleni ngokushesha ngokwanele. Umoya ocindezelwe ushisa ube yibhola lomlilo le-plasma elicwebezelayo kunobuso belanga, ukhanya okwesikhashana ukwedlula ilanga lasemini endaweni eyirediyasi engu-100-kilometer (62-mile) futhi ukwazi ukubangela ukushisa kwelanga okukhanyayo kwe-ultraviolet nobumpumputhe besikhashana kunoma ubani obugqolozele ngqo.
2. I-Pancaking yemishini kanye ne-airburst eyinhlekelele: Lapho ukucindezela kwenqama okumile ekhaleni le-asteroid idlula amandla acindezelayo esakhiwo edwala (ngokuvamile ama-megapascal angu-1 kuye kwayi-10 endaweni yokuphakama kwamakhilomitha angu-20 kuya kwangu-30 / 12 kuya ku-19 wamamayela), i-asteroid iphuka, iphuka njenge-ruff. i-airburst ye-atmospheric ekhipha amandla alingana namakhulu amakhilothoni e-TNT.
3. I-Cylindrical line-source shockwave: Ngenxa yokuthi i-meteor ihamba ku-Mach 50+ ku-trajectory engashoni ngenkathi iqhuma, i-Mach cone yayo eyicylindrical ihlangana negagasi lokuqhuma kwetheminali ukuze kuthumele i-hemispherical shockwave enkulu eshayeka phansi ibheke phansi. Ngoba ukuqhuma kwenzeka amakhilomitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-30 (amamayela angu-12 ukuya kwangu-19) phezulu ngqo, kuthatha *amasekhondi angu-60 kuya kwangu-150 ukuze lelo gagasi lokushaqisa lihambe liye phansi emkhathini futhi lishayeke emadolobheni angezansi.

Ibala iwindi lakho lokubala wehla: ithebula lesikhathi le-flash-to-bang¶

Ngoba ukukhanya kufika ngaphansi kwe-millisecond kuyilapho i-shockwave ihamba cishe amamitha angu-340 ngomzuzwana (0.34 amakhilomitha ngomzuzwana, noma imayela elingu-1 njalo ngemizuzwana engu-4.8) emoyeni ojwayelekile (ngokushesha kancane eduze komthombo wokuqhuma lapho igagasi liphezulu), ibanga eliya ekuqhumeni lisho ukuthi ungaki isekhondi ngalinye ukusuka engilazini ukuze uthole umuntu ngamunye:

Ukuthi ukuqhuma kwengcindezi ngokweqile kuwaphihliza kanjani amawindi ngezindlela ezimbili (izigaba ezinhle nezingezinhle)¶

I-blast shockwave ayikona ukuphusha komoya okukodwa; iqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene zengcindezi ezichaza ukuthi kungani ingilazi iwela ngaphakathi emakamelweni nangaphandle emigwaqweni:

1. Isigaba Sokucindezela Okuphezulu Okuhle (Ukuqhuma Kwangaphakathi): Unqenqema oluphambili lwe-shockwave udonga oluncane lwe-razor lomoya ocindezelwe lapho umfutho ukhuphuka ngokushesha ngaphezu komfutho womoya ovamile. Ngisho nokucindezela okubonakala kuncane okungaphezu kokungu- 1.5 kuya ku-3.5 kilopascals (0.2 kuya ku-0.5 amaphawundi ngeyintshi yesikwele / psi) kusebenza 150 kuya ku-350 kilograms wamandla okuchoboza ngemitha-skwele ngayinye (30 kuya ku-70 amakhilogremu ngonyawo lwesikwele) ngokumelene negumbi lokuhlala elikhulu noma iwindi lehhovisi. Ingilazi entantayo ene-annealed ingena ngaphakathi idlule endaweni yayo yokuphuka futhi iqhume egumbini lonke njengemayini yobumba emide emide.
2. I-Negative Underpressure / Suction Phase (Ukudonsa Ngaphandle): Ngokushesha ngemva kwegagasi elingaphambili lokucindezela okuphezulu kulandela indawo yokukhipha umoya ingxenye lapho umfutho womoya wehla ngaphansi kokucindezela komkhathi okuvamile izingxenye eziyishumi ezimbalwa zesekhondi. Umoya onomfutho ojwayelekile ovaleleke ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ngokuzumayo uphushela ngaphandle emgwaqeni onengcindezi encane, uklebhule amafasitelana asele aklayekile, amakhethini, namakhethini ngaphandle emigwaqweni yezinyawo ngezansi. Kungakho ukuma eceleni komgwaqo wedolobha ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwesakhiwo sehhovisi lengilazi-ikhethini-odonga ngemva kokuba ukukhanya okukhanyayo kuyingozi njengokuma phambi kwefasitela endlini.

Impendulo yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo phakathi nokubala kwe-shockwave¶

Uma ubona ukukhanya okungachazeki okuphuphuthekisayo okukhanyisa isibhakabhaka noma ukuveza izithunzi ezibukhali kungazelelwe emini, noma uma ubona i-fireball enkulu emhlophe newolintshi noma ikholomu yamakhowe ekhuphukayo evela esifundeni sezimboni:

1. Ngaphakathi kwekhaya, isikole, ihhovisi, noma isitolo¶

• Memeza umyalo ocacile, oqondile ngokushesha: Memeza "Igagasi elishisayo liyeza, suka emafasiteleni MANJE." Abantu abaningi bayaba yiqhwa noma baqonde emafasiteleni ngoba abazi ukuthi i-shockwave ilandela ukukhanya okukhanyayo.
• Khipha amagumbi anengilazi enwetshiwe noma ama-skylights: Ngokushesha shiya ama-atrium, amagumbi elanga, izindawo zokugcina izithombo, izindawo zokuvivinya umzimba ezinokukhanya kwengilazi phezulu, namahhovisi azungezayo anamafasitela asuka phansi aye ophahleni.
• Faka umnyango oqinile wangaphakathi noma udonga oluhlukanisayo phakathi kwakho namafasitela angaphandle: Ngena ephasishi eliphakathi nendawo elingenafasitela, igumbi lokugezela elingaphakathi (ubukele izibuko zasodongeni), ikhabethe, noma izitebhisi zikakhonkolo, futhi udonse umnyango wokhuni wangaphakathi uvale emva kwakho. Umnyango ojwayelekile ongaphakathi ongenalutho noma umnyango oqinile wokhuni umisa amaphesenti angu-100 amafasitela endizayo ekamelweni elingaphandle.
• Cabanga ukuma kokuvikela ukuqhuma: Guqa ngamadolo noma ulale ngesisu izinyawo zakho zibheke obondeni lwangaphandle futhi ikhanda lakho libheke kude nanoma iyiphi ingilazi. Dlulisa izandla zakho ngemuva kwentamo yakho, faka isilevu sakho esifubeni sakho, vala amehlo akho, futhi uvule umlomo wakho kancane.

2. Ngaphandle emgwaqweni wedolobha noma endaweni evulekile¶

• Phuma ngaphansi kwezakhiwo zengilazi eziphakeme kanye namakhoneni amatshe: Uma uhamba endleleni yomgwaqo yedolobha lapho kubaneka kwesibhakabhaka noma ukuqhuma kwemboni okude, amaza okucindezela okuhle nokubi azothela izinkulungwane zamakhilogremu engilazi ephukile ehle kusukela ezitezini eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-40 phezulu kuze kufike kumasekhondi angu-60 ngemva kwebhomu.
• Ungagijimeli ngaphakathi ngomnyango wegumbi legumbi lengilazi lepuleti elikhulu: Kunalokho, ngena ngaphansi kophahla oluqinile lukakhonkolo oluqinile, ungene endleleni engaphansi komhlaba engenazo izingilazi zengilazi, noma ungene phakathi nendawo yepaki evulekile utshani noma indawo yokupaka ekude namafacade wokwakha nezintambo zezinsiza ezingaphezulu, futhi ugobe uvale ikhanda lakho eliphansi.

3. Ngenkathi ushayela imoto¶

• Ungawashiyi amabhuleki phakathi nesiminyaminya lapho isibhakabhaka sicwayiza noma lapho i-sonic boom inyakazisa imoto yakho: Igagasi elishisayo elishaya imoto ehambayo lizwakala sengathi wonke amathayi amane aqhuma kanyekanye noma imoto engumakhelwane inyakazisa izicabha zakho.
• Sayina futhi udonse ngokushelela eceleni komgwaqo kude nezakhiwo zengilazi, imigwaqo emikhulu enezimpawu ezixegayo, nezigxobo zezinsiza. Gcina ibhande lakho liboshiwe futhi ubheke phansi kancane kudeshibhodi njengoba igagasi lidlula uma kwenzeka ingilazi yewindi eliseceleni ikhala. (Amafasitela asemaceleni ezimoto esimanje enziwe ngengilazi yokuphepha epholile futhi amawindi omoya enziwe ngengilazi ye-lamine polyvinyl butyral, okwenza ingaphakathi lemoto liphephe kakhulu uma kunezimbobo kunokuma eduze kwefasitela lasendlini elivalekile.)

Usizo lokuqala lokuqhuma kwengcindezi ngokweqile kanye nokulimala kwengilazi ephukile¶

Uma i-shockwave eyinhloko kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuqhuma kwesibili sekudlulile, nakekela abalimele usebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala zokuhlukumezeka eziklanyelwe ukuqhuma nezingilazi:

Izingozi zokwakhiwa kwe-post-shockwave: amapayipi egesi, ingilazi elengayo, namapayipi anobuthi¶

Ngemuva kokufiphala kwe-boom, izimo ezimbili eziphuthumayo ezinkulu ezimbili zisongela abasindile kuye ngokuthi i-shockwave ivela ku-airburst ye-meteor emkhathini noma ekuqhumeni komhlaba kwemboni:

1. I-Carbon monoxide nezingozi zegesi yemvelo ngemva kwegagasi lokucindezela¶

Lapho igagasi elishisayo lishanela edolobheni (ikakhulukazi ebusika, njengoba kwenzekile e-Chelyabinsk ngo-15°C / 5°F), umfutho womoya ophozithizelayo othi-negative uphushela phansi wonke ushimula kanye nezimbobo zophahla kumashumi ezinkulungwane zamakhaya ngesikhathi esisodwa:

• Isithando somlilo esinqanyuliwe namapayipi okukhipha isifudumezi samanzi: Ingcindezi ishaya phansi kushimula ngokuvamile ifutha amapayipi e-sheet-metal exhaust flue iwasuse phezulu kwezifudumezi zamanzi egesi yemvelo nasezithandweni zasekhaya, noma kubhidlika olayini boshimula bezitini ngaphakathi kwezindonga. Uma isithando somlilo siqhubeka sisebenza kuyilapho amafasitela efakwe ipulangwe emakhazeni asebusika, i-carbon monoxide (CO)* engenaphunga igcwala indlu; bona ubuthi be-carbon monoxide.
• Hlola wonke amapayipi okukhipha umoya kagesi ngokushesha ngemva kwe-shockwave: Hlola ihood yeshidi-metal kanye nepayipi lokukhipha umoya esifudumeni sakho samanzi nesithando somlilo ngaphambi kokuphatha ukushisa, futhi uhogele ukuvuza kwegesi ye-mercaptan eqanda elibolile kumitha yakho; bona ukuvuza kwegesi okufanele ukwenze.

2. Ukusula "i-guillotine" izingcezu ezilengayo kumafreyimu ewindi¶

Ungavumeli amalungu omndeni noma osebenza nabo ukuthi bahambe ngaphansi kwamafreyimu aphukile ukuze bashanele phansi kuze kuhlolwe uhlaka olungaphezulu. Amafasitela anefasitelana elilodwa elinamathiselwe kanye namafasitelana anamafasitelana aphindwe kabili ashiya izinsephe ezisindayo, ezimangelengele ezingunxantathu zengilazi zilenga ngokukhululekile esiteshini sesashi esiphezulu esiwa njenge-guillotine lapho umnyango ubhaklaza noma ukundindizela kwangemuva kudlidliza udonga. Gqoka amagilavu ​​esikhumba esindayo se-gauntlet, amabhuzu anesoli eliqinile, nezibuko zokuphepha, bese ucindezela izingcwecwe ezisele ezivulekile ezingaphezulu uye phansi ebhokisini lekhadibhodi elisindayo noma phezu kukaseyili owugqinsi usebenzisa isibambo somshanelo eside esisuka eceleni ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani ahambe eduze kwesisele; bona ephukile iwindi ukulungisa izimo eziphuthumayo.

3. Amapayipi amakhemikhali ezimboni ngokumelene nothuli lwe-meteor olungenabungozi¶

• Uma i-shockwave ivela ku-high-altitude meteor airburst: Ifu elimhlophe elikhukhumele lisale lilenga amakhilomitha angu-20 kuya kwangu-40 (amamayela angu-12 ukuya kwangu-25) phezulu ku-stratosphere liqukethe idwala elihwamukile le-silicate, ama-iron-nickel oxides, namakristalu eqhwa; akubangeli ubuthi bamakhemikhali kubantu abaphansi. (Uma uthola ama-meteorite amancane amnyama, ahlanganiswe ngamatshe ahlanganisiwe eqhweni noma endleleni egandayiwe ngemva kokuqhunyiswa komoya, awekho emisebeni ngokuphelele futhi ayinabo ubuthi, nakuba izingcezu ezintsha zingabanda noma zifudumale; zithinte kuphela ngamagilavu ahlanzekile noma i-foil uma uzigcinela ucwaningo lwesayensi.)
• Uma i-shockwave ivela endaweni esezingeni eliphansi yezimboni, ichweba, indawo yokuhluza, noma ukuqhuma kwesitimela: Cabanga ukuthi ukukhuphuka okumnyama okumnyama, okusawolintshi-nsundu (i-nitrogen dioxide ephuma ku-ammonium nitrate), noma intuthu yentuthu ephuzi ngokuluhlaza iqukethe **izingozi ezibulalayo zokuhogela umoya (i-anhydrous ammonia, i-chlorine, i-hydrogen fluoride, i-sulfurgene fluoride, i-phosphoric). Ngokushesha hlola ukuthi umoya uvunguza ngayiphi indlela: uma ipulangwe livunguza libheke endaweni yangakini, phuma nge-angle engu-90-degree crosswind/upwind, noma uzivale ngaphakathi kwegumbi elingaphakathi eliphelele elinawo wonke amafasitela aphukile ambozwe ngamashidi epulasitiki kanye nethayipu yokudonsa futhi wonke amafeni e-HVAC avaliwe; bona ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali nokukhishwa kwe-hazmat.

Izinhlobo zezingilazi zezakhiwo nokuthi zihluleka kanjani ngaphansi kokuqhuma kokucindezela ngokweqile¶

Akuwona wonke amawindi aziphatha ngendlela efanayo lapho eshaywa i-atmospheric shockwave. Ukwazi ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwe-glazing olufakwe emakamelweni aseduze nawe kukusiza ukuthi uhlole ubungozi bakho bokulimala ngesikhathi kunesimo esiphuthumayo:

Izivumelwano ezikhethekile zezikole, izibhedlela, nezindawo zokubuthana ngobuningi¶

Lapho i-meteor flash ephuphuthekisayo noma ukuqhuma kwemboni okude kwenzeka phakathi nesonto phakathi namahora aphakathi nesonto, othisha, abasebenzi basesibhedlela, nabaphathi bezitolo banesibopho senqwaba noma amakhulu abantu abazogijimela emafasiteleni ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaso leso sikhathi:

1. Emakilasini esikole nasemahholo okufundisa:
2. Ungalokothi uvumele abafundi ukuba bagijimele emafasiteleni ekilasi ukuze babheke ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka okukhanyayo noma umkhondo womusi. Ezehlakalweni zomlando zokuqhunyiswa komoya, izingane zalimala kabi ebusweni namehlo ngenxa yokuthi amakilasi wonke aphithizela kumafasitela amade ekilasi avaliwe ngesikhathi sokulibaziseka kwemizuzwana engu-90 ngaphambi kokufika kwe-sonic boom.
3. Yenza "Yehlisa, Yemboza, Futhi Ubambe (Ukude Nengilazi)" noma Ukudluliselwa Kwehholo: Uma unemizuzwana engaphezu kuka-15 (ngokwesibonelo, umzila we-meteor obude esibhakabhakeni), masha ngokushesha bonke abafundi niphume ekilasini elinefasitela ningene ephaseji elingaphakathi elingenafafasitela elingaphakathi, donsa phansi wonke umuntu avale izicabha zawo zegumbi elingaphakathi bese uvala ukhonkolo ngemuva izingalo zivale amakhanda abo. Uma singekho isikhathi sokuphuma ekilasini, yala wonke umfundi ukuthi awele phansi ngokushesha ngaphansi kwamadeski abo okhuni/ensimbi abheke kude nodonga lwamafasitela, njengasewindini. ukuzamazama komhlaba.
4. Ezibhedlela, emakhaya asebekhulile nasezinkulisa zezingane:
5. Imibhede edonsa amasondo nama-incubator kude namafasitela azungezayo noma uwasonte ngama-degree angu-180: Uma umbhede wesiguli esinganyakazi useduze kwefasitela lapho kuvela ikholomu yentuthu ekhanyayo noma ekude yembonini, donsa ikhethini elisindayo lobumfihlo KANYE newindi livaleke, ukhulule amabhuleki ombhede, futhi udonsele umbhede ephasishi noma ujikelezise ikhanda lombhede ukuze ibhodi lezinyawo libheke phezulu kukamatilasi owugqinsi futhi uphakamise ubuso phezu kukamatilasi wesiguli. esifubeni ngaphambi kokuba igagasi lishaye.
6. Ezitolo ezinkulu, izitolo ezinkulu, nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla:
7. Hambisa abathengi kude nendawo yokungena yengilazi enkulu yangaphambili futhi ubakhiphe ngaphansi kwezibani zengilazi ezikhazimulayo noma ama-pallet aqoqiwe aphezulu (lapho umfutho womoya ongu-5-kilopascal kungazelelwe ungawisa okuthengiswayo kweshalofu eliphezulu elingaboshiwe).

Ukulungiselela ikhaya lakho, isikole, noma ibhizinisi ngokumelene nezingozi zengilazi eziqhumayo¶

Uma uhlala noma usebenza endaweni eqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-5 (amamayela angu-3) endaweni yokuhluza i-petrochemical, ipulazi eligcina uphethiloli, ikheshi lokusanhlamvu, indawo yezikhali, noma igceke lesitimela sezimboni, noma umane ufuna ukuvikela amafasitela amakhulu emfucumfucwini yesiphepho namagagasi othusayo:

• Sebenzisa ifilimu ye-polyester ecacile engu-4-mil ukuya ku-8-mil (100-to-200-micron) ye-Anti-Shatter Safety Window Film: Afakwe ngobungcweti noma amabhondi efilimu yewindi lokuphepha lohlelo lokusebenza lwe-DIY aqine ngokuqinile engilazini yewindi ekhona. Lapho i-shockwave iphihliza ifasitelana, ifilimu ye-polyester eqinile ibamba amaphesenti angu-95 ezingcezu zengilazi ephukile ezinamathele ndawonye eshidini elilodwa eligobekayo kunokuba livumele izinkulungwane zemimese exegayo ukuba indize ekamelweni.
• Faka ingilazi yokuphepha ye-laminated (ANSI Z97.1 / EN 356) lapho kushintsha amafasitela ezithombe ezinkulu: Ingilazi ecwebeziwe yenza isangweji i-polyvinyl butyral (PVB) eqinile phakathi kwamashidi amabili ezingilazi, njenge-windshield yemoto.
• Lengisa amakhethini asindayo, alukwe eduze noma ama-shear-drapes ngemuva kwamafasitela amakhulu: Ukugcina ama-drapes acwebile noma asindayo adwetshwe kuwo wonke amafasitela engilazi kubamba ingxenye enkulu yezingcezwana zengilazi ezinesivinini esiphansi phakathi nemicimbi yokucindezela okulinganiselwe.
• Hlela imibhede, imibhede, namadeski asehhovisi kude nokuqondanisa okuqondile namafasitela amakhulu angaphandle: Ungalokothi ubeke umbhede wengane noma umbhede ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwefasitela elikhulu lengilazi elivalekile.

Wonke umuntu kufanele acabangele ukuqedela i-hands-on Usizo Lokuqala, Ukumisa ukopha, kanye nesifundo se-CPR ngokusebenzisa i-Red Cross, i-Ambulance yase-St John, noma umhlinzeki wendawo wokuqeqesha izimo eziphuthumayo ukuze ukwazi ukuphatha imivimbo yengilazi enzima emizuzwini ebalulekile ngaphambi kokufika kwama-ambulensi.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa¶

Kungani kunokubambezeleka okude okuthulile phakathi kokubona i-meteor fireball noma ukuqhuma okude nokushaywa i-shockwave?¶

Ukukhanya okuvela ku-atmospheric meteor airburst noma ukuqhunyiswa kwemboni kuhamba ngamakhilomitha angu-300,000 ngomzuzwana (amamayela angu-186,000 ngomzuzwana), kufinyelela emehlweni akho ngokushesha. Nokho, i-physical blast shockwave iyigagasi lomfutho we-acoustic elihamba emkhathini eduze nesivinini somsindo, cishe amamitha angu-340 ngomzuzwana (cishe ikhilomitha elingu-1 njalo ngemizuzwana emi-3, noma imayela elingu-1 njalo ngemizuzwana emi-5). Uma i-meteor iqhuma phezulu ngamakhilomitha angu-30 (amamayela angu-19), noma indawo yokuhluza iqhuma ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-6 (3.7 miles), kuzoba negebe elithule lamasekhondi angu-18 kuya kwangu-90 ngemva kokukhanya okukhanyayo ngaphambi kokuba kufike igagasi elibhubhisayo futhi lishaye amawindi.

Kungani abantu abaningi kangaka belinyazwa yingilazi ngesikhathi se-meteor airburst noma ukuqhuma kwechweba?¶

Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhanya okuphuphuthekisayo kokukhanya noma ikholomu yentuthu ephakeme ifika buthule ekuqaleni, ilukuluku lemvelo lomuntu libangela ukuthi abantu abangaphakathi emakhaya, ezikoleni, nasemahhovisi bahambe baze bafike emafasiteleni amakhulu ukuze babheke ngaphandle futhi bathwebule isibhakabhaka. Imizuzwana noma imizuzu kamuva, lapho igagasi elinamandla elinamandla elingabonakali ligasela esakhiweni, liphihliza ingilazi yefasitela evalekile ibe izinkulungwane zezinsingo ezibukhali ezidonselwa ngaphakathi emakamelweni ngamamitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-60 ngomzuzwana (65 kuya ku-135 mph), lishaye noma ubani omi phambi kwengilazi ebusweni, emehlweni, nasentanyeni.

Ingabe kufanele ngivule umlomo wami noma ngivale izindlebe zami lapho ngazi ukuthi i-blast shockwave isizoshaya?¶

Yebo, kokubili: yehla kude namafasitela, beka izintende zezandla zakho phezu kwezindlebe zakho zangaphandle (noma sebenzisa izingalo zakho ukuze uvikele ikhanda nentamo yakho), futhi uvule umlomo wakho kancane ngomhlathi okhululekile. Ukuvula umlomo wakho kuvumela i-atmospheric overpressure spike engazelele ukuthi ihambe ikhuphuke ngeshubhu yakho ye-Eustachian iye endlebeni emaphakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho iphusha ngaphandle kwe-eardrum yakho, kusize ukulinganisa ukucindezela kulwelwesi lwe-tympanic nokunciphisa amathuba okuba kuqhume i-eardrum.

Ingabe ama-meteorite awela phansi ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-airburst emoyeni noma ukushisa okukhazimulayo?¶

Cha, ama-meteorite emvelo avela kuma-asteroid awanawo imisebe, futhi ngokuphambene nenganekwane edumile, izingcezu ezincane ze-meteorite ezifika phansi ngemva kokuqhunyiswa komoya womkhathi ngokuvamile zibanda noma zifudumale kancane lapho uzithinta. Indawo engaphandle eyimilimitha engu-1 kuphela encibilikayo phakathi nemizuzwana embalwa yokungena kwe-hypersonic atmospheric ngaphambi kokuthi uqweqwe olushisayo lupheshulwe bese idwala liwela amakhilomitha okugcina angu-20 (amamayela angu-12) imizuzu embalwa ngenxa yokubanda kususe 40°C (kususe 40°F) komoya we-stratospheric. Kodwa-ke, ungalokothi uthinte into eyinsimbi ebhemayo engaziwa uma kungaba imfucumfucu ye-aerospace orbital equkethe i-hydrazine propellant enobuthi.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office, United States): Bolide Airburst Physics, Chelyabinsk Superbolide Injury Epidemiology, kanye ne-Asteroid Impact Preparedness
• I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Imanuwali Yereferensi Yokunciphisa Ukuhlasela Okungaba Khona Kobuphekula Nezimboni Eziqhuma Izakhiwo (FEMA 426: I-Blast Overpressure Threshold and Glazing Protection)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States): Ukuqhuma Nokulimala Kweziqhumane: I-Primer for Clinicians (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Blast Trauma)
• Isikhulu Sezempilo Nokuphepha (HSE, United Kingdom): * Ukuqhuma Kwefu Lemfucuza, Izindawo Zokucindezelwa Kwe-Industrial Blast, kanye Nokulawulwa Kwengozi Ye-Window Glazing*
• Ihhovisi le-United Nations le-Outer Space Affairs (i-UNOOSA) kanye ne-International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN): Umlayezo Wokuphepha Komphakathi we-Atmospheric Bolide Airbursts

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Ukopha kakhulu kanye nesicelo se-tourniquet
• Ukulimala kwamehlo: ukuchaphazeka kwamakhemikhali, izinto zangaphandle, nokuhlukumezeka
• Iwindi eliphukile: ibhodi eliphuthumayo kanye nokuphepha kwengilazi
• Ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali nokukhishwa kwezinto eziyingozi
• Ubuthi be-carbon monoxide