Ukuthuthwa Kwendle Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo kanye Nokusethwa Kwezindlu Zangasese Eziphephile Lapho Indle Nezinhlelo Zamanzi Zihluleka¶

Lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu kuqhekeza ipayipi lendle elingaphansi komhlaba, isikhukhula sicwilisa iziteshi zikamasipala zokuphakamisa amanzi angcolile, noma ukucima ugesi isikhathi eside kumisa amaphampu amanzi ahlala abantu, izindlu zangasese ezishaywayo ezijwayelekile azikwazi ukusetshenziswa emahoreni ambalwa. Umlando ukhombisa ukuthi kulandela inhlekelele enkulu, amagciwane atholakala emanzini kanye ne-fecal-oral, okuhlanganisa i-Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella, i-pathogenic Escherichia coli, i-norovirus, kanye ne-hepatitis A, agula futhi abulale abasindile abaningi kunesiphepho noma ukuzamazama kokuqala uma imfucuza yomuntu ingatholakali ngokushesha. Ukwazi ukuthi ungayithela nini indlu yangasese uma kufanele uyivale, ungayihlanganisa kanjani i-Twin-Bucket Urine-Diverting Toilet engenaphunga, nokuthi uzihlanze kanjani izandla kanye nemfucumfucu yokuya esikhathini noma enabukeni ngaphandle kwamanzi agelezayo kugcina ikhaya lakho lingenasifo.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Ungalokothi ugeze indlu yakho yangasese (ngisho nangebhakede lamanzi) uma izintambo zendle ziqhekekile, zigcwele amanzi, noma zenzelwe ukwesekwa. Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, isiphepho esinamandla, noma izikhukhula zasendaweni, amapayipi endle angaphansi komhlaba neziteshi zikagesi zokukhuculula indle kuvame ukuhluleka. Ukukhipha imfucuza amalitha angu-6 (1.6 amalitha) amanzi futhi kuphoqa indle engahluziwe ukuthi iphume emiseleni yakho engaphansi noma kubhavu womakhelwane bakho ongaphansi.
2. Guqula isitsha sakho sendlu yangasese esomile sobumba noma amabhakede amabili angu-19-litre (5-gallon) abe yindlu yangasese ewumugqa owomile ngokushesha. Vala ivalve yokuphakela amanzi ngemva kwendlu yakho yangasese, ushaye kanye ukuze uchithe indishi kanye nethangi, phakamisa isihlalo sendlu yangasese, donsa izidleke ezimbili ezisindayo 30-to-50-litre (-8-at 3-at 3-at-trash) 38 microns ukujiya) ngaphakathi endishini eyomile, bese wehlisa isihlalo phezu kwamaphethelo esikhwama.
3. Hlukanisa umchamo owuketshezi nendle eqinile ("Ichamela Ebhakedeni 1, I-Poo Ebhakedeni 2"). Lapho umchamo nendle kuhlangana phakathi kwesikhwama sepulasitiki noma ebhakedeni, amagciwane e-anaerobic ngokushesha ahlukanisa i-urea ibe i-ammonia ebabayo negesi ye-hydrogen sulfide, edala ingozi yoketshezi enzima, exegayo, nephunga elibi. Ukugcina umchamo owuketshezi kujeke ohlukile noma ebhakedeni endle eqinile kuqeda u-90% wephunga lasendlini yangasese futhi kunciphisa isisindo sesikhwama sikadoti esiqinile ngama-80%.
4. Mboza imfucuza eqinile ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngakunye ngento eyomile yekhava yekhabhoni (ungalinge ushiye indle obala). Thela amamililitha angu-250 kuya kwangu-500 (inkomishi engu-1 kuya kwezingu-2)kaphayini ocindezelwe amapulangwe, amapulangwe okhuni, i-coco coir (i-coconut peat), i-peat moss, noma indle engaqholwanga, othile usebenzisa udoti oqinile isikhathi ngasinye ukuze avimbe ukungcola okuqinile kanye nephunga elimnandi.
5. Plaka imisele yangaphansi engaphansi kanye nezindlu zangasese eziphansi uma uzwa ukugenceza phakathi nezikhukhula. Uma indle kamasipala yendle ibiza ngaphezulu, indle yasendaweni eluhlaza ingahlehlisa indlela futhi iphume ezicupheni zakho zokudonsa amanzi. Gcwalisa i-rag ewugqinsi egoqwe esikhwameni sepulasitiki (noma xhuma ipulaki yokuhlola amapayipi erabha anwebekayo*) eshaweni engaphansi nemisele yaphansi, bese ukala ibhodi eliyisicaba phezu kwesicupho esiphansi sasendlini yangasese.
6. Misa isiteshi sokugeza izandla esizinikele esithi "Tippy-Tap" noma izitsha ezimbili zokugeza izandla khona kanye ngaphandle komnyango wegumbi lokugezela. Ngenxa yokuthi isicoci sesandla sotshwala asibulali ngendlela enokwethenjelwa ekubulaleni izinhlayiya ze-norovirus noma i-Clostridioides difficile (C. diff) futhi ayikwazi ukususa inhlabathi yendle esikhumbeni, hlinzeka ngensipho ehlanjululwe ngamanzi nge-spigot (i-spigot yamanzi ehlanjululwayo)50 ppm) kanye no-60% kuya ku-80% wokuhlikihla kotshwala ngesandla.

flowchart TD
    WaterOut["I-Tap Water Pressure Ilahlekile noma Ukwelulekwa Kwendle Kukhishiwe"] --> SewerCheck{"Ingabe Ipayipi Lokuhambisa Indle Elingaphansi Komhlaba Liqinile Futhi Alikakhukhulwa?"}
    SewerCheck -->|Yes: Short Power Outage Only, No Quake or Flood| GreyFlush{"Ingabe Unama-Greywater Aningi Angaphuzwa (Ichibi, Imvula, Umfula)?"}
    GreyFlush -->|Yes| PourFlush["Thela Ngokuqondile Endishini Yendlu Yangasese (Ungalokothi Usebenzise Amanzi Okuphuza)"]
    GreyFlush -->|No: Conserve Water| DryLine["Vala I-Valve Yasethoyilethi, Isitsha Sokukhipha amanzi, Guqula sibe Ithoyilethi Elinemigqa Eyomile"]
    SewerCheck -->|No or Unknown: Earthquake, Flood, Surge, or High-Rise Stack| StopFlush["UNGASHISHI: Xhuma Imisele Ephansi Ukuze Uvimbele Ukugeleza Kwendle Eluhlaza"]
    StopFlush --> TwinBucket["Misa Isistimu Yangasese Yebhakede Elibili (Ibhakede 1: Umchamo / Ibhakede 2: Izinto Eziqinile)"]
    DryLine --> TwinBucket
    TwinBucket --> CoverMat["Ikhava Izinto Eziqinile Ngezinkomishi Ezi-1 kuya kwezi-2 zikaphayini weSawdust, i-Coco Coir, noma i-Kitty Litter"]
    CoverMat --> SealBag["I-Double-Bag, Expel Air, I-Goose-Neck Tape Seal, Isitolo Kumgqomo Wobufakazi Bezilwane Ngaphandle"]

Umthetho wesinqumo: lapho ungakwazi "ukuphalaza" uma kufanele wome ngo-100%.¶

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi phakathi nanoma yikuphi ukuphuma kwamanzi, ungamane uphathe ibhakede lamanzi edamu lokubhukuda noma amanzi emvula uwayise endlini yokugezela bese uwathela endishini yangasese ukuze uwashaye. Ngenkathi ** i-pour-flushing ** isebenza ngomshini (ukuthululela ama-4 kuya ku-6 amalitha / 1 kuya ku-1.5 amalitha amanzi ngokushesha esitsheni kudala i-siphon edingekayo ukusula isicupho ngaphandle kokugcwalisa ithangi eliphezulu), ** ukwenza kanjalo ngemva kwezinhlekelele ezithile kubangela i-biohazard enkulu ngaphakathi kwekhaya lakho **.

Ungayakha kanjani futhi usebenzise i-Twin-Bucket Emergency Toilet (Oregon RDNA / PHLUSH Standard)¶

Onjiniyela bezempilo yomphakathi e-*PHLUSH (Public Hygiene Lets Us Us Stay Human)**, i-Oregon Office of Emergency Management, New Zealand National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), kanye Nenhlangano Yezempilo Yezwe (WHO) batusa Indlu Yangasese Eyomile Emabhakede Amabili njengohlelo oluphephile, oluhlanzekile nelokuhlanzeka kwendlu yasemadolobheni.

Kungani ibhakede elilodwa lihluleka futhi amabhakede amabili aphumelele¶

Umuntu omdala ophile kahle ukhiqiza cishe amalitha angu-1.2 kuya ku-1.5 (ama-ounces angama-40 kuye kwangama-50) omchamo owuketshezi* ngosuku, ovame ukuba yinyumba noma ophansi kakhulu emagciwaneni futhi oqukethe u-95% wamanzi, i-urea, nosawoti wamaminerali. Ngokuphambene, umuntu omdala ukhiqiza kuphela 150 kuya ku-250 amagremu (ama-ounces angu-5 ukuya kwangu-9, cishe umthamo wenkomishi eyodwa) yendle eqinile ngosuku, equkethe izigidigidi zamabhaktheriya e-enteric, amagciwane, nama-protozoan cyst. - Lapho uxuba umchamo nendle ebhakedeni elilodwa: I-enzyme urease etholakala kumagciwane endle ihlangana ne-urea emchamweni, ikhiphe amafu egesi ye-ammonia ngenkathi idala amalitha ayi-10 (amalitha angu-2.6) ngosuku endle eyisindayo, exegayo, ethathelwanayo yomndeni wabantu abane engakwazi ukufaka imfucumfucu emisakazweni kamasipala. - Uma uhlukanisa umchamo (Ibhakede 1) nendle (Ibhakede 2): Umchamo unuka kancane uma uhlukaniswa futhi ungahlanjululwa noma ulahlwe kalula, kuyilapho indle eqinile egqitshwe ngaphansi kwe-carbon sawdust eyomile yoma ngokushesha, iphunga njengomboza wehlathi omanzi, futhi inesisindo esingaphansi kwekhilogremu elingu-1 (amakhilogremu angu-2.2) ngosuku emndenini wonke.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo Kwendlu yangasese yamabhakede amabili¶

Qoqa lezi zinsiza ezingabizi namuhla futhi uzigcine zibekwe ndawonye ngaphakathi kwegalaji lakho noma ikhabethe lehholo: 1. Amabhakede amabili ajwayelekile angu-19-litre (5-gallon) ebanga lokudla noma esitolo sezingxenyekazi zekhompyutha amabhakede e-HDPE (cishe amasentimitha angu-37 / 14.5 amayintshi ubude, afana nobude obujwayelekile bendlu yangasese yokuhlala). Lebula ibhakede lokuqala "IBHEKE 1: UMCHAMO KUPHELA (UTSHWIKAZI)" kanye nebhakede lesibili "IBHOKETHI 2: IZIQINISEKISO NEPHEPHA KUPHELA." 2. Isivalo esisodwa sesihlalo sendlu yangasese esiphuthumayo sepulasitiki esisodwa (sitholakala kunoma isiphi isitolo sokukhempa noma sezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha ngo-\(10 kuya ku-\)15), noma yakha indawo yokuhlala usebenzisa i-noodle ehlukanisiwe yepayipi legwebu eligxiliswe emphethweni weBhakede 2. 3. Izikhwama zikadoti zamabhakede ezisindayo zeBhakede 2 (Izinsimbi): Faka umqulu 30-to-50-litre (8-to-13-gallon) izikhwama zikadoti ze-polyethylene zosonkontileka zebanga lenkontileka (okungenani 1.5 kuya ku-2.0 mil / 38 kuya ku-50 microns ugqinsi) noma u-0bags Dt6 bioogqinsiwe ijeli elimuncayo (elifana ne-Doodie ephindwe kabili noma Izikhwama ze-WAG). Ungalokothi usebenzise izikhwama zepulasitiki zesitolo segrosa ezizacile, ezinokuvuza kwezimbobo ekushiseni kwazo okuphansi. 4. Dry Carbon Cover Material ("Bio-Absorbent"): Store one 18-kilogram (40-pound) bag of compressed pine wood stove pellets / horse bedding pellets (costing around $7 at any hardware or farm store), untreated kiln-dried wood shavings, coco coir bricks, peat moss, or unscented clumping cat litter alongside a dedicated plastic scoop.

How to use the Twin-Bucket System after every bathroom visit¶

• For Bucket 1 (Urine Only, No Liner Bag):
• Pour 250 milliliters (1 cup) of water and 15 milliliters (1 tablespoon) of white vinegar or vegetable oil into the bottom of the bare plastic urine bucket (or use a 20-liter / 5-gallon screw-top water jug with a wide funnel). A thin film of vegetable oil floats on top of the urine, forming an airtight liquid vapor seal that traps urine odor inside the bucket, while white vinegar lowers the pH to stop ammonia formation.
• Do not drop used toilet paper into the urine bucket; drop all used toilet paper into Bucket 2 (Solids) or a separate lined trash bin so the liquid urine can be poured out cleanly without clogging.
• Empty the urine bucket once a day (see safe disposal rules below) and rinse with a splash of 1:10 diluted bleach water.
• For Bucket 2 (Solids & Toilet Paper, Double-Bagged):
• Line Bucket 2 with two nested heavy-duty bags and sprinkle a 5-centimeter (2-inch) cushion layer of dry pine sawdust, expanded wood pellets, or coco coir across the bottom of the inner bag before the first use.
• After defecating, drop used toilet paper into Bucket 2 and immediately cover all visible waste and paper with 1 to 2 cups (250 to 500 milliliters) of dry carbon cover material until nothing is visible.
• Close the snap-on toilet lid firmly to keep flies out.

Comparing dry cover materials and chemical coagulants¶

Safe temporary storage and final disposal of human waste¶

Once your solid waste bag in Bucket 2 is half to two-thirds full (never fill a bag to the brim, or it will be too heavy to tie and may burst), remove and store it using the Goose-Neck Double-Bag Seal: 1. Put on disposable nitrile gloves. 2. Sprinkle a final 2-cup layer of dry sawdust or kitty litter on top of the waste. 3. Gather the neck of the inner bag, press gently from the outside to expel excess air (without inhaling near the opening), twist the top of the bag tightly into a spiral, fold the twisted tail over itself in a U-turn (the "goose-neck"), and wrap it tightly with duct tape or a heavy zip tie. 4. Seal the outer second bag using the exact same goose-neck twist and tape method. 5. Place the sealed double-bag inside a dedicated animal-proof, tight-lidded outdoor garbage bin or 120-liter (32-gallon) heavy plastic brute barrel clearly painted or taped with the warning "HUMAN WASTE: BIOHAZARD, DO NOT MIX WITH RECYCLING." Keep this bin in the shade behind a locked gate so stray dogs, rats, raccoons, and children cannot breach the bags.

How to dispose of urine and bagged solids during and after the crisis¶

• Disposing of liquid urine (Bucket 1):
• If you have a yard or garden: Dilute the urine 5:1 or 10:1 with greywater (or pour undiluted in rotation) onto ornamental lawn grass, non-edible bushes, gravel mulched beds, or around the drip-line of mature trees at least 30 meters (100 feet) away from any well, stream, pond, or vegetable garden. Soil nitrifying bacteria rapidly convert urea into plant nitrogen without public health risk.
• If you live in an upper-floor apartment with no yard: Only if the building's vertical drainpipe is confirmed intact and unflooded on lower floors, pour liquid urine down the bathroom sink or tub drain followed by 1 liter of greywater to clear the P-trap; if the building sewer stack is broken or backed up, store urine in sealed plastic jugs or solidify it with super-absorbent sodium polyacrylate gel powder.
• Disposing of solid feces (Bucket 2 bags):
• Wait for municipal Emergency Waste Collection guidelines: In urban and suburban areas, keep double-bagged solid waste inside your lined outdoor containment bin until your municipal solid waste authority announces whether double-bagged emergency toilet bags may be placed in standard landfill collection trucks (most sanitary landfills accept double-bagged diaper and pet fecal waste under emergency waivers) or collected at dedicated neighborhood biohazard drop-off dumpsters.
• Rural Emergency Trench Burial (Only if you own rural land and municipal collection is suspended long-term): If you live on a rural property and must bury solid waste during an extended catastrophe, dig a narrow trench 0.6 to 1 meter (2 to 3 feet) deep located at least 60 meters (200 feet) downhill and away from any drinking water well, spring, creek, lake, or vegetable garden, and above the seasonal groundwater table. Empty the waste and biodegradable sawdust into the trench (do not bury plastic bags unless you have zero storage alternatives), cover each deposit immediately with 15 centimeters (6 inches) of compacted soil, and cap the trench with 45 centimeters (18 inches) of compacted earth once it reaches within 45 centimeters of the surface.

Handwashing and personal hygiene when zero tap water is available¶

During a sanitation emergency, your hands are the primary vector that carries microscopic fecal pathogens to your mouth, eyes, and food. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), alcohol-based hand sanitizer (60% to 80% ethanol or isopropanol) is an important supplement, but alcohol hand gel alone does not reliably inactivate non-enveloped enteric viruses like norovirus or hepatitis A, does not kill bacterial spores, and fails when hands are visibly soiled.

How to build a Two-Basin or "Tippy-Tap" frugal handwashing station (Uses only 50 mL per wash)¶

Washing hands under a normal running bathroom faucet wastes 4 to 8 liters (1 to 2 gallons) of water per wash. Instead, build a gravity micro-flow station that washes hands thoroughly using less than 50 to 100 milliliters (2 to 3 fluid ounces) of water: 1. The Pressurized Jug Spigot or Poke-Hole Bottle: Take a clean 4-to-20-liter (1-to-5-gallon) plastic water jug with a bottom spigot, or poke a small 2-millimeter pinhole near the bottom base of a 2-liter plastic soda bottle filled with treated water. - How the 2-liter bottle trick works: When the top screw cap is twisted tight, atmospheric vacuum holds the water inside and zero drops leak out of the bottom pinhole. When you unscrew the top cap by a quarter-turn, a thin, steady stream of water flows out of the bottom pinhole so you can wet and rinse both hands without touching a dirty faucet handle; tighten the cap to stop the flow. 2. Add 50 ppm Chlorine to Your Handwashing Water: Add ¼ teaspoon (1.25 milliliters, or 25 drops) of unscented 5% to 8.25% household chlorine bleach per 3.8 liters (1 US gallon) of clear water in your handwashing jug. This mild 50 ppm chlorine solution sanitizes the wash water and helps kill surface pathogens during rinsing without irritating healthy skin. 3. Follow the 5-Step Emergency Handwash: Wet hands with a splash from the spigot, turn off the flow, lather vigorously with bar or liquid soap for 20 full seconds (scrubbing under fingernails and between fingers), rinse under the thin stream into a greywater catch bucket below, air-dry or dry with a single-use paper towel (never share a damp cloth hand towel among family members during a water outage, as shared cloth towels spread norovirus across an entire family in hours), and finish with a pump of 70% alcohol hand sanitizer.

Menstrual hygiene, baby diapers, and full-body bathing without running water¶

• Menstrual hygiene during water outages: Do not use reusable menstrual cups or washable cloth pads during a boil water advisory or severe water shortage unless you have abundant boiled water to boil the silicone cup for 5 to 10 minutes between cycles and scrub hands thoroughly before insertion; inserting a cup rinsed in contaminated tap water or with unwashed hands carries a serious risk of pelvic infection or toxic shock syndrome. Stock a 60-day supply of disposable unscented sanitary pads, unscented baby wipes, and small opaque zip-top disposal bags in your ikhithi yezimo eziphuthumayo.
• Disposable baby and adult incontinence diapers: Before tossing a soiled disposable diaper into your sealed outdoor waste bin, shake any solid stool off the diaper into Bucket 2 (Solids) and cover with sawdust, then roll the diaper tightly, secure the tabs, and seal it inside a barrier bag so fecal bacteria are contained. See infant and toddler emergency go-bag and evacuation plan.
• The 250-Milliliter (1-Cup) Sponge Bath: To prevent skin rashes, fungal infections, and heat illness without wasting water, warm 250 milliliters (1 cup) of boiled or treated water with a drop of mild no-rinse body wash (or diluted castile soap) in a bowl. Use two clean washcloths: one for the face, neck, chest, arms, and legs first, followed by the underarms, feet, and groin last, or use pre-moistened chlorhexidine or aloe no-rinse hospital bathing wipes.

Emergency sanitation and Twin-Bucket Toilet checklist¶

Assemble and store your household sanitation kit inside the two nested 19-liter (5-gallon) buckets today:

• Two 19-liter (5-gallon) heavy-duty HDPE buckets clearly labeled BUCKET 1: URINE and BUCKET 2: SOLIDS.
• One snap-on emergency toilet seat lid (plus a bottle of vegetable oil or white vinegar for the urine bucket vapor lock).
• Two rolls of 30-to-50-liter (8-to-13-gallon) heavy-duty 1.5+ mil contractor trash bags plus 12 pre-gelling WAG / Double Doodie toilet bags for the car and evacuation go-bags.
• One 18-kilogram (40-pound) bag of compressed pine wood pellets, wood shavings, or 4 compressed coco coir bricks with a dedicated plastic scoop.
• One roll of bright duct tape and heavy zip ties (for taping down porcelain toilet handles and goose-neck sealing full waste bags).
• One expandable rubber plumbing test plug (3-inch or 4-inch / 75 mm or 100 mm) to plug basement floor drains against municipal sewer backflow.
• Hygiene supplies nested inside the buckets: 6 extra rolls of toilet paper sealed in waterproof Ziploc bags, 1 box of 100 nitrile exam gloves, 2 large bottles of 70% alcohol hand sanitizer, 2 bars of antibacterial/castile soap, 3 packs of unscented baby/body wipes, and a 60-day supply of disposable menstrual pads and diapers.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa¶

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba kanye Nesikhungo Samanzi, Ubunjiniyela Nentuthuko (WHO / WEDC, International): Amanothi Obuchwepheshe Ngamanzi Okuphuza, Ukuthuthwa Kwendle kanye Nenhlanzeko Ezimeni Eziphuthumayo (Ukulahlwa Kwendle Ezimweni Eziphuthumayo Nemihlahlandlela Yokugeza Izandla).
• Inhlanzeko Yomphakathi Isenza Sihlale Singabantu Nehhovisi Lase-Oregon Lokuphathwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo (PHLUSH / OEM, United States): Imanuwali Yezindlu Zangasese Eziphuthumayo Ama-Twin-Bucket: Ukuphambukisa Ukungcola Kwendlu Eyomile Ngezinhlekelele Zokuzamazama Nezikhukhula.
• Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo (CDC, United States): Amanzi Omhlaba Wonke, Ukuthuthwa Kwendle, Nenhlanzeko (WASH) Ezimweni Eziphuthumayo, Ukudala Indlu Yangasese Ephuthumayo Yasekhaya, kanye Nokugeza Izandla vs. Ukusebenza KweSanitizer Yezandla ngokumelene ne-Norovirus.
• I-Ejensi Kazwelonke Yokuphathwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo kanye neHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo Lesifunda sase-Wellington (NEMA / WREMO, New Zealand): Ukusethwa Kwendlu Yangasese Yezimo Ezinde Okude Namabhakede Amabili Ngemva Kokuzamazama Komhlaba.
• I-United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, United States): Amasistimu e-Septic kanye Nemisele Yendle Echichimayo Ngemva Kwezikhukhula Nezinhlekelele Zemvelo.
• Inhlangano ye-Sphere (I-International Humanitarian Charter): I-Sphere Handbook: Amazinga Aphansi Ekuhlinzekweni Kwamanzi, Ukukhucululwa Kwendle kanye Nenhlanzeko (Amazinga Okuphathwa Kwe-Excreta).

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Bilisa izaziso zamanzi kanye nokuphepha kwamanzi
• Ifulethi nokulungela izimo eziphuthumayo ezisezingeni eliphezulu
• Uhlu lokuhlola lwekhithi yezimo eziphuthumayo
• Isikhwama esiphuthumayo sosana nesacathula kanye nohlelo lokuphuma
• Ukukhubazeka kanye nezidingo zezokwelapha ezimweni eziphuthumayo
• Izinombolo eziphuthumayo