I-Acoustic flashbang, umthelela we-kinetic, nosizo lokuqala lokulimala kwesixuku¶

Phakathi neziyaluyalu zomphakathi, imibhikisho yomphakathi, noma imisebenzi yokuhlakazwa kwesixuku yabantu bomthetho, ababukele, izintatheli, abezokwelapha, kanye nezakhamuzi bangachayeka ezikhalini eziningi zokulawula isixuku (ngokuvamile ezihlukaniswa izinhlangano zezokwelapha nezamalungelo abantu "njengezikhali ezingabulali"). Lezi zixhobo zihlanganisa ama-kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs) njengezinhlamvu zenjoloba, imizuliswano yenduku yegwebu, imizuliswano yezikhwama zikabhontshisi, namabhomu esipontshi; amabhomu aqhumayo e-pyrotechnic (ama-flashbangs) namabhomu okungqubuzana; imishini ye-acoustic yebanga elide (LRADs / izibhamu zomsindo); kanye nokucasula kwamakhemikhali (isisi esikhalisa izinyembezi / CS, isifutho sikapelepele / OC, namabhola kapelepele).

Naphezu kwegama elithi "okungabulali kakhulu," ucwaningo lwezokwelapha olubuyekezwe ngontanga olushicilelwe ku-BMJ kanye Ne-New England Journal of Medicine lubonisa ukuthi ama-kinetic impact projectiles kanye namadivayisi we-pyrotechnic stun adala ukulimala okubi kakhulu, okusongela ukuphila eduze: ukuvuleka kwamehlo embulunga yonke, ukuphuka kogebhezi oludangele, ukopha kwangaphakathi kwesifuba noma ulwelwesi lwesisu. i-blast overpressure, kanye nokusha okujulile kwe-thermal metal-oxide. Ukwazi indlela yokukhipha umuntu olimele emgqeni womlilo, ukuvikela inhlamvu yeso edabukile ngaphandle kokufaka ingcindezi, ukwelapha ukusha kwe-flashbang blast noma ukugqabuka kwe-eardrum, kanye nokukhipha izinto ezicasulayo ngamakhemikhali kuvikela ngokuphepha ukukhubazeka unomphela futhi kusindisa ukuphila.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Susa umuntu olimele eceleni eceleni kolayini womlilo bese uphefumula ngokushesha: Ngaphambi kokuzama ukunakekelwa kwenxeba okuningiliziwe, qondisa noma thwala umuntu olimele umsuse emhubheni womgwaqo ngemuva kwekhava eqinile yesakhiwo (njengekhona lebhilidi likakhonkolo noma udonga lwamatshe) kanye nomoya / umqansi kude namafu esisi esikhalisa izinyembezi, acwila eminyango ephansi nasezitebhisini zesitimela.
2. Shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha ukuze uthole ukuthinteka kwekhanda, isifuba, intamo, noma iso: Dayela u-911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom, noma 000 e-Australia. Inhlamvu yenjoloba noma isikhwama sikabhontshisi esishaya ikhanda, intamo, noma isifuba singabangela ukopha okubulalayo ngaphakathi kwe-cranial, ukugoqeka kwendlela yokuphefumula, noma ukumelwa yinhliziyo (commotio cordis) ngisho noma isikhumba sangaphandle singaphukile. Bona wethu uhla lwezinombolo eziphuthumayo.
3. Ungalokothi uthinte, ucindezele, noma uhlikihle iso elishaywe iphrojekthi noma ukuqhuma: Uma inhlamvu yenjoloba, i-paintball/ibhola likapelepele, noma ucezwana lwe-flashbang lushaya iso noma i-orbit, UNGAWUfaki ukucindezela okuqondile esweni futhi UNGAZAMI ukukhipha izingcezu ezibhajwe. Vala iso elimele ngeso eliqinile ngeso eliqinile elivikelayo noma i-dome yensimbi eqinile phezu kwenkomishi ehlanzekile. brow nehlathi) futhi amboze iso elingalimele kanye nokumisa ukunyakaza kwamehlo okunozwela ngesikhathi sokuthutha esibhedlela.
4. Ungalokothi ukhahlele, ucoshe, noma uthele amanzi ku-flashbang eshunqayo noma kusisi esikhalisa unyembezi: Amabhomu ensimbi e-Pyrotechnic namagasi egesi ekhalisa izinyembezi ashisa amashaji angaphakathi e-magnesium noma i-aluminium-perchlorate ku-1,000 kuya ku-2,700 degrees Celsius (1,800 kuya ku-4,900) kanye ne-canine ephansi unqamula iminwe noma izinyawo. Suka ngokushesha; uma izingubo zivutha, Yima, Yehlisa, Futhi Ugiqe noma unqande amalangabi ngejazi elisindayo, khona-ke isikhumba esipholile sishisa ngamanzi ahambayo imizuzu engu-20.
5. Gcina amanzi, insipho, neminwe INGAKHO endlebeni yokopha noma ekhalayo ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-flashbang: Uma ibhomu eliqhumayo liqhuma eduze kwekhanda lomuntu, i- shockwave engu-170-to-180-decibel ivamise ukugqabula i-eardrum (ulwelwesi lwe-tympanic). Ungalokothi ubeke amaconsi, amanzi, noma ama-swabs kakotini endlebeni. Ngomusa beka iphedi ye-gauze oyinyumba evulekile, eyomile phezu kwendlebe engaphandle ukuze ubambe igazi noma uketshezi oluhlanzekile futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo.
6. Khipha isisi esikhalisa unyembezi noma isifutho sikapelepele ngamanzi alula abandayo noma usawoti (weqa ubisi nama-antacids ezilonda ezivulekile): Hamba emoyeni omusha, ncika phambili ukuze ukugeleza kungageli emehlweni noma ezinqeni, futhi usule amehlo ekhoneni elingaphakathi (eduze nekhala) ngaphandle usebenzisa ukugeleza okusheshayo kwe *amanzi okuphuza avamile ayinyumba ahlanzekile noma Ungalokothi uthele ubisi, i-shampoo yengane, noma i-antacid ewuketshezi esweni elinokulimala, ukuhuzuka, noma i-projectile.

flowchart TD
    A["Ukulimala Kokuhlakazwa Kwesixuku Kuyenzeka"] --> B["Hambisa abalimele eceleni ngemuva kwekhava eqinile futhi uphakamise umoya endaweni ephephile"]
    B --> C{"Ithini indlela yokulimala eyinhloko?"}
    C -->|"I-Kinetic Projectile Impact (Inhlamvu Yerabha, Ubhontshisi, Umjikelezo wesipontshi)"| D{"Isiphi isifunda somzimba esishaywe?"}
    C -->|"I-Flashbang / Pyrotechnic Blast noma i-Acoustic LRAD"| E{"Ingabe kukhona ukushisa okushisayo, ukopha ezindlebeni, noma ama-shrapnel?"}
    C -->|"I-Chemical Irritant Kuphela (I-Tear Gas CS / Pepper Spray OC)"| F["Hlubula ungqimba lwangaphandle olungcolile, ukucwayiza emoyeni omusha, bese ushayela amehlo ngaphakathi kuye-ngaphandle ngamanzi angenalutho noma ngosawoti."]
    D -->|"Ikhanda, Intamo, Isifuba, noma Isisu"| G["Shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha: qapha indlela yokuphefumula/ukuphefumula futhi ubuke ukopha kwangaphakathi noma ukungqubuzana"]
    D -->|"Iso noma i-Orbit"| H["I-ZERO pressure on eye: qopha isihlangu senkomishi yephepha esiqinile phezu kwesokhethi enamathambo bese uvala amehlo womabili"]
    D -->|"I-Limb Laceration noma Umjikelezo Oshumekiwe"| I["Lawula ukopha ngendandatho eqinile/ukucindezela okuqondile ngaphandle kokuphusha iphrojekthi eshumekiwe ekujuleni"]
    E -->|"I-Thermal Burn kusuka ku-Canister noma i-Flash"| J["Ukupholisa ukushiswa ngamanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile imizuzu engu-20 bese umboza ngokukhululekile ngokugoqa okungenasici noma isambatho esingenanduku."]
    E -->|"I-Eardrum Ephukile (Ukungezwa, ukukhala, ukopha kwendlebe)"| K["Gcina indlebe yomile ngo-100% (awakho amaconsi namanzi), vala indlebe yangaphandle ngokukhululekile nge-gauze eyomile, futhi uhlole ukungqubuzana"]

I-triage matrix: izikhali zokuhlakaza isixuku namaphethini athile okulimala¶

Ukuqonda indlela ebonakalayo yedivayisi ngayinye yokuhlakaza isixuku kuvumela abaphenduli bokuqala nababukele ukuthi babheke ukulimala kwangaphakathi okufihliwe okulula ukukugeja endaweni enesiphithiphithi yomgwaqo.

Isinyathelo 1: Ukwelapha ukulimala kwe-Kinetic Impact Projectile (Inhlamvu Yerabha ne-Beanbag).¶

Inganekwane esabalele ukuthi "izinhlamvu zenjoloba" zenziwe ngerabha ethambile, egqamile njengebhola lokudlala lengane. Eqinisweni, amaphrojekthi amaningi e-kinetic anethonya elihlanganisa insimbi eqinile, umthofu, noma i-aluminium core ehuqwe ungqimba oluncane lwamamilimitha angu-2 werabha eqinile evuvukele noma igwebu le-polyurethane elicinene, kuyilapho imizuliswano ye-"beanbag" engu-12-gauge iqukethe umcamelo wendwangu ye-Kevlar egcwele amagremu angu-1*40 omlilo wezinyoni**40 (amagremu angu-40) isibhamu ngamamitha angama-70 kuye kwangama-90 ngomzuzwana (amafidi angama-230 kuye kwangama-300 ngomzuzwana).

Uma ixoshwa ebangeni elifushane, noma lapho i-projectile iphuma ku-asphalt egandayiwe futhi iwela phansi kobukele, amandla e-kinetic agxilile asika aqonde esikhumbeni, aphule amathambo, futhi ashumeke i-projectile (kanye nendwangu engcolile evela ezimpahleni zesisulu) ekujuleni kwemisipha noma imigodi yomzimba.

1. I-Ocular Trauma: lapho i-projectile noma ibhola likapelepele lishaya iso¶

Ukubuyekezwa kwezokwelapha kubonisa ukuthi umthelela wamehlo ovela ku-kinetic projectiles uthwala inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokukhubazeka unomphela ezilungiselelweni zokuhlakazeka kwesixuku, okuvamise ukugqabuka inhlamvu yeso (ukulimala kwembulunga evulekile), ukukhipha i-retina, noma ukugcwalisa igumbi elingaphambili ngegazi (i-hyphema ebuhlungu).

Iphrothokholi yokuhlukumezeka kweso ngokushesha: - Qaphela Ukulimala Kwe-Open Globe: Bheka (ngaphandle kokuthinta noma ukudonsa amajwabu amehlo) umfundi omise okwe izinyembezi noma ongajwayelekile, igazi elihlangene ngaphakathi kweiris enombala (hyphema), izicubu ezimnyama ezifana nojeli eziphuma kumhlophe weso, inhlamvu yeso eyisicaba noma egoqekile noma ukubukeka okumnyama okungazelelwe red"). - Faka i-ZERO pressure esweni: Ungalokothi ucindezele iphedi ye-gauze esweni elithintekile, futhi ungalokothi uthele amanzi anomfutho ophezulu noma izingxube ze-antacid ezenziwe ekhaya esweni elibe nomthelela ongemuhle. Ukucindezela inhlamvu yeso eqhephukile kukhipha i-vitreous humor esweni, kubangele ubumpumputhe obungenakulungiseka. - Yakha isivikelo seso esithuthukisiwe esiqinile: Uma ungenayo i-Fox Eye Shield ye-aluminium yezempi, thatha inkomishi yokuphuza ehlanzekile iphepha noma enegwebu, usike noma udabule ingxenye engezansi ukuze ibe ngamasentimitha angu-4 (1.5 amayintshi) ubude, bese unamathisela unqenqema lwenkomishi ngaphezu kwethambo* leso ngezansi kwethambo* nethambo leso uthinta ijwabu leso noma inhlamvu yeso uqobo. - Mboza neso elingalimele (Ukuhlanganisa Amazwe Amabili): Amehlo omuntu ahlanganiswe ejokeni ndawonye ngokwemizwa (ukunyakaza kwamehlo okuvumelanayo): ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho iso lakho langakwesokunxele lizungeza ukuze libheke abezimo eziphuthumayo noma izibani zasemgwaqweni, iso lakho langakwesokudla lihamba ngendlela efanayo ngaphakathi kwesokhethi yalo, ligaya ithambo le-orbital eliphukile noma ukuklebhula izicubu ze-retinal. Ukumboza kancane iso elihle nge-gauze kuthulisa amehlo womabili ngenkathi uqondisa umuntu ngengalo ukuya kwi-ambulensi. - Ukuma kuqondile kuma-degree angu-30 kuya kwangu-45: Gcina isiguli sihlezi siqondile (singalali sicaba futhi singalokothi sigobise ikhanda laso phansi) futhi usifundise ukuthi bangakhwehleli, bashaye amakhala, noma baqinise, okunyusa umfutho we-intraocular. Bona okuningiliziwe kwethu ukulimala kwamehlo umhlahlandlela wosizo lokuqala.

2. Ukuthinteka kwekhanda, intamo, nobuso¶

Induku yegwebu engamamilimitha angu-40 noma inhlamvu yenjoloba eshaya isiphongo, ithempeli, umhlathi, noma intamo ikhipha amandla anele okuphula ugebhezi lwekhanda, ukuchoboza i-larynx (ibhokisi lezwi), noma ukuhlinza umthambo we-carotid.

• Indlela yokuphefumula kuqala entanyeni: I-projectile eshaya ingaphambili lomphimbo ingaphuka indlala yegilo noma i-cricoid cartilage, ibangele ukuvuvukala kwangaphakathi okusheshayo okuvimbe indlela yokuphefumula phakathi nemizuzu eyi-10 kuya kwengu-20. Uma othile eshaywe entanyeni eba nezwi eliyisihosha, kube nzima ukugwinya amathe, ukuphefumula okuphezulu okunomsindo (stridor), noma ukubhavumula/ukuchoboza ngaphansi kwesikhumba sentamo (subcutaneous emphysema), shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha futhi ubagcine behlezi beqondile bencike kancane phambili.
• Isikrini Sokopha Ngaphakathi Kwekhanda: Noma ubani oshaywe ekhanda olahlekelwa ukwazi (ngisho imizuzwana emi-3), ahlanze, adideke, akhule angalingani, abe noketshezi olucacile noma igazi eliphuma emakhaleni noma ezindlebeni, noma ozwa ikhanda elibuhlungu eliya liba limbi kudinga ukuthwebula isithombe se-CT segumbi lezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha. Bona wethu umhlahlandlela wokulimala kwekhanda.

3. Ukuhlukumezeka kwesifuba nesisu okufiphele (kanye nama-projectile ashumekiwe)¶

• Never pull out an embedded rubber bullet or beanbag round: At ranges under 15 meters (50 feet), 40-millimeter sponge rounds and 12-gauge lead-shot beanbags regularly punch right through the skin and lodge inside the chest wall, abdomen, or thigh. Treat an embedded projectile exactly like an impaled knife blade: pulling it out in the street can uncork a torn artery. Leave it in place, pack clean gauze around the edges to stabilize it, and transport to a trauma surgeon. (Note for ER doctors: 12-gauge beanbag rounds contain lead birdshot that can rupture open inside the wound, requiring X-ray confirmation that all lead pellets and fabric wadding are surgically removed.)
• Watch for Delayed Internal Bleeding (Spleen, Liver, and Lung): A person struck in the lower ribs or stomach by a baton round often walks away thinking they only have a nasty purple bruise, only to collapse 2 hours later at home from a ruptured spleen, lacerated liver, or tension pneumothorax (collapsed lung). Seek urgent hospital evaluation after any torso impact if the person develops shortness of breath, sharp pain when taking a deep breath, pain radiating to the tip of the left shoulder (Kehr's sign of blood irritating the diaphragm from a ruptured spleen), pale clammy skin, dizziness when standing up, or a rigid, tender abdomen.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Ukwelapha i-Flashbang (i-Stun Grenade) nokulimala kwe-Acoustic Blast¶

A flashbang (stun grenade) is an explosive device originally designed for military hostage-rescue room entries, not open street crowds. Yet when deployed into dense crowds, a flashbang detonates with an overpressure shockwave of 170 to 185 decibels (more than 1,000 times the acoustic pressure threshold that ruptures human ear structures), a blinding 6-to-8-million-candela light flash, and an intense fireball fuelled by metallic magnesium or aluminum powder.

1. Primary Blast Injury: Ruptured Eardrums (Tympanic Membrane Perforation) and Blast Concussion¶

When a flashbang or concussion grenade detonates within 1 to 5 meters (3 to 16 feet) of a person, the supersonic blast wave slams into the skull and external ear canal:

• Signs of a Ruptured Eardrum: Sudden sharp ear pain at the moment of the blast followed by immediate muffled hearing or deafness on that side, loud roaring or high-pitched ringing (tinnitus), severe spinning dizziness (vertigo and loss of balance from inner-ear semicircular canal shock), and bright red blood or clear/pinkish fluid draining from the ear canal.
• Strict First Aid Rules for Blast Ear Trauma:
  1. Keep the ear canal 100 percent DRY: Never flush a blast-injured ear with water, saline, or eyewash when washing off tear gas. If a person has a perforated eardrum from a flashbang and someone pours contaminated tear-gas wash water down their ear canal, bacteria and CS chemical crystals enter the middle ear space directly, causing severe middle-ear infections (otitis media) and intense pain.
  2. Never plug the inside of a bleeding ear canal tightly: If clear fluid or watery blood is trickling out of the ear after a blast or head strike, it may contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a basilar skull fracture. Never jam cotton balls or earplugs into a bleeding ear canal. Instead, tape a sterile, dry gauze pad loosely over the outside of the ear so fluids can drain freely onto the pad, and seek emergency medical evaluation. (Most clean blast eardrum perforations heal on their own over 4 to 8 weeks if kept completely dry, while larger tears require an ENT specialist patch or tympanoplasty.)

2. Secondary and Tertiary Flashbang Trauma: Shrapnel and Magnesium Thermal Burns¶

Although stun grenades are designed so the heavy steel top and bottom sub-munitions stay intact while gas vents through side holes, modern lightweight composite/plastic-bodied flashbangs and pyrotechnic smoke grenades frequently shatter upon detonation, propelling razor-sharp fragments of burning plastic, metal pins, and hot chemical slag outward at ballistic speeds:

• Cooling Flashbang and Canister Thermal Burns: If a flashbang detonates against someone's leg, backpack, or coat, or if someone accidentally brushes against a 500-degree-Celsius (932-degree-Fahrenheit) tear gas canister:
  1. Cisha noma yiziphi izingubo zokwenziwa ezivuthayo ngokushesha (inayiloni yokwenziwa noma amajakhethi e-polyester ancibilika abe yitiyela elinamathelayo elishisayo; khumula izingubo zangaphandle ezishunqayo uma zingancibilikisiwe esikhumbeni).
  2. Gently brush off any loose dry powder residue, then flood the burn with cool, clean running water for a full 20 minutes (never use ice, butter, toothpaste, or baking soda paste on a burn).
  3. Cover the cooled burn loosely with clean plastic kitchen cling film (laid flat, not wrapped tightly around a swelling limb) or a sterile non-stick dressing and go to a hospital burn or emergency unit.

3. Defending against Long-Range Acoustic Devices (LRADs / Sound Cannons)¶

When an LRAD (Long-Range Acoustic Device) activates its high-pitched deterrent tone, it projects a tightly focused beam of 2,000-to-4,000-hertz sound energy at 135 to 162 decibels. Because decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale, every 10-decibel increase multiplies acoustic energy by 10-fold: 150 decibels is 1,000 times more intense than a 120-decibel rock concert or ambulance siren, causing immediate mechanical shearing of the delicate stereocilia hair cells inside the inner ear cochlea within seconds.

Step 3: Safe decontamination of Tear Gas (CS) and Pepper Spray (OC) alongside wounds¶

When a person has both an open physical wound (such as a scrape, laceration, or ruptured eardrum) AND heavy chemical irritant contamination (CS tear gas or OC / PAVA pepper spray), your decontamination technique must avoid poisoning the open wound.

Ungawahlanza kanjani amehlo nesikhumba ngaphandle kokusabalalisa amakristalu amakhemikhali aye phansi¶

1. UNGAcikici amehlo akho: I-CS tear gas empeleni ayiyona igesi; ifu elihle le-aerosol lezinhlayiya zekristalu eqinile encane (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) elinemiphetho emincane ecijile. Ukuhlikihla amehlo akho kugaya lawo makristalu aqonde ngqo ku-cornea yakho, okubangela imihuzuko ebuhlungu yekhone.
2. Yima emoyeni bese ucwayiza ngokushesha: Uma usuphumile efwini lentuthu, bhekana nomoya ohlanzekile, khipha izingalo zakho emaceleni akho, bese ucwayiza ngokushesha ukuze izinyembezi zemvelo ziqale ukuntanta izinhlayiya.
3. Suka usuka ekhaleni uphumele ngaphandle ube uncike phambili: Tshekisa ikhanda lakho phambili nangaseceleni (ngakho amanzi okugeza angcolile aconsa aqonde phansi kunokuba ehle entanyeni, esifubeni, nasembelethweni, lapho isikhumba esincanyana sishisa khona kakhulu). Thela umfudlana onganyakazi** wamanzi abandayo ahlanzekile noma usawoti oyinzalo** esweni elivulekile uqala ekhoneni elingaphakathi eduze kwebhuloho lekhala bese ugeleza uphumele ngaphandle unqamule ithempeli imizuzu emi-5 ukuya kweyi-10.
4. Qaphela I-Asthma eqinile noma i-COPD bronchospasm: Ukuhogela isisi esikhalisa izinyembezi i-CS noma isifutho sikapelepele kubangela ukuminyana kwendlela yomoya kubantu abanesifuba somoya noma isifo somoya esisebenzayo. Basize bahlale baqonde emoyeni omusha futhi ubasize ekusebenziseni i-albuterol / salbutamol rescue inhaler* yabo enqunyiwe (2 kuya ku-4 amafu nge-spacer); uma ukuhefuzela kuqhubeka noma izindebe ziba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha ngokushesha.
5. Ishawa ebandayo ekhaya (ngaphambi kokushisa): Lapho ufika ekhaya, khumula izingubo zakho ezingcolile ngaphakathi egalaji noma endlini yokugezela uzifake esikhwameni sepulasitiki esivaliwe. Ngena eshaweni ebanda ngamatshe imizuzu yokuqala emi-5 kuyilapho ubhekise ikhanda lakho phambili ukuze amanzi angazigezi izinsalela zezinwele emzimbeni wakho ongezansi; ukuthatha ishawa esishisayo kuqala kuvula izimbotshana zesikhumba futhi kuvuselele amakristalu e-CS avaleleke, kubangele umuzwa omusha wokushiswa komzimba ogcwele.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• IKomidi Lamazwe Ngamazwe Le-Red Cross (ICRC) kanye Nenhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ye-Red Cross ne-Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (Yomhlaba Wonke): Usizo Lokuqala Ezingqungqutheleni Ezihlomile Nezinye Izimo Zobudlova imihlahlandlela yomtholampilo yokulimala kokuqhuma, ukuhlukumezeka komthelela we-kinetic, ukuvikelwa kwe-ocular, nokususwa kwamakhemikhali okucasulayo.
• I-Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) kanye ne-International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations (INCLO) (United States / International): Ibulalayo Ngokuzifihla: Imiphumela Yezempilo Yezikhali Zokulawula Isixuku kanye ne-BMJ Open ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile kokufa nokufa okuvela ku-kinetic impact projectiles, izikhali eziqhumayo zamakhemikhali, amabhomu anamandla, amabhomu anamandla,
• I-American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) (United States): Ukubona Nokwelapha Ukulimala Kwamehlo Phakathi Kwababhikishi (ukuvikela ukugqabuka kwembulunga yonke, ukuphathwa kwe-hyphema ebuhlungu, nokugwema ukucindezela kwe-ocular).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) kanye neNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (United States): Ama-Riot Control Agents (CS, CN, and OC) Izinkombandlela Zokulawulwa Kwezokwelapha kanye Nokwelashwa Kokulimala Kokuqhuma: Ukuhlukumezeka Kwendlebe Nokuqhuma Kwengcindezi.
• Isevisi Yezempilo Kazwelonke (NHS) kanye Nomnyango Wokunakekelwa Kwangaphambi Kwesibhedlela, I-Royal College of Surgeons yase-Edinburgh (United Kingdom): I-barotrauma ye-pre-hospital blast, i-tympanic membrane perforation dry-ear protocols, nemihlahlandlela yokupholisa ukushisa okushisayo.
• Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) (Yomhlaba Wonke): Imihlahlandlela yokunakekelwa kwe-Emergency Trauma for blunt thoracic, cranial, and ocular trauma.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Iziyaluyalu zomphakathi
• Ukusinda kwesixuku futhi kunyathelene
• Ukulimala kwamehlo
• Ukulimala ekhanda