ສຽງກະພິບສຽງດັງ, ຜົນກະທົບທາງ kinetic, ແລະການຊ່ວຍເຫຼືອຄັ້ງທໍາອິດຂອງການບາດເຈັບທີ່ກະແຈກກະຈາຍຂອງຝູງຊົນ¶

ໃນລະຫວ່າງການລົບກວນພົນລະເຮືອນ, ການສາທິດສາທາລະນະ, ຫຼືການປະຕິບັດການກະແຈກກະຈາຍຂອງຝູງຊົນ, ການບັງຄັບໃຊ້ກົດຫມາຍ, ຜູ້ຢືນຂ້າງ, ນັກຂ່າວ, ແພດ, ແລະປະຊາຊົນສາມາດສໍາຜັດກັບອາວຸດຄວບຄຸມຝູງຊົນ (ມັກຈະຖືກຈັດປະເພດໂດຍອົງການທາງການແພດແລະສິດທິມະນຸດເປັນ "ອາວຸດທີ່ເປັນອັນຕະລາຍຫນ້ອຍ"). ອຸ​ປະ​ກອນ​ເຫຼົ່າ​ນີ້​ປະ​ກອບ​ມີ ** kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs)** ເຊັ່ນ​: ລູກ​ປືນ​ຢາງ​, ບານ baton ໂຟມ​, ຮອບ beanbag​, ແລະ grenades sponge​; ລະ​ເບີດ​ລູກ​ລະ​ເບີດ stun pyrotechnic (flashbangs) ແລະ grenades concussion; ** ອຸ​ປະ​ກອນ​ສຽງ​ລະ​ດັບ​ຍາວ (LRADs / ສຽງ cannons​) **​; ແລະ **ສານ​ລະ​ຄາຍ​ເຄືອງ​ທາງ​ເຄ​ມີ (ອາຍ​ແກ​ັ​ສ​້​ໍ​າ​ຕາ / CS​, pepper spray / OC​, ແລະ pepper balls​) **​.

ເຖິງວ່າຈະມີຄໍາວ່າ "ຄວາມຕາຍຫນ້ອຍ," ການສຶກສາທາງການແພດທີ່ໄດ້ທົບທວນຄືນໃນ * BMJ * ແລະ * The New England Journal of Medicine* ສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນວ່າ projectiles ຜົນກະທົບ kinetic ແລະອຸປະກອນ stun ຂອງ pyrotechnic ເຮັດໃຫ້ເກີດການບາດເຈັບທີ່ຮຸນແຮງ, ເປັນໄພຂົ່ມຂູ່ຕໍ່ຊີວິດໃນໄລຍະໃກ້ຊິດ: ການແຕກຕາຂອງໂລກເປີດ, ກະໂຫຼກກະໂຫຼກທີ່ຊຶມເສົ້າ, ເຍື່ອຫຸ້ມພາຍໃນຂອງ thoracic ຫຼື abdominal perdominalty. ຈາກ​ຄວາມ​ກົດ​ດັນ​ຂອງ​ລະ​ເບີດ​ສຽງ​ດັງ​ເກີນ​ໄປ​, ແລະ​ຄວາມ​ຮ້ອນ​ເລິກ​ການ​ເຜົາ​ໄຫມ້​ໂລ​ຫະ​ອອກ​ໄຊ​. ຮູ້ຈັກວິທີສະກັດຜູ້ບາດເຈັບອອກຈາກສາຍໄຟ, ປ້ອງກັນລູກຕາທີ່ແຕກອອກ ໂດຍບໍ່ຕ້ອງໃຊ້ແຮງດັນ, ປິ່ນປົວບາດແຜດັງກະພິບ ຫຼື ແກ້ວຫູແຕກ, ແລະ ລ້າງສານເຄັມທີ່ລະຄາຍເຄືອງ ປ້ອງກັນຄວາມພິການຖາວອນ ແລະຊ່ວຍຊີວິດຄົນໄດ້.

ເຮັດອັນນີ້ດຽວນີ້¶

1. ** ຍ້າຍຜູ້ບາດເຈັບອອກທາງຂ້າງອອກຈາກສາຍໄຟ ແລະ ທາງຂຶ້ນທັນທີ**: ກ່ອນທີ່ຈະພະຍາຍາມປິ່ນປົວບາດແຜຢ່າງລະອຽດ, ໃຫ້ແນະນຳ ຫຼື ນຳຜູ້ບາດເຈັບໄປຂ້າງທາງອອກຈາກແລວທາງຂ້າງຖະໜົນທີ່ຢູ່ເບື້ອງຫຼັງທີ່ແຂງແຂງ (ເຊັ່ນ: ມຸມຕຶກຄອນກີດ ຫຼື ຝາຜະໜັງ) ແລະ ທາງຂຶ້ນ/ຂຶ້ນຄ້ອຍ ຫ່າງຈາກເມກແກ໊ສນ້ຳຕາທີ່ຕົກໜັກ, ເຊິ່ງຈົມລົງສູ່ປະຕູຕ່ຳ ແລະ ຂັ້ນໄດລົດໄຟໃຕ້ດິນ.
2. ** ໂທຫາເບີສຸກເສີນໃນທ້ອງຖິ່ນຂອງທ່ານທັນທີສໍາລັບອາການກະທົບຫົວ, ຫນ້າເອິກ, ຄໍ, ຫຼືຕາ **: ໂທ 911 ໃນສະຫະລັດແລະການາດາ, 112 ໃນທົ່ວສະຫະພາບເອີຣົບ, 999 ໃນສະຫະລາຊະອານາຈັກ, ຫຼື 000 ໃນອົດສະຕາລີ. ລູກປືນຢາງ ຫຼືກະເປົ໋າໝາກຖົ່ວລຽນຕີຫົວ, ຄໍ, ຫຼືໜ້າເອິກສາມາດເຮັດໃຫ້ເລືອດອອກໃນກະເພາະລໍາໃສ້ຕາຍ, ທໍ່ຫາຍໃຈຍຸບ, ຫຼືຫົວໃຈເຕັ້ນ (ສາຍເຊືອກ) ເຖິງແມ່ນວ່າຜິວໜັງຊັ້ນນອກຈະບໍ່ແຕກກໍຕາມ. ເບິ່ງຂອງພວກເຮົາ ບັນຊີເລກສຸກເສີນ.
3. ** ຫ້າມແຕະ, ກົດ ຫຼື ຖູຕາທີ່ເກີດຈາກລູກປືນ ຫຼື ລະເບີດ : ຖ້າລູກປືນຢາງ, ລູກສີ/ໝາກພິກໄທ, ຫຼື ຊິ້ນກະດາດກະພິບເຂົ້າຕາ ຫຼື ວົງໂຄຈອນ, ** ຫ້າມໃຊ້ແຮງດັນໂດຍກົງໃສ່ຕາ ແລະ ຢ່າພະຍາຍາມດຶງເອົາຊິ້ນສ່ວນທີ່ຕິດຢູ່ອອກ. ກວມເອົາຕາທີ່ບາດເຈັບດ້ວຍເທບປ້ອງກັນຕາທີ່ແຂງ (ເຊັ່ນ: ຝາອັດປາກເປື່ອຍ ຫຼື ຝາອັດປາກຂຸມຕາ brow ແລະແກ້ມ) ແລະກວມເອົາຕາທີ່ບໍ່ໄດ້ຮັບບາດເຈັບເຊັ່ນດຽວກັນເພື່ອຢຸດການເຄື່ອນໄຫວຕາທີ່ເຫັນອົກເຫັນໃຈໃນລະຫວ່າງການຂົນສົ່ງໂຮງຫມໍ.
4. ** ຫ້າມເຕະ, ເອົາ, ຫຼືຖອກນ້ໍາໃສ່ກະປ໋ອງທີ່ສູບຢາຫຼືທໍ່ອາຍແກັສນ້ໍາຕາ : ລະເບີດຂອງ Pyrotechnic stun ແລະກະປ໋ອງອາຍແກັສນ້ໍາຕາແບບທະຫານຈະເຜົາໄຫມ້ພາຍໃນຄ່າ magnesium ຫຼືອາລູມິນຽມ perchlorate ຢູ່ທີ່ ** 1,000 ຫາ 2,700 ອົງສາເຊນຊຽດ (1,800 ຫາ 4,900 ອົງສາຟາເຣນຮາຍຕັນ) * ແລະສາມາດທໍາລາຍຕີນໄດ້. ແລະ. ທັນທີທັນໃດ; ຖ້າ​ຫາກ​ວ່າ​ເຄື່ອງ​ນຸ່ງ​ຕິດ​ໄຟ​, **ຢຸດ​, ຫຼຸດ​ລົງ​, ແລະ​ມ້ວນ ** ຫຼື​ໄຟ​ໄຫມ້​ທີ່​ມີ​ເປືອກ​ຫຸ້ມ​ນອກ​ຫນາ​ແຫນ້ນ​, ຫຼັງ​ຈາກ​ນັ້ນ​ຜິວ​ຫນັງ​ທີ່​ເຢັນ​ທີ່​ຈະ​ໄຫມ້​ດ້ວຍ​ນ​້​ໍ​າ​ປະ​ມານ 20 ນາ​ທີ​.
5. ເກັບນໍ້າ, ສະບູ, ແລະນິ້ວມືບໍ່ໃຫ້ມີເລືອດອອກ ຫຼືດັງດັງຫຼັງຈາກລະເບີດກະພິບ: ຖ້າລູກລະເບີດທີ່ສະດຸດໄດ້ລະເບີດຢູ່ໃກ້ຫົວຄົນ, ຄື້ນຊັອກເວບ 170 ຫາ 180 ເດຊິແບນ ມັກຈະເຮັດໃຫ້ແກ້ວຫູແຕກ (ເຍື່ອຫຸ້ມຫູ). ຢ່າເອົາຢາຢອດ, ນໍ້າ, ຫຼືຜ້າຝ້າຍເຂົ້າໄປໃນຮູຫູ. ວາງຜ້າເຊັດຕາທີ່ແຫ້ງ ແລະ ເປັນຫມັນອ່ອນໆໃສ່ບໍລິເວນຫູນອກເພື່ອເອົາເລືອດ ຫຼື ນໍ້າທີ່ສະອາດອອກ ແລະ ຊອກຫາການປິ່ນປົວດ່ວນ.
6. ຂ້າເຊື້ອແກັດນ້ຳຕາ ຫລື ສະເປພິກໄທດ້ວຍນ້ຳເຢັນທຳມະດາ ຫຼືນ້ຳເຄັມ (ຂ້າມນ້ຳນົມ ແລະຢາແກ້ພິດໃສ່ບາດແຜເປີດ): ເຄື່ອນທີ່ອາກາດສົດ, ຫັນໜ້າໄປຂ້າງໜ້າ ເພື່ອບໍ່ໃຫ້ນ້ຳໄຫຼລົງມາໃສ່ຕາ ຫຼື ຂາ, ແລະ ລ້າງຕາຈາກມຸມພາຍໃນ (ໃກ້ດັງ) ອອກໄປຂ້າງນອກ ໂດຍໃຊ້ນ້ຳເຄັມທຳມະດາ ຫຼື ນ້ຳເຢັນສະອາດ.** ຢ່າຖອກນົມ, ແຊມພູເດັກນ້ອຍ, ຫຼືຢາຂ້າທາດແຫຼວໃສ່ຕາທີ່ມີບາດແຜ, ມີຮອຍແຕກ, ຫຼືບາດແຜຈາກລູກປືນ.

flowchart TD
    A["ການບາດເຈັບຂອງຝູງຊົນເກີດຂຶ້ນ"] --> B["ຍ້າຍຜູ້ບາດເຈັບໄປທາງຂ້າງຫຼັງຜ້າປົກແຂງ ແລະທາງເທິງໄປຫາເຂດປອດໄພ"]
    B --> C{"ກົນໄກການບາດເຈັບເບື້ອງຕົ້ນແມ່ນຫຍັງ?"}
    C -->|"ຜົນ​ກະ​ທົບ Kinetic Projectile (ລູກປືນຢາງ, Beanbag, Sponge Round)"| D{"ຮ່າງກາຍໃດຖືກກະທົບ?"}
    C -->|"Flashbang / Pyrotechnic Blast ຫຼື Acoustic LRAD"| E{"ມີການເຜົາຜານຄວາມຮ້ອນ, ມີເລືອດອອກໃນຫູ, ຫຼືຮອຍແຕກບໍ?"}
    C -->|"ການລະຄາຍເຄືອງທາງເຄມີເທົ່ານັ້ນ (ອາຍແກັສນ້ຳຕາ CS / Pepper Spray OC)"| F["ລອກຊັ້ນນອກທີ່ປົນເປື້ອນ, ກະພິບດ້ວຍລົມສົດ, ແລະລ້າງຕາພາຍໃນຫາພາຍນອກດ້ວຍນ້ໍາທໍາມະດາຫຼືນໍ້າເຄັມ."]
    D -->|"ຫົວ, ຄໍ, ຫນ້າເອິກ, ຫຼືທ້ອງ"| G["ໂທຫາບໍລິການສຸກເສີນທັນທີ: ຕິດຕາມເສັ້ນທາງຫາຍໃຈ/ການຫາຍໃຈ ແລະ ເຝົ້າລະວັງການມີເລືອດອອກພາຍໃນ ຫຼື ການກະທົບກະເທືອນ"]
    D -->|"ຕາ ຫຼືວົງໂຄຈອນ"| H["ຄວາມກົດດັນ ZERO ຢູ່ໃນຕາ: ເທແຜ່ນກະດາດກະດາດແຂງໃສ່ກະດາດກະດູກແລະປົກຕາທັງສອງ"]
    D -->|"ກະດູກແຂນຂາຫຼືຝັງຮອບ"| I["ຄວບ​ຄຸມ​ເລືອດ​ດ້ວຍ​ວົງ​ແຫວນ​ທີ່​ແໜ້ນ​ໜາ/​ແຮງ​ດັນ​ໂດຍ​ກົງ​ໂດຍ​ບໍ່​ມີ​ການ​ຍູ້​ລູກ​ສອນ​ໄຟ​ທີ່​ຝັງ​ໄວ້​ເລິກ​ກວ່າ"]
    E -->|"ການເຜົາໄຫມ້ຄວາມຮ້ອນຈາກກະປ໋ອງຫຼື Flash"| J["ແຊ່ເຢັນດ້ວຍນໍ້າສະອາດປະໄວ້ 20 ນາທີ ແລ້ວປົກອອກດ້ວຍຜ້າພັນຄອດທີ່ຂ້າເຊື້ອ ຫຼື ຜ້າບໍ່ຕິດ."]
    E -->|"ຫູໜວກແຕກ (ຫູໜວກ, ສຽງດັງ, ມີເລືອດອອກໃນຫູ)"| K["ຮັກສາຮູຫູໃຫ້ແຫ້ງ 100% (ບໍ່ມີຢອດ ຫຼືນໍ້າ), ຫຸ້ມຫູພາຍນອກດ້ວຍຜ້າອັດປາກແຫ້ງ, ແລະກວດເບິ່ງການກະທົບກະເທືອນ."]

Triage matrix: ອາວຸດກະແຈກກະຈາຍຂອງຝູງຊົນແລະຮູບແບບການບາດເຈັບສະເພາະ¶

ຄວາມເຂົ້າໃຈກ່ຽວກັບກົນໄກທາງດ້ານຮ່າງກາຍຂອງອຸປະກອນການກະຈາຍຝູງຊົນແຕ່ລະຄົນຊ່ວຍໃຫ້ຜູ້ຕອບໂຕ້ທໍາອິດແລະຜູ້ຕິດຕາມຊອກຫາການບາດເຈັບພາຍໃນທີ່ເຊື່ອງໄວ້ທີ່ງ່າຍຕໍ່ການພາດໃນສະພາບແວດລ້ອມຖະຫນົນທີ່ວຸ່ນວາຍ.

ຂັ້ນຕອນທີ 1: ການປິ່ນປົວການບາດເຈັບ Kinetic Impact Projectile (Rubber Bullet & Beanbag).¶

ນິທານທີ່ແຜ່ຫຼາຍແມ່ນວ່າ "ລູກປືນຢາງ" ແມ່ນເຮັດດ້ວຍຢາງທີ່ອ່ອນນຸ້ມ, ຄ້າຍຄືລູກປືນຂອງຫຼິ້ນເດັກນ້ອຍ. ໃນ​ຄວາມ​ເປັນ​ຈິງ, ໂຄງ​ການ​ສົ່ງ​ຜົນ​ກະ​ທົບ kinetic ຈໍາ​ນວນ​ຫຼາຍ​ປະ​ກອບ​ດ້ວຍ ເຫຼັກ​ກ້າ​ແຂງ, ນໍາ, ຫຼື​ອາ​ລູ​ມິ​ນຽມ ເຄືອບ​ໃນ​ຊັ້ນ​ບາງ 2 ມິນ​ລິ​ແມັດ​ຂອງ​ຢາງ​ແຂງ vulcanized ຫຼື polyurethane foam ຫນາ​ແຫນ້ນ, ໃນ​ຂະ​ນະ​ທີ່ 12-gauge "beanbag" ຮອບ​ປະ​ກອບ​ດ້ວຍ​ຫມອນ​ຜ້າ Kevlar packed ກັບ **40 ກໍາ (1.4 ອອນ​ສ໌​ຮ້ອນ) ຂອງ​ນົກ​ທີ່​ຖືກ​ຍິງ​ຈາກ​ການ​ຂ້າ​ພະ​ຍາ​ກອນ​ອາ​ເມລິ​ກາ 2 ມິ​ລິ​ແມັດ * 0. ແມັດຕໍ່ວິນາທີ (230 ຫາ 300 ຟຸດຕໍ່ວິນາທີ).

ເມື່ອຖືກຍິງຈາກໄລຍະສັ້ນ, ຫຼືເມື່ອລູກປືນເຈາະອອກຈາກທາງປູຢາງປູຢາງ ແລະ ຢຽບຂອບທາງເຂົ້າໃສ່ຜູ້ຢືນ, ພະລັງງານ kinetic ເຂັ້ມຂຸ້ນຈະຕັດຜ່ານຜິວໜັງ, ເຮັດໃຫ້ກະດູກແຕກຫັກ, ແລະຝັງດິນຈີ່ (ພ້ອມກັບຜ້າເປື້ອນຈາກເຄື່ອງນຸ່ງຂອງຜູ້ເຄາະຮ້າຍ) ເລິກຢູ່ໃນບໍລິເວນກ້າມຊີ້ນ ຫຼື ຮ່າງກາຍ.

1. ບາດແຜຕາ: ເມື່ອລູກປືນ ຫຼື ໝາກພິກໄທຕົກໃສ່ຕາ¶

ການທົບທວນຄືນທາງການແພດສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນວ່າ ** ຜົນກະທົບຂອງຕາຈາກ projectiles kinetic ປະຕິບັດຫນຶ່ງໃນອັດຕາສູງສຸດຂອງຄວາມພິການຖາວອນໃນການຕັ້ງຄ່າການກະຈາຍຝູງຊົນ , rupturing ບານຕາເລື້ອຍໆ ( ການບາດເຈັບຂອງໂລກເປີດ**), detating retina, ຫຼືຕື່ມເລືອດຫ້ອງ anterior (** traumatic hyphema**).

** ອະນຸສັນຍາການບາດເຈັບຕາທັນທີ: ** - ຮັບຮູ້ການບາດເຈັບຂອງ Open Globe: ເບິ່ງ (ໂດຍບໍ່ມີການສໍາຜັດ ຫຼື ດຶງໜັງຕາ) ເພື່ອເບິ່ງຮູຕາເປັນຮູບຊົງນ້ຳຕາ ຫຼື ບໍ່ສະໝໍ່າສະເໝີ, ມີເລືອດຕົກຢູ່ພາຍໃນ iris ສີ (hyphema), ເນື້ອເຍື່ອຄ້າຍຄືວຸ້ນສີເຂັ້ມທີ່ອອກມາຈາກສີຂາວຂອງຕາ, ມີລັກສະນະບວມ ຫຼື ຍຸບລົງຂອງຕາບວມ ຫຼື ເປັນຕາເປັນສີແດງ. - ໃຊ້ຄວາມກົດດັນ ZERO ໃສ່ລູກຕາ: ຫ້າມເອົາຜ້າເຊັດຕາໃສ່ກັບຕາທີ່ຖືກກະທົບ, ແລະຢ່າຖອກນ້ຳທີ່ມີຄວາມກົດດັນສູງ ຫຼືສານປະສົມຂອງຢາແກ້ພິດທີ່ເຮັດເອງໃສ່ໃນຕາທີ່ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນກະທົບຢ່າງຈະແຈ້ງ. ການກົດໃສ່ລູກຕາທີ່ມີເສັ້ນໄຍຈະບີບເອົາຄວາມກະຕືລືລົ້ນຂອງນ້ຳຕາອອກຈາກຕາ, ເຮັດໃຫ້ຕາບອດທີ່ບໍ່ສາມາດປ່ຽນໄດ້. - Construct an improvised rigid eye shield: If you do not have a military aluminum Fox Eye Shield, take a clean disposable paper or foam drinking cup, cut or tear the bottom half off so it is 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) tall, and tape the rim of the cup over the bony brow ridge above the eye and the bony cheekbone below the eye so nothing touches the eyelid or eyeball itself. - Cover the uninjured eye too (Bilateral Patching): Human eyes are neurologically yoked together (consensual conjugate eye movement): every time your good left eye darts around to look at paramedics or streetlights, your injured right eye moves identically inside its socket, grinding fractured orbital bone or tearing retinal tissue. Gently covering the good eye with gauze calms both eyes while you guide the person by the arm to an ambulance. - Position upright at 30 to 45 degrees: Keep the patient sitting upright (never lying flat and never bending their head down) and instruct them not to cough, blow their nose, or strain, which spikes intraocular pressure. See our detailed eye injuries first aid guide.

2. Head, neck, and facial impacts¶

A 40-millimeter foam baton or rubber bullet striking the forehead, temple, jaw, or neck delivers enough blunt force to fracture the skull, crush the larynx (voicebox), or dissect the carotid artery.

• Airway first on neck hits: A projectile striking the front of the throat can fracture the thyroid or cricoid cartilage, causing rapid internal swelling that blocks the airway within 10 to 20 minutes. If someone struck in the neck develops a hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing saliva, noisy high-pitched breathing (stridor), or bubbling/crunching under the skin of the neck (subcutaneous emphysema), call emergency services immediately and keep them sitting upright leaning slightly forward.
• Screen for Intracranial Bleeds: Anyone struck in the head who loses consciousness (even for 3 seconds), vomits, becomes confused, develops unequal pupils, has clear fluid or blood dripping from the nose or ears, or experiences a worsening headache requires immediate emergency room CT imaging. See our head injuries guide.

3. Chest and abdominal blunt trauma (and embedded projectiles)¶

• Never pull out an embedded rubber bullet or beanbag round: At ranges under 15 meters (50 feet), 40-millimeter sponge rounds and 12-gauge lead-shot beanbags regularly punch right through the skin and lodge inside the chest wall, abdomen, or thigh. Treat an embedded projectile exactly like an impaled knife blade: pulling it out in the street can uncork a torn artery. Leave it in place, pack clean gauze around the edges to stabilize it, and transport to a trauma surgeon. (Note for ER doctors: 12-gauge beanbag rounds contain lead birdshot that can rupture open inside the wound, requiring X-ray confirmation that all lead pellets and fabric wadding are surgically removed.)
• Watch for Delayed Internal Bleeding (Spleen, Liver, and Lung): A person struck in the lower ribs or stomach by a baton round often walks away thinking they only have a nasty purple bruise, only to collapse 2 hours later at home from a ruptured spleen, lacerated liver, or tension pneumothorax (collapsed lung). Seek urgent hospital evaluation after any torso impact if the person develops shortness of breath, sharp pain when taking a deep breath, pain radiating to the tip of the left shoulder (Kehr's sign of blood irritating the diaphragm from a ruptured spleen), pale clammy skin, dizziness when standing up, or a rigid, tender abdomen.

Step 2: Treating Flashbang (Stun Grenade) and Acoustic Blast injuries¶

A flashbang (stun grenade) is an explosive device originally designed for military hostage-rescue room entries, not open street crowds. Yet when deployed into dense crowds, a flashbang detonates with an overpressure shockwave of 170 to 185 decibels (more than 1,000 times the acoustic pressure threshold that ruptures human ear structures), a blinding 6-to-8-million-candela light flash, and an intense fireball fuelled by metallic magnesium or aluminum powder.

1. Primary Blast Injury: Ruptured Eardrums (Tympanic Membrane Perforation) and Blast Concussion¶

When a flashbang or concussion grenade detonates within 1 to 5 meters (3 to 16 feet) of a person, the supersonic blast wave slams into the skull and external ear canal:

• Signs of a Ruptured Eardrum: Sudden sharp ear pain at the moment of the blast followed by immediate muffled hearing or deafness on that side, loud roaring or high-pitched ringing (tinnitus), severe spinning dizziness (vertigo and loss of balance from inner-ear semicircular canal shock), and bright red blood or clear/pinkish fluid draining from the ear canal.
• Strict First Aid Rules for Blast Ear Trauma:
  1. Keep the ear canal 100 percent DRY: Never flush a blast-injured ear with water, saline, or eyewash when washing off tear gas. If a person has a perforated eardrum from a flashbang and someone pours contaminated tear-gas wash water down their ear canal, bacteria and CS chemical crystals enter the middle ear space directly, causing severe middle-ear infections (otitis media) and intense pain.
  2. Never plug the inside of a bleeding ear canal tightly: If clear fluid or watery blood is trickling out of the ear after a blast or head strike, it may contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a basilar skull fracture. Never jam cotton balls or earplugs into a bleeding ear canal. Instead, tape a sterile, dry gauze pad loosely over the outside of the ear so fluids can drain freely onto the pad, and seek emergency medical evaluation. (Most clean blast eardrum perforations heal on their own over 4 to 8 weeks if kept completely dry, while larger tears require an ENT specialist patch or tympanoplasty.)

2. Secondary and Tertiary Flashbang Trauma: Shrapnel and Magnesium Thermal Burns¶

Although stun grenades are designed so the heavy steel top and bottom sub-munitions stay intact while gas vents through side holes, modern lightweight composite/plastic-bodied flashbangs and pyrotechnic smoke grenades frequently shatter upon detonation, propelling razor-sharp fragments of burning plastic, metal pins, and hot chemical slag outward at ballistic speeds:

• Cooling Flashbang and Canister Thermal Burns: If a flashbang detonates against someone's leg, backpack, or coat, or if someone accidentally brushes against a 500-degree-Celsius (932-degree-Fahrenheit) tear gas canister:
  1. Extinguish any burning synthetic clothing immediately (synthetic nylon or polyester jackets melt into hot sticky tar; strip off smoldering outer garments if not melted into the skin).
  2. Gently brush off any loose dry powder residue, then flood the burn with cool, clean running water for a full 20 minutes (never use ice, butter, toothpaste, or baking soda paste on a burn).
  3. Cover the cooled burn loosely with clean plastic kitchen cling film (laid flat, not wrapped tightly around a swelling limb) or a sterile non-stick dressing and go to a hospital burn or emergency unit.

3. Defending against Long-Range Acoustic Devices (LRADs / Sound Cannons)¶

When an LRAD (Long-Range Acoustic Device) activates its high-pitched deterrent tone, it projects a tightly focused beam of 2,000-to-4,000-hertz sound energy at 135 to 162 decibels. Because decibels are measured on a logarithmic scale, every 10-decibel increase multiplies acoustic energy by 10-fold: 150 decibels is 1,000 times more intense than a 120-decibel rock concert or ambulance siren, causing immediate mechanical shearing of the delicate stereocilia hair cells inside the inner ear cochlea within seconds.

Step 3: Safe decontamination of Tear Gas (CS) and Pepper Spray (OC) alongside wounds¶

When a person has both an open physical wound (such as a scrape, laceration, or ruptured eardrum) AND heavy chemical irritant contamination (CS tear gas or OC / PAVA pepper spray), your decontamination technique must avoid poisoning the open wound.

How to flush eyes and skin without spreading chemical crystals downward¶

1. Do NOT rub your eyes: CS tear gas is not actually a gas; it is a fine aerosol cloud of microscopic solid crystalline particles (2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile) with tiny sharp edges. Rubbing your eyes grinds those crystals straight into your cornea, causing painful corneal abrasions.
2. Stand into the wind and blink rapidly: Once out of the smoke cloud, face the clean breeze, hold your arms out from your sides, and blink rapidly so natural tears begin floating the particles out.
3. Flush from the nose outward while leaning forward: Tilt your head forward and sideways (so contaminated wash water drips straight onto the ground rather than running down your neck, chest, and into your groin, where thin skin burns intensely). Pour a steady stream of clean cold water or sterile saline across the open eye starting at the inner corner next to the bridge of the nose and flowing outward across the temple for 5 to 10 minutes.
4. Watch for severe Asthma or COPD bronchospasm: Inhaling CS tear gas or pepper spray triggers violent airway constriction in people with asthma or reactive airway disease. Help them sit upright in fresh air and assist them in using their prescribed albuterol / salbutamol rescue inhaler (2 to 4 puffs via spacer); if wheezing continues or lips turn blue, call emergency medical services immediately.
5. Cold shower at home (before hot): When you get home, strip off your contaminated clothes inside a garage or bathroom into a sealed plastic bag. Step into a stone-cold shower for the first 5 minutes while leaning your head forward so water does not wash hair residue onto your lower body; taking a hot shower first opens skin pores and reactivates trapped CS crystals, causing a fresh full-body burning sensation.

ຄຳຖາມທີ່ມັກຖາມເລື້ອຍໆ¶

ກວດສອບແຫຼ່ງທີ່ມາ¶

• International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (International): First Aid in Armed Conflicts and Other Situations of Violence clinical guidelines for blast injuries, kinetic impact trauma, ocular shielding, and chemical irritant decontamination.
• Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) and International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations (INCLO) (United States / International): Lethal in Disguise: The Health Consequences of Crowd-Control Weapons and BMJ Open systematic review on mortality and morbidity from kinetic impact projectiles, stun grenades, acoustic weapons, and chemical irritants.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) (United States): Recognizing and Treating Eye Injuries Among Protestors (open globe rupture shielding, traumatic hyphema management, and avoidance of ocular pressure).
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (United States): Riot Control Agents (CS, CN, and OC) Medical Management Guidelines and Treatments for Blast Injuries: Ear and Blast Overpressure Trauma.
• National Health Service (NHS) and Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Pre-hospital blast barotrauma, tympanic membrane perforation dry-ear protocols, and thermal burn cooling guidelines.
• World Health Organization (WHO) (International): Emergency trauma care guidelines for blunt thoracic, cranial, and ocular trauma.

ຄູ່ມືທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງ¶

• ຄວາມບໍ່ສະຫງົບຂອງພົນລະເມືອງ
• ຄວາມ​ຢູ່​ລອດ​ຂອງ​ຝູງ​ຊົນ ແລະ​ການ​ປະ​ທະ​ກັນ
• ການບາດເຈັບຕາ
• ການບາດເຈັບທີ່ຫົວ