I-Quick-Clay Landslides (Leda/Marine Clay): Ukuncibilika Kwe Ground Retrogressive Ngemizuzwana¶

Ngaphesheya kwamathafa asogwini ayeyiqhwa kanye nezigodi zemifula e-Norway (Trøndelag, Romerike/Gjerdrum, Oslofjord, and Nordland), Sweden (Göta Älv valley and Bohuslän), mpumalanga yeCanada (iSt. Lawrence, Ottawa, kanye neSaguenay yase-Ontario isigodi esisempumalanga ye-Ontario isigodi esisempumalanga ye-Quebec clay* noma Champlain Sea clay), Alaska (Anchorage/Bootlegger Cove formation), kanye inyakatho yeRussia, izigidi zamakhaya, amapulazi, imigwaqo emikhulu, nojantshi bezitimela kuhlala phezu kwebhomu lesikhathi sokuma kwezwe eliyingqayizivele: glaciomarine quick clay (kvikkleire in Norwegian in Norwegian, kvikkleire French) * kvikkleire French * Ibekwe phansi olwandle lwakudala lwangemuva kweqhwa eminyakeni engu-9,000 kuya kwengu-12,000 edlule futhi kamuva yaphakanyiswa ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle nge- isostatic crustal rebound, ubumba olusheshayo lubukeka futhi luzwakala njengenhlabathi eqinile, empunga inqobo nje uma ukwakheka kwayo kwamaminerali "indlu-yamakhadi" okungabonakali kungaphazamiseki. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi izinkulungwane zeminyaka zamanzi emvula ahlanzekile namanzi angaphansi komhlaba aye akhipha usawoti wasolwandle obophezelayo ophuma emanzini obumba obumba, ukuvevezela, ukuguguleka kwezinzwane zosebe lomfula, ukumba izakhiwo, noma imvula enamandla kungaphahlaza lolo hlaka lwamathambo amaminerali antekenteke ngengxenyana yomzuzwana. Ngokushesha isakhiwo sawo siyawa, inhlabathi eqinile enamanzi angamaphesenti angu-30 kuya kwangu-80 ishintsha ngokushesha ibe isobho eliwuketshezi elingenakunyakaziswa kanye nokuvumelana kwe-buttermilk elifudumele, idla ihlehla endaweni eyisicaba10 kuya ku-50 wamamitha ngomzuzu (33 kuya ku-165 amafithi ngomzuzu) ebhodleleni** eligcwele ibhodlela* elinogwaja oluphakeme* kanye namahlathi nezihlenga eziphelele izindlu ngamakhilomitha ezansi ezigodini (njengoba kubonakala e-Rissa 1978, Verdal 1893, kanye ne-Gjerdrum 2020 eNorway; i-Saint-Jean-Vianney 1971 kanye ne-Saint-Jude 2010 e-Quebec; kanye ne-Småröd 2006 kanye ne-Stenungsund 2 eSweden). Uma inhlabathi iqhekeka, iwa, noma iqala ukugeleza eduze kwakho, phuma ngokushesha futhi ushayele inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States naseCanada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union naseNorway, 999 e-United Kingdom) noma uhlole inkomba yethu izinombolo eziphuthumayo. Ukuze uthole izingozi ezihlobene ne-geological, funda imihlahlandlela yethu ku ukudilika komhlaba, ukudilika kodaka, nokugeleza kwemfucumfucu, ama-sinkhole kanye nokuwa komhlabathi kungazelelwe, inhlabathi yobumba enwebekayo iyanyakaza, ukuncipha kwesomiso, nokuqhekeka kwesisekelo, futhi ukuzamazama komhlaba ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba, ukungena kabusha kwebhilidi elilimele, nokuvalwa kwegesi.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Phatha noma yikuphi ukuqhekeka komhlaba okumise okwenkemba okungazelelwe, ukuwa kotshani okwehlayo, noma ukuwohloka kosebe lomfula okubhangqwe nezintambo zikagesi ezilokozayo noma amapayipi amanzi aqhumayo njenge-Quick-Clay Landslide esebenzayo: Izinhlekelele zobumba olusheshayo cishe njalo ziqala njengamamitha ayi-5 kuya kwayi-15 (amamitha ayi-5 kuya kwayi-15 ngaphambi kokwakhiwa, i-ravineek noma i-ravineek) inhlekelele indlela yokubuyela emuva edla amamitha angu-500 kuya kwangu-1,500 (amafidi angu-1,640 ukuya kwangu-5,000) epulazi eliyisicaba noma imigwaqo yokuhlala ngemuva kwayo phakathi nemizuzu emi-3 ukuya kweyi-15. Ungahlali upakisha izikhwama noma uhambise izimoto.
2. Phuma EMUVA PHAMBILI (emaceleni / ngokuhambisana nomfula wasekuqaleni noma umfula) uye ngasezindaweni eziphakeme zedwala, UNGALOKOTHI uqonde emuva usuka eduze komugqa we-crater okhulayo: Ngoba isilayidi sobumba esisheshayo esibuyela emuva sidla sibheke emuva ngqo (phezulu-umthambeka noma ngokuphambana nosebe lomfula) eduze kwebhodlela lobumba eligqitshwe emanzini ngenkathi ligeleza liphuma ekujuleni kwesivinini. ubuso bewa obuhlehlayo bukugcina ungaphakathi ngqo endleleni yocezu lwenhlabathi oluwayo olulandelayo. Sprint 90 degrees laterally (maceleni) out of depression towards ebonakalayo **igwadule eliveziwe/amagquma edwala ** noma amagquma e-moraine anamahlathi uze okungenani ube 300 kuya ku-500 wamamitha (1,000 kuya ku-1,640 amafidi) kude nomphetho we-crater.
3. Ungalokothi uhambe, ushayele, noma ugijimele odakeni olumpunga olusanda kuncibilika ukuze uhlenge othile noma ubuyise impahla: Ubumba olusheshayo olubunjwe kabusha lunamandla okugunda angaphansi*** kwamakhilopascal angu-0.5** (cishe umthamo othwala iqanda) kanye nokuminyana okungamagremu angu-1.6 kuya ku-1.8 i-cubic centimitha ngayinye, ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezicijile ezintantayo. Ukusuka endaweni eqinile ungene emgodini wobumba osheshayo kusho ukucwila ngokushesha uze ufike esifubeni sakho noma phezu kwekhanda lakho endaweni ebandayo, efana nosimende empunga okungenakwenzeka ukuzikhipha.
4. Uma indlu yakho ivele yatsheka, yehle, noma iqala "i-rafting" (entantayo iphelele) phezu komfula onobumba osheshayo, HLALA NGAPHAKATHI esitezi esingaphezulu noma elisesitezi esiphezulu kuze kube yilapho ukunyakaza kuma: Amarekhodi okusinda omlando kusukela ngo-1971 e-Saint-Jean-Vianney (Quebec), 1978 Rissa0, Norway, Gjerd-20 Quick ukudilika komhlaba kufakazela ukuthi izindlu zohlaka lwamapulangwe ezihlezi phezu koqweqwe olungaguquki zintanta futhi zishelele njengezikebhe phezu kobumba oluwuketshezi olungezansi. Abantu abethukayo futhi bagxumele emnyango noma efasiteleni eliphansi ngesikhathi inhlabathi inyakaza bagwinywa ngokushesha futhi bachotshozwe phakathi kwamabhulokhi azungezayo oqweqwe olungaphezulu omile nezihlahla. Hlala esitezi esiphezulu noma esikhaleni sophahla, uqhelelane noshimula bezitini, futhi usebenzise ithoshi leselula kanye nekhwela ukuqondisa amaqembu okutakula anophephela emhlane.
5. Uma ushayela ebusuku lapho umgwaqo ushona phansi noma utshekile, yima ngokushesha, shiya imoto uma umhlabathi usalokhu umile, noma ugibele ophahleni lwemoto uma uzungezwe udaka oluwuketshezi: Phakathi no-1971 iSaint-Jean-Vianney kanye no-2006 Småröd (E6 highway, Sweden) abagibeli bezimoto bezungeza isivinini esisha ebusuku kwakheka iwa le-crater engamamitha angama-30 (amafidi ayi-100) ebumnyameni kanye nenkungu. Uma ubona amalambu aqhamukayo enyamalala ebheke phansi ngokuzumayo noma izigxobo zosizo zinqamuka emugqeni, shaya amabhuleki, uhlehle noma ujike uhlehle ubheke phezu kwedwala, bese uvala umgwaqo amamitha angu-500 emuva ngama-hazard flare ukuze umise abashayeli abezayo.
6. Phuma esigodini somfula ongezansi ngokushesha uma isilayidi sobumba olusheshayo silahla izigidi zamathani obumba emiseleni yomfula: Ukudilika kwenhlabathi okunobumba olusheshayo kudala ingozi ekabili yomfula: okokuqala, njengoba izigidi zama-cubic metres zobumba zicwila echibini noma e-fjord (njengase-Rissa ngo-1978, lapho u-6snen3 million cubic metres), ukukhiqiza ama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingu-6 amamitha angu-8 (amafidi ayi-10 kuye kwangama-26) ukufuduka kwe-tsunami** emanzini; okwesibili, lakha idamu lobumba lesikhashana ngaphesheya komfula elisekela ichibi lezikhukhula elijulile enhla nomfula ngaphambi kokubhodloza ngendlela eyinhlekelele ezansi nomfula.

Isihlahla sesinqumo: ukudilika kobumba olusheshayo kanye nokusinda kwe-crater ebuyela emuva¶

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I-Geotechnical anatomy yenhlekelele yobumba esheshayo: indlela yokubona indawo kanye nemishini¶

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ukudilika kwenhlabathi kobumba olusheshayo kungenzi lutho njengamadwala avamile entaba noma ama-mudslides egquma acwiliswe yimvula, onjiniyela be-geotechnical bakuchaza ngamamethrikhi amathathu: sensitivity (\(S_t\)), amandla okugunda alungisiwe (\(c_{ur}\)), kanye nokuthi ukuhlehla.

1. Yini echaza "ubumba olusheshayo" kumakhenikha womhlabathi?¶

• Ukuzwela (\(S_t \ge 30\umbhalo{ kuya ku-}>500\)): Kobunjiniyela be-geotechnical, ukuzwela kobumba isilinganiso salo amandla alo okugunda angaphazamiseki (ukuthi luqine kangakanani ngaphambi kokuba lunyakaziswe noma lugundwe) kanye** namandla alo okugunda** abuyiselwe emuva (ukuthi luqine kangakanani noma lushukunyiswa). Ubumba oluvamile lunozwela lokungu-2 kuya ku-4. Ukuze luchazwe ngokuthi ubumba olusheshayo ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ze-Norwegian (NGI) kanye ne-Canadian geotechnical, ubumba kufanele lube nokuzwela okungu-30 noma ngaphezulu (ngokuvamile kufinyelela ku-100 kuya ku-500+) KANYE ne *shear egundiwe kabusha engu-0.5amandla amakhilogremu angaphansi kuka-0 cal. uma isiphazamisekile, igeleza njengesobho eliwuketshezi ngaphansi kwesisindo salo emithambekeni eyisicaba njengo 1 kuya ku-2 degrees).
• Umthetho Womngcele "we-Marine Limit": Ubumba olusheshayo lungaba kuphela ngaphansi komlando wangaphambi komlando ugu oluphakeme kakhulu lwangemuva kweqhwa (i-Marine Limit, noma i-Marin Grense) lapho ulwandle lwasendulo lweqhwa lwalugcwala izwekazi elicindezelekile njengoba kuncibilika iqhwa laseLaurentide ne-Fennoscandian:
• E-Norway (Oslo, Romerike, Drammen, Trondheim/Trøndelag), umkhawulo wasolwandle uhlala kufika ku-180 kuya ku-220 amamitha (590 kuya ku-720 amafidi) ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle lwanamuhla.
• E-Sweden (Göta Älv, Bohuslän, Värmland), ifinyelela amamitha angu-100 kuya kwangu-175 (330 kuya ku-575 amafidi) ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
• E-Quebec nasempumalanga ye-Ontario, eCanada* (Ottawa, Montreal, Gatineau, Trois-Rivières, Saguenay / Lac-Saint-Jean), uLwandle lwase-Champlain kanye noLwandle lwaseLaflamme** lwasendulo lwafaka ubumba lwe-Leda lwafika ku-180 kuya ku-200 wamamitha (amafidi angama-590 kuye kwangama-650) ngaphezu kolwandle.
• Iqiniso Eliyinhloko Lokusinda: Noma iyiphi eveziwe i-bedrock knoll eqinile noma indawo etholakala ngaphezu komkhawulo wendawo Wasolwandle ivikeleke ngamaphesenti angu-100 ekuncibilikeni kobumba olusheshayo.

2. Yakha kanjani i-Retrogressive "Bottleneck" Crater emizuzwini emi-5¶

Iningi labantu licabanga ukuthi ukudilika komhlaba kusongela kuphela izindlu ezimi onqenqemeni lwegquma. Ubumba olusheshayo aluhambisani nalo mthetho: lubhidliza izindlu ezihlezi endaweni eyisicaba engamamitha angu-500 kuya kwangu-1,000 (amafidi angu-1,640 kuya kwangu-3,300) emuva ukusuka osebeni lomfula ongashoni: 1. Isigaba 1: I-Initial Toe Trigger (Ukuguguleka Komfula noma Ukugcwala Komuntu): Umfudlana omncane noma umfula uguguleka kancane kancane phansi (uzwane) wosebe lobumba olungamamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama, noma usonkontileka ulahla inqwaba yokungcola/itshe elimbiwe phezulu onqenqemeni lwethambeka noma uqhubezela izinqwaba zezisekelo. 2. Isigaba 2: Ucezu Lokuqala Lunyibilikisa Futhi Luthulule Ukusekela: Ukuwohloka okuncane kokuqala okujikelezayo kwehlela emfudlaneni. Ukugunda okunodlame kwaleyo mfucumfucu kulungisa ungqimba lobumba olusheshayo olugqitshwe odakeni oluwuketshezi. Ngenxa yokuthi udaka luwuketshezi ngokuphelele, lugeleza ngokushesha luphume emgodini lwehle ngomfudlana, lushiye udonga lobumba olume mpo olusanda kudalulwa ngemuva kwalo amaphesenti angu-100 angasekelwe. 3. Isiteji sesi-3: Ukukhipha Okuhlehlayo kwe-Retrogressive Chain-Reaction: Ngaphandle kokusekelwa okuhlangene, isikhafu esime mpo esisanda kudalulwa siqhekeka amamitha angu-10 (amafidi angu-33) ukuya emuva, sehle, sincibilike kumthelela, futhi sigeleze siphume ngembobo ewumngcingo yokuqala (ibhodlela). Ucezu ngemva kocezu luhluleka ukuya emuva ethafeni eliyisicaba njalo ngemizuzwana emi-5 kuya kweyi-15 (ukuhlehla), ukunwebeka ngaphandle kube umgodi omkhulu omise okwepheya noma omise okwesitsha ofinyelela kumakhilomitha angu-1 ukuya kwangu-2 ububanzi kuyilapho izigidi zamathani obumba oluwuketshezi nezindlu ezintantayo zithululwa entanyeni ewumngcingo njengesihlabathi ngengilazi yehora.

Ukuqhathanisa: I-Quick-Clay Landslide vs Ordinary Rainfall Mudslide vs Karst Sinkhole vs Seismic Sand Liquefaction¶

Izimpawu ezinhlanu eziyisixwayiso zesandulela kanye nezinto ezibangeli abantu okumelwe neze uzibe¶

Ngenkathi isigaba sokugcina sokuncibilika kwesilayidi sobumba olusheshayo sithatha imizuzwana nje ukuya emaminithini, uphenyo lwangemva kwenhlekelele yesilayidi 2020 Gjerdrum (Buza) eNorway (esibulale abantu abayi-10 futhi sacekela phansi amakhaya angu-31 ngo-04:00 AM ngoDisemba 30), 2023 Stenung0 slide ephezulu, e-Ede 2023 Stenungs I-Saint-Jude slide e-Quebec*, kanye ne- 1978 Rissa slide e-Norway kuveza izexwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi ezibucayi nezibangeli zomuntu:

1. Isiqalo Somuntu #1: Ukulahla Umhlabathi Ombiwe Phezulu Kwethambeka¶

Enhlekeleleni edumile yango-1978 e-Rissa, e-Norway (ebanjwe ifilimu umthwebuli wezithombe oyimfundamakhwela u-Kjell秀/Ingar), umlimi wemba ukungcola okungama-cubic metres angama-700 ukuze anwebe inqolobane futhi wanqwabelanisa inhlabathi embiwe ngasogwini lweLake Botnen. Lowo mthwalo wenhlawulo engeziwe uphushe ubumba olusheshayo olungaphansi lwadlula ingcindezi yesivuno, kwaqala isilayidi esincibilikisa 330,000 wamamitha-skwele (amahektha angama-82) wendawo yokulima emizuzwini emi-5. Ngokufanayo, 2023 Stenungsund E6 motorway landslide eSweden idalwe yinqwaba yamatshe aqhumile kanye nokugcwaliswa kokwakha okubekwe phezu komthambeka wobumba ozwelayo. - Umthetho Wempahla Engaphulwa Ezindaweni Zobumba Olusheshayo: Uma uhlala endaweni enemephu enobumba e-Norway, e-Sweden, e-Quebec, e-Ontario, noma e-Alaska, ungalokothi unqwabelanise ukungcola okumbiwe, amatshe, izindonga zamadwala, noma ichibi lokubhukuda gcwalisa eduze komkhawulo ophezulu womfula, umfula ogelezayo, noma i-stelepeverca phansi (uzwane) womthambeko* ngaphandle kokubala kokuqina kobunjiniyela be-geotechnical.

2. Ukuguguleka Komfula Okungavamile kanye Nokuwohloka Kwebhange Elincane elithi "Harbinger".¶

Ezinsukwini noma emahoreni angaphambi kwamaslayidi enhlekelele ka-2020 Gjerdrum (Norway) kanye no-1971 Saint-Jean-Vianney (Quebec), izakhamuzi zibone amanzi ezikhukhula ansundu ngokuvalele ngokungavamile kanye nokuwa kodaka okungamamitha angu-3 kuya kwayi-10 (10-to-33-foot) evikini elinamandla ekwindla/ekwindla. Ezindaweni ezinobumba olusheshayo, ukuwohloka okuncane kosebe lomfula akukona ukuphela komcimbi: kungukuthi ukudonsa kwephinikhodi kubhomu okususa ukusekela kozwane kuyo yonke inkangala engaphezulu kwayo.

3. I-Concentric Tension Cracks, Imigqa Yensiza Yokunqamula, Nezihlahla Ezitshekayo¶

• Ukuqhekeka kwe-turf eyehlayo: Ukuvuleka okumise okwe-Crescent emigwaqweni yetiyela, emigwaqweni yokushayela, noma iqhwa/utshani obungamamitha angu-10 ukuya kwangu-50 emuva ukusuka onqenqemeni lwemithambeka.
• Ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinsiza kungazelelwe ngaphambi nje kokuduma: Ngenxa yokuthi amapayipi amanzi agqitshiwe, amapayipi endle, kanye nezintambo zikagesi ezingaphansi komhlaba noma ngaphezulu ziwela umngcele wokuwohloka kokuqala, uphawu lokuqala ngqa ngaphakathi endlini ebusuku luvame ukuthi izibani ezibanizayo futhi zicime, i-arc ye-transformer eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ikhanya ngaphandle kwefasitela, ukulahlekelwa umfutho wamanzi kampompi, kanye nokuzwakala okuphansi, okuvevezela kwesitimela okuvevezela njengokuduma kwesitimela uphahla.

4. Yini okufanele uyenze uma uvaleleke ngaphakathi endlini eshanele emgodini ("Clay Rafting")¶

NgoDisemba 30, 2020 i-Gjerdrum quick-clay slide eNorway kanye ne-May 10, 2010 Saint-Jude slide eQuebec (lapho umndeni wabane wawuvaleleke phakathi kwekhaya lawo ngaphansi kwe-crater engamamitha angama-40), zonke izindlu zehla ngamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-30 ukusuka phezulu kuya kumamitha angama-40 iqinile phezu "kwesihlenga" sobumba olomile olungaphezulu. - Kungani kufanele uhlale ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sendlu: Iphansi le-crater yobumba olusha olusheshayo i-maze ebulalayo yamachibi obumba oketshezi olujula ngamamitha angu-15, izinsimbi zophahla eziphahlazeke ngokucijile, ezihlala phansi imigqa yamandla kagesi aphezulu, kanye ne-40-metres enyakazayo yobumba yobude obungaguquki amawa obumba aqhubeka ekrazula amawa amasha** imizuzu. - Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukusinda ngaphakathi kwekhaya elisusiwe: 1. Vala ama-valve egesi/propane nama-circuit breaker uma kufinyeleleka ngokuphephile ngaphandle kokwehla endaweni engaphansi echotshoziwe. 2. Gqoka amajazi asindayo asebusika, amabhuzu, izigqoko, namagilavu ​​ngokushesha bese uthatha izingubo zokulala zoboya noma ama-duvet (izindlu ezidatshulwe izisekelo zazo eNorway, eSweden, noma eCanada ebusika ziphole zibe yiqhwa phakathi nemizuzu engu-30). 3. Hambisa igumbi eliphezulu kakhulu eliphelele, elingaphansi, noma uphahla olubheke kude nodonga lwamawa oluhlehlayo oluhlehlayo: Uma i-sleb ehlehlayo yesibili iwela odongeni lwewa elingemva kwendlu yakho, izodudula igagasi lodaka ohlangothini olukhuphukayo lwesakhiwo. 4. Shayela ku-112 / 911 ngokushesha, hlala kulayini, bese uzulisa ithoshi elikhanyayo, isikrini sefoni, noma ishidi elinemibala egqamile efasiteleni elingaphezulu noma ukukhanya kwesibhakabhaka: Ezinhlekeleleni ezinobumba olusheshayo, izicishamlilo eziphansi azikwazi ukungena emgodini amahora kuze kube yilapho onjiniyela be-geotechnical baqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlehla kumile noma babeka phansi ibhuloho le-lightwood. Cishe zonke izingcaphuno zokuqala ezisindisa ukuphila zenziwa kusukela emoyeni izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zokusesha nezokusindisa ezehlisa umuntu obhukudayo ngentambo yokuphakamisa insimbi ophahleni noma efasiteleni eliphezulu lendlu.

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo zesifunda kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-ejensi¶

• Norway: Shayela u-112* (Ukuxhumanisa Amaphoyisa / Ukuhlenga) noma 110 (Umlilo Nokuhlenga) ngokushesha. Umkhuzi Wesigameko Samaphoyisa (Innsatsleder) ngokushesha wazisa Isikhungo Sokuxhumanisa Esihlanganyelwe (JRCC / Hovedredningssentralen) ukuthi sixabane izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezingu-330 Squadron SAR kanye **Iqembu le-USAR (I-Urban Search and Rescue)**, eduze ne-Norwegian24 Water Resources/NVEll Energy Services and Norwegian24 Water Resources) Umsebenzi (Jordskredvakta, +47 22 95 93 60) kanye ne-Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) yokuhlola ukuqina kwe-crater ngesikhathi sangempela.
• I-Sweden: Shayela u-112* (I-SOS Alarm) ukuze uthumele izindiza ze-Fire & Rescue zikamasipala (Räddningstjänsten), izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ze-Swedish Maritime Administration SAR, kanye Ne-Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI, Statens geotekniska institut 24/7 isikhulu esiphuthumayo somsebenzi ophuthumayo)
• Canada (i-Quebec ne-Ontario): Shayela u-911* (noma 310-4141 / *4141 okwe-Sûreté du Québec). E-Quebec, ukuvikelwa komphakathi kamasipala kwenza kusebenze ngokushesha i-Ministère de la Sécurité publique (MSP) kanye Ne-Ministère des Transports et de la Mobilité durable (MTMD) Geotechnical Emergency Team; e-Ontario, i-911 ithumela amathimba wendawo we-Fire-Rescue/USAR kanye nokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo zesifundazwe.
• I-United States (Alaska): Shayela u-911* ukuze uthumele i-Fire-Rescue kamasipala, i-Alaska State Troopers, kanye ne-Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS) / USGS Landslide Hazards Program*.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Kuyini “ubumba olusheshayo” (ubumba lweLeda), futhi kungani luphenduka lusuka emhlabathini oluqinile lube umfula owuketshezi ngemizuzwana?¶

Ubumba olusheshayo ubumba lwe-glaciomarine olufakwe olwandle olusogwini olunosawoti ekupheleni kwe-Ice Age yokugcina (eminyakeni engu-9,000 kuya kwezingu-12,000 edlule) olwaphakanyiswa kamuva ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle njengoba uqweqwe lomhlaba luphindaphinda ngemva kokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa. Lapho izinhlayiya zobumba ekuqaleni zizinza emanzini anosawoti, ama-ion e-sodium ne-magnesium abangela ukuba ama-flakes obumba anamathele ndawonye esakhiweni esivulekile "sendlu yamakhadi" esivale amanzi angamaphesenti angu-60 kuya kwangu-70 ngaphakathi kwezimbotshana ezincane. Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka emhlabeni owomile, amanzi emvula ahlanzekile ayegeza usawoti odakeni, eshiya leyondlu yamakhadi egcwele amanzi ilinganisela kahle. Lapho ukwehla kosebe lomfula, umthwalo osindayo wokwakha, noma ukudlidliza kwephula izibopho phakathi kwama-flakes obumba, indlu yekhadi iyawa ngokushesha, idedele wonke amanzi ambotshana avaleleke futhi iphendule inhlabathi eqinile ibe udaka olugelezayo ngaphandle kokwengeza iconsi elilodwa lamanzi amasha.

Kungani kufanele ngigijime ngibheke emaceleni (eceleni) kunokuba ngiqonde emuva ngisuke ku-crater yobumba esheshayo?¶

Ngokungafani nokudilika komhlaba okuvamile kwegquma okuwa kanye bese kuma, ukudilika kobumba olusheshayo **kuyabuyela emuva**: njengoba ucezu lokuqala lobumba luncibilika futhi lugeleze luphumele esigodini somfula, lushiya iwa elimile eliwumqansa, elingasekelwe ngemuva kwalo, eliqhekeka futhi liwe ngokushesha ngamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20 njalo ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa libuyele emhlabathini. Ezinhlekeleleni ezibhalwe phansi, i-crater rim idle iqonde emuva ibheke emfuleni amamitha angama-500 kuye kwayi-1,500 (kufika kumayela) ngesivinini sokugijima. Ukugijima uqonde uhlehle emuva usuka eweni kukugcina uqonde ngaphakathi kwendlela yomgodi okhulayo, kuyilapho ukugijima ngama-degree angu-90 eceleni (emaceleni, ngokuhambisana nomfudlana wasekuqaleni noma umfula) ubheke egqumeni ledwala elivulekile likuyisa ngaphandle komsele wobumba olwandle ogqitshiwe.

Kungani abantu abangaphakathi ezindlini ezishibilike ngamamitha angu-300 endaweni yokudilika kwenhlabathi yaseGjerdrum naseRissa basinde, kuyilapho abantu abagxumela ngaphandle befa?¶

Ezindaweni ezinobumba olusheshayo, inhlabathi engaphezulu engamamitha angu-1 ukuya kwangu-3 (3.3 kuya ku-10) inhlabathi iguquguquka ibe uqweqwe lobumba oluqinile, olomile oluxhunywe nezimpande zesihlahla nezisekelo zendlu, kuyilapho ubumba oluwuketshezi olumanzi lujula ngokujulile ngaphansi komhlaba (3 kuya ku-25 amamitha phansi). Lapho ubumba olujulile olusheshayo luncibilika, izindlu ezakhiwe ngokhuni ezihlezi phezu koqweqwe olungaphezulu zivame ukuntanta futhi zishibilike njengezihlenga phezu komfula wobumba ogelezayo. Abagibeli abahlala ngaphakathi esitezi sesibili noma ophahleni bahlala ngaphezu kodaka olumanzi oluminyanisayo kuze kube yilapho izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zokusesha nezokutakula zibaphakamisa zisuka ophahleni, kuyilapho noma ubani ophuma ngomnyango osezingeni eliphansi angene esilayidini esinyakazayo amuncwa ngaso leso sikhathi ngaphansi kodaka olumpunga oluminyene noma agaywe phakathi kwama-sleb okugaya oqweqwe olungaphezulu omile.

Ingabe umninikhaya angakwazi ngengozi ukubangela ukudilika kobumba olusheshayo okuyinhlekelele ngokulungiswa kwegceke noma ukumba?¶

Yebo. Eziningana zezinhlekelele ezinkulu zobumba ezisheshayo emlandweni, okuhlanganisa nokudilika kwenhlabathi eRissa ngo-1978 eNorway, zabangelwa izakhiwo zomhlaba ezibonakala zincane, njengokunqwabelanisa ama-cubic metres angamakhulu ambalwa odoti olumbiwe wengobo eduze nogu lwechibi noma ukusika ithala elincane ngaphansi komhosha. Ukwengeza ukungcola okusindayo, izindonga zamatshe, noma izinqwaba zenhlabathi emaphethelweni aphezulu emithambekeni kwandisa ingcindezi yokugunda okuya phansi, kuyilapho ukumba phansi (uzwane) komthambeka kususa i-counterweight ebambe ibhange lobumba endaweni yalo. Ezindaweni ezinobumba olusheshayo ezifakwe kumephu e-Norway, e-Sweden, nase-Quebec, imithetho eqinile yokwakha iyakwenqabela ukunyakaza komhlabathi noma ukushintsha amamaki omthambeka ngaphandle kwemvume yobunjiniyela be-geotechnical eqinisekisiwe.

Kungani izicishamlilo zingakwazi ukungena nezitebhisi ukuhlenga abantu emgodini onobumba osheshayo ngemva kokuma kwesilayidi?¶

Ubumba olusanda kwakhiwa kabusha olusheshayo ngaphakathi komgodi wokudilika komhlaba lunamandla okugunda eduze kukaziro, okusho ukuthi alukwazi ukuthwala isisindo sonyawo lomuntu, isitebhisi, noma ngisho nemoto ehamba yonke indawo. Noma ubani osuka emhlabathini oqinile odakeni olumpunga uzika okhalweni lwakhe noma phezu kwekhanda lakhe endaweni ebanda kakhulu, enodaka lobumba oluminyene olusebenza njengosimende omanzi futhi ludale isivalu esingenakunqamuka emilenzeni nasesifubeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amawa obumba aqondile angamamitha angama-20 kuye kwangamamitha angama-40 azungeze i-crater ayaqhubeka nokuwisa ama-slabs abuyela emuva ngaphandle kwesixwayiso. Kungakho ukuhlenga kokuqala kuncike kumawintshi okuphakama kwendiza enophephela emhlane, okulandelwa amaqembu akhethekile e-USAR abeka phansi amabhuloho amade axhumene antantayo kanye nomata abaphefumulayo eziqhingini ezizinzile.

Iluphi usizo lokuqala abasindile abasindile odakeni olubandayo olusheshayo oludingayo?¶

Izisulu ezikhishwe emgodini onobumba osheshayo zihlushwa izimo eziphuthumayo ezintathu zezokwelapha ngokushesha: **i-hypothermia enamandla** (ubumba lwasolwandle olungcwatshwe eScandinavian naseCanada luhlala endaweni engaguquki engu-4 kuya ku-7 degrees Celsius [39 kuya ku-45 degrees Fahrenheit] unyaka wonke), **ukuvinjwa kwendlela yokuphefumula kanye ne-aspiration pneumonitis** nokuphuma emlonyeni, i-clay singhaling kanye nokulimala emlonyeni. I-compartment syndrome** ekugudluzeni izingodo zendlu noma amabhlogo enhlabathi. Ubumba olumpunga olucacile emlonyeni, ekhaleni, nasemasweni ngokushesha ngamanzi ahlanzekile noma usawoti, sika izingubo ezimanzi ezinodaka olusindayo ngaphakathi kwe-ambulensi eshisayo noma indawo yokukhosela, usonge isiguli ngezingubo zokulala ezomile ezishisayo, bese usihambisa esikhungweni sokuhlukumezeka. Ukuthatha inkambo yosizo lokuqala eqinisekisiwe kanye ne-CPR evela kwa-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, noma umhlinzeki wendawo kukulungiselela ukusiza ekuqulweni kwenhlekelele.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Ukudilika kwenhlabathi, ukudilika kodaka, nokugeleza kwemfucumfucu ukuphuma
• Ama-sinkholes kanye nokusinda ngokuzumayo kokuwa komhlabathi
• Inhlabathi yobumba enwetshiwe iyanyakaza, isomiso sinciphe, nokuqhekeka kwesisekelo
• Ukuzamazama komhlaba ngemva kokuzamazama, ukungena kabusha kwebhilidi elilimele, nokuvalwa kwegesi

Imithombo neziqondiso ezisemthethweni¶

• I-Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE, Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat) kanye ne-Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI): Sikkerhet mot kvikkleireskred (Safety Against Quick-Clay Landslides: NVE Guideline 1/2019, Retrord0 Metrong Bottleline, Retro-2019, Retro-2019, Retro-2019, Retro-2019, Retro-2019, Retro-2019, Retro-2019, kanye ne-2019. / Rissa 1978 Imibiko yeKhomishini).
• I-Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI, Statens geotekniska institut) kanye ne-Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB): Skredrisker i kvicklera (Ukuhlola Ubungozi be-Quick-Clay Landslide, Uphenyo lwe-Göta Älv, kanye Nosesho Nokusindisa) I-Crater Protocols.
• I-Ministère de la Sécurité publique du Québec (MSP) kanye ne-Geological Survey yase-Canada (GSC / Natural Resources Canada): I-Marine Clay Ebucayi (Leda / Champlain Sea Clay) Ukumepha I-Retrogressive Landslide Hazard, Imithetho Yokubuyela Emuva Kweslope, Nemihlahlandlela Yezimpendulo Eziphuthumayo.
• I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) kanye ne-Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys (DGGS): I-Sensitive Glaciomarine Clay Failure Mechanics (i-Bootlegger Cove Formation, Anchorage, Alaska) kanye ne-Ground Liquefaction Triage.
• Inhlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yemishini Yomhlaba kanye Nobunjiniyela Bendawo (ISSMGE): Izimpawu Ze-Geotechnical kanye Nezinkomba Zokuqala Zezixwayiso Zobumba Oluzwelayo Nolusheshayo (Ukuzwela \(S_t \ge 30\) namandla E-Shear Alungisiwe Kabusha \(<0.5\text{kPa}\) Amazinga).