I-Coastal Cliff Undercutting, Sea-Cave Wave Entrapment, kanye ne-Deep Sand-Hole Collapse¶

Ngasogwini lolwandle, ulwandle, kanye ne-Great Lakes, izingozi ezintathu ezingazelelwe ze-geotechnical kanye ne-hydrodynamic zibulala inqwaba yabantu abavakashela ogwini, izingane, nabaqwali bezintaba minyaka yonke, ngokuvamile ngezikhathi zantambama ezolile, nelanga lapho amanzi ebonakala ephephile. Okokuqala, imbobo yesihlabathi ejulile yolwandle kanye nokuwa komhubhe wesihlabathi kungcwaba izingane eziningi kanye nabantu abadala abancane bephila kunokuhlasela oshaka: lapho isihlabathi solwandle esimanzi soma noma sidlula ubude bamadolo (amasentimitha angu-50 kuya kwangu-60 [20 kuya ku-24 amayintshi]), kulahlekelwa ukuhlangana kwe-capillary kanye nama-liquefies angu-60 amakhilogremu angu-60 imitha (amakhilogremu angu-100 ku-cubic foot) yesihlabathi esiminyene, esingenamoya esizungeze isifuba somuntu ohlukunyezwayo ukuze wonke umoya ophefumulelwe ubambe isihlabathi siqine kakhulu (ukuphefumula umoya ocindezelayo). Okwesibili, i-coastal bluff undercutting and cantilevered cliff overhangs kwehlisela izinkulungwane zamathani e-sandstone, ushoki, noma iqhwa kuze kufike emabhishi ngezansi phakathi nemizuzwana engu-2 yokuqhekeka. Okwesithathu, igagasi elingenayo kanye nokucindezelwa kwamaza amateki ngaphakathi kwemigede yolwandle nama-pocket coves kuvala abahloli ngokumelene nezindonga zamatshe aqondile futhi kuphendule imigede yolwandle emincane ibe amagumbi episton yomoya. Uma noma ubani egqitshwe esihlabathini, eshaywe yiwa, noma ebanjwe amagagasi akhuphukayo emhumeni wolwandle, shayela inombolo yakho yezimo eziphuthumayo yasendaweni ngokushesha (911 e-United States naseCanada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) noma uhlole inkomba yethu yomhlaba wonke izinombolo eziphuthumayo. Ngezimo eziphuthumayo ezihlobene nogu, funda imihlahlandlela yethu ku amagagasi amateki, ukushanela kwamadwala asogwini, nokungena kwe-cove tide entrapment, ama-rip currents nezimo eziphuthumayo zamanzi olwandle, ukuncibilika kwe-permafrost, ukuguguleka kogu, nokuwa kwamawa, futhi ukuwa kwesikafula, umhume womsele, nokuwa kokwakhiwa.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Ungalokothi umbe umgodi wesihlabathi solwandle ujule kunobude bedolo lomuntu omfushane kakhulu ogwini (ubukhulu obungamasentimitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-60 [amayintshi angu-20 kuya kwangu-24]), futhi UNGALOKOTHI umbe imihubhe evundlile exhuma izimbobo zesihlabathi ezimbili. Uma ubona izingane noma intsha ihlezi, iguqile, noma imi ngaphakathi komgodi ofinyelela esifubeni emhubheni noma emhubheni ojulile. ibhange, likhiphe ngokushesha futhi lingene ezindongeni likude nebanga eliphephile ngaphambi kokuba lihambe.
2. Uma imbobo yesihlabathi noma ubuso bendunduma buwela phezu kothile, shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 ngokushesha, susa bonke abaseduze konqenqema, futhi umbe umgodi obanzi, owehlelayo uye ngaphandle ukusuka phakathi nendawo usebenzisa izandla, amabhodi ama-boogie board, noma amabhakede. klzzwxh:0034 umgodi wokugoqa futhi **ungalinge usebenzise amafosholo ensimbi ma amafosholo acijile ngobumpumputhe uze uthole ikhanda lalowo ohlukunyezwayo ngandla. Yembula ikhanda, ikhala, umlomo, kanye lonke udonga lwesifuba kuze kufike okhalweni ngokushesha okukhulu ukuze izimbambo zikhule ukuze ziphefumule; ukwembula ikhala lesisulu kuyilapho umzimba waso usala ugqitshwe esihlabathini esingamakhilogremu angu-900 (amakhilogremu angu-2,000) kusaphumela ekuphefumuleni okubulalayo phakathi kwemizuzu emi-3 kuya kwemi-5.
3. Hlala okungenani izikhathi ezingu-1.5 ukuya kwezingu-2 ubude bewa kude nesisekelo sanoma iyiphi i-bluff ewugu engumqansa, futhi uhlale okungenani amamitha angu-5 (amafidi angu-16) emuva kusukela onqenqemeni oluphezulu lwanoma yiliphi iwa. Ungalokothi welule ithawula lakho lolwandle, beka itende lelanga, noma ukhose emthunzini ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwewa elingasogwini noma ugxume phezulu esihlabathini. Bheka isihlabathi solwandle ezinyaweni zakho: uma ubona izinqwaba ezintsha zedwala eliyi-angular talus, amahlule othuli, noma amabhulokhi oshoki ahlezi phezu kwesihlabathi solwandle esinamagagasi aphezulu, lolo buso bewa buyazala.
4. Uma uzwa amatshe aqhekeka, aqhumayo, noma agelezayo evela eweni elingasogwini ngenkathi uhamba ogwini, gijima uqonde ngaselwandle, UNGALINGE uhambisane nesisekelo sewa. Amawa abhidlikayo awela ulwandle aphumele ngaphandle ngaphesheya kolwandle ngamakhilomitha angu-50 kuya kwangu-80 ngehora (amamayela angu-30 kuya kwangu-50 ngehora). Ukugijima ngokuhambisana eduze nesisekelo kukugcina ungaphakathi kwendawo yokudonsa ewumugqa, kuyilapho ukugijima uqonde emanzini kukuhambisa uzwane wendawo yokuphuma kwemfucumfucu ngemizuzwana.
5. Ngaphambi kokungena kunoma yimuphi umhume wasolwandle, i-tidal arch, noma i-pocket beach ene-cliff-backed, hlola ithebula le-tide lasendaweni bese ushiya okungenani amahora angu-2 ngaphambi kokuba amagagasi aphansi aphendukele ezikhukhuleni ezingenayo. Ungalokothi ungene emhumeni wolwandle uma ukukhukhumala kolwandle kuphuka eduze nomnyango noma uma uphahla lomhume luphansi kunomugqa onamagagasi aphezulu olwandle nolwandle.
6. klzzwxh:0041 Umlomo womhume wolwane ugxilisa amagagasi angenayo ezindongeni zamadwala ezimbozwe ngezingodo. Uma umgede omude, onesilingi ephansi wasolwandle ungenalo iphakethe lomoya eliphakeme ngemuva futhi amagagasi avaleka indawo yokungena ngokuphelele, qinisa ngokumelene nokucindezela komoya okuphefumulayo bese ubambelela kumatshe aqinile ngaphezu komugqa wokuhlinza.

Isihlahla sesinqumo: ukungcwatshwa kwemigodi yesihlabathi, ukubhidlika kwewa, nokuvaleleka komhume wolwandle¶

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Coastal Geotechnical noma i-Tidal Entrapment Emergency"] --> HazardType{"Isiphi isimo esiphuthumayo sasogwini esenzekayo njengamanje?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. UKUGOQUKA KWESISANDABA SASEBHESHI NOMA UKUGOQUKA: Umuntu Ungcwatshwe Ngaphansi Kwesihlabathi"| SandCollapse["UMGOMO WOKUKHISHWA KWE-SAND-HOLE: 1. Shayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 futhi umemeze ku-Beach Lifeguards ngokushesha 2. Phusha bonke ababukele okungenani u-3 m (10 ft) emuva ukusuka emgodini womgodi 3. Sabalalisa isisindo somhlengi emabhodini e-boogie, ama-surfboard, noma izihlalo zasolwandle ezinwetshiwe phakathi nezihlalo ezi-4 zolwandle. amabhakede (awekho amafosholo ensimbi eduze kwekhanda) 5. Sula isihlabathi ebusweni KANYE NEsifuba/isisu esigcwele ngokushesha; qala ukuphefumula kokuhlenga/CPR"]

    HazardType -->|"2. UKWEHLULEKA KWE-COASTAL CLIFF NOMA BLUFF: Rockfall, Overhang Drop, noma Top-Edge Slump"| CliffWhere{"Ingabe usebhishi noma phezulu eweni?"}

    CliffWhere -->|"Ogwini ngaphansi kwewa"| RunToSurf["UKUGWENYWA KWE-ROCKFALL OKUSISELWE: 1. UNGAgijimi ngokuhambisana phansi kwewa 2. Shintshela uqonde emgqeni wamanzi olwandle uqonde eweni 3. Uma ushaywe noma ubhajwe yi-talus, linda onjiniyela/abaqaphi ngaphambi kokunyakazisa amatshe angazinzile."]

    CliffWhere -->|"Kumzila we-cliff-top lapho unqenqema luqhekeka"| DropInland["I-CLIFF-TOP OVERHANG RETREAT: 1. Dive noma ugingqike usuke phakathi nezwe usuke onqenqemeni lolwandle ngokushesha 2. Khasa okungenani amamitha ayi-10 (33 ft) phakathi nezwe ngemva kwanoma yimiphi imifantu eshubile ethafeni 3. Ungalinge ulunguze onqenqemeni lwewa ukuze ubuke umuntu owile"]

    HazardType -->|"3. UMGEDE WASOLWANDLE NOMA UKUBEKELWA KWE-POCKET COVE: I-Rising Tide noma Phuma Ekuvimbeni Ukukhukhumala"| CaveCheck{"Ungakwazi ukuphuma womile phakathi kwamasethi amagagasi khona manje?"}

    CaveCheck -->|"Yebo: Amanzi asashona eqakaleni ukuya edolweni ngesikhathi sokuthomba"| TimeLull["UKUPHUMA KWESIKHATHI SESIKHATHI SESIKHATHI: 1. Bala izikhathi zamagagasi imizuzu emi-3 ukuze ubone ukuthuleka phakathi kwamasethi amakhulu 2. Hamba ngokushesha uzungeze indawo yasekhanda ugcine isandla esisodwa odongeni lwamadwala 3. Ungalinge ufulathele i-surf engenayo"]

    CaveCheck -->|"Cha: Ukuntweza okujulile kuhlaba umlomo womhume"| StayInCave["UKUSINDA KWASEA-SEA-CAVE NOKULINDA KOKUHLANGANISA: 1. UNGAZAMI ukubhukuda uphumele ngaphandle ngesango elibhodlozayo elibhodlozayo 2. Khuphukela endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yangemuva noma kushimula ome mpo ngaphezu komugqa we-barnacle 3. Zibophe ngokumelene nokucindezelwa komoya womoya kanye ne-hydraulic backwash 4. Isignali ephethe onogada/impahla yonogada yasogwini, Isigada"]

Ukumakhenikha kwenhlabathi kanye nefiziyoloji yokugoqeka kwemigodi yesihlabathi yolwandle ejulile¶

Njalo ehlobo, abasolwandle bamba imigodi ejulile esihlabathini ukuze bahlale, bangcwabe abangani baze bafike ezintanyeni zabo njengehlaya, noma bambe "imihubhe eyimfihlo" phakathi kwezimbobo ezimbili ezincikene. Abantu abaningi baphatha isihlabathi solwandle njengothuli oluqinile. Kubunjiniyela be-geotechnical, nokho, isihlabathi solwandle siwumsebenzi ongu-obumbene obumbene amandla awo esikhashana okuma odongeni oluqondile ancike ngokuphelele kufilimu lamanzi elithambile, elincane.

1. Kungani udonga lwesihlabathi esimanzi luma ihora bese ludilika ngemizuzwana engu-0.5¶

• Ukubumbana okusobala (I-Capillary Matric Suction): Uma umba esihlabathini solwandle esimanzi ngenhla nje komugqa wamagagasi, i-menisci encane yamanzi ivala izindawo zokuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlamvu zesihlabathi se-quartz. Ukushuba kwendawo ngaphakathi kwalawo mabhuloho amanzi amancane kudonsa izinhlamvu ndawonye (ukumunca umatric), kunikeze isihlabathi esimanzi "ukuhlangana okusobala" okukuvumela ukuthi uqophe udonga lomgodi olume mpo olumamitha angu-1.5 (amafidi angu-5) ukujula.
• I-Dual Failure Trigger (I-Desiccation vs I-Grownwater Seepage):
• Iyokoma kusukela phezulu kuya phansi: Ichayeka elangeni elifudumele nomoya wasolwandle, ifilimu yomswakama esezindongeni eziqondile zembobo iyahwamuka phakathi kwemizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-45. Ngokushesha lapho amabhuloho amanzi ehwamuka, i-engeli yokungqubuzana yesihlabathi se-quartz eyomile iyehla ibe yimvelo i-engeli yokuphumula (cishe amadigri angu-30 ukuya kwangu-34). Udonga olumile luncibilika ngaphakathi njengamanzi aphuma ebhakedeni.
• Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukusuka phansi ukuya phezulu: Uma imbobo imbiwa phansi etafuleni lamanzi, ukukhukhumala kwamagagasi angenayo kuphakamisa umfutho wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi komgodi, kugcwale isihlabathi esiyisisekelo sidlule ukugcwala kwamanzi okungamaphesenti angu-100. Isihlabathi esigcwele ngokugcwele silahlekelwa yikho konke ukumuncwa kwe-capillary, okubangela ukuthi iphansi lodonga lomgodi lishone phakathi futhi lisike ishelufu elimanzi elisindayo ngaphezu kwalo.
• Kungani amahubhe esihlabathi ewugibe lokufa oluqinisekiswe ngamaphesenti angu-100: Lapho izingane zimba imigodi emibili imitha elingu-1 (amafidi angu-3.3) ukusuka komunye nomunye bese umhubhe uvundlile ngaphansi kwebhuloho lesihlabathi eliphakathi kwawo, i-arch yesihlabathi engasekelwe ngaphezu komhubhe isesimweni sokudonsa kanzima, futhi isihlabathi esiyimbudumbudu sinamandla ayiziro wokudonsa. Ukukhasa kuqala emhubheni wesihlabathi solwandle kuqinisekisa ukuthi lapho i-arch lehla, ikhanda, intamo, nesifuba sengane kuphiniwe ngokuvundlile ngaphansi komgodi.

2. I-pathophysiology ye-sand-burial compressive asphyxiation¶

Uma imbobo yesihlabathi engamamitha angu-1.5 (amafidi amahlanu) ingena enganeni eguqe ngezansi noma umuntu omdala ohlezi phakathi kwayo: 1. Ipulaki ye-Airway vs i-Thoracic racheting: Uma isisulu sihefuzela ngesikhathi sokuwa, isihlabathi sipakisha emlonyeni, ku-nasopharynx, kanye noqhoqhoqho. Ngisho noma isisulu sigcina umlomo waso uvaliwe noma sibambe umoya, isihlabathi esomile nesiswakama esisizungezile sisebenzisa ingcindezi esemaceleni efana ne-hydrostatic ngokumelene nombambo nesisu. 2. I-One-Way Exhalation Ratchet: Njalo lapho isisulu sikhipha ngisho namamililitha ayi-100 omoya emaphashini aso, ububanzi besifuba saso bushwabana ngamamilimitha ambalwa. Ngokushesha, izinhlamvu zesihlabathi esindayo ezigelezayo zishelela phansi nangaphakathi ukuze zivale leso sikhala esincane ezimbanjeni zazo. Lapho isisulu sizama ukuhogela, imisipha yabo ye-diaphragm ne-intercostal ayikwazi ukuhlehlisa izinkulungwane zamakhilogremu esihlabathi se-quartz esihlangene. Ngaphakathi ** kokuphuma okungu-3 kuya kokungu-6 **, isifuba sikhiyelwe ngevolumu eyinsalela, igazi le-venous libuyela endaweni yokuma kwenhliziyo efanele (i-asphyxia ehlukumezayo), futhi ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo ye-hypoxic kwenzeka ku- **3 kumaminithi angu-5 **.

3. Isinyathelo ngesinyathelo sohlelo lokuhlenga umuntu ongcwatshwa ebhishi¶

Ngenxa yokuthi ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwemizuzu emi-5, ababukele ogwini kufanele baqale ukumba ngokushesha kuyilapho abaqaphi kanye namaqembu emisele yokutakula umlilo bephendula: 1. Khetha umuntu oyedwa ozoshayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 futhi agijimele kumbhoshongo oseduze wonogada: Tshela unogada wezilwane ngokuqondile: "Umuntu ugqitshwe ngokuphelele emgodini wesihlabathi obhidlikile" ngakho baletha ama-spineboard, umoya-mpilo, amaphaneli okugcina isihlabathi. 2. Misa umjikelezo wamamitha angu-3 (amafidi angu-10) ukuzungeza umgodi bese uyala bonke ababukele ukuthi bahlehle: Lapho imbobo yesihlabathi iwa, isixuku sabantu abangu-20 sigijimela ngqo emaphethelweni okucindezeleka. Isisindo salabo bantu abangu-20 abami onqenqemeni sidala umthwalo owengeziwe obangela ukuthi izindonga ezingaphandle zigeqeke ngokuphindaphindiwe phezu kwezandla zabatakuli. 3. Beka amabhodi okusefa, amabhodi e-boogie, noma izihlalo zasolwandle ezigoqiwe zibheke phansi eduze konqenqema: Ama-digger asebenzayo angu-2 ukuya kwangu-4 kufanele aguqe phezu kwamabhodi ayisicaba noma amabhodi e-boogie ukuze asabalalise isisindo somzimba wawo endaweni yesihlabathi. 4. Bamba ifaneli ebanzi, engashoni (imithambeka engu-3-kuya-1), HHAYI umgodi oqondile owumngcingo: - Uma uzama ukumba uqonde phansi kukholamu eqondile ewumngcingo ukuze ufinyelele isisulu, isihlabathi esomile esivela ezinhlangothini sizobuyela emgodini wakho ngokushesha kunokuba ungasikhipha. - Esikhundleni salokho, yenza abantu abangu-4 ukuya kwabangu-6 bakhe indandatho emaphakathi nendawo futhi bakhiphe isihlabathi ngaphandle ku-crater ebanzi, emise okwesitsha okungenani engamamitha angu-2 ukuya kwangu-3 (amafidi angu-6.5 ukuya kwangu-10) ukuze izindonga zihlale ku-engeli engu-30-degree ezinzile. - Sebenzisa izandla ezingenalutho, amabhakede esihlabathi sepulasitiki, ama-frisbees, noma imisila ye-boogie-board eduze nendawo: Ungalokothi uphushe ifosholo lengadi yensimbi noma ifosholo elikhomba ngokungaboni phakathi nendawo yomgodi, njengoba uzoklabha isikhumba sekhanda, umthambo we-carotid, noma amehlo. Sebenzisa amafosholo ensimbi kuphela onqenqemeni lwangaphandle lwefaneli ukuze ulahle isihlabathi esinqwabelene. - Isu lokusebenzisa umgqomo we-Cofferdam: Uma umgqomo kadoti wasogwini, isitsha esikhulu sokugcina ipulasitiki, noma isigubhu esinganamalitha esingu-200-litre (55-gallon) siphakathi kwamamitha angu-30 (amafidi angu-100), sike noma sikhiphe ngaphansi kombhobho, phushela isilinda phansi sizungeze ikhanda nesihluku somuntu ohlukunyeziwe njengoba umba uphumela ngaphandle, ngaphandle kwesihlabathi ukuze ubambe ipulangwe. izindonga ezidilikayo. 5. Khulula isifuba ngokushesha ngemva kokusula ikhala nomlomo: - Ngokuphazima kweso wembula ikhanda lalowo ohlukunyeziwe, sula yonke inhlabathi emlonyeni namakhala ngeminwe yakho noma ngendwangu emanzi. - Ungayeki ukumba uma ikhanda selivele obala: Qhubeka umba wehle uze ufike okhalweni nasezinqulwini** zomuntu ohlukunyeziwe ukuze ukhulule isisindo esicindezelayo ku-ribcage kanye ne-diaphragm. - Uma isisulu siqulekile futhi singaphefumuli lapho isifuba sikhululiwe, qala ukukhulula ukuphefumula kanye ne-CPR ngokushesha khona kanye emgodini onwetshiwe kuyilapho abanye bekhulula imilenze (ngoba ukuboshwa kwesihlabathi somngcwabo kuwukuphefumula, ukuphefumula kokuhlenga ngokucindezelwa kwesifuba kubalulekile; bona Umhlahlandlela we-CPR).

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezingozi zasogwini ze-geotechnical kanye ne-tidal entrapment¶

Ukusinda ekusindeni kwe-bluff undercutting kanye nokuwa kwewa kungazelelwe¶

Ukusuka e-sandstone bluffs yaseSouthern California (Encinitas, Torrey Pines, Isla Vista) kanye ne-Oregon Coast kuya emaweni amhlophe kashoki eSussex naseNormandy (Beachy Head, Seven Sisters, Etretat), i-Algarve ePortugal, kanye nogu lwe-Twelve Apostles eVictoria, e-Australia, i-coastal cliffing-graining cliffs- ngokuzumayo, isiqephu sesiqephu senhlekelele siwela ngamathani angu-100 kuya kwangu-50,000 metric.

1. Izindlela ezimbili ezibangela ukuwa kwewa emini libalele¶

1. I-Basal Wave-Cut Notching + Thermal Fracture (Bottom-Up Collapse): Phakathi neziphepho zasebusika namagagasi amakhulu, isenzo samagagasi nokuhuzuka kwe-cobble kudweba umgodi ovundlile (inotshi yokusika igagasi) ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-1 ukuya kwangu-3 (3.3 kuya ku-10 wamafidi) ebusweni bewa. Lokhu kushiya lonke iwa elingaphezulu elingamamitha angu-30 ubude (amafidi angu-100-ubude) lilenga phezu kolwandle njengovulandi ongasekelwe. Emasontweni kamuva, ntambama ehlobo elishisayo, libalele, ukushisa kwelanga kunweba ubuso bedwala elingaphandle elomile noma kuhwamulise umswakama wezimbotshana ngaphakathi kwemifantu eqondile yamalunga. Ngaphandle kweconsi elilodwa lemvula noma igagasi elikhulu, ukucindezeleka okuqinile kunqamula ibhuloho ledwala bese kuwisa lonke iwa phezu kwabashishi belanga abahlezi emthunzini phansi.
2. I-Pore-Pressure Slumping Yamanzi Aphansi Amisiwe (Ukugoqa Okuphezulu Kuya Phansi): Izinsuku noma amasonto ngemva kokuna kwemvula enkulu (noma ngenxa yokunisela ngenkasa yezolimo kanye nokunisela utshani phezu kwama-bluffs asogwini), amanzi ageleza ehle kancane eshona esihlabathini/esihlabathi esinezimbobo kuze kube yilapho eshaya ungqimba olungangeneki lodaka oluthambile noma olushelelayo phansi. La manzi avaleleke agcoba ungqimba lobumba futhi akhe umfutho we-hydrostatic pore ophushela umphetho omkhulu wewa elingaphezulu ngaphandle kosebe lolwandle.

2. Ukuhlolwa kwenkundla okuhlanu ngaphambi kokuhamba ogwini olunamadwala noma umzila¶

• Hlola #1 (Bheka isihlabathi solwandle): Skena isihlabathi phakathi kozwane lwewa namanzi. Izigaxa ezintsha zokungcola okuxekethile, amatshe angama-angular angenawo ukhula lwasolwandle, noma izingcezu zotshani obuphezulu bamawa ezilele ogwini zisho ukuthi iwa liyawa; hamba eduze kosebe lwamanzi, ungalokothi usondele odongeni lwewa.
• Hlola #2 (Bheka inothi ye-basal wave): Uma iphansi lewa lijikela ngaphakathi ngaphansi kobuso obungaphezulu, umi ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwe-gravity overhang engasekelwe.
• Hlola #3 (Bheka ama-seep amanzi agelezayo): Imigwaqo emanzi emnyama, amabala olwele, noma amanzi agelezayo aphakathi nendawo netshe lesanti elomile noma i-clay bluff ikhombisa amanzi angaphansi abekiwe athambisa indiza eshelelayo.
• Hlola #4 (Skena imikhondo yamawa aphezulu amamitha angu-2 ukuya kwangu-5 [amafidi angu-6.5 kuya kwangu-16] emuva kusukela onqenqemeni): Ukuqhekeka komugqa wezinwele okuhambisanayo noma ukuqhekeka okuya phansi endaweni engasemuva kwendawo yokubuka kusho ukuthi lonke unqenqema lwewa luhlukanisile futhi selilungele ukuwa.
• Hlola #5 (Ungalokothi ugibele i-bluff yasogwini ukuze ubalekele igagasi elikhuphukayo): Itshe lesanti elithambile, i-mudstone, noma iqhwa kuze kube yilapho ama-bluffs edilika ngaphansi kokubanjwa; hlala enqwabeni yetshe elomile eliphakeme kunawo wonke phansi bese ushayela u-911/999/112 ukuze uthole isikebhe sokuhlenga noma sokuhlenga indiza enophephela emhlane.

Ukucindezelwa kwegagasi lomhume wasolwandle kanye ne-rising-tide cove entrapment¶

Ukuhlola imigede yolwandle egudle ugu, amashubhu e-lava, nama-chasms amadwala amancane emanzini aphansi kuyathandwa ezindaweni ezisogwini olunamadwala emhlabeni wonke, kodwa lapho amagagasi ephenduka noma kufika isisekelo solwandle sesikhathi eside, umhume wolwandle uba ugibe lwe-hydrodynamic.

1. I-Pneumatic Air-Ram Effect ("Ukucindezela kwe-Blowhole")¶

Lapho ulwandle olukhulu olungenayo luvuvukala lungena emlonyeni obanzi womhume wasolwandle ogelezayo ofinyela ubheke ngemuva, igagasi lisebenza njengepiston yoketshezi eqinile eshelela phansi kusilinda: 1. Isigaba Sokucindezela Umoya: Uma i-wave crest ithinta usilingi womnyango womnyango, ivala iphakethe lomoya ngemuva komhume. Njengoba izinkulungwane zamathani amanzi angena ngaphakathi, lelo phakethe lomoya elivaleleke licindezelwa libeku-1.5 kuya ku-3 emkhathini wengcindezi kumasekhondi angu-2, amadlebe aphukayo, ukushaya abahloli ngodonga lwangemuva lwedwala, nokuphoqelela isifutho esihlabayo emehlweni nasemaphashini. 2. I-Explosive Decompression kanye ne-Hydraulic Backwash Phase: Njengoba i-wave crest inhlile, iphakethe lomoya elicindezelwe ngemuva komgede liqhuma libheke emlonyeni njengokuqhuma kwenganono, kusheshise amanzi ahlehlayo (backwash) ukuya esivinini esingaphezu*25 kuya ku-40 wamakhilomitha ukuya kwangu-25 ngehora (5 amamayela) ngehora ngalinye. Noma yini engabambekile ngemuva kwetshe eliqinile ngemuva komhume ikhishwa emlonyeni futhi ishaywe phezu kwamadwala asogwini acwile.

2. Usinda kanjani uma uvaleleke ngaphakathi emhumeni wasolwandle noma eweni elisekelwe eweni¶

1. Hlola izimpawu ze-biological high-tide ezindongeni zomhume ngokushesha: Bheka izindonga zamadwala ngaphakathi komhume noma umhume. Izimbaza, izimbaza, i-rockweed emnyama, nedwala elicwebezelisiwe lamanzi kuphawula indawo evamile ye-high-tide ne-wave-surge. Izidleke zetshe ezomile, ezimahhadlahhadla, ezimbozwe ulele noma izinyoni eduze kosilingi noma kugalari yangemuva ephakeme zibonisa unqenqema oluhlala ngaphezu kolwandle oluvamile.
2. Uma kukhona unqenqema oluphakeme olukhona ngaphakathi emhumeni: Khuphukela enqenqemeni ephakeme kakhulu kude ne-eksisi eqondile yokukhuphuka kwamagagasi, gqoka zonke izingubo ezitholakalayo ukuze uvimbele i-hypothermia ekufuthweni okubandayo komhume, hlanganisa umzimba wakho ngemuva kwekholomu yedwala, futhi usebenzise umakhalekhukhwini wakho (uma isignali ingena emlonyeni womhume) noma ikhwelo nethoshi ukuze wazise abatakuli.
3. Uma uphoqeleka ukuthi ungene emanzini ngaphakathi emhumeni wasolwandle onabahlengi bendawo endaweni yesehlakalo: Ungalokothi uzame ukubhukuda uphume ngomnyango omncane, ongashoni, okhinyabezwe ngamadwala ngenkathi kuphuka amasethi amakhulu. Abahlengi abangochwepheshe be-cave-recue kanye nababhukudi basoGwini bachitha isikhathi igagasi lisuka ngaphandle ebhodini lokuhlenga noma i-jet-ski, babhukude phakathi nokuzola ngeshubhu lokuhlenga nesigqoko sokuzivikela, futhi bakukhiphe ngaphansi kwamanzi ngaphansi kwegwebu elinyakazayo phakathi nesigaba sokugeza umgogodla.

Izinombolo zezimo eziphuthumayo zesifunda kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-ejensi¶

• I-United States: Shayela u-911* ngokushesha bese uzulisa phansi umbhoshongo oseduze wase-United States Lifesaving Association (USLA) wonogada basebhishi. Emigedeni yolwandle noma i-cliff-base tidal cutoffs, ukuthunyelwa okungu-911 izindiza ezinophephela emhlane zase-United States Coast Guard (USCG) kanye neziteshi zezikebhe ezincane eduze kwamaqembu asendaweni e-Fire-Rescue Urban Search and Rescue (USAR).
• I-United Kingdom ne-Ireland: Shayela u-999* noma 112 bese ucela ngokuqondile i-HM Coastguard (UK) noma I-Irish Coast Guard. I-HM Coastguard ithumela RNLI (i-Royal National Lifeboat Institution) izikebhe zokuhlenga zasogwini, i-hovercraft (yezindawo zodaka), kanye namaqembu okutakula amawa / indiza enophephela emhlane. Ungalokothi uzame ukuzihlenga umngane obhajwe odakeni olusogwini noma osikwe ngaphansi kwamawa woshoki; shayela ku-999 ukuze uthole i-HM Coastguard ngokushesha.
• Canada: Shayela u-911* noma udumise I-Canadian Coast Guard ku VHF Marine Channel 16 (noma shayela *16 kumakhalekhukhwini emanzini asogwini).
• I-European Union: Shayela u-112* kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingamalungu e-EU (noma 196 e-France ukuze uthole I-CROSS yokuhlenga amawa asogwini/ogwini, kanye ne-112 / 900 202 202* e-Spain ukuze uthole Salvamento Maritimo).
• I-Australia ne-New Zealand: Shayela u-000* e-Australia noma 111 e-New Zealand, futhi uxwayise I-Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA) noma I-Surf Life Saving New Zealand (SLSNZ) amafulegi okugada.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa¶

Kungani umuntu ogqitshwe kuze kufike entanyeni esihlabathini solwandle engakwazi ukuphefumula ngisho nalapho ikhanda lakhe lingaphezu komhlabathi?¶

Ukuphefumula kudinga ukuthi i-diaphragm yakho iphushele izitho zesisu zakho phansi kanye nemisipha yakho ye-intercostal ukuze unwebe i-ribcage yakho ngaphandle ngamasentimitha ambalwa kukho konke ukuhogela. Isihlabathi solwandle esimanzi sinesisindo esingaba ngu-1,800 kuya ku-2,000 kilograms per cubic meter (112 kuya ku-125 pounds per cubic foot). Lapho umuntu engcwatshwa ngokuqondile noma ngokuvundlile kuze kufike entanyeni ngemva kokuwa kwembobo ejulile, ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ekhipha umoya, isihlabathi esisindayo esizungezile sihlala siqinile odongeni lwesifuba esiwumngcingo futhi sivimbele izimbambo zabo ukuba zinganwebeki ekuphefumuleni okulandelayo, okubangela ukuphelelwa umoya okubulalayo kungakapheli imizuzu ngisho nangomlomo nekhala elicacile.

Kungani kuyingozi ngababukele ukuma eduze kosebe lomgodi wesihlabathi obhidlikile kuyilapho bezama ukumba othile?¶

Isihlabathi solwandle esomile noma esiswakeme esizungeze umgodi ogoqiwe sihlala khona kanye ku-engeli yaso ebalulekile engu-30-to-34-degree of friction yangaphakathi. Lapho abantu abadala abahlanu noma abayishumi abathukile bema onqenqemeni lomgodi, isisindo sabo esihlangene esingamakhilogremu angu-700 (amakhilogremu angu-1 500) sidlulela ngokulinganayo odongeni lwesihlabathi endizeni yokugunda engama-degree angu-45, ibhidlike izinhlangothi zembobo zibuyela ebusweni besisulu esingcwatshiwe njalo lapho abatakuli bekhipha insadla yesihlabathi. Wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwalaba bamba ababili kuya kwabane abasebenzayo kufanele bahlehle okungenani amamitha angu-3 (amafidi angu-10), futhi abemba kufanele balale noma baguqe emabhodini ayisicaba noma amabhodi e-boogie ukuze basakaze isisindo sabo.

Amadwala ahamba kude kangakanani nesisekelo sewa elingasogwini lapho iwa liwa?¶

Izinhlolovo zegeological field zokuhluleka kwe-coast bluff e-California, Oregon, United Kingdom, nase-France zibonisa ukuthi uma iwa elide liwa, idwala eliwayo liyaphahlazeka lapho lishaya umthambeka we-beach talus bese lishintshashintsha libe yiqhwa elivundlile (**sturzstrom** noma ukuphuma kwemfucumfucu) elihamba ibanga elilingana nolwandle oluphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20. **10 ukuphakama okuqondile kwewa**. Uma idwala elingasogwini lingamamitha angu-30 (amafidi angu-100) ubude, amatshe awela phansi kanye namatshe esihlabathi ngokuvamile ashanela amamitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-60 (amafidi angu-100 kuya kwangu-200) aphumele emgqeni wokuntweza emanzini ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-3.

Uma nginqanyulwa amagagasi akhuphukayo ngaphansi kwewa, kungani ngingazami ukukhuphuka ubuso bewa ukuze ngifinyelele umzila ongaphezulu?¶

Ama-bluff asogwini aguguleka ngokuqhubekayo ukumila komhlaba okwenziwe ngoshoki ophukile, itshe lesanti eliphukayo, ubumba olumanzi, noma i-glacial till, hhayi igwadule lentaba eliqinile. Abaqwali abanqanyulwa amagagasi phansi eweni elisogwini bavame ukugwedla uhhafu wobuso obuthambile (amamitha angu-10 kuya kwangu-15 ukuphakama) ngaphambi kokuba izibambo nezisekelo zisike ezandleni zabo, zibashiye bebambelele odongeni lodaka oluma mpo lapho bewela khona bafe ngaphambi kokuba kufike uMbutho Wamasosha Asogwini. Ngaphandle uma kukhona izitebhisi ezinobunjiniyela noma umzila we-gully osungulwe, hlala esisekelweni sedwala elomile eliphakeme kakhulu bese udayela u-999 / 911/112 ukuze uthole isikebhe sokusindisa impilo noma iwintshi yendiza enophephela emhlane.

Iluphi usizo lokuqala osindile odonsa emgodini wesihlabathi obhidlikile aludingayo uma esephefumula?¶

Ngisho noma isisulu sembobo yesihlabathi esisindisiwe siqala ukuphefumula ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngemva kokuphefumula kokuhlenga, kufanele siyiswe emnyangweni wezimo eziphuthumayo esibhedlela ngokushesha. Ukuhogela izinhlayiya zesanti ye-quartz emihle namanzi anosawoti kuma-bronchioles ngesikhathi sokuwa kubangela okukhulu **i-sand aspiration pneumonitis, i-bronchospasm, nokubambezeleka kwe-pulmonary edema** emahoreni angu-6 kuya kwangu-24 alandelayo, kuyilapho ukungcwaba isikhathi eside kubangela i-hypothermia kanye ne-rhabdomyolysis ehlobene nokuchoboza. Gcina isiguli sihlezi siqondile (uma kungekho kulimala komgogodla okusoleka) ukuze kube lula ukuphefumula, nikeza umoya-mpilo ogeleza kakhulu usebenzisa abezimo eziphuthumayo, sula isihlabathi ngobumnene emehlweni ngosawoti oyinyumba ngaphandle kokuwahlikihla ama-cornea, futhi uwasonge ngezingubo zokulala ezomile ezifudumele. Ukuthatha izandla ku-CPR kanye nesifundo sosizo lokuqala esivela kwa-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, noma umhlinzeki wendawo kukulungiselela ukwenza ukuphefumula kwe-asphyxial okusindisa ukuphila ogwini.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Amagagasi angama-Sneaker, ukushanela kwamadwala asogwini, kanye ne-incoming tide cove entrapment
• Ama-Rip currents nezimo eziphuthumayo zamanzi olwandle
• Ukuwa kwesikafula, umhume womsele, nokuwa kokwakhiwa
• I-CPR nokuhlenga ukuphefumula isinyathelo ngesinyathelo

Imithombo neziqondiso ezisemthethweni¶

• I-New England Journal of Medicine (u-Maron et al., "Ukufa Okuzumayo Okuvela Ezimbotsheni Zesihlabathi Ezigoqayo"): I-Epidemiology, I-Soil Mechanics, i-Asphyxial Pathophysiology, kanye ne-Extrication Triage of Recreational Beach Sand-Hole Collapses.
• I-United States Lifesaving Association (USLA) kanye ne-Surf Life Saving Australia (SLSA): Open-Water Lifeguard Protocols for Beach Sand-Trench Collapse Extrication, Cofferdam Barrel Rescue, kanye neSea-Cave Swimmer Extraction.
• I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) kanye neCalifornia Geological Survey (CGS): I-Coastal Bluff Erosion Mechanics: I-Wave-Cut Basal Notching, I-Perched Groundwater Pore-Pressure Slumping, kanye ne-Safe Beach Setback Distaces.
• I-HM Coastguard neRoyal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI, United Kingdom): Coastal Cliff Fall, Tidal Cutoff, kanye ne-Estuarine Mudflat / Quicksand Survival and Rescue Guidelines.
• I-American Heart Association (AHA) kanye ne-European Resuscitation Council (ERC): Iziqondiso Zokuvuselela I-Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest and Foreign-Body Airway Obstruction from Particulate Aspiration.