Slipping on ice: how to fall, when to seek care, and how to prevent it¶

Ukushelela eqhweni kwenzeka esikhathini esingaphansi kwesekhondi, futhi ukulimala okukubangelayo kungashintsha impilo yomuntu. Ikwindla yasebusika ithumela izinkulungwane eziningi zabantu eminyangweni yezimo eziphuthumayo minyaka yonke abaphuka izihlakala, izinqe eziphukile, amahlombe agudluke, iqolo kanye nokulimala ekhanda. Abantu abadala asebekhulile, abantu abanamathambo abuthakathaka, kanye nabantu abasebenzisa imithi yokunciphisa igazi basengozini enkulu yomphumela ongathi sína ovela kulokho okubukeka njengokuwa okuncane.

This guide covers what to do in the moment when you start to fall, how to check yourself and others once you are on the ground, which injuries need urgent care and which can wait, how to get up safely, and how to prevent falls with the right footwear, walking technique and salting. For specific injuries, see broken bones and sprains, head injuries and spinal injuries.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Stay where you are for a moment after a fall. Check for pain in the head, neck, back, hips, wrists and ankles before you try to move.
2. Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) if you hit your head and lose consciousness, feel confused, vomit, have neck or back pain, cannot move a limb, or have a bone that looks bent or out of place. See izinombolo eziphuthumayo for other countries.
3. Do not stand up fast, and do not let anyone pull you up if you may have a neck, back, hip or leg injury. Wait for help.
4. If you can move and nothing seems badly hurt, roll to your side, get onto your hands and knees, crawl to a stable support, and stand one leg at a time. Then sit down in a warm place and check yourself again.
5. If someone is lying on ice, keep them warm with a coat or blanket, and do not move them if you think they may have a neck, back or hip injury. Cold can add to their problems quickly.
6. Seek medical care within a day for any head knock if you take blood thinners, are over 65, or if you develop a headache, drowsiness, vomiting or confusion later.

How to fall on ice with less injury¶

You will rarely have time to think, but the way you land makes a large difference. Practice the idea in your head before winter, since people who have thought about it are more likely to react well.

The principles¶

• Relax and avoid fighting the fall. Stiffening up makes injuries worse. Try to let your body go loose and roll.
• Tuck your chin to your chest. This protects your head and neck from hitting the ground. Do not throw your head back.
• Do not stick out your hands. Landing on an outstretched hand is the most common cause of a broken wrist, and it can also break the forearm, elbow or collarbone. Keep your arms bent and close to your body, or let them fold in front of you.
• Land on padded parts. Try to turn your body so that you land on the side of your buttocks, thigh or the back of your shoulder, which have more muscle and fat. Fall sideways or backward, with your knees bent, instead of straight forward or straight backward on your tailbone.
• Roll with the fall. Rolling spreads the force. Curling into a ball, with your chin tucked, helps you slide and roll instead of stopping dead on one point.
• Do not try to catch yourself with your knees or elbows. These joints break and dislocate easily.
• Let go of what you are carrying. If you are holding a bag, a shovel or a cup, drop it. Hold on to it only if a child is in your arms, and in that case twist so that your body takes the fall and protects the child.

If you start to fall backward¶

Backward falls cause the most serious head injuries, since the back of the head can hit the ground with great force. Tuck your chin tightly to your chest, bring your arms across your body, and try to twist onto your side. Aim for the buttocks and the muscle of your back and not your head or spine.

If you start to fall forward¶

Bend your knees and let your body collapse in a roll, with your arms bent. Tuck your head to one side and turn your shoulder toward the ground, so that you roll over the shoulder and not onto your face. Avoid putting your palms out stiff.

If you are carrying a child¶

Turn your body so that you land on your side or back with the child on top of you. Keep a strong hold of the child, curl around them, and protect their head with your hand.

Right after a fall: check yourself¶

Many people jump up and say they are fine. Shock and adrenaline can hide pain for several minutes, so stay down for a short time and check carefully.

1. Stay still and breathe. Take slow breaths. If you feel faint, stay lying down.
2. Check your head and neck. Do you have a headache, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, or neck pain? If you hit your head or feel any of these, do not get up quickly.
3. Check your back and spine. Pain in the middle of your back, tingling, numbness, or weakness in the arms and legs are red flags. Stay still and call for help.
4. Check your hips and legs. Can you bend your hip and knee? Can you bear weight? A leg that looks shorter or turned outward, with a lot of groin or hip pain, points to a hip fracture.
5. Check your arms and wrists. Look for swelling, bruises, bent shape or pain when you move your fingers or turn your hand.
6. Check for bleeding. Press firmly on any bleeding with a clean cloth.
7. Try to move slowly if you have no signs of a serious injury, as described below.

When to call your local emergency number¶

Call at once if the person, or you, has any of the following after a fall:

• Loss of consciousness, even for a short time, or confusion, unusual behavior or slurred speech
• Repeated vomiting, a seizure, or a severe, worsening headache
• Clear fluid or blood from the ears or nose
• Neck or back pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs
• A bone that is visibly bent or out of place, or a bone that has broken the skin
• A leg that looks shorter or twisted, with severe hip or groin pain and inability to bear weight
• Heavy bleeding that does not stop with firm pressure
• Difficulty breathing, chest pain, or severe pain in the abdomen
• Inability to get up and a risk of hypothermia from lying in the cold
• Signs of a stroke, such as face drooping, arm weakness or speech difficulty, which might have caused the fall. See stroke

Head injuries after a slip¶

Falls on ice often cause the head to strike hard ground, curbs, steps or a car. The skull may be fine, but the brain can still bruise or bleed inside. Symptoms can appear immediately or develop over hours or days.

Warning signs that need urgent care¶

• Loss of consciousness, even for a few seconds
• Headache that is severe or gets worse
• Repeated vomiting
• Confusion, memory loss, unusual sleepiness, or trouble waking
• Slurred speech, weakness or numbness, loss of balance, or trouble walking
• One pupil larger than the other, double vision or blurred vision
• Seizure
• Clear fluid or blood from the nose or ears
• Unusual behavior or irritability, especially in children

Higher risk groups¶

Adults aged 65 and older, people who take blood thinners such as warfarin or newer anticoagulants, and people who take aspirin or similar medicine regularly, can have bleeding inside the head even after a minor knock. This can happen slowly, over days or weeks. The NHS (United Kingdom) and other health services advise that anyone on blood thinners who hits their head should be checked by a clinician the same day, even if they feel well. See elderly hip fracture or head strike on blood thinners and delayed subdural hematoma.

At home after a minor head knock¶

If you have none of the warning signs and a clinician has said you can go home, rest, and have an adult stay with you for the first 24 hours. Use a cold pack on the bump wrapped in a cloth. Do not drink alcohol, and avoid driving, sports and heavy exertion until you feel normal. Return for urgent care if any warning signs appear. For full details, read head injuries. If the person is unconscious and not breathing normally, begin CPR. See CPR.

Wrist, arm and shoulder injuries¶

When people fall on an outstretched hand, the force travels up the arm. The result is often a broken wrist, a fractured forearm, a broken elbow, a dislocated shoulder or a broken collarbone.

Signs of a wrist or arm fracture¶

• Pain that is severe, especially when you move the wrist or grip
• Swelling and bruising, often within minutes to hours
• A bent, crooked or fork shaped wrist
• Numbness or tingling in the fingers, or pale or blue fingers
• Not being able to turn the palm up or down, or grip an object

Okufanele ngikwenze¶

1. Stop using the arm and keep it still. Do not try to straighten a bent limb.
2. Sekela ingalo ngendlela oyithola ngayo, ngesihlilingi esenziwe ngesikhafu, ibhantshi, noma ithawula eligoqiwe, noma uyibambe esifubeni ngesinye isandla.
3. Remove rings, watches and bracelets before swelling starts.
4. Faka iphakethe elibandayo eligoqwe ngendwangu kuze kube yimizuzu engama-20 ngesikhathi, ungalokothi ubhekise ngqo esikhumbeni.
5. Do not eat or drink anything until a clinician has seen you, in case you need an operation.
6. Get medical care the same day. Call your local emergency number if the skin is broken, the fingers are blue, pale, cold or numb, or the injury is severe.

See broken bones and sprains and open fractures for details on splinting and for bone that breaks the skin.

Hip, pelvis and leg injuries¶

A hip fracture is a medical emergency, especially for older adults. The person usually cannot stand or bear weight, and has severe pain in the hip, groin or thigh. The leg may look shorter, and the foot may turn outward. Do not lift or move the person. Call your local emergency number, keep them warm and still, and place padding around the leg if you have it. See hip fracture or pelvic fracture in an older adult for what to avoid.

Ankle and knee injuries are common as well. If the joint looks deformed, you cannot put any weight on it, or the pain is severe, treat it as a possible fracture and seek urgent care. Mild sprains can often be treated by resting the joint, applying a cold pack, wrapping it gently, and raising it, with a medical review if the pain does not improve in a few days.

How to get up after a fall¶

Only try to stand if you have no sign of a serious injury. Take your time, since getting up too fast can cause dizziness and a second fall.

1. Lie still for a minute and breathe slowly.
2. Roll onto your side, then onto your hands and knees. Use your arms and the muscles in your legs.
3. Crawl to a sturdy support, such as a railing, a car, a wall or a chair. Avoid pulling on something that is not secure.
4. Place one foot flat on the ground with your knee bent, then push up with your arms and legs, and bring the other leg up.
5. Sit in the nearest chair and rest. Check again for pain, dizziness or weakness.
6. Warm up, and tell someone what happened, even if you feel fine.

If you cannot get up¶

Call out for help, use your phone, wear any alert device and call your local emergency number. Stay warm by covering yourself with whatever you can reach, and move your arms and legs if you can do so without pain. Do not stay lying on ice or snow longer than necessary, because cold can lead to hypothermia within an hour or two, especially in older people. See hypothermia and frostbite and elderly fall recovery when unable to stand.

If you are helping someone¶

1. Ask them not to move, and ask where it hurts.
2. Look for the warning signs listed above.
3. If they appear fine and want to get up, let them rise slowly and use your arm for balance. Do not lift them by the arms.
4. If they have severe pain, cannot move a limb, hit their head, or are on blood thinners, call your local emergency number.
5. Keep them warm with a coat, a hat and a blanket, and put something under them if they must wait on cold ground.

Preventing falls on ice¶

Most falls on ice can be prevented. The best prevention combines good footwear, a careful way of walking, and keeping paths clear and treated.

Choose the right footwear¶

• Wear boots or shoes with thick, flexible rubber or composite soles that have deep, widely spaced tread. Hard plastic or smooth leather soles are slippery.
• Look for soles labeled for cold and ice, since some rubber stays soft at low temperatures and others harden.
• Khetha isithende esiphansi, esibanzi. Gwema izithende eziphakeme, amapulatifomu nezicathulo zokugqoka ezibushelelezi.
• Use removable traction cleats, studs or ice grips that stretch over boots. Take them off before you walk on indoor hard floors, since they are slippery on tile and can damage floors.
• Consider boots with built in studs or special grip patches for very icy conditions, but check they fit well and are comfortable.
• Wear warm, dry socks and make sure your boots fit well. Cold feet make walking less steady.
• Wear gloves, not hands in pockets, so that your arms can help you balance.
• Use a walking pole or a cane with an ice tip if you have trouble with balance. Ice tips are small metal spikes that fold out from the end of the cane.

Walk like a penguin¶

1. Take short, shuffling steps and keep your feet flat. Do not take long strides.
2. Point your feet slightly outward, which widens your base.
3. Keep your knees slightly bent and your center of gravity over your front leg.
4. Keep your arms out from your sides, slightly, to help you balance. Do not keep your hands in your pockets.
5. Do not text, scroll or carry heavy loads that unbalance you. If you must carry a bag, spread the weight between both hands or wear a backpack.
6. Keep your eyes on the ground ahead, and look for shiny patches that may be black ice. See flash freeze and black ice driving.
7. Walk slowly and take your time, including when stepping off curbs, and use handrails.
8. Test the surface before you transfer your weight. Step with your toe down and place your weight on that foot only when it grips.
9. Hamba emaceleni emithambekeni ewumqansa, futhi uhambe eqhweni eduze kwendlela uma likwazi ukubambelela kangcono.

Qaphela ngezicupho ezivamile¶

• Ukungena nokuphuma ezimotweni. Bambelela ohlakeni lomnyango noma ophahleni, phuma ngonyawo olulodwa ngesikhathi, futhi uhlole indawo engaphezulu.
• Indawo ecwebezelayo, okungenzeka kube yiqhwa elimnyama. Cabanga ukuthi indawo egandayiwe ebukeka imanzi esimweni sezulu esibandayo iyiqhwa.
• Izindawo ezinomthunzi, amabhuloho, amarempu kanye neminyango eya ezakhiweni, eqalwa yiqhwa kuqala.
• Izinyathelo nezitebhisi. Sebenzisa i-handrail, futhi uthathe isinyathelo esisodwa ngesikhathi.
• Ama-Curbs kanye nama-drainage grates, avame ukufihlwa ngaphansi kweqhwa.
• Izindawo zokupaka, lapho i-meltwater igijima futhi iphinde ibe yiqhwa.
• Ukugqoka izicathulo ezithambile ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ngemva kokuhamba eqhweni. Iphansi elimanzi ezindaweni zokungena liyashelela, ngakho sula izinyawo zakho.

Usawoti kanye nokuhlanza izindlela zokuhamba¶

Ukusula nokuphatha izinyathelo zakho nezindlela kuvikela wena, izivakashi zakho kanye nabasebenzi bokulethwa. Amadolobha amaningi adinga abanikazi nabahlali ukuthi basule izindlela zezinyawo phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe ngemva kokukhithika kweqhwa, ngakho hlola imithetho yendawo.

Indlela yokuphatha indlela¶

1. Hlanza iqhwa kuqala ngefosholo, njengoba usawoti usebenza kangcono ongqimbeni oluncane lweqhwa futhi iqhwa elixegayo liyawuncibilikisa. Sebenzisa indlela ephephile. Bheka iqhwa elifosholo ngokuphepha.
2. Sakaza indaba ibe mncane futhi ilingane, futhi ungayinqwabelani. Idlanzana ngemitha yesikwele livame ukwanela.
3. Phatha ngaphambi kwesiphepho uma kungenzeka. I-salt brine noma ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kumisa iqhwa ukuthi lihlangane nendawo egandayiwe.
4. Faka isicelo kabusha ngemva kokuba i-meltwater iphinde yaba yiqhwa, ikakhulukazi ebusuku nasekuseni kakhulu.
5. Naka ngokukhethekile izinyathelo, amarempu, ama-handrails, indawo yokungena, nezindawo lapho ukuphuma kwe-downspout kuwela khona indlela.
6. Qondisa ama-downspout kude nama-walkways ukuze amanzi ancibilikayo angaphinde abe yiqhwa kuwo.
7. Gcina usawoti emgqonyeni ovaliwe eduze komnyango, futhi uwugcine kude nezingane nezilwane ezifuywayo.
8. Geza usawoti ezidladleni zezilwane ezifuywayo naphansi, futhi usebenzise usawoti ngokusesilinganisweni ukuze uvikele izitshalo, ukhonkolo namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Abanikazi bezindlu, abaqashi kanye nezindawo ezihlanganyelwe¶

Uma ungumnikazi wendawo, umqashi, noma uphatha indawo okwabelwana ngayo, phatha izindlela kanye nezindawo zokupaka izimoto njengomsebenzi wokunakekela. Gcina irekhodi elibhaliwe lokuthi uzisuse nini futhi uzilungise nini izindawo, thumela izexwayiso zaphansi ezimanzi namabala aneqhwa, futhi ubeke izinsimbi lapho kudingeka khona. Uma uwe endaweni yomunye umuntu, thatha izithombe zeqhwa, isikhathi nezicathulo zakho, ubike ukuwa kumnikazi, futhi ufune iseluleko sezomthetho uma ulimele kabi. Imithetho iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, futhi kufanele uthintane neziphathimandla zendawo.

Amaqembu akhethekile¶

Abantu abadala abadala¶

Abantu abadala asebekhulile banethuba eliphakeme lokuwa kanye namathuba aphezulu okulimala okubi kakhulu. Amathambo abuthakathaka, ukushuba kwengqondo, imithi ebangela isiyezi, ukushintsha kombono kanye nezinkinga zamalunga konke kuphakamisa ingozi. Kubo, ukungena endlini kuphephe kakhulu ngezinsuku ezineqhwa. Hlela ukuthi kuzolethwa igrosa nemithi, thola usizo lokuvula izindlela, futhi usebenzise umoba onethiphu yeqhwa uma kudingeka. Bheka ukugcina abantu abadala abadala bephephile emakhazeni and abadala abadala ukuhlela izimo eziphuthumayo.

Izingane¶

Izingane ziwa njalo, futhi zigxuma kangcono kunabantu abadala, kodwa ukulimala ekhanda kusabalulekile. Fundisa izingane ukuhamba zikhiphe izandla emaphaketheni, zigweme ukugijima eqhweni futhi zigweme amachibi abandayo. Ngezingozi eziyisihlibhisi nokuphepha kweqhwa, bheka ewela eqhweni.

Abantu abakhulelwe¶

Ukuwa kokukhulelwa kudinga ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha ngisho nalapho uzizwa uphilile, njengoba umthelela oqinile wesisu ungalimaza i-placenta. Xhumana nombelethisi wakho, udokotela noma iyunithi yokubeletha ngemva kokuwa, futhi ushayele inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo uma wopha, ukopha, uketshezi oluningi, ubuhlungu obukhulu, noma ukunciphisa ukunyakaza kwengane.

Abantu abane-osteoporosis noma abanciphisa igazi¶

Laba bantu banethuba eliphakeme lokuphuka nokopha kwangaphakathi. Funa ukunakekelwa ngemva kokuwa okubandakanya ikhanda, inqulu, umhlane noma izimbambo. Gcina uhlu lwemithi yakho esikhwameni sakho noma ocingweni ukuze abasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo bazi ukuthi uthathani.

Ukugeleza kwesinqumo ngemva kokuwa eqhweni¶

flowchart TD
    A["Uwele eqhweni"] --> B["Unganyakazi uzihlole"]
    B --> C{"Ukushaya kwekhanda, ukuquleka,<br/>ubuhlungu bentamo noma iqolo, noma isitho esigobile?"}
    C -->|"Yebo"| D["Unganyakazi, uhlale ufudumele<br/>futhi ushayele inombolo yezimo eziphuthumayo"]
    C -->|"Cha"| E{"Ungakwazi yini ukuhambisa wonke amalunga<br/>ngaphandle kobuhlungu obukhulu?"}
    E -->|"Cha"| D
    E -->|"Yebo"| F["Phendukela ezandleni nasemadolweni<br/>bese usukuma kancane ngokusekela"]
    F --> G{"Kuzinto ezinciphisa igazi, ezingaphezu kuka-65<br/>noma ukushaya ngekhanda?"}
    G -->|"Yebo"| H["Funa usizo lwezokwelapha<br/>ngalolo suku"]
    G -->|"Cha"| I["Phumula, sebenzisa amaphakethe abandayo<br/>futhi ubuke izimpawu ezintsha"]
    I --> J{"Ikhanda elibuhlungu, ukuhlanza, ukudideka<br/>noma ubuhlungu oba buba bubi kamuva?"}
    J -->|"Yebo"| H
    J -->|"Cha"| K["Buyela emsebenzini ojwayelekile<br/>bese uhlola izicathulo zakho"]

Ukuqhathanisa ukulimala okujwayelekile kweqhwa¶

Uhlu lokuhlola uhambo oluphephile lwasebusika¶

• Ngigqoke amabhuzu anonyathela ajulile namasoli erabha athambile, noma ama-ice grip.
• Izandla zami zikhululekile futhi zigqoke amagilavu, hhayi emaphaketheni.
• Nginefoni eshajiwe ephaketheni elingaphakathi.
• Kukhona owaziyo ukuthi ngiyaphi uma ngizophuma isikhathi eside.
• Ngizohamba ngezitebhisi ezimfushane, ezinezinyawo eziyisicaba futhi ngisebenzise ama-handrails.
• Ngizophatha i-pavement ecwebezelayo njengeqhwa futhi ngigweme namabala anomthunzi.
• Ngisulile futhi ngafaka usawoti izindlela nezindlela ekhaya.
• Ngiyazazi izimpawu zokulimala kabi ekhanda noma enqulwini futhi ngizocela usizo.

Frequently asked questions¶

Iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuwela eqhweni?¶

Gcoba isilevu sakho esifubeni sakho, gcina izingalo zakho zigobile futhi ziphambi kwakho esikhundleni sokwelula izandla zakho, bese uzama ukuwela ezingxenyeni ezicijile zomzimba wakho njengaseceleni kwezinqe noma ithanga lakho. Nethezeka ngangokunokwenzeka futhi uginqike ngokuwa. Gwema ukuhlala ngezihlakala, izindololwane, amadolo noma ngemuva kwekhanda lakho.

Kufanele ngiye nini esibhedlela ngemva kokushibilika eqhweni?¶

Shayela inombolo yasendaweni yakini yezimo eziphuthumayo uma uquleka, udidekile, uphalaza, unobuhlungu bentamo noma umhlane, ungakwazi ukuhambisa isitho, ithambo eligobile elibonakalayo noma ungakwazi ukuthwala isisindo emlenzeni. Funa ukunakekelwa ngosuku olufanayo ngokungqongqoza ekhanda uma uneminyaka engaphezu kuka-65 noma uthatha imithi enciphisa igazi, nanoma ibuphi ubuhlungu esihlakaleni noma eqakaleni obunzima noma obuba bubi nakakhulu. Ungalindi ukubona ukuthi izimpawu ziyadlula yini lapho ushaya ikhanda lakho.

Kungani ukuphuka kwezihlakala kwenzeka kaningi lapho abantu beshibilika eqhweni?¶

Abantu abaningi baphonsa isandla ukuze baphule ukuwa, futhi amandla okufika ahamba ngesandla esihlakaleni nangaphambili. Ithambo lesihlakala ohlangothini lwesithupha livama ukuphuka ngaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanamathambo azacile. Ukugcina izingalo zakho zigobile futhi ziginqika ngokuwa kunganciphisa ingozi.

Ingabe usawoti we-rock uphephile ezifuyweni nasezitshalweni?¶

Usawoti wedwala ungacasula izidladla futhi ulimaze izitshalo nokhonkolo uma usebenzisa kakhulu. Sebenzisa ungqimba oluncane kuphela, hlambulula futhi usule izidladla zesilwane sakho esifuywayo ngemva kokuhamba, futhi ucabangele ama-de-icer aphephile noma isihlabathi ukuze ubambe. Gcina wonke ama-de-icer ekude, ngoba ukuwadla kungenza izilwane ezifuywayo zigule.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

Lo mhlahlandlela wahlolwa ngokumelene namakhasi eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (United States) mayelana nokuvimbela ukuwa kanye nokuwa kwabantu abadala asebekhulile, isiqondiso sokuphepha sasebusika seNational Weather Service (United States), isiqondiso se-American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons mayelana nokuphuka kwesihlakala nokuwa kwasebusika, isiqondiso sokuqala sosizo lokuqala lwe-American Red Cross yokulimala ekhanda nokuphuka, Isevisi Yezempilo Kazwelonke (United Kingdom) kanye neseluleko sokulimala kwe-Royal Society. of Izingozi (United Kingdom) iseluleko sasebusika, i-Canada Safety Council iseluleko sokuhamba ebusika, kanye namakhasi okuphepha ebusika e-Health Canada. Lapho ama-ejensi ehluka khona, kusetshenziswa iseluleko esiqaphile.

Funda usizo lokuqala¶

Izifundo zosizo lokuqala zifundisa ukuxhumanisa, ukuhlola ukulimala kwekhanda, ukulawula ukopha kanye ne-CPR ngokuzijwayeza, okuyinto ikhasi elingakwazi ukuyenza. I-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance kanye nabahlinzeki abaningi bendawo banikeza izifundo ezimfushane. Ukuthatha ngaphambi kobusika kukulungiselela ukusiza umakhelwane noma isihlobo esishibilika eqhweni.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Amathambo aphukile kanye nama-sprains
• Ukulimala ekhanda
• Abadala bayawa ukululama lapho bengakwazi ukuma
• Ukuqandisa kwe-Flash nokushayela kweqhwa elimnyama
• Ukukhipha iqhwa ngokuphepha