Ukuwohloka kwebhasi ledolobha noma ujantshi wesitimela esimweni sezulu esingaphansi kweziro¶

Ukuphuka komshini noma ukungasebenzi kukagesi ebhasini likamasipala lesitimela noma isitimela phakathi nesikhathi esinzima sezulu sasebusika kudala isimo esiphuthumayo sokuchayeka emakhazeni. Lapho izinjini zimisa noma amandla e-catenary ehla emazingeni okushisa awela ngaphansi kuka- -10 °C (14 °F), amagumbi abagibeli athulula ukushisa ngokushesha. Phakathi nemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-45, amazinga okushisa angaphakathi angacwila ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa, abeke obala abagibeli abagqoke kancane ku-hypothermia eqhubekayo kanye nesithwathwa se-peripheral.

Abagibeli abavaleleke bavame ukubhekana nenkinga enkulu: hlala ngaphakathi kwemoto emnyama, ebandayo, noma uzame ukuya esiteshini esingabonakali noma uphume emgwaqweni omkhulu ngenxa yeqhwa elishayelayo kanye namakhaza angaphansi kweqanda. Idatha yomlando yosesho nokuhlenga ibonisa ukuthi ukuhamba ngezinyawo okungaxhumene phakathi kweziphepho zasebusika kubangela izigameko eziningi ezibulalayo zokuchayeka ezihlobene nokuhamba. Ukuqonda i-thermodynamics yemoto, izimiso zokuthunyelwa kwezinto zokuthutha umphakathi, amandla e-wind chill, nokongiwa kokushisa komuntu siqu kuqinisekisa ukuthi usinda ezitebeleni zezokuthutha ngokuphepha kuyilapho amayunithi okutakula ehlanganisa.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Hlala ngaphakathi kwemoto ngaphandle kwalapho ukuhlukumezeka okuqondile ngokomzimba noma umlilo wesakhiwo usongela ikhabethe. Ibhasi noma inqola yesitimela isebenza njengesivimbeli umoya, ihlinzeka ngokuvala umoya, ikugcina womile, futhi ihlala ibonakala kakhulu kumakhilogremu eqhwa nasezimotweni zezimo eziphuthumayo kunomuntu ohamba ngezinyawo yedwa.
2. Imisebenzi yokuxwayisa ngezinto zokuthutha umphakathi noma ukuthunyelwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha. Uma umshayeli noma ukhondakta wesitimela engakwazi ukusebenza noma engakwazi ukuthola oxhumana naye emsakazweni, shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) futhi unikeze inombolo yomzila, inombolo yesibonakaliso semoto, nomaka wokugcina onqamula umgwaqo noma imayela.
3. Hlanganisa abagibeli ukuze udale isimo sezulu esishisayo esincanyana. Hambisa wonke umuntu phakathi nengxenye emaphakathi yebhasi noma imoto yomgibeli, kude nezicabha ezigoqekayo ezisalungiswa, amafasitela aphukile, namakhanda angavaliwe.
4. Gqoka zonke izendlalelo ezitholakalayo bese uvala ama-cuffs wezingubo. Gqoka amajakhethi, donsa ama-hood noma amakepisi okunitha aqine ezindlebeni, bopha izikhafu ebusweni, futhi ufake imilenze yebhulukwe emasokisini noma amabhuzu ukuze uvale umoya ofudumele esikhumbeni sakho.
5. Zivikele ezindaweni ezibandayo zensimbi naphansi. Hlala phezu kwevinyl noma izihlalo zendwangu esikhundleni sefreyimu yensimbi, beka ojosaka noma amaphephandaba agoqiwe ngaphansi kwamabhuzu akho ukuze uphule ukulahlekelwa ukushisa okuqondile endaweni eyiqhwa, futhi nihlale eduze ukuze nihlanganyele ukushisa komzimba.
6. Ungakukhuthazi ukuhamba ngezinyawo okuqhutshwa ukwethuka okuya ezimeni zesiphepho esivulekile. Khuluma ngokuqinile nangokuzola ukuze uvimbe abantu bangangeni ezindaweni ezikhukhula iqhwa elimhlophe lapho i-hypothermia, ukudideka okudabukisayo, nokungqubuzana kwe-snowploy kubangela izingozi ezibulalayo.

I-Thermodynamics yezimoto zokuhamba ezimile emoyeni ongaphansi kweziro¶

Izimoto zokuhamba zomphakathi zenzelwe ukugcwaliswa kabusha okushisayo okuvela kumasistimu wokushisisa akhipha imali ephezulu. Ibhasi ledolobha elijwayelekile elingamamitha angu-12 (amafidi angu-40) lithembele ekushiseni kukadoti okuvela enjinini yalo esindayo kadizili noma amakhoyili asiza kagesi ukumelana ukuze ajikeleze ama-kilowatts angu-30 kuye kwangu-45 wamandla ashisayo ngokusebenzisa ama-radiator aphansi kanye nezivuthela uphahla. Ngokufanayo, izitimela zikagesi ze-multiple-unit (EMU) zisebenzisa amasistimu e-HVAC aphezulu angama-kilowatt angu-50 anikwe amandla ama-high-voltage catenary current noma ojantshi besithathu.

Uma ukwehluleka komshini, ukugaywa kukaphethiloli, noma ukuphazamiseka kwamandla kusike lezi zinhlelo, imoto ishintsha ibe insimbi engashisi kanye nengilazi ebiyelwe ngaphansi kokubola ngokushesha okushisayo.

flowchart TD
    A["Imoto Ehambayo Iphuka Ngesimo Sezulu Esingaphansi Koziro"] --> B{"Ingabe ikhabethe lisesimweni futhi alinawo umlilo noma igesi?"}
    B -- No --> C["Oda Ukuphuma Okulawulwayo ku-Windbreak esheshayo noma Imoto Yotakula"]
    B -- Yes --> D["Hlanganisa Bonke Abagibeli Esikhungweni Sezimoto"]
    D --> E["Sungula Ukuxhumana nge-Dispatch / 911 / 112"]
    E --> F["Insulate Izinyawo kusukela Frozen Floor Ukusebenzisa Izikhwama noma Mats"]
    F --> G["Hlangana ukuze Uhlanganyele Ukushisa Okubalulekile kanye Nokusalungiswa Kwesici"]
    G --> H{"Ingabe Ibhasi Lokuhlenga Elishisayo noma Indawo yokukhosela Esigcawini?"}
    H -- No --> I["Yenza i-Isometric Muscle Flexing futhi Hlala Uqaphile"]
    H -- Yes --> J["Ukudlulisa Okuhlelekile Kwefayela Elilodwa Kwezokuthutha Ezishisayo"]

Izindlela zokulahlekelwa ukufudumala ezimotweni ezimile¶

Ukushisa kushiya imoto emile ngezindlela ezine zomzimba ngasikhathi sinye:

Ukulahlekelwa kwe-Convective kubusa ukupholisa imoto eziphepho zasebusika. Imimoya engaphansi kukaziro eshanela kumaphaneli ensimbi angaphandle ikhumula ungqimba oluncane lomngcele oshisayo womoya ozungeze ibhasi noma inqola yesitimela. Isivinini somoya esingu-48 km/h (30 mph) siphinda kabili izinga lokudlulisa ukushisa okuguquguqukayo uma kuqhathaniswa nomoya ozolile, okupholisa ngokushesha uphahla lwe-aluminium nezikhumba eziseceleni kwehle kuya kumazinga okushisa asendaweni.

Ukulahlekelwa kwe-conductive kwenzeka ngokuqondile ngezinto ezingafakwanga. Izimoto zokuthutha zesimanje zibeka phambili ukwakhiwa okungasindi kanye nokuqina okumelana nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla ngaphezu kokufakwa kwe-thermal. Amapani aphansi aqukethe insimbi yeshidi elinezimbambo noma i-plywood embozwe nge-vinyl engasheleli. Ukuhlala namasoli ebhuthi yenjoloba aphumule ngokuqondile kulawa mapulangwe aphansi afriziwe kukhipha ukushisa ezindaweni eziphansi, ukushayela izinga lokushisa lonyawo libe ngaphansi kuka-10 °C (50 °F) phakathi nemizuzu engu-30.

Ukulahlekelwa kwemisebe kudonsa imisebe ye-infrared emizimbeni yabantu iye endaweni ebandayo yezimoto. Amafasitela amakhulu engilazi yokuphepha enefasitelana elilodwa elipholile amboze izinhlangothi zamabhasi nezitimela zabagibeli akhipha ukushisa ngaphandle emkhathini obandayo. Ukuhlala eduze kwengilazi yefasitela kudonsa ukushisa komzimba kude ngisho noma umoya wekhabethe elizungezile uhlala ufudumele kancane.

Ukungena kudonsa umoya wangaphandle oqandayo ngokusebenzisa izimbobo zemishini. Izicabha zabagibeli bebhasi lezokuthutha zisebenzisa izindlela ezigoqeka kabili noma ezislayidi ezinezigxivizo zenjoloba emaphethelweni. Lapho iqhwa ngenxa yamazinga okushisa eqhwa nangaphansi kwezirotho, lezi zimpawu zenjoloba ziyaqina futhi zifinyele, zidale izikhala lapho imimoya yasebusika enomfutho iphoqa umoya ongaphansi kweqanda ungene endaweni yaphansi yegumbi.

Izindlela zokuhluleka kwemishini ezimweni ezinzima zasebusika¶

Imikhumbi yezokuthutha ihlangabezana nokuba sengozini okuhlukile kwemishini phakathi namakhaza asebusika:

Uphethiloli kapharafini wokubasa udizili kwenzeka lapho amazinga okushisa ehla ngaphansi kwephoyinti lefu likadizili, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka -9 °C no -15 °C (15 °F kanye no-5 °F) udizili ongalungiswanga onguNo. 2 we-ultra-low sulphur. Amakristalu e-wax kapharafini aphuma kuphethiloli owuketshezi, akhe udaka olunamakha oluvala izihlungi eziyinhloko zikaphethiloli futhi lulambe injini kaphethiloli ngemizuzwana.

I-pneumatic air brake freezing imisa amabhasi nezitimela ngokuzenzakalelayo. Izimoto zokuhamba zisebenzisa umoya ocindezelwe ukusebenzisa amabhuleki esevisi, iziphethu zomoya ezimisiwe, neminyango yabagibeli. Uma ama-dryer air desiccant ase-onboard ehluleka ukususa umswakama, amaconsi amanzi aba yiqhwa ngaphakathi kwama-valve e-relay kanye nokunyathela kwamabhuleki. Lapho umfutho womoya wopha, amabhuleki e-spring brake (ama-maxi-brakes) avala ngokuzenzakalelayo amasondo okushayela, avimbe imoto emigwaqweni yethrafikhi noma kujantshi wesitimela akude.

Ukunqwabelana kweqhwa okungaphezulu kushayisana nololiwe kanye nokuhamba kwesitimela esincane. Imvula ebandayo neqhwa elimanzi ijazi elingu-1,500-volt noma izintambo ezingu-25,000-volt ngaphezulu kwe-catenary eqhweni elicwebezelayo. Njengoba ama-pantographs esitimela sikagesi eshelela ocingweni oluqandisiwe, kwenzeka ukugoqana kukagesi okuqinile, ukushisa imichilo ye-carbon contact kanye nokudiliza izintambo ezingaphezulu, okucupha uhambo oluzenzakalelayo lokujikeleza eziteshini ezidonsayo.

I-ice-bridging kaloliwe wesithathu idala ungqimba olucwebezelayo olucwebezelayo emakhanda okhondatha wesitimela sesithathu. Ngaphandle kokuxhumana kukagesi phakathi kwesicathulo somqoqi wesitimela kanye nomzila wensimbi, amandla okuqhubela phambili ayaphela ngokushesha, okushiya isethi yesitimela imile ngaphandle komzamo ohehayo noma ukushisa okungeziwe kukagesi.

Ingozi yokuhamba ngezinyawo kwabahamba ngezinyawo: i-physics nedatha yosesho¶

Lapho imoto yokuthutha ima esiphephweni sasebusika, abagibeli bavame ukuzwakalisa ukukhathazeka ngokuhlala benganyakazi. Isifiso esingokwengqondo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuvamile sibonakala njengesifiso sokushiya imoto futhi uhambe uye endaweni eyaziwayo eyingqopha-mlando, umehlukanondlela onguthelawayeka, noma umgwaqo ongaphansi komhlaba. Abaphathi bezimo eziphuthumayo zezokuthutha kanye nezikhungo zokusesha nezokutakula ehlane bahlukanisa abahamba ngezinyawo abangagunyaziwe njengembangela eyinhloko yokushona kwabantu ngesikhathi sokonakala kwezinto zokuhamba ezibanda kakhulu.

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani ukuhamba kuyingozi kangaka kusiza abagibeli ukuthi bamelane nalo mkhuba wokwethuka futhi kugcine abanye bephephile.

Ukusheshisa ukugodola komoya kanye nezikhathi zesithwathwa¶

Nakuba ingaphakathi lemoto elimile kubanda ngendlela engathandeki, iqeda ngokuphelele i-convective wind chill. Ngaphandle kwemoto, isivinini somoya siguqula amazinga okushisa angaphansi kweziro kube izindawo eziyingozi. Isevisi Yesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke (NWS) kanye Nezemvelo kanye Nokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Amashadi okubanda komoya aseCanada abonisa indlela umoya onyakazayo okhipha ngayo ukushisa enyameni edaluliwe:

Ezingeni lokushisa le-ambient elingu -15 °C (5 °F) nesivinini somoya esingu-48 km/h (30 mph), amakhaza ehla aze afike ku-28 °C (-18 °F), okubeka engcupheni isithwathwa esikhumbeni esivelile phakathi nemizuzu engu-30. Ku-25 °C (-13 °F) nemimoya efanayo, ukugodola komoya kufinyelela -42 °C (-44 °F), kuqandisa isikhumba esiveziwe ngaphansi kwemizuzu eyi-10.

Ngaphakathi kwebhasi noma imoto yesitimela, isivinini somoya singuziro. Ngisho noma umoya wekhabhinethi wehlela ku -10 °C (14 °F), ukungabi khona komoya kuvimbela ukuphuma ngokushesha okushisayo, kugcina ingozi yesithwathwa iphansi kakhulu kunangaphandle.

Wind Chill Equivalent Temperatures (°C / °F)
====================================================================================
Air Temp \ Wind Speed | 16 km/h (10 mph) | 32 km/h (20 mph) | 48 km/h (30 mph)
----------------------+------------------+------------------+-----------------------
-10 °C (14 °F)        | -16 °C (3 °F)    | -20 °C (-4 °F)   | -22 °C (-8 °F)
-15 °C (5 °F)         | -22 °C (-8 °F)   | -26 °C (-15 °F)  | -28 °C (-18 °F) [.]
-20 °C (-4 °F)        | -28 °C (-18 °F)  | -33 °C (-27 °F)  | -35 °C (-31 °F) [.]
-25 °C (-13 °F)       | -35 °C (-31 °F)  | -39 °C (-38 °F)  | -42 °C (-44 °F) [..]
====================================================================================
[.] Frostbite possible in 30 minutes.   [..] Frostbite occurs in under 10 minutes.

Ukuphazamiseka kwendawo kanye nobumpumputhe obumhlophe¶

Ukuzulazula kwabantu kuncike cishe ngokuphelele kunkomba ebonakalayo: imikhathizwe, imiphetho yemigwaqo, izakhiwo, nemigqa yezihlahla. Esivunguvungwini seqhwa ebusika, iqhwa eliwayo elihlanganiswe neziphepho zeqhwa emhlabathini (iqhwa eliphephukayo eliphakanyiswe umoya onamandla) likhiqiza izimo ezimhlophe eziphelele. Umehluko wehla ube uziro, ukubona ukujula kuyanyamalala, futhi isibhakabhaka sihlangana kahle endaweni embozwe yiqhwa.

Ezimweni ezimhlophe, abantu abakwazi ukugcina isihloko esiqondile. I-physiological asymmetry ngobude bomlenze, amandla enyonga, kanye nokunyakazisa kwemisipha kubangela ukuthi umuntu ovalwe amehlo noma ophazamisekile ahambe emibuthanweni ephakathi kwamamitha angu-20 kuya kwangu-100 (amafidi angu-65 ukuya kwangu-330) ububanzi. Abagibeli abashiya ibhasi abakholelwa ukuthi igalaji likaphethiloli lingamamitha angu-400 kuphela (1,312 amafidi) ngaphambili ngokuvamile bakhukhuleka baye emiseleni ejulile, emachibini agcina amanzi, noma ezinkundleni zezolimo ezivulekile, kubanda kuze bafe phambi komgwaqo.

futhi, izintambo zeqhwa zikamasipala ezinzima ezisebenza phakathi neziphepho zeqhwa zihamba ngo-30 km/h ukuya ku-50 km/h (18 mph kuya ku-31 mph), ziphusha izindonga ezigelezayo zeqhwa ezisitha ukubonakala kwazo phambili. Umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo odlubulunda emigwaqweni egudla ihlombe lomgwaqo omkhulu cishe akabonakali kubasebenzisi bekhithi kuze kube yilapho umthelela ungenakugwenywa.

Ukuphathwa kwe-microclimate yabagibeli kanye namaqhinga okusinda kwangaphakathi¶

Ukusinda endaweni enwetshiwe yezokuthutha ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaphansi kweqanda kudinga ukuhlelwa kwamabomu, okusebenzayo kwendawo yangaphakathi kanye nokushisa komzimba womgibeli.

Isungula indawo yokushisa emaphakathi¶

Ungavumeli abagibeli ukuthi bahlale behlakazekile phakathi nebhasi elide noma isitimela sezimoto eziningi:

Hlanganisa wonke umuntu phakathi nendawo yejiyomethri yemoto. Ebhasini lezokuthutha, lena indawo ephakathi kwemithombo yamasondo angaphambili kanye ne-asi yangemuva. Le zoni ivinjwe umoya obandayo ogijima udlule iwindi lomoya, iminyango yokugibela yangaphambili, nezicabha zokuphuma ngemuva.

Esitimeleni esithwala izimoto eziningi, abasebenzi bezokuthutha bazoqondisa abagibeli ukuthi bahlanganisele emotweni eyodwa ephakathi. Uma abagibeli sebehlanganisiwe, bopha bese uvala izicabha ezisindayo ze-bulkhead ekugcineni kwemoto ukuze ubambe ukushisa okuhlanganisiwe kweqembu.

Hlalisa abagibeli ngababili noma ngamaqoqo. Khuthaza abantu ukuthi babelane ngezihlalo, bahlale belinganisene, futhi badonse amajazi noma izingubo zokulala emathangeni amaningi. Ukwabelana ngokuthintana ngokomzimba kunciphisa indawo engaphezulu eveziwe futhi kunciphisa ukulahleka kokushisa kwe-convective.

Ukuvimbela amabhuloho conductive ezishisayo¶

Umoya uyisivikelo esikhethekile, kuyilapho izinsimbi namapulasitiki acindezelwe kungamakhondaktha ashisayo. Ukuvimbela ukushisa komzimba ukuthi kungangeni esakhiweni semoto kubaluleke kakhulu:

Phakamisa izinyawo zakho emabhodini aphansi angenalutho. Beka izikhwama zomuntu siqu, ojosaka, izimpawu zamakhadibhodi, omata baphansi, noma amamephu ezokuthutha agoqiwe ngaphansi kwamasoli akho ebhuthi. Ukwengeza ngisho no-2 cm (0.8 amayintshi) wephepha likathayela noma igwebu phakathi kwezicathulo zakho nephansi eliqandisiwe kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ukushisa ezinyaweni zakho ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-60.

Unganciki ikhanda lakho noma amahlombe akho phezu kwengilazi yefasitela noma izindonga ezisemaceleni ezingavaliwe. Uma uhlezi eduze kwefasitela, beka ubhaka, ijazi eligoqiwe, noma isikhafu phakathi komzimba wakho nengilazi ukuze udale umgoqo womoya ovikelayo.

Gqoka amagilavu ​​noma ama-mittens ngaphambi kokuthi uthinte ama-handrails nama-stanchions. Izigxobo ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezigxobo zebhasi zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali noma i-aluminium enamekwe ngompushana. Ukubamba insimbi engenalutho ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa kubangela ukushaqeka ngokushesha okushisayo futhi kungabangela isikhumba esimanzi ukuba siqine futhi sinamathele ngokuqondile endaweni ebandayo yensimbi.

Ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kwe-Metabolic nokunyakaza komzimba¶

Ukuhlala unganyakazi emazingeni okushisa anciphayo kubangela ukuthi imithambo yegazi eseduze ibambene, ihlanganise igazi elifudumele enkabeni kuyilapho izandla nezinyawo ziba ndikindiki futhi zibe buhlungu. Ukugcina ukujikeleza ngaphandle kokujuluka:

Yenza ukuzivocavoca okuqhubekayo kwemisipha ye-isometric. Hlanganisa futhi ukhulule imisipha yethanga, cindezela imisipha yezinqe, ugoqe amahlombe, futhi ugobe imisipha yethole imizuzwana eyi-10 ngesikhathi uhlezi. Lokhu kufinyela kwemisipha kukhuthaza ukugeleza kwegazi kwe-arterial kanye nokukhiqizwa kokushisa kwe-metabolic ngaphandle kokuzikhandla okukhulu kwenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.

Nyakazisa izinzwane bese umpompa amaqakala ngokuqhubekayo. Ukugoqa nokwelula izinzwane zakho ngaphakathi kwamabhuzu akho kuvimbela ukuqina kwe-capillary futhi kubambezele ukuqala kokulimala okubandayo okungabandi (unyawo lomsele).

Gwema ukujuluka ngazo zonke izindlela. Ukuzikhandla ngokweqile ngokugxuma okuphithizelayo noma ukunyakaza komzimba okunamandla kubangela ukujuluka. Uma umswakama usugcwele ungqimba lwakho lwesisekelo, indwangu emanzi ilahlekelwa indawo yayo yokuvikela. Uma uyeka ukunyakaza, lelo ngqimba elimanzi ligodola ngokushesha, lehlise izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakho elimaphakathi kakhulu.

Ukuthunyelwa kwe-ejensi yezokuthutha, izimo eziphuthumayo ezibandayo, nezinto zokuhlenga¶

Lapho izinhlelo zokuthutha zikamasipala zintenga ngesikhathi sezulu esinzima sasebusika, izikhungo zokuthutha ezisebenzayo zisebenzisa izivumelwano ezihleliwe zesimo sezulu esibandayo ukuze zihlenge abagibeli abavaleleke. Ukuqonda ukuthi imisebenzi yezokuthutha isebenza kanjani ikusiza ukuthi ulindele izikhathi zokutakula futhi usebenze ngempumelelo nabaphenduli besimo esiphuthumayo.

Ukuxhumanisa isikhungo sokulawula ezokuthutha¶

Iziphathimandla zesimanje zezokuthutha zikamasipala zisebenzisa izikhungo zokulawula izinto zokuhamba ezimaphakathi (TOC) ezifakwe amasistimu endawo yemoto ezenzakalelayo (AVL) asekelwe ku-GPS kanye nezixhumanisi zedatha yeselula yesikhathi sangempela.

Uma ibhasi noma isitimela sima ukudlulisa i-telemetry yokunyakaza phakathi nesiphepho, isofthiwe ye-dispatch ihlaba umkhosi imoto njengevimbelwe. Ama-Dispatchers asungula ukuxhumana nomsakazo okuqondile nomsebenzisi, ahlole uphethiloli nesimo sokusebenza, futhi anqume ukubalwa kwabagibeli abagibele.

Ama-ejensi wezokuthutha abeka phambili ukuhlenga izimoto ngokusekelwe ebucayi bemvelo kanye nokuba sengozini kwabagibeli. Ibhasi elikhubazekile elithwele abagibeli abangu-40 emgwaqweni onguthelawayeka wasemakhaya osikwe ngamakhaza -20 °C (-4 °F) lithola ukuthunyelwa kuqala kunebhasi elingenalutho elimiswe eduze kwetheminali yedolobha.

flowchart TD
    A["Imoto Yokuthutha Ekhubazekile Emakwe Isilawuli Esimaphakathi"] --> B["Othintana Naye Nomsakazo Womsebenzi & Ukubalwa Kwabagibeli Kuqinisekisiwe"]
    B --> C{"Ingabe Indawo Yemoto Iyafinyeleleka Ngomgwaqo?"}
    C -- Yes --> D["Thumela 'Ibhasi Elifudumele' eliseduze ukusuka eDepho Yesiteji"]
    D --> E["Hambisa amaloli kaMasipala onguthelawayeka anosawoti ukuze aphelezelwe"]
    E --> F["Dlulisa Abagibeli Ibhasi-kuya-Ibhasi nge-Protected Chute"]
    C -- No --> G["Thumela i-Heavy Rail Locomotive noma i-Trackmobile"]
    G --> H["I-Couple Rescue Unit noma Dlulisa Abagibeli NgaseCatwalk"]
    H --> I["Abagibeli Bezokuthutha baye Ethemini Yesitimela Esinezisebenzi"]

Ukuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi "yebhasi efudumele".¶

Ngesikhathi sezithombe ezibandayo zikamasipala, ama-ejensi wezokuthutha agcina iphesenti elimisiwe lemikhumbi yabo ifakwe uphethiloli, ifudunyezwe ngaphambili, futhi ihlelwe ezindaweni zamagaraji. Lezi zimoto zisetshenziswe ngokukhethekile njengezindawo zokukhosela ezifudumalayo nezithutha zokuhlenga:

Amabhasi okutakula athunyelwa ngababili noma aphelezelwa amaloli anosawoti esindayo wegeja langaphambili. I-snowplow ivula indlela ebonakalayo emigwaqweni ekhukhulekile, okuvumela ibhasi lokuhlenga ukuthi lihambe eduze kwemoto ekhubazekile.

Abaphendulayo badlulise umgibeli ibhasi liya ebhasini. Imoto yokuhlenga imisa iminyango yabagibeli bayo ngokuphambana ngokuqondile noma amayintshi ukusuka eminyango yebhasi ekhubazekile, inciphisa ukuchayeka kwabagibeli emoyeni wangaphandle kanye nesithwathwa esiphephukayo. Abaphendulayo basungula i-handrail yomuntu noma basebenzise izikrini zomoya zekhanvasi phakathi kwamaphothali eminyango.

Ukudlulisa abagibeli ngokulandelana kwefayela elilodwa. Okuhamba phambili kunikezwa abantu abakhombisa izimpawu ze-hypothermia, abagibeli asebekhulile, abazali abanezinsana, kanye nabantu abanokukhubazeka kokuhamba.

Izinjini zokuhlenga ujantshi kanye nemishini yokususa iqhwa kaloliwe¶

Amanethiwekhi ezitimela zabagibeli ancike ezitimeleni ezisindayo zikadizili noma izinto ezikhethekile zokunakekela ithrekhi ukuze afinyelele amasethi ezitimela abagibeli abavaleleke ngokunqamuka kwezintambo ezihamba phezulu noma ojantshi besithathu abaqandisiwe:

Ukuqondisa kabusha kwesitimela kuhlanganisa ukuthumela intimela yokuhlenga idizili kwabashadile kusethi yesitimela ekhubazekile. Uma isihlangene, isitimela sokuhlenga singanikeza amandla kagesi ehhotela (amandla okuphela kwekhanda noma i-HEP) ngezintambo ezisizayo ze-jumper ezingama-volt angu-480, ukubuyisela ngokushesha ukushisisa kwangaphakathi kwemoto kanye nokukhipha umoya.

Izinqubo zokudlulisa umkhondo zenzeka uma ukulimala komshini kuvimbela ukuhlangana. Abasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo bamise isitimela sokuhlenga kumzila osuliwe oseduze. Izicishamlilo kanye namakhondaktha kaloliwe abeka amabhuloho e-aluminium akhethekile emzileni, okuvumela abagibeli ukuthi basuke emnyango wemoto baye komunye umnyango wemoto ngenhla kwendlela eyiqhwa engakwesokudla.

Amasistimu wezokuthutha wesifunda, izivumelwano zasebusika, nokwehluka kwezindawo¶

Isimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu sithinta ukuhamba komphakathi ngendlela ehlukile kuzo zonke izindawo zomhlaba jikelele. Iziqondiso zesifunda, izisekelo zesimo sezulu, namandla okuphendula izimo eziphuthumayo abumba indlela ukuwohloka okulawulwa ngayo.

I-United States: Iziqondiso ze-FTA, ama-DOT wesifunda, nezokuthutha zikamasipala¶

E-United States, ukuphepha kwezokuthutha zomphakathi kwenganyelwe i-Federal Transit Administration (FTA) eduze neminyango yezwe yezokuthutha neziphathimandla zezokuthutha zikamasipala (njenge-MTA eNew York, i-CTA e-Chicago, i-MBTA e-Boston, ne-Metro Transit e-Minneapolis-St. Paul).

Ukulawulwa kweziphepho zasebusika kulandela izinhlelo zikamasipala zesimo sezulu esibandayo. Emadolobheni ajwayele izimo ezinzima zasebusika (iMinneapolis, Chicago, Buffalo), izimoto zokuhamba ezihamba ebusika No. 1 kanye noNo.

Impendulo yezimo eziphuthumayo ibandakanya ukuxhumana kwama-ejensi amaningi. Uma izitimela zabagibeli noma amabhasi zithengisa emigwaqweni ephakathi nendawo noma ezigabeni zethrekhi ezikude, ukuthunyelwa kwezinto zokuhamba kusebenzisa isikhungo semisebenzi yezimo eziphuthumayo sikahulumeni. Amaphoyisa ombuso kanye namaphoyisa omgwaqo omkhulu we-National Guard atshala izimoto zokuhlenga ezilandelwayo noma izingxenye eziphuthumayo ezidonsa ngamasondo amane ukuze bathole abagibeli abavaleleke. E-United States yonkana, ukushayela u-911 kukuxhuma ngokuqondile kubathumeli bezimo eziphuthumayo bakamasipala noma besifunda abasebenzisana namaphoyisa ezokuthutha.

E-Canada: I-Transport Canada kanye nemisebenzi yezokuthutha engaphansi kwe-arctic¶

Amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha e-Canadian (njenge-TTC ne-GO Transit e-Toronto, i-STM ne-Exo e-Montreal, ne-OC Transpo e-Ottawa) asebenza ngaphansi kwemihlahlandlela yokuphepha ye-Transport Canada eqinile kanye namazinga aqinile okusebenza ebusika.

Izimoto zenzelwe ngokukhethekile ukubanda okudlulele. Amabhasi e-Canadian transit afaka amafasitela aseceleni acwebezeliswe kabili, ukufakwa ngaphansi okuqinisiwe, nezifudumezi ezipholile ezisebenza ngodizili (ezifana nezinhlelo ze-Webasto noma ze-Espar) ezigcina ukufudumala kwekhabethe ngisho noma izinjini ezinkulu zokushayela zingasebenzi noma zihlezi.

Izimiso zokuphepha kwabagibeli zibanqabela ngokuqinile abagibeli ukuba behlele kumalungelo kaloliwe noma emigwaqweni emikhulu yesifundazwe. Amanethiwekhi kaloliwe agcina ama-switch track ashisayo anikwa amandla izifudumezi zegesi yemvelo noma izinto zokushisisa zikagesi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kweqhwa. Uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo, abantu baseCanada bashayela u-911 ukuze kutholakale amaphoyisa, abezicishamlilo nabezimo eziphuthumayo.

I-United Kingdom: Ibhodi Lokuphepha Nezindinganiso Zesitimela kanye nezithombe ezibandayo¶

E-United Kingdom, lapho amakhaza angaphansi kweqanda kanye neqhwa elinamandla lingavamile kakhulu, izehlakalo zesimo sezulu sasebusika (ezivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "Isilo SaseMpumalanga") zingabangela ukuphazamiseka okusheshayo, okukhulu kumanethiwekhi emigwaqo nawesitimela abuswa yi-Office of Rail and Road (ORR) kanye ne-Network Rail.

Izitimela zabagibeli namabhasi esifunda avame ukuba nokubambezeleka okungazelelwe kanye nokwephuka ngenxa yezitimela eziqandisiwe zesithathu emigqeni yesifunda saseNingizimu kanye nokwehluleka komshini kusitoko esingafakwanga mshini. I-Network Rail isebenzisa izitimela eziyisipesheli zokunqanda uqweqwe lweqhwa (izitimela zokwelapha iqhwa neqhwa noma ama-MPV) zifafaza i-potassium acetate eshisayo kuma-conductor rails.

Ngenxa yokuthi amabhasi aseBrithani anesitezi esiphindwe kabili kanye nedeski elilodwa akhelwe ikakhulukazi isimo sezulu esipholile, amagumbi abagibeli alahlekelwa ukushisa ngokushesha phakathi neziphepho ezingavamile ezingaphansi kwezinga-ziro. Izinsizakalo zamaphoyisa kanye nemikhandlu yendawo zivula izindawo zokufudumala eziphuthumayo emitatsheni yolwazi, emahholo amadolobha, nasezikhungweni zomphakathi. E-United Kingdom yonkana, izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo zifinyelelwa ngokudayela ku-999, kuyilapho usizo lwezenhlalakahle olungezona ezezimo eziphuthumayo lungacelwa nge-101.

I-European Union: Ukuqina kwesitimela saseNordic ne-Alpine¶

Kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, ukuqina kwezokuthutha kuyahluka kakhulu ngokwendawo, esebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-European Railway Agency (ERA):

Amanethiwekhi eNordic eSweden (SL, SJ), Finland (HSL, VR), naseNorway (Ruter, Vy) asebenza ngemishini ekhethekile ye-arctic. Izitimela ezigibela abagibeli zifaka ukushisisa kwekalishi elisindayo, izitimela zegeja leqhwa, nama-vestibule seal aqinisiwe aklanyelwe ukumelana nezinga lokushisa elifika ku--35 °C (-31 °F). Iziteshi nezindawo zokulinda ziyafudunyezwa futhi zivalekile.

Izinto zokuthutha e-Alpine e-Austria, Switzerland, naseningizimu yeJalimane zisebenzisa iziphephetha-moya zeqhwa kanye nengqalasizinda kaloliwe eqinile ye-avalanche. Kumanethiwekhi eMedithera naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, izehlakalo zemvula eshubisa umnkantsha kungazelelwe zingakhubaza ama-catenaries namabhasi abagibeli aswele amathayi asebusika noma amasistimu okuvikela ijeli. Ukudayela u-112 kuxhuma abafonayo ekuthumeleni izimo eziphuthumayo kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-European Union.

I-Australia: Izifunda ze-Alpine nokuhamba kwezwe eliphezulu okungalindelekile¶

Ngenkathi i-Australia yaziwa emhlabeni jikelele ngenxa yesimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo, i-Australian Alps eNew South Wales nase-Victoria ihlangabezana neziphepho ezinzima zasebusika ezingaphansi kweqanda, iziphepho zeqhwa, kanye nemigwaqo eneqhwa phakathi kukaJuni noSepthemba.

Ezokuthutha ze-NSW kanye nabasebenzi besifunda be-Victorian bagijima abaqeqeshi beqhwa abakhethekile namabhasi ashuthayo axhuma izindawo zokungcebeleka ze-alpine ski (i-Perisher, i-Thredbo, i-Mount Buller) nezindawo zokuhamba zesifunda. Izimoto ezisebenza ezindaweni ezisezintabeni ze-alpine zigunyazwe ngokusemthethweni ukuthi zithwale amaketanga amathayi ephethini yedayimane kanye nophethiloli wedizili we-alpine wezinga lasebusika ukuvimbela ukugcotshwa.

Uma umqeqeshi we-alpine noma i-shuttle ye-commuter iphuka ngesikhathi se-blizzard ephezulu, abagibeli bayalwa yi-Victoria Police kanye ne-NSW Police ukuthi bahlale ngaphakathi kwe-cabin yomqeqeshi evuthayo. Ukwehlela ezimeni zeqhwa emigwaqweni enamazombezombe esezintabeni kuveza abahambi ku-hypothermia enzima futhi bawele emihosheni. Ukudayela okungu-000 kuxhuma kubathumeli bezimo eziphuthumayo kulo lonke elase-Australia.

Ukulungela ubusika kwabagibeli¶

Abagibeli abathembele ezintweni zokuhamba zomphakathi phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika kufanele baphathe izimpahla zabo ukuze banciphise ubungozi bezindawo zokudayisa izimoto ezingalindelekile.

Izimiso zokwendlalela kanye nokwahlukanisa umuntu¶

Gqokisa isimo sezulu sangaphandle, hhayi ingaphakathi elishisayo lebhasi elisebenzayo:

Isistimu yokugqoka enezendlalelo ezintathu inikeza ukuvikeleka okuguquguqukayo. Sebenzisa isendlalelo sesisekelo sokwenziwa esivaleka umswakama noma uboya, uboya obuvikelayo noma isendlalelo esimaphakathi esiphansi, kanye nejakhethi yangaphandle yegobolondo elingangeni moya. Gwema ukotini, obamba umswakama futhi upholise umzimba.

Vikela amaphethelo ashisayo. Ikhanda, intamo, nobuso okungamboziwe kulahlekelwa ukushisa okukhulu emoyeni. Gqoka ikepisi elilukiwe eliminyene, isikhafu noma i-balaclava, nezimbuzane ezivikela umoya, ezigcina ukushisa kangcono kunamagilavu ​​ahlukanisiwe.

Khetha izicathulo ezivaliwe, ezingangeni manzi. Izinyawo eziwugqinsi zenza isikhala phakathi kwezinyawo zakho nephansi eliqandisiwe. Amateku azacile noma izicathulo zokugqoka zinikeza isivikelo esincane futhi ziholela ngokushesha ekulimaleni okubandayo.

Ephaketheni ikhithi yezimo eziphuthumayo yabagibeli¶

Ukugcina isethi encane yezinto eziphuthumayo ngaphakathi kwesikhwama sansuku zonke somgibeli noma isikhwama kungase kuguqule isimo esinzima sibe isimo esilawulekayo:

• Ingubo yesikhala ehlangene (ucwecwe lwe-mylar). Ingubo yokulala egoqiwe ye-mylar inesisindo esingaphansi kwamagremu angu-50 (ama-ounces angu-1.8) futhi ingena ngaphakathi kwephakethe lejazi. Ukugoqa ishidi le-mylar eduze komzimba wakho ngaphansi kwejazi lakho kukhombisa kufika kumaphesenti angama-90 omzimba wakho okhipha ukushisa kwe-infrared emuva ngasenkabeni yakho.
• Izifudumezi zezandla nezinzwane zamakhemikhali ezisebenza emoyeni. Amaphakethe okufudumeza okusansimbi avaliwe ahlinzeka ngamahora angu-8 kuya kwangu-10 okushisa okungaguquki, okuphephile okufika ku-40 °C kuya ku-50 °C (104 °F kuya ku-122 °F). Ukushelela izifudumezi ezicushiwe kuma-mittens akho noma emabhokisini ezinzwane ze-boot kugcina ukujikeleza kwe-capillary futhi kuvimbela isithwathwa.
• Ibhange lamandla eliphathekayo elinamandla amakhulu. Amabhethri efoni ye-lithium-ion alahlekelwa ukushajwa okusebenzayo ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kweziro ngenxa yokuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwamaseli ebhethri kunciphisa ijubane. Gcina ibhange lamandla elizinikele ngaphakathi kwephakethe langaphakathi eliseduze nokushisa komzimba wakho, kanye nekhebuli yokushaja, ukuze ugcine ukusebenza kwefoni phakathi nokulibaziseka okunwetshiwe.
• Ibha yamandla enekhalori ephezulu. Ukugaya ama-carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi, amaprotheni, namafutha kuvuselela umzimba wakho wemvelo we-thermogenesis, kubhebhethekisa ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kwe-metabolic ngesikhathi ulinde ukutakulwa.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Ingabe kufanele ngihambe ngezinyawo ngiye esakhiweni esiseduze uma ibhasi ledolobha liphuka esiphepho sezulu?¶

Cha. Kufanele uhlale ngaphakathi ebhasini ngaphandle kwalapho isakhiwo sibonakala ngokushesha, singaphazamiseki, futhi sifinyeleleka ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokuwela imigwaqo enemizila eminingi noma usebe lweqhwa olujulile. Ezimeni zesishingishane, ukubonakala kuyehla kuye kuqanda, futhi izakhiwo ezibonakala ziseduze zilahleka kalula ngenxa yokuqhuma okumhlophe. Ukuhamba emimoyeni engaphansi kweqanda kubangela isithwathwa esisheshayo kanye nokudideka, futhi amaqhwa avula imigwaqo awakwazi ukubona abahamba ngezinyawo eqhweni eliphephukayo.

Ibhasi lingahlala lifudumala isikhathi esingakanani ngemva kokuhlala injini?¶

Ibhasi lezokuthutha likamasipala elijwayelekile ligcina imfudumalo enethezekile cishe imizuzu eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15 ngemuva kokuvalwa kwenjini. Phakathi nemizuzu engu-30 kuya kwengu-45, izinga lokushisa langaphakathi lizocwila libe yiqhwa, futhi phakathi namahora amabili, ikhabethe lizofinyelela amazinga okushisa angaphandle. Ukuhlanganisa bonke abagibeli phakathi nendawo yemoto nokubeka izikhwama noma amakhadibhodi ngaphansi kwamabhuzu akho kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ukushisa kakhulu.

Kungani isitimela sethu siyeka ukuhamba ngenxa yeqhwa emzileni?¶

Izitimela zabagibeli zimiswa yiqhwa ngenxa yezizathu eziningi zokuphepha. Iqhwa elinamandla lingapakisha kumaswishi ethrekhi emishini, livimbele ukuthi livaleleke endaweni futhi licuphe amasignali okuma okuzenzakalelayo. Amajazi emvula aqandayo phezu kwezintambo ze-catenary noma ojantshi besithathu ekuvimbeleni iqhwa elicwebezelayo, ukusika amandla okudonsa ezinjini zesitimela. futhi, amasekhethi okuphepha azenzakalelayo amisa izitimela uma ukudonsa kweqhwa kubangela izinzwa zokuphepha ze-trackside.

Ingabe kuphephile ukusebenzisa i-heater encane noma ukushisa amakhandlela ngaphakathi kwebhasi elibhadule?¶

Cha. Ukushisa amakhandlela, iphepha, nanoma yimuphi umthombo wamafutha ongaphakathi kwemoto yomgibeli evalekile kubangela izingozi ezinkulu. Amalangabi avulekile angathungela i-upholstery yokwenziwa, amaphaneli epulasitiki, nodoti. I-combustion idla umoya-mpilo futhi ikhiqize i-carbon monoxide, igesi engenambala, engenaphunga ebangela ukuquleka nokufa ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya. Thembela ngokuqinile ezingqimbeni zezingubo, izingubo zokulala, nokushisa komzimba okwabelwana ngawo.

Yini okufanele siyenze uma othile ebhasini ebonisa izimpawu ze-hypothermia enzima?¶

Hambisa umuntu enkabeni yebhasi, azungezwe abanye abagibeli. Susa noma yiziphi izingubo ezimanzi bese ufaka amajazi omile noma izingubo ze-mylar esikhundleni sazo. Beka abanye abagibeli eduze ukuze udlulisele ukushisa komzimba okuthambile, okunganyakazi kumzimba wabo, ugweme ukuhlikihlwa okungalungile noma ukuqondisa amabhodlela amanzi ashisayo. Isaziso sokuthunyelwa kwezokuthutha noma shayela abezimo eziphuthumayo ngokushesha.

Isitifiketi sosizo lokuqala¶

Ukusinda ezimeni eziphuthumayo zokuthutha ebusika kuncike kakhulu ekuboneni izimpawu zakuqala zokulimala okubandayo kwemvelo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo ongenakulungiseka wokuphila. Ukwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuqhaqhazela okuthambile kusukela ku-hypothermia esongela ukuphila kanye nokubona isithwathwa esishisayo kwabanye abagibeli kungasindisa izimpilo phakathi nezitebele zezokuthutha ezinwetshiwe.

Sikhuthaza ngokuqinile bonke abasebenzisi bezokuthutha zomphakathi ukuthi bathole isitifiketi sosizo lokuqala olujwayelekile kanye nokuvuselelwa kwenhliziyo (CPR) ngabahlinzeki abaziwayo abafana ne-American Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, i-British Red Cross, noma i-Canadian Red Cross. Ukuqeqeshwa okugunyaziwe kukunikeza ukuzethemba okungokoqobo ekusingatheni izimo eziphuthumayo zezulu elibandayo, ukwelapha i-hypothermia ngokuphephile, ukwenza i-CPR kuzisulu ezipholile, kanye nokuxhumanisa inhlalakahle yeqembu ngesikhathi sezinkinga zasemadolobheni amakhulu.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-Federal Transit Administration (FTA, United States): Ukusebenza Kwesimo Sezulu Esibandayo Nezinqubo Eziphuthumayo Zezinhlelo Zokuthutha Zomphakathi.
• Isevisi Yesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke (NWS / NOAA, United States): I-Wind Chill Temperature Index kanye Nezinqubo Zokuphepha Zesimo Sezulu Sasebusika.
• Imvelo Nokuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu E-Canada (Canada): Izingozi Zokubanda Nomoya Okukhulu Kakhulu, Imingcele, Nezenzo Zokuvikela.
• I-Transport Canada (Canada): Izinkombandlela Zokuphepha Zesitimela Sasebusika kanye Namazinga Okusebenza Kwesimo Sezulu Esibandayo.
• Ihhovisi Lesitimela Nomgwaqo (ORR, United Kingdom): Inhlalakahle Yabagibeli kanye Nesiqondiso Sokuphuma Kwesitimela Ngesikhathi Sokuphazamiseka Ebusika.
• I-American Red Cross (United States): Ukuvimbela Nokwelashwa Kwe-Hypothermia kanye Nezifo Ezihlobene Nokubandayo.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Iziphepho zasebusika kanye nezinqubo zokusinda ze-blizzard ezimbi kakhulu
• Ukuphuka kwezimoto emigwaqweni emikhulu nasemigwaqeni ekude
• Ulushaya kanjani ucingo oluphuthumayo ngefoni efile noma enebhethri eliphansi
• Iboshwe ebusuku ngemva kwebhasi noma isitimela sokugcina: umzila ophephile
• Izinombolo zesimo esiphuthumayo ngezwe