Isitimela esihamba ngaphansi komhlaba simile emhubheni omnyama: ukuphuma kanye nezingozi zikaloliwe wesithathu¶

Isitimela esimile esihamba ngaphansi komhlaba sijule ngaphakathi komhubhe omnyama ongaphansi komhlaba singenye yezinto eziphazamisa kakhulu ezokuthutha umgibeli angaba nazo. Izitimela zesimanje ze-metro zisebenza ngamandla kagesi okudonsa alethwa nge-conductor yensimbi eveziwe noma intambo ye-catenary ephezulu. Lapho amandla okudonsa ehla, ukukhanya okuyinhloko kuyafiphala, izifutha zomoya ezipholile ziyanqamuka, futhi abagibeli abangamakhulu ambalwa bazithola bevaleleke enqoleni yensimbi engenamandla engamakhulu amamitha ukusuka endaweni yesikhulumi sesiteshi esiseduze.

Ukusala ngaphakathi kwenqola yesitimela yabagibeli cishe njalo kuyinkambo ephephe kunazo zonke ngenkathi ama-dispatchers kanye nabaqhubi besitimela bexazulula ukuphazamiseka. Ukushiya isitimela ngaphandle kwesikhombisi-ndlela esicacile esivela kubasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo kukuchaya kumandla kagesi aqondile abulalayo, izingozi ezicindezelayo ezivela kumathrekhi angomakhelwane, kanye nentuthu yomoya onobuthi ezindaweni ezikhawulelwe. Ukuqonda i-third rail physics, ukugeleza komoya kwethaneli, ukukhishwa kwezicabha zesimo esiphuthumayo, nezimiso zokuhamba ze-trackbed kuvikela wena nozakwenu abagibeli uma inkinga engalawuleki iphoqa ukuba kuphume umhubhe ngokushesha.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Hlala ngaphakathi kwenqola yesitimela ngaphandle kwalapho kunomlilo osebenzayo, ongalawuleki. Inqola yesitimela inikeza ukuvikeleka kwesakhiwo, ukukhanya okuphuthumayo, kanye nomgoqo ongaphandle ovalekile ohlukanisa nawe kumasekhethi ethrekhi anamandla kanye nezitimela ezihambayo kumathrekhi aseduze.
2. Lalela izimemezelo zabasebenzi ngohlelo lwamakheli omphakathi. Umqhubi wesitimela noma ukhondaktha uthola izibuyekezo zesikhathi sangempela zokusebenza kusukela kulawulo lwesitimela esimaphakathi futhi uzosho ukuthi ugesi unqanyuliwe noma isitimela sokutakula siyasondela.
3. Thola i-intercom yezimo eziphuthumayo nezibambo zezicabha zezimo eziphuthumayo. Thola izintambo zokudonsa eziphuzi noma ezibomvu namabhokisi okushaya ucingo ukuze ukhulume ngaphakathi emotweni yakho, kodwa ungawasebenzisi izinsimbi zokudlula umnyango ngaphandle kweziyalezo ezivela kubasebenzi besitimela.
4. Yonga ibhethri yefoni yakho futhi ulawule ukukhanya. Shintshela ifoni yakho ephathekayo kumodi yamandla amancane, yehlisa ukukhanya kwesikrini, futhi ugweme ukusebenzisa ukukhanya kwekhamera ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ulondoloze impilo yebhethri ekuxhumaneni okuphuthumayo.
5. Yehla uma kungena intuthu emotweni. Uma intuthu iqala ukusefa ngezinqamuli zokungenisa umoya noma izivalo zeminyango, vala umlomo nekhala lakho ngendwangu emanzi noma ngengubo ewugqinsi futhi uqosheme eduze nendawo lapho kuqoqa khona umoya opholile, ohlanzekile.
6. Landela abaphenduli abagqoke iyunifomu uma kuyalwa ukuba kuphume. Uma abezimo eziphuthumayo noma umqhubi wesitimela eyala abagibeli ukuthi behle, phuma ngezicabha ezikhethiwe noma izicabha eziqondaniswe ne-catwalk ngefayela elilodwa futhi ungalokothi uthinte noma iyiphi isitimela noma ikhebuli ephakeme.

I-anatomy yamandla okudonsa kanye nengozi yesithathu yesitimela engu-750V¶

Amasistimu wesitimela esihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ancike kumanje oqondile onesilinganiso esiphezulu ukuze aqhubekisele phambili amasethi ezitimela asindayo ngamanethiwekhi angaphansi komhlaba. Ukumiswa okuvamile uhlelo lwesithathu lwesitimela, olubeka insimbi ephakeme noma ujantshi oyinhlanganisela eduze kwamareyili agijimayo. Ngenkathi ama-rails asebenzayo ajwayelekile esebenza njengomzila kagesi obuyayo, ujantshi wesithathu ugcina amandla kagesi phakathi kwama-volts angu-600 nama-750 volts aqondile, afinyelela ku-1,200 volts kumanethiwekhi akhethiwe.

Amandla aqondile kulawa ma-voltage adala izingozi ezihlukile zomzimba. Ukuthintana namandla aqondile angaphezu kwama-volts angu-300 kubangela ukufinyela kwemisipha ye-tetanic ngokushesha. Ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kwemisipha eguquguqukayo kumisa umuntu kubha yekhondatha. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuzikhulula ngenkathi i-substation current igeleza kumuntu ohlukunyeziwe, okuholela ekushiseni okukhulu, i-ventricular fibrillation, kanye nokuboshwa kokuphefumula ngokushesha.

flowchart TD
    A["Izitebhisi Zesitimela Emhubheni Wesitimela Omnyama"] --> B{"Ingabe kukhona umlilo osebenzayo, ongaquki noma usongo olusheshayo lwesakhiwo?"}
    B -- No --> C["Hlala Ngaphakathi Enqoleni"]
    C --> D["Lalela Izimemezelo Zomsebenzi"]
    D --> E["Londoloza Ibhethri Lefoni bese Uhlala Phansi"]
    E --> F["Linda ithrekhi yokukhishwa kwamandla kanye nesitimela sokutakula"]
    B -- Yes --> G{"Ingabe Ithimba Liyalele Ukuphunyuka?"}
    G -- Yes --> H["Landela Iphrothokholi Yabasebenzi kuTunnel Catwalk"]
    G -- No --> I["Sebenzisa Ukukhishwa Kwesimo Esiphuthumayo Semoto Kuphela"]
    I --> J["Bheka Izinhlansi Zokudonsa noma Izitimela Ezigijimayo"]
    J --> K["Ukuphuma Kwefayela Elilodwa Kanye Nodonga Lwebhentshi Lomhubhe"]
    K --> L["Ungalokothi Uthinte Ujantshi Wesithathu noma Ojantshi Abagijimayo"]
    L --> M["Finyelela Isiteshi Sokukhanya Okuluhlaza Esiseduze noma Iphothali"]

Imiklamo yokuxhumana okuphezulu, yokuxhumana phansi, neyokuthintana naye eceleni¶

Amasistimu kaloliwe wesithathu asebenzisa amajiyometri okuxhumana ahlukile asho ukuthi ukuchayeka kukagesi okuyingozi kulele kuphi kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha edolobha elikhulu:

Amasistimu okuxhumana aphezulu asebenza kumanethiwekhi afana ne-New York City Subway, i-Boston MBTA, ne-London Underground. Isicathulo somqoqi sishelela phezu kwekhanda likaloliwe.

Ibhodi lekhava yokhuni noma eliyinhlanganisela lihlala amasentimitha ambalwa ngaphezu komzila wensimbi ukuze livikele amathuluzi awe. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangothi nangaphansi zihlala zingavikelekile. Ukunyathela ibhodi lekhava kuyingozi ngoba ingaqhekeka ngaphansi kwesisindo somzimba noma ihlehle ibheke phansi, icindezele unyawo lwakho ngakujantshi onamandla.

Amasistimu okuxhumana aphansi asebenza ekufakweni okufana ne-Washington Metro ne-Metro-North. Isicathulo se-collector sicindezela phezulu ngokumelene ne-underside yesitimela. Ingaphezulu nezinhlangothi zimbozwe ngopulasitiki oqinile. Ngenkathi ivikelwe emfucumfucwini, ubuso obungaphansi buhlala busobala, futhi noma yikuphi ukuthintana ngaphansi kuqeda ukujikeleza okubulalayo.

Amasistimu okuxhumana aseceleni asebenza kumanethiwekhi akhathele ngenjoloba njengeMontreal Metro kanye neParis Metro. Amabha okuxhumana aqondile azungeze indawo yethrekhi, ethula ubuso obala obudinga ukugwema okuqinile phakathi nanoma yikuphi ukunyakaza.

Isekhethi yesitimela esibuyayo namandla esinyathelo¶

Ezinhlelweni zamanje eziqondile zezitimela ezintathu, izinsimbi ezimbili ezigijimayo zisebenza njengendlela engalungile yokubuya esiteshini. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, lezi zinsimbi zisebenza eduze kwamandla angaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, lapho izintambo ezihlanganisayo ezibuyayo ziphuka noma kuba namaphutha ezinto zokusebenza, imisinga enhlanhlathayo ingakhuphula ugesi wesitimela ogijimayo uma uqhathaniswa nephansi lomhubhe.

Ukuthinta womabili ama-rails agijimayo kanyekanye noma ukuvala igebe emigqonyeni yekhebula yensimbi kudala izingozi ezingaba khona zokuthinta. I-Ballast embozwe umswakama, uthuli lwamabhuleki, nezinhlayiya zensimbi iqhuba ugesi. Uma ikhebula lokuphakelayo liphutha ku-ballast emanzi, amandla wesinyathelo akhula phakathi kwezinyawo zakho. Ukugcina izinyawo zakho zihlangene kanye nokushova kunciphisa le gradient ye-voltage.

Amandla entuthu yomhubhe nokwehluleka kokukhipha umoya¶

Imigudu yesitimela engaphansi komhlaba inamashubhu avalelwe. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile, izitimela ezihambayo zenza umphumela we-piston, ziphushe umoya emigodini yokukhipha umoya futhi zidonse umoya omusha eziteshini. Lapho isitimela sima, lokhu kuhamba komoya kuyanqamuka. Uma kuqubuka umlilo kagesi, intuthu nokushisa kuziphatha ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunemililo engaphezulu.

Imililo yesitimela esihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ikhiqiza intuthu enobuthi ngokufaka izintambo, izihlalo zokwenziwa, ama-gaskets, noketshezi olusebenza ngamanzi. Ukushiswa emhubheni ebulawa indlala yomoya-mpilo kukhipha i-carbon monoxide, i-hydrogen cyanide, i-hydrogen chloride, ne-fine carbon particulate.

Umthelela kashimula kanye ne-thermal buoyancy¶

Intuthu eshisayo ikhuphuka ibheke ophahleni lomhubhe, yenze isendlalelo esinemigqa esingadlula ku-400 °C (752 °F) phakathi nemizuzu. Lesi sendlalelo sigeleza sivundlile eduze komqhele womhubhe. Emigodini eyehlelayo, umphumela westaki uqhubeza intuthu ikhuphuke ngamamitha angu-2 ukuya kumamitha angu-5 ngomzuzwana (4.5 mph kuya ku-11 mph), iguqule umhubhe ube ushimula.

Ukukhipha izingozi ezikhuphukayo ezihamba emagesi ashisayo ne-hydrogen cyanide. Abalandeli be-exhaust esiteshini abasetshenziswa abathumeli bazama ukudonsa intuthu ezindleleni zokuphuma kuyilapho bephephezela umoya ohlanzekile kubagibeli. Ukuzikhipha wena ngaphandle kokuyalelwa kusho ukuthi ungahamba uqonde ngqo ekugelezeni kwe-cocentration ephezulu yokukhipha umoya.

Ubuthi be-atmospheric kanye nokususwa kwe-oxygen¶

Ubuthi ezigamekweni zikaloliwe ezingaphansi komhlaba kulawulwa izingozi ezintathu eziyinhloko zokuphila:

I-carbon monoxide ibopha ku-hemoglobin ngokushesha izikhathi ezingu-200 kunomoya-mpilo, yakhe i-carboxyhemoglobin. Ezingxenyeni ezingu-1,000 esigidini ngasinye (amaphesenti angu-0.1), ikhanda elibuhlungu kanye nokudideka kwenzeka phakathi nemizuzu engu-15. Amazinga angaphezu kuka-3,200 esigidini ngasinye aqala ukuquleka nokufa ngemizuzu eyi-10 kuye kweyi-15.

I-Hydrogen cyanide evela ku-upholstery evuthayo ivimbela i-cytochrome c oxidase kumaseli omuntu, imise ukuphefumula kwamaselula. Isebenza ngokushesha kune-carbon monoxide, okubangela ukukhuphuka kwe-hyperventilation ngokushesha, ukuquleka, nokuwohloka kwenhliziyo.

Amagesi ane-asidi avela ku-insulation yezintambo ezivuthayo akhipha i-hydrogen chloride. Ukuthintana nomswakama womoya womoya kwakha i-hydrochloric acid, okubangela ukugwaza okukhulu kwendlela yomoya, i-pulmonary edema, nokucasuka kwamehlo.

Ngaphakathi kwemoto emile: ukuzinza kwengqondo nokuphila ngokomzimba¶

Lapho isitimela siphelelwa amandla ayinhloko emhubheni, abagibeli balahlekelwa izinzwa ngokushesha. Ukuduma okuduma kwezinjini ezidonsayo kanye nabalandeli be-air conditioning kuyehla kuthule du, kuphulwa kuphela amazwi abagibeli kanye nokuhayiza kwamabhuleki omoya. Phakathi namasekhondi angu-5, amayunithi okushintshashintsha kwesimo esiphuthumayo ashintshela imoto ekukhanyeni okuyisisizi okunamandla ebhethri. Lezi zibani ezisizayo zinikeza ukukhanya kwezinga eliphansi, ngokuvamile okunikwa amandla amabhange ebhethri angaphakathi adizayinelwe ukuhlala phakathi kwemizuzu engama-45 nengama-90.

Ukuqonda okwenzekayo ngokuzenzakalelayo kuvimbela ukwethuka kwabantu abaningi futhi kugwema ukuziphatha kwabagibeli okuyingozi, nokuxhamazela.

Izipikili zokushisa nezinga lomoya ezimotweni eziminyene¶

Imoto ehamba ngaphansi elayishiwe ithwala abantu abaphakathi kuka-120 no-200. Umuntu ngamunye ukhiqiza cishe ama-watts angu-100 kuya kwangu-120 okushisa lapho ephumule, akhuphukele kuma-watts angu-150 ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Ngaphakathi kwemoto emile engenabalandeli bokungenisa umoya, ukushisa kwabagibeli kudlula ama-kilowatts angu-15 kuya ku-25 kilowatts.

Phakathi nemizuzu engu-20, izinga lokushisa langaphakathi lingakhuphuka lisuka ku-21 °C (70 °F) liye ngaphezu kuka-35 °C (95 °F), kanti umswakama usondela kumaphesenti angu-90 ngenxa yokujuluka. Le ndawo ibangela ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nokuquleka phakathi kwabagibeli abasengozini.

Izimoto aziwona amaphilisi angangenisi umoya. Ama-vents, ama-valve aphansi, nama-gaskets eminyango kuvumela ukushintshaniswa komoya nomhubhe. Amazinga e-carbon dioxide azokhuphuka, abangele ukuphefumula okujulile, kodwa ukuncipha komoya-mpilo emazingeni okuminza akwenzeki emotweni engaphelele. Umuzwa wokuphelelwa umoya uvela ekushiseni, umswakama, nokukhathazeka.

Ukulawula ukwethuka kanye ne-psychology yesixuku¶

Ukuziphatha kwesixuku ngaphakathi kwenqola yabagibeli evalekile, emile kungawohloka ngokushesha uma kungaphathwa kahle. Lapho ukushisa kuphakama nokukhanya kuncipha, amahlebezi asakazeka ngokushesha. Abagibeli bangase baqale ukushaya amafasitela, bamemeze, noma bazame ukuphoqa izinsimbi zezicabha zesimo esiphuthumayo. Ukwethuka kuyathathelana, kodwa ukuxhumana okuzolile, nokugomela kuzinza ngokufanayo.

Sungula ukuxhumana ngomlomo okucacile ngaso leso sikhathi. Uma abasebenzi besitimela bengakasakazi isibuyekezo, khuluma ngokucacile ezingeni, ivolumu yengxoxo. Isho uphimisele: "Amandla aphelile, kodwa isitimela sivikelekile. Hlala uzolile, hlala phansi uma ukwazi, futhi ungayivuli iminyango."

Yabela imisebenzi elula yomzimba ukugcina abagibeli abangaphumuli bematasa. Cela abantu abaseduze nezihlalo ukuthi banikeze izikhundla zabo kwabesifazane abakhulelwe, izingane ezincane, noma abadala asebekhulile abajwayele ukutubeka ngenxa yokushisa.

Dala ukugeleza komoya okungokoqobo ngokuphepha. Izimoto eziningi zabagibeli zinamafasitela aphezulu e-transom hopper atshekela ngaphakathi amasentimitha ambalwa, noma ama-grille amancane aphuma emnyango. Vula lawa ma-transom aphezulu ukuze uvumele umoya oshisayo eduze kosilingi wemoto ukuba uphume. Ungavuli iminyango eseceleni evuleka endaweni yomhubhe ngaphandle uma uqondiswa izisebenzi zesitimela.

Yonga imithombo yokukhanya kuyo yonke imoto. Ungavumeli inqwaba yabagibeli igijime amathoshi e-smartphone ngesikhathi esisodwa. Hlela ukusetshenziswa kwefoni ukuze kube yifoni eyodwa noma ezimbili kuphela ezikhanyisiwe nganoma isiphi isikhathi, zilengiswa kuma-handrails noma zibekwe ezindaweni zokubeka imithwalo ukuze zinikeze ukukhanya kwe-ambient bounce ethambile.

Izinsimbi zokukhishwa kweminyango yesimo esiphuthumayo: izingozi nokusebenza kwemishini¶

Izitimela zesimanje zabagibeli zifaka ukukhishwa kweminyango yezimo eziphuthumayo eyimishini etholakala ngaphakathi kwendawo yabagibeli, ngokuvamile evikelwe ngemuva kwezindawo ezivalekile zengilazi, amakhava e-acrylic aphakamisayo, noma ama-tamper seal eduze nezingosi zeminyango. Lawa madivayisi afika ngezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene: izintambo zamabhuleki eziphuthumayo kanye nezinsimbi zokuvula umnyango zokuvula ngomshini.

Ukwenza lezi zilawuli zisebenze ngaphandle kokuqonda imiphumela yazo yokusebenza kungase kulimaze isimo esibucayi noma kumise isitimela engxenyeni eyingozi nakakhulu.

Ukudonsa i-lever yebhuleki ephuthumayo kukhipha ipayipi yebhuleki yomoya ngqo emkhathini. Lokhu kulahla umfutho futhi kubangela ukuthi amabhuleki ezimo eziphuthumayo abambezeleke kuwo wonke amasondo.

Imithetho yezokuthutha idinga ukuthi isitimela esilimele sifike esiteshini esilandelayo noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka. Iziteshi zinikeza abalandeli bokukhipha, izinkundla ezivulekile, amapayipi amanzi, nokufinyelela kwabosizo lokuqala. Ukumisa isitimela emhubheni omncane kuvala wonke umuntu ekungeneni komoya kahle futhi kuvimbela umshayeli ukuba afinyelele isiteji esiqhele ngamamitha angu-300 (984 amafidi). Vula amabhuleki ezimo eziphuthumayo kuphela uma othile ebanjwe ngaphansi kwamasondo noma ukonakala kwesakhiwo kwenzeka.

Izitimela ezingaphansi komhlaba ziklanywe ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuphuma zokuphunyuka kwabagibeli:

Iminyango yemoto ephuma ngasemaphethelweni imelela indlela ephephile nesheshayo yokubalekela umlilo wendawo noma isimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha ngaphakathi kwemoto eyodwa. Hamba enqoleni eseduze ngokuvula i-latch emnyango we-bulkhead. Phusha ku-accordion gangway eneraba, bese uvala umnyango ngemuva kwakho. Lokhu kudala intuthu esheshayo nesithiyo somlilo ngaphandle kokukuchaya ku-trackbed ebukhoma.

Ukukhishwa kwemanuwali yezimo eziphuthumayo eseceleni kusebenza ngaphansi kwamasilinda omoya womoya noma ama-actuator kagesi esindayo sokubeka kanye nephinikhodi. Uma isibambo esibomvu sokukhipha isimo esiphuthumayo sidonswa, umfutho womoya uyaphela emshinini womnyango, okuvumela iminyango enamakhasi amabili ukuthi iphushwe ivuleke ngesandla. Kodwa-ke, uma sebephushiwe, abagibeli babhekana nokuwa okuqondile okuyimitha elingu-1.2 ukuya ku-1.5 (unyawo olu-4 ukuya ku-5) ku-ballast yethrekhi, noma igebe lokusula elingamasentimitha angu-40 (16 amayintshi) elihlukanisa uhlangothi lwesitimela nodonga olumahhadla lukakhonkolo.

Iphrothokholi yokuhamba ye-Trackbed: indlela yesokudla ephethwe ngokuphephile¶

Ukuphumela kumzila wesitimela osebenzayo kuyisinyathelo esidlulele esigcinelwe izimo lapho ukuhlala ngaphakathi kulethe ingozi esheshayo empilweni yomuntu, noma lapho iziphathimandla zezokuthutha ziqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi wonke amandla okudonsa ahlukanisiwe futhi konke ukuhamba kwezitimela kumisiwe.

Ukuhamba phansi emhubheni ongaphansi komhlaba kudinga isiyalo esiqinile somzimba. Ama-trackbed e-Ballast ahlanganisa amatshe amakhulu, amagebhugebhu, axegekile adizayinelwe ukumunca ukudlidliza nokukhipha uketshezi lwethrekhi. Phansi komhubhe kugcwele ama-signal cabling, amaphoyinti emishini, imisele yokudonsa amanzi, izilikhi zikawoyela, namajoyinti kaloliwe wensimbi.

Uma uphoqeleka ukuthi uhambe ku-trackbed, gcina le mithetho yomzimba ngokuqhubekayo:

Hamba kuphela phakathi nendawo ye-cross-tie noma eduze nokhonkolo phansi. Hamba ngqo phansi phakathi kwezinsimbi ezigijimayo ezithayini zokhuni eziyisicaba. Ungalokothi unyathele amakhanda agobile wezinsimbi ezigijimayo, lapho ukujiya kanye namafutha kwenza insimbi ishelele kuneqhwa elimanzi.

Gcina ibanga elibanzi ukusuka kumzila wesithathu. Thola ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi oluphethe ibha yekhondatha. Hamba ngakolunye uhlangothi noma uhlale eduze komugqa omaphakathi wethrekhi. Gcina okungenani imitha elingu-1 (3.3 ifidi) lokusuka kumzila wesitimela wesithathu.

Gwema izintambo eziphezulu nezasodongeni. Amahubhe aphethe okuphakelayo kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kanye nemigqa yokuxhumana. Phatha wonke amapayipi, ipayipi, nesiphanyeko sekhebula njengokunikeziwe amandla.

Hamba ngokuphelele phezu kwamaphoyinti okushintsha. Amaswishi kaloliwe ashelela ngokuvundlile ngaphansi kwesilawuli sekhompuyutha eyirimothi. Iphoyinti lokushintsha lingavala ngamandla amakhulu ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, lichoboze unyawo lomuntu omdala. Ungalokothi ubeke unyawo esikhaleni phakathi kwama-switch rails.

Buka izingalo zohambo lwemishini. Amaqhude ohambo eceleni kwamavalvu amabhuleki ezitimeleni ezidlulayo. Ebumnyameni, lezi zingalo eziqondile zenza ukuwa okukhulu kuwele kujantshi.

Hamba ngefayela elilodwa. Gcina umugqa oqondile. Gcina ukuxhumana nomuntu phambili. Isihambi esiholayo kufanele siqondise ibhulansi yethoshi kuthayi elingamamitha angu-2 (amafidi angu-6.6) ngaphambili, siskena imigodi yokukhipha amanzi nehadiwe.

Imigudu eminingi yesimanje ihlanganisa izindlela zokuhamba zikakhonkolo eziphakanyisiwe ezihamba eduze kodonga olulodwa lweshubhu, ezaziwa ngezindonga zebhentshi noma ama-catwalks. Lezi zindlela zokuhamba ziphakeme cishe ngo-60 cm kuya ku-90 cm (amayintshi angu-24 kuya kumayintshi angu-35) ngaphezu kwezibopho zethrekhi, ngokuvamile zifakwe i-handrail yensimbi ephuzi eqhubekayo.

Ukuhamba odongeni lwebhentshi kugcina izinyawo zakho zicacile ngokuphelele ku-ballast, imisele yokudonsa amanzi, kanye nemigoqo yesithathu yomqhubi wesitimela. Ihlinzeka ngendawo yokuhamba ngokhonkolo eyisicaba, ezinzile kanye nokufinyelela okuqondile ezindaweni zokuphuma eziphuthumayo.

Amanethiwekhi omzila ohamba ngaphansi komhlaba amabili aneziphambano ezimbozwe edwaleni elihlukanisayo noma odongeni lukakhonkolo njalo ngamamitha angu-150 ukuya kwangu-250 (amafidi angu-500 ukuya kwangu-800). Lezi ziphambano zivikelwe iminyango yensimbi enesisindo esilinganiselwe ngomlilo enemigoqo yokwethuka. Ukungena endaweni ephambanayo kukuletha ngokushesha endaweni eseduze yomhubhe ongathinteki, okukuhlukanisa nentuthu namagesi ashisayo. Hlola isicabha sokushisa ngaphambi kokusiphusha sivuleke.

Imiswe eduze kwemigudu yesitimela esihamba ngaphansi kwezimo ngezikhathi ezivamile zamamitha angu-100 ukuya kwangu-200 (amafidi angu-330 ukuya kwangu-660), iziteshi zokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zibonisa inkinobho yokunqanyulwa kocingo oluphuthumayo kanye neswishi yokunqamula amandla okudonsa. Lezi ziteshi zikhanyiswa isibani sikagesi esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esivutha njalo. Ziqukethe ucingo lwasendlini oluqondile oluya esikhungweni esiphakathi nendawo kanye neswishi ebomvu yokudonsa amandla ezimo eziphuthumayo egila ama-circuit breaker kuleyo ngxenye yethrekhi ethile.

Ukuphendula ukuthintana kukagesi kanye ne-arc flash trauma¶

Uma umgibeli ethintana ngephutha nojantshi wesithathu, imiphumela ephathekayo iba khona manjalo futhi ibe yinhlekelele. Ukuqonda indlela yokusingatha isisulu sokuxhumana ngogesi ngaphandle kokuba yisisulu sesibili kubalulekile.

I-Direct current igeleza ngokuqhubekayo kunoma iyiphi i-conductive medium eqedela indlela eya phansi. Uma ubambe isisulu esibanjwe ugesi ngezandla ezingenalutho kuyilapho umzimba waso ulokhu uxhumene nomzila wesithathu, umsinga uzodlulela ngqo emzimbeni wakho, ukhiye imisipha yakho futhi ukushaye ugesi eduze kwawo.

Ungamthinti isisulu ngqo. Ungalokothi uthinte isikhumba sabo, izingubo zabo, nanoma iyiphi into yensimbi abayiphethe ngenkathi bexhumene nomzila wesitimela.

Nciphisa ujantshi amandla uma isiteshi sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka siseduze. Gijimela esiteshini esiseduzane sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bese udonsa i-high-voltage yohambo oluphuthumayo oluphuthumayo. Lokhu kuthumela isignali yohambo esheshayo esiteshini esingaphansi kwesifunda, okuvula izinqamuli zokunikezela zaleyo ndawo yokudonsa.

Izisebenzi zezokuthutha zisebenzisa izingwegwe zokuhlenga ezivaleleke ezihlolelwe ama-volts angu-1,000. Ukusunduza noma ukudonsa isisulu ngokhuni olumanzi, amabhantshi, noma izambulela kuyingozi. Indwangu emanzi kanye nezinti zesambulela zensimbi zisebenza okwamanje. Linda ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla ngaphandle uma ubambe i-fiberglass eyomile noma ithuluzi lepulasitiki.

Qala ukunakekelwa kwezempilo uma ukunqanyulwa kukagesi sekuqinisekisiwe. Hambisa umuntu maphakathi nezibopho. Ukushaqeka kwe-high-voltage kubangela i-fibrillation ye-ventricular kanye nokuboshwa kokuphefumula. Uma umuntu engaphenduli futhi engaphefumuli ngokujwayelekile, qala ukucindezelwa kwesifuba ngokushesha ngo-100 kuya ku-120 ukucindezela ngomzuzu ekujuleni okungama-5 cm kuya ku-6 cm (2 amayintshi ukuya ku-2.4 amayintshi).

Amasistimu wezokuthutha wesifunda kanye nokwehluka kokusebenza kwezimo eziphuthumayo¶

Amanethiwekhi omzila ohamba ngaphansi komhlaba kanye ne-metro asebenza ngaphansi kwamazinga obuchwepheshe ahlukene kanye nokucushwa okuphathekayo ezizweni ezahlukene. Ukwazi isistimu yakho yesifunda kukusiza ukuthi ulindele izinqubo zokuphuma.

I-United States: I-NFPA 130 kanye namaphoyisa ezokuthutha¶

Amasistimu kaloliwe abagibeli alandela indinganiso ye-National Fire Protection Association i-NFPA 130 yokuthutha umphakathi okungaguquki. Leli zinga lilawula ukukhanya okuphuthumayo, amaphaseji, namandla okungenisa umoya.

Amanethiwekhi amafa eNew York, Boston, Philadelphia, naseChicago asebenzisa ojantshi besithathu abathintwayo abaphezulu abasebenza phakathi kuka-600V no-750V wamanje oqondile. I-Washington Metro isebenzisa ojantshi besithathu othintana nabo phansi abanezingubo zepulasitiki.

Izinqola zezitimela zifaka phakathi ama-intercom abagibeli abaphuthumayo abaxhuma ku-opharetha. Ukushayela inombolo yezimo eziphuthumayo (911) ngeshubhu elingaphansi komhlaba kuvame ukwehluleka ngenxa yokuvikela okuphathekayo. Sebenzisa i-intercom yokuqala ukuze umshayeli akwazi ukuthunyelwa. Abaphendulayo basebenzisa amadivayisi aphathwayo wesexwayiso kumasekhethi wethrekhi ngaphambi kokungena.

I-United Kingdom: Isistimu yezitimela ezine zeLondon Underground¶

ILondon Underground isebenza ngaphansi kweHhovisi Lemithetho Yezitimela Nomgwaqo. Amashubhu ajulile anezingqinamba ezihlukile zikagesi nezomzimba.

Amathrekhi aseLondon Underground asebenzisa ukusetha kwezitimela ezine. Isitimela sangaphandle sithwala i- +420 volts yamanje eqondile, kuyilapho isitimela esiphakathi esibuyayo sithwala -210 volts eqondile yamanje, ikhiqiza amandla angu-630-volt kuya ku-750-volt. Gwema ukunyathela ojantshi bangaphandle nabamaphakathi.

Imigqa yeshubhu ejulile ikala amamitha angu-3.6 kuphela (amafidi angu-11 namayintshi angu-10) ububanzi, ishiya imvume encane eseceleni. Ukuphuma kwenzeka eduze kwe-trackbed emaphakathi ngezicabha ze-end-cab kuneminyango eseceleni. Abashayeli bagcina izitimela zihambela ezinkundleni noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka. Eziteshini ezinokukhava, izinsiza eziphuthumayo zifinyelelwa ku-999.

I-European Union: Izindinganiso ze-ERA kanye nokuphunyuka kwephaseji¶

Ama-metro ase-Continental European alandela iziqondiso zokuphepha ze-European Railway Agency. Amahubhe afaka izimpawu zesimo eziphuthumayo eziluhlaza ezikhanyisiwe ezinomaka bebanga.

Amasistimu amadala njengeParis Metro kanye neBerlin U-Bahn asebenzisa ama-750V ama-conductor rails amanje aqondile. Amanye amanethiwekhi, okuhlanganisa iMadrid kanye nemigqa yesifunda ye-RER, asebenzisa izintambo zamanje eziqondile ezingu-1,500V ze-catenary overhead. Amasistimu angaphezulu agcina ama-trackbed engenawo ugesi wesithathu wesitimela, nakuba izintambo eziwile ziletha ubungozi be-arc.

Iminyango yephaseji enesilinganiso somlilo ihlukaniswa njalo ngamamitha ayi-150 kuya kumamitha angama-250 (amafidi angama-500 ukuya kumafidi angama-800) ukuze inikeze indawo yokukhosela ezimbotsheni ezifanayo. Kuyo yonke i-European Union, shayela u-112 ukuze uthole ukuthunyelwa okuphuthumayo.

E-Canada: Amanethiwekhi wesimo sezulu esibandayo kanye nezokuthutha ezisheshayo ezizenzakalelayo¶

Amasistimu wezitimela ezisindayo zaseCanada eMontreal, Toronto, naseVancouver asebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwezokuphepha kweTransport Canada.

I-Montreal Metro ihamba ngamathayi enjoloba aholwa yizinsimbi zensimbi eziqondile ezithwala i-750V yamanje eqondile. Lezi zinsimbi zokuqondisa ziletha izingozi ezimbi kakhulu uma abagibeli begxuma besuka eminyango eseceleni.

Indawo engaphansi kukaziro kanye nezingosi zomhubhe zibhekana nokwakheka kweqhwa kuma-conductor rail, ezitimeleni ezithi njo ngezikhathi ezithile. Abagibeli kufanele bahlale ezimotweni ukuze bathole ukufudumala kunokuhamba emigwaqweni embozwe yiqhwa lapho kucashe khona amareyili. Ezimweni eziphuthumayo kulo lonke elase-Canada, shayela u-911.

I-Australia: I-Heavy Rail metro namandla angaphezulu¶

Amasistimu kaloliwe e-Sydney, eMelbourne, eBrisbane, nasePerth, kanye ne-Sydney Metro, asebenza ngaphansi kweHhovisi Likazwelonke Lokulawula Ukuphepha Kojantshi.

Amanethiwekhi angaphansi kwedolobha lase-Australia asebenzisa izintambo eziqondile zamanje ezingu-1,500-volt. Ama-trackbed awaqukethe ojantshi besithathu, nakuba izintambo ezilengayo zidinga ukucaciswa okubanzi. Ulayini ozenzakalelayo we-Sydney Metro usebenzisa i-overhead conductor beam.

Amahubhe afaka izindlela zokuhamba eziqinile eziphakeme ezibambekayo ezinezintambo zezandla kanye nezibani ezisezingeni eliphansi. Abagibeli basuke belandela lezi zindlela zokuhamba kunokuhamba benqamula i-track ballast. Izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo e-Australia zifinyelelwa ku-000.

Impahla yomuntu siqu yezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nokulungiselela izinto zokuhamba¶

Abagibeli abahamba ngamanethiwekhi kaloliwe angaphansi komhlaba nsuku zonke kufanele bagcine izinga elizwakalayo lokulungela ngokomzimba nangokokusebenza. Isitimela esimile siyisivivinyo sesineke, ukubonakala, nokunethezeka okushisayo.

Yize yonke iselula ifaka i-flash diode, ukusebenzisa ukukhanya kwefoni kuqeda umugqa wakho wokuphila emhlabeni wangaphandle. Ukuthwala i-AAA yosayizi wesithupha ozinikele noma ithoshi le-LED elishajekayo kunikeza ukukhanya okungenazandla futhi konga amandla efoni.

Ukuphatha i-N95 respirator noma imaskhi yendwangu esikhwameni sabagibeli kuthatha iqanda. Uma intuthu, uthuli lwamabhuleki, noma insila kakhonkolo egayiwe ingena emoyeni womhubhe, ukufaka imaski kuvikela amaphaphu akho ku-bronchospasm yamakhemikhali futhi kunika amandla ukuphefumula okucacile.

Ngisho nesitsha samanzi esingu-250 ml (8.5 ounce) singamanzisa indwangu ephefumulayo entuthuni, sibuyisele amanzi omgibeli ohamba naye oqulekile, noma sikuhlanze uthuli olucasulayo emehlweni akho.

Uhambo lwansuku zonke lwesitimela esihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ugqoke izimbadada ezivulekile, izithende eziphakeme, noma izicathulo zokugqoka ezinesoli elibushelelezi kwenza ukuhamba phezu kwamatshe aminyene e-ballast kanye ne-cross-tie kube ubuqili. Gcina izicathulo eziyisicaba, ezivaliwe zifinyeleleka noma gqoka izicathulo ezisekelayo phakathi nohambo lokuya emsebenzini.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Ingabe sizophelelwa umoya-mpilo uma imoto engaphansi komhlaba ivaleleke emhubheni?¶

Cha. Izinqola zabagibeli ezingaphansi komhlaba azizona izindawo ezingenamoya. Umoya ohlanzekile ungena ngokuqhubekayo ngezinkabi ezithatha ophahleni, amavalvu okuhlola i-undercarriage flapper, nama-seal eminyango yenjoloba. Nakuba umoya uzoba uswakeme ngokuphawulekayo, ufudumale, futhi ugcwale ngenxa yokushisa komzimba nomswakama okhishwa abagibeli, okuqukethwe komoyampilo kuhlala kwanele ngokuphelele ukuphefumula. Umuzwa wokuphelelwa umoya uwukusabela okungokwemvelo ekukhuphukeni kokushisa, umswakama, ukunqwabelana kwe-carbon dioxide, nokukhathazeka.

Ingabe kuke kuphephe ukugxuma uphume esitimeleni esimile uwedwa?¶

Cha. Ukuzikhipha wena ku-trackbed engaphansi komhlaba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esivela kubasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo kuyisinqumo esiyingozi kakhulu ongasikhetha phakathi nesitebele sesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba. Ojantshi besithathu bahlala benamandla ngamavolthi angama-600 kuye kwangama-750 wamanje oqondile ngisho nalapho izibani zesitimela zicishiwe. Amathrekhi angomakhelwane asengaphatha izitimela ezihambayo, futhi ukunyathela phezu kwamatshe axegayo ebumnyameni kuholela ekuweni okubi kakhulu, ukuphuka, kanye nokushona kukagesi okubulalayo.

Ngingabona kanjani uma ujantshi wesithathu uvaliwe?¶

Awukwazi ukubona ngokubheka. Ujantshi wesithathu onikwe amandla ubukeka ufana nalowo ongenawo amandla. Awukho umsindo ovungamayo, ukukhanya, noma inkomba ebonakalayo kumzila wesitimela ukukhombisa ukuthi ifile. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okudonsa avaliwe yisaziso somlomo esisemthethweni esivela ku-opharetha wesitimela, amaphoyisa ezokuthutha, noma izisebenzi zokutakula zomnyango wezicishamlilo eziqinisekise ukunqanyulwa kwamandla ngokuthunyelwa kwesiteshi esincane.

Yini okufanele ngiyenze uma intuthu iqala ukugcwalisa imoto ehamba ngaphansi?¶

Hamba ngokushesha uye ekupheleni okukude kwenqola yesitimela kude nomthombo wentuthu. Uma kungenzeka, vula umnyango wokudlula bese uwela inqola yesitimela eseduze, uvale isicabha esikhulu ngemuva kwakho ukuze uvale amagesi anobuthi. Uma uvaleleke emotweni egcwele intuthu, yehlela phansi lapho kuhlala khona umoya opholile, ohlanzekile, vala ubuso bakho ngengubo ewugqinsi noma ngendwangu emanzi, futhi wazise umqhubi wesitimela usebenzisa i-intercom yezimo eziphuthumayo yabagibeli.

Kungani umqhubi wesitimela esitshela ukuthi silinde esikhundleni sokusivumela ukuba sihambe siye esiteshini?¶

Umsebenzisi wesitimela ulandela izimiso eziqinile zokuphepha zikaloliwe. Ukulawulwa kwesitimela esimaphakathi kufanele kuqala kubeke zonke isitimela endaweni kagesi, kumise konke ukuhamba kwezitimela kumareyili aseduze, kucishwe amandla okudonsa eziteshini zasendaweni, futhi kuqinisekise ubuqotho obuphansi ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani angene emzileni ngokuphepha. Ukwehliswa kwabagibeli ngenkathi amandla kagesi aphezulu ebukhoma noma ezinye izitimela zihamba kungaholela ekulimaleni kwabantu abaningi.

Isitifiketi sosizo lokuqala¶

Ukufunda ngezimo eziphuthumayo zokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile, kodwa amakhono okuphila omhlaba wangempela adinga ukuqeqeshwa okusebenzayo. Izimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha phakathi nokuphazamiseka komzila ohamba ngaphansi komhlaba, okuhlanganisa ukuboshwa kungazelelwe kwenhliziyo kusukela ekuthinteni kukaloliwe wesithathu, ukuhlukumezeka kokuchoboza, nokuhogela intuthu enzima, kudinga ukungenelela ngokushesha.

Sikhuthaza kakhulu wonke abagibeli ukuba babhalisele izifundo ezigunyaziwe zosizo lokuqala kanye ne-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) ezinikezwa izinhlangano ezaziwayo ezifana ne-American Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, i-British Red Cross, noma i-Canadian Red Cross. Isitifiketi sobungcweti sikunikeza ukuzethemba ngokomzimba kanye nenkumbulo yemisipha edingekayo ukuze wenze ukucindezelwa kwesifuba kwekhwalithi ephezulu, ukusebenzisa ama-defibrillator angaphandle (ama-AED), futhi ulethe ukunakekelwa kokuhlukumezeka okusindisa impilo ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo zedolobha elikhulu.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): I-NFPA 130 Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit kanye ne-Passenger Rail Systems.
• Ibhodi Likazwelonke Lokuphepha Lezokuthutha (NTSB, United States): Imibiko Yengozi Yomzila Wesitimela mayelana nokufaka ugesi kumhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba kanye nokuphuma kwabagibeli.
• I-Office of Rail and Road (ORR, United Kingdom): Izimiso Neziqondiso Zokuphepha Ezitimeleni Zezitimela Ezingaphansi Komhlaba kanye Nezinhlelo Zokuthutha Eziqondiswayo.
• I-London Underground (Ezokuthutha zase-London, e-UK): Incwadi Yomthetho kanye Nezinqubo Zokuphepha Zokusebenza Zokukhishwa Kweshubhu Lezinga Elijulile.
• I-Federal Transit Administration (FTA, United States): Ukulungiselela Isimo Esiphuthumayo kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yokuphepha Kokuphila Komlilo Yezinhlelo Zokuthutha Kaloliwe.
• I-American Heart Association (AHA, United States): Izinkombandlela Zokuvuselela Inhliziyo Nezimo Eziphuthumayo Zokunakekelwa Kwenhliziyo Yezinhliziyo Ze-High-Voltage Electrical Shock.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Izimo eziphuthumayo ze-elevator: impendulo ephephile kumakhebhi amile kanye nokucisha kukagesi
• Izintambo zikagesi ezehlisiwe nokuphepha komshini kagesi
• Ukusinda kwesixuku futhi kunyathelene ezindaweni zomphakathi ezivalekile
• Ulushaya kanjani ucingo oluphuthumayo ngefoni efile noma enebhethri eliphansi
• Izinombolo zesimo esiphuthumayo ngezwe