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Uloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba umile kwitonela emnyama: ukufuduka kunye neengozi zikaloliwe zesithathu

Amanani kaxakeka ayohluka ngokwamazwe. Eli phepha lisebenzisa u-911, inani laseMelika naseKhanada. Amanye amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa i-112, 999, okanye elinye inani. Fumana inombolo yelizwe lakho.

Uloliwe omileyo ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba onzulu ngaphakathi kwitonela emnyama engaphantsi komhlaba sesinye sezona siphazamiso sidida umkhweli. Oololiwe banamhlanje bemetro basebenza kumandla okutsalwa kombane ahanjiswa ngecondakta yentsimbi eveziweyo okanye iingcingo zombane ezingaphezulu. Xa ukutsala kwangoku kuhla, izibane eziphambili ziba luzizi, izivutheli zomoya ziyanqunyulwa, kwaye abakhweli abangamakhulu aliqela bazifumana bevalelwe kwinqwelo yentsimbi engenamandla amakhulu eemitha ukusuka kwiqonga lesitishi elikufutshane.

Ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwikhareji kaloliwe yabakhweli yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo yokusebenza ngelixa abahambisi bezothutho kunye nabaqhubi bakaloliwe belungisa ingxaki. Ukushiya uloliwe ngaphandle komkhombandlela ocacileyo ovela kubasebenzi bakaxakeka kukubeka esichengeni samandla ombane akhoyo abulalayo, iingozi ezityumkileyo ezisuka kwimizila engummelwane, kunye nomsi we-atmospheri oyityhefu kwiindawo ezithintelweyo. Ukuqonda i-fiziksi kaloliwe yesithathu, ukuhamba komoya kwetonela, ukukhutshwa kocango olungxamisekileyo, kunye neeprothokholi zokuhamba ezilandela umkhondo zikhusela wena kunye nabanye abakhweli ukuba intlekele engalawulekiyo inyanzelisa ukuphuma kwetonela kwangoko.

Yenza oku ngoku

  1. Hlala ngaphakathi kwikhareji kaloliwe ngaphandle kokuba kukho umlilo osebenzayo, ongalawulekiyo. Ikhareji kaloliwe ibonelela ngokhuseleko lwesakhiwo, izibane ezingxamisekileyo, kunye nomqobo ogqunyiweyo wokwahlula kwiisekethe zikaloliwe ezisebenza ngamandla kunye noololiwe abahambayo kwiziporo ezikufutshane.
  2. Mamela izaziso zabasebenzi ngenkqubo yeedilesi zoluntu. Umsebenzisi kaloliwe okanye umqhubi kaloliwe ufumana uhlaziyo lwexesha lokwenyani lokusebenza kulawulo lukaloliwe oluphakathi kwaye uya kuchaza ukuba umbane ucinyiwe na okanye uloliwe wohlangulo usondele.
  3. Khangela i-intercom yonxunguphalo kunye neziphatho zocango olungxamisekileyo. Chonga iintambo zokutsalela ezityheli okanye ezibomvu kunye neebhokisi zokufowuna zokucofa ukuze uthethe ngaphakathi emotweni yakho, kodwa sukwenza ukuba zisebenze izixhasi zokudlula ucango ngaphandle kwemiyalelo evela kubasebenzi bakaloliwe.
  4. Londoloza ibhetri yefowuni yakho kwaye ulawule ukukhanya. Tshintshela ifowuni yakho kwimowudi yamandla aphantsi, yehlisa ukuqaqamba kwesikrini, kwaye unqande ukusebenzisa isibane sekhamera ngokuqhubekayo ukugcina ubomi bebhetri kunxibelelwano olungxamisekileyo.
  5. *Yehla ukuba kungena umsi emotweni. Ukuba umsi uqalisa ukuhluza kwizidambisi moya okanye izivalo zocango, vala umlomo nempumlo yakho ngelaphu elimanzi okanye ngempahla eshinyeneyo uze ungqengqe kufutshane nomgangatho apho kuqokelelwa umoya opholileyo nococekileyo.
  6. *Landela abaphenduli abanxibe iyunifomu ukuba kuyalelwe ukuba baphume. Ukuba iinkonzo zikaloliwe okanye umqhubi kaloliwe uyala abakhweli ukuba behle, phuma kwiingcango ezikhethiweyo okanye iingcango ezilungelelaniswe ne-catwalk ngefayile enye kwaye ungaze uchukumise nasiphi na isiporo okanye intambo ephakamileyo.

Okubalulekileyo: YINTONI ONGAKWENZA

  • Ungaze ungenele i-trackbed ngokuziqalela ngokwakho. Ukuzikhuphela ngokwakho kwindlela engaqinisekanga yendlela ngoyena nobangela uphambili wokubhubha kwabakhweli ngexesha loqhekeko lukaloliwe.
  • Ungaze unyathele, uchukumise, okanye utsibe ngaphaya komgaqo kaloliwe wesithathu. Nokuba izibane zikaloliwe ziba mnyama, iiconductor zentsimbi yesithathu zinokuhlala zihlawuliswa i-600 ukuya kwi-750 yevolthi yomsinga othe ngqo obulalayo.
  • Ungaze ubambe izihlangu zentsimbi okanye iindibano zebhogi. Izihlangu zokuqokelelwa kwesinyithi eziphuma ngaphantsi kwekhareji likaloliwe zihlala zibotshelelwe ngqo kwisekethe yesithathu kaloliwe.
  • Ungaze ucinge ukuba iireyile zicinywe amandla kuba abanye abantu behamba ngeenyawo. Ukunqunyulwa kombane kufuna uqinisekiso lwesikhululo esisesikweni kunye nokubekwa phantsi komkhondo ngoogunyaziwe bamandla okutsala.
  • Ungaze unyanzele iingcango zecala ukuba zivuleke ngaphaya kwendlela yokunyuka evulekileyo. Ukuwela kumsele wengoma okanye umsantsa we-ballast kunokwaphula amathambo okanye ukuwise ngokuthe ngqo kwimivalo yokutsaleka esebenza ngamandla.
  • Ungaze ubaleke okanye utyhale itonela. Iitonela zendlela engaphantsi komhlaba zineemvulophu ezimxinwa, amaqhina anqamlezileyo ngamaplanga, iindawo zokutshintsha ezifakwe igrisi, kunye nemijelo evulekileyo yokukhupha amanzi ebangela ukuwa okuyingozi.

I-anatomy yamandla okutsala kunye ne-750V yengozi kaloliwe yesithathu

Iinkqubo zikaloliwe ezingaphantsi komhlaba zixhomekeke kumsinga othe ngqo womgangatho ophezulu ukuqhubela phambili oololiwe abakhulu ngothungelwano olungaphantsi komhlaba. Ubume obuqhelekileyo sisixokelelwano sikaloliwe sesithathu, sibeka intsimbi ephakamileyo okanye uloliwe oyintlanganisela ecaleni komzila ohambayo. Ngelixa ii-rails ezisebenzayo ezisemgangathweni zisebenza njengendlela yokubuyisela umbane, umzila wesithathu ugcina amandla ombane phakathi kwe-600 volts kunye ne-750 volts ngokuthe ngqo ngoku, ukufikelela kwi-1,200 volts kwiinethiwekhi ezikhethiweyo.

Ukuthe ngqo kolu mbane kudala ubungozi obahlukileyo bomzimba. Uqhagamshelwano oluchanekileyo lwangoku ngaphezu kwe-300 volts kubangela ukunyanzeliswa kwemisipha ye-tetanic ngokukhawuleza. Ukubambelela ngokuqhubekayo kwezihlunu eziguquguqukayo kwenza umntu abe ngumkhenkce kwi-conductor bar. Oku kuthintela ukuzikhulula ngelixa i-substation current ihamba ngexhoba, okubangela ukutshisa okukhulu, i-fibrillation ye-ventricular, kunye nokubanjwa kokuphefumula ngokukhawuleza.

flowchart TD
    A["Izitali zikaloliwe kwitonela yendlela engaphantsi emnyama"] --> B{"Ngaba kukho umlilo osebenzayo, ongathintelwanga okanye isoyikiso sesakhiwo esikhawulezileyo?"}
    B -- No --> C["Hlala Ngaphakathi Kwenqwelo"]
    C --> D["Mamela izaziso zabaSebenzisi"]
    D --> E["Gcina ibhetri yefowuni kwaye uhlale phantsi"]
    E --> F["Lindela ukuKhupha koMbane kunye noLoliwe wokuhlangula"]
    B -- Yes --> G{"Ngaba Abasebenzi Bayalele Ukufuduswa?"}
    G -- Yes --> H["Landela iProtocol yabasebenzi kwiTunnel Catwalk"]
    G -- No --> I["Vula uKhupho oluNgxamisekileyo lweCar-End Kuphela"]
    I --> J["Khangela iintlantsi zeTraction okanye oololiwe ababalekayo"]
    J --> K["Ukukhutshwa kweFayile enye ecaleni kodonga lwebhentshi yeTunnel"]
    K --> L["Ungaze uchukumise uloliwe weSithathu okanye uRunning Rails"]
    L --> M["Fikelela kwisikhululo sokukhanya esiBlue esikufutshane okanye iPortal"]

Uqhagamshelwano oluphezulu, ufowunelwa osezantsi, kunye noyilo loqhakamshelwano olusecaleni

Iisistim zikaloliwe zesithathu zisebenzisa iijiyometri zokunxibelelana ngoomatshini ezichaza apho ukuvezwa kombane okuyingozi kulele kuthungelwano lwezothutho zemetropolitan:

Iinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano eziphezulu zisebenza kuthungelwano olufana neNew York City Subway, Boston MBTA, kunye neLondon Underground. Isihlangu somqokeleli sityibilika phezu kwentloko kaloliwe.

Ibhodi egqunyiweyo eyenziwe ngomthi okanye edibeneyo ihlala iisentimitha ezimbalwa ngaphezulu kwentsimbi yentsimbi ukugada izixhobo eziwayo. Nangona kunjalo, amacala kunye nangaphantsi ahlala engakhuselekanga. Ukunyathela kwibhodi yokugquma kuyingozi kuba inokuqhekeka phantsi kobunzima bomzimba okanye incam ezantsi, icinezela unyawo lwakho kuloliwe osebenza ngamandla.

Iinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano ezisezantsi zisebenza kufakelo olufana neWashington Metro kunye neMetro-North. Isihlangu somqokeleli sicinezela ukuya phezulu kwicala elingaphantsi likaloliwe. Umphezulu kunye namacala agqunywe ngeplastiki eyomeleleyo. Ngelixa ukhuselwe kububutyobo, ubuso obusezantsi buhlala buvelile, kwaye naluphi na unxibelelwano olungaphantsi lugqibezela isekethe ebulalayo.

Iinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano ezisecaleni zisebenza kuthungelwano oludiniweyo lwerabha njengeMontreal Metro kunye neParis Metro. Imivalo yoqhagamshelo ethe nkqo ecaleni komphezulu wengoma, ibonisa ubuso obuveziweyo obufuna uthintelo olungqongqo ngexesha layo nayiphi na intshukumo.

Inkqubo yoThutho / iNgingqi Ukutsalwa kweVoltji yeNominal Uqwalaselo loQhagamshelwano Imbuyekezo yokuQala Isimbo soKhuseleko sekhava
Indlela engaphantsi kweSixeko saseNew York (e-US) 600V ukuya 625V DC Isihlangu esiphezulu soqhagamshelwano lomxhuzulane Imizila yokubaleka engalunganga Ibhodi yomthi okanye yeplastiki ngaphezulu
ILondon Underground (UK) 630V ukuya 750V DC Uqhagamshelwano oluphezulu (oololiwe abane) Umzila kaloliwe wokubuyela embindini (-210V) Iintloko zomzila kaloliwe eziveziweyo
IMetro yaseParis (eFransi / EU) 750V DC Uqhagamshelwano oluphezulu kunye necala Iintsimbi ezibalekayo kunye nemivalo yesikhokelo Insulated side fiberglass shroud
IMetro yaseWashington (US) 750V DC Uqhagamshelwano olusezantsi Imizila yokubaleka engalunganga Ihood edibeneyo ephezulu kunye necala
Chicago CTA (US) 600V DC Uqhagamshelwano oluphezulu Imizila yokubaleka engalunganga Vula ibhodi yokuqhuba yokhuni ephezulu
Toronto TTC (Canada) 600V DC Uqhagamshelwano oluphezulu Imizila yokubaleka engalunganga Ibhodi yokugquma iinkuni eziphakamileyo
** oololiwe baseSydney / iMetro (eOstreliya)** 1,500V DC / ngaphezulu Umphezulu wocingo lwecatenary Imizila yokubaleka engalunganga Ucingo olungaphezulu alufikeleleki

Ukubuya komzila kaloliwe kunye nenyathelo elinokubakho

Kwiinkqubo ezintathu ezichanekileyo zangoku, iintsimbi ezimbini ezihamba ngentsimbi zisebenza njengendlela engalunganga yokubuyela kwisitishi. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, ezi ziporo zisebenza kufutshane nesakhono somhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, xa iintambo zombane ezibuyelayo ziphuka okanye iziphene zezixhobo zisenzeka, imisinga elahlekileyo inokunyusa amandla ombane kaloliwe asebenzayo ngokunxulumene nomgangatho wetonela.

Ukubamba iireyile zombini ezibalekayo ngaxeshanye okanye ukuvala umsantsa kwizikhonkwane zeentambo zentsimbi kudala iingozi ezinokuthi zibe kho ekuchukunyisweni. I-Ballast egqunywe kukufuma, uthuli lwebrake, kunye namasuntswana esinyithi aqhuba umbane. Ukuba intambo ye-feeder iphosakele kwi-ballast emanzi, inyathelo elinokwenzeka liyakhula phakathi kweenyawo zakho. Ukugcina iinyawo zakho kunye kunye nokutshixiza kunciphisa le gradient yombane.

Ukuguquka komsi wetonela kunye nokungaphumeleli kokungena komoya

Amatonela kaloliwe angaphantsi komhlaba aneityhubhu ezivaliweyo. Ngexesha lemisebenzi eqhelekileyo, oololiwe abahambayo benza impembelelo yepiston, ukutyhala umoya ukuya kwimingxuma yokuphuma nokutsala umoya omtsha kwizitishi. Xa uloliwe esima, le ntshukumo yomoya iyayeka. Ukuba kuqhambuka umlilo, umsi nobushushu ziziphatha ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunemililo engaphezulu.

Imililo kaloliwe engaphantsi komhlaba ivelisa umsi oyityhefu ngokugquma ucingo, indawo yokuhlala eyenziweyo, iigaskets, kunye nolwelo olwenziwa ngamanzi. Ukutshiswa kwiitonela ezilambe ioksijini kukhupha icarbon monoxide, ihydrogen cyanide, ihydrogen chloride, kunye necarbon particulate.

Isiphumo setshimini kunye ne-thermal buoyancy

Umsi oshushu unyuka usiya kwisilingi yetonela, wenze umaleko ogudileyo onokudlula kuma-400 °C (752 °F) kwimizuzu nje embalwa. Lo maleko uqukuqela ngokuthe tye ecaleni kwesithsaba setonela. Kwiitonela ezithambekileyo, isiphumo se-stack siqhuba umsi onyukayo kwi-2 yeemitha ukuya kwi-5 yeemitha ngomzuzwana (4.5 mph ukuya kwi-11 mph), ukuguqula itonela ibe yitshimini.

Ukukhupha iingozi ezinyukayo zokuhamba kwiigesi ezishushu kunye ne-hydrogen cyanide. Iifeni zokuphuma kwisikhululo ezisebenza ngabahambisi bazama ukutsala umsi kude kwiindlela zokuphuma ngelixa bevuthela umoya ococekileyo kubakhweli. Ukuzikhupha ngaphandle komyalelo kuthetha ukuba ungahamba ngokuthe ngqo kumoya wokukhupha umbhobho ophezulu.

Ubuthi be-atmospheric kunye nokususwa kwe-oxygen

Ubuthi kwiziganeko zikaloliwe ezingaphantsi komhlaba kulawulwa ziingozi ezintathu eziphambili zomzimba:

Ikharbon monoxide ibophelela kwihemoglobin ngokuphindwe izihlandlo ezingama-200 ngakumbi kuneoksijini, isenza icarboxyhemoglobin. Kwiingxenye ze-1,000 kwisigidi (i-0.1 ekhulwini), intloko kunye nokuphazamiseka kwenzeka kwimizuzu eyi-15. Amanqanaba angaphezu kwama-3,200 kwisigidi ngasinye abangela ukungazi kunye nokufa kwi-10 ukuya kwi-15 imizuzu.

I-Hydrogen cyanide esuka kwi-upholstery evuthayo inqanda i-cytochrome c oxidase kwiiseli zomntu, imisa ukuphefumla kweselula. Isebenza ngokukhawuleza kunekhabhon monoxide, ibangela i-hyperventilation ekhawulezileyo, ukuxhuzula, kunye nokuwa kwentliziyo.

Iigesi ze-asidi eziphuma kwi-insulation yocingo oluvuthayo zikhupha i-hydrogen chloride. Ukudibana nokufuma kwendlela yomoya kwenza i-hydrochloric acid, ebangela ukutyhutyha kakhulu kwendlela yomoya, i-pulmonary edema, kunye nokucaphuka kwamehlo.

Ngaphakathi kwimoto emileyo: ukuzinza kwengqondo kunye nokuphila ngokomzimba

Xa uloliwe ephelelwa ngamandla etonela, abakhweli baphelelwa ngamandla ngoko nangoko. Ukungxola okungxolayo kweenjini zokutsala kunye neefeni zomoya zomoya ziyehla ziye kuthi cwaka, zaphulwe kuphela ngamazwi abakhweli kunye nokutswina kweziqhoboshi zomoya. Kwimizuzwana emi-5, iiyunithi ze-inverter ezingxamisekileyo zitshintshela imoto kwisibane sokuncedisa esinebhetri. Ezi zibane zincedisayo zibonelela ngokhanyiso olukwinqanaba elisezantsi, elidla ngokuqhutywa ziibhanki zebhetri ezikwibhodi eyenzelwe ukuhlala phakathi kwemizuzu engama-45 kunye nengama-90.

Ukuqonda okwenzekayo ngoomatshini kuthintela ukuphakuzela kwabantu abaninzi kwaye kuphepha ukuziphatha okuyingozi, nokutyhutyha abakhweli.

Izipayisi zobushushu kunye nomgangatho womoya kwiimoto ezixineneyo

Imoto kaloliwe engaphantsi komhlaba ithwele abantu abaphakathi kwe-120 nama-200. Umntu ngamnye uvelisa malunga neewathi ezili-100 ukuya kwiiwathi ezili-120 zobushushu xa uphumle, bunyuke bufikelele kwi-150 yeewathi phantsi koxinzelelo. Ngaphakathi kwimoto emileyo ngaphandle kweefeni zokungenisa umoya, ubushushu bomkhweli budlula i-15 kilowatts ukuya kwi-25 kilowatts.

Kwimizuzu engama-20, ubushushu bangaphakathi bunokwenyuka ukusuka kwi-21 °C (70 °F) ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-35 °C (95 °F), kunye nokufuma okuya kufikelela kuma-90 ekhulwini kumbilo. Le meko ibangela ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kwaye isiqaqa phakathi kwabakhweli abasesichengeni.

Iimoto azikho ii-capsules ezingangeni moya. Iivents zokungena, iivalve zomgangatho, kunye neegaskets zomnyango zivumela ukutshintshiselana komoya kunye netonela. Amanqanaba eCarbon dioksidi aya kunyuka, abangele ukuphefumla nzulu, kodwa ukuncipha kweoksijini ukuya kumanqanaba okufuthanisela akwenzeki kwimoto ehambelanayo. Imvakalelo yokuphefumla ivela kubushushu, ukufuma, kunye nexhala.

Ukulawula ukuphakuzela kunye neengqondo zabantu

Indlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo kwikhareji evaliweyo, emileyo inokonakala ngokukhawuleza ukuba ayilawulwa kakuhle. Xa ubushushu buphakama nokukhanya kuncipha, amarhe asasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Abakhweli banokuqalisa ukunkqonkqoza iifestile, bakhwaze, okanye bazame ukunyanzela izixhasi zocango lwexesha likaxakeka. Uloyiko luyosulela, kodwa ukuzola, unxibelelwano oluqinisekisayo luzinzisa ngokulinganayo.

Misa unxibelelwano lomlomo olucacileyo ngoko nangoko. Ukuba abasebenzi bakaloliwe abakasasaza uhlaziyo, thetha ngokucacileyo kwinqanaba, ivolumu yencoko. Thetha ngokuvakalayo: "Amandla aphelile, kodwa uloliwe ukhuselekile. Zola, hlala phantsi ukuba unako, kwaye ungavuli iingcango."

Yabela imisebenzi elula yomzimba ukugcina abakhweli abangaphumliyo bexakekile. Cela abantu abakufutshane nezihlalo ukuba banikezele ngezikhundla zabo kwabasetyhini abakhulelweyo, abantwana abancinci, okanye abantu abadala abatyekele ekudinweni bubushushu.

Yenza ukuhamba komoya ngokukhuselekileyo. Iimoto ezininzi zabakhweli zineefestile eziphezulu ze-transom hopper ezithambeka ngaphakathi kwiisentimitha ezimbalwa, okanye iigrill ezincinci zomnyango wokungena umoya. Vula ezi transom eziphezulu ukuvumela umoya oshushu kufutshane nesilingi yemoto ukuba ubaleke. Sukuvula iingcango ezisecaleni ezivuleleka kwitonela ngaphandle kokuba uyalelwe ngabasebenzi bakaloliwe.

Gcina imithombo yokukhanya kuyo yonke imoto. Sukuvumela abakhweli abaninzi ukuba baqhube iitotshi ze-smartphone ngaxeshanye. Lungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwefowuni ukuze kube yifowuni enye kuphela okanye ezimbini ezikhanyisiweyo ngalo naliphi na ixesha, zixhonywe kwii-handrails okanye zibekwe kwiirack zemithwalo ukunika ukukhanya okuthambileyo okujikelezayo.

Inqanaba leSitali Uphawu loMzimba oluPhambili Ubume boomatshini Isenzo esiCetyisiweyo
0 ukuya kwimizuzu emi-5 Ubumnyama ngequbuliso, abalandeli abapholileyo bayayeka Iziguquli zitshintshela kumandla ebhetri Hlala phantsi, cima izibane zakho, ulindele isaziso somsebenzisi
5 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-20 Ubushushu buyanda, umoya uvakala ufumile kwaye uvalekile Iibhetri zinika amandla izibane zikaxakeka kunye nerediyo Vula iminyango yehopper ephezulu, usasaze amanzi, uthomalalise abakhweli abaxhalabileyo
20 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-45 Ukuqokelelana kokubila, unxano, isiyezi esingephi Umthamo webhetri oncedisayo uyaphela Hlala phantsi kumgangatho wemoto apho amaqondo obushushu apholileyo
45+ imizuzu Ii-inverters ziyaphela, ubumnyama obupheleleyo bunokwenzeka Umsebenzisi kaloliwe ulungelelanisa ne-dispatch Landela imiyalelo yokudityaniswa kukaloliwe wokuhlangula okanye ukufuduswa kwabasebenzi

Iintsimbi zokukhupha umnyango ongxamisekileyo: imingcipheko kunye nokusebenza koomatshini

Oololiwe banamhlanje abakhweli babandakanya ukukhutshwa kocango olungxamisekileyo olubekwe ngaphakathi kwigumbi labakhweli, oluhlala lukhuselwe ngasemva kwezivalo zeglasi, izigqubuthelo ze-acrylic eziphakamisayo, okanye izitywina zokhuseleko ezikufutshane neminyango yomnyango. Ezi zixhobo ziza kwiindidi ezimbini ezihlukeneyo: iintambo zokuqhawula ngokukhawuleza kunye nezixhobo zokuvula umnyango ezivulekileyo.

Ukwenza olu lawulo lusebenze ngaphandle kokuqonda iziphumo zalo zoomatshini kunokwenza imeko embi kakhulu okanye kufake uloliwe kwindawo eyingozi ngakumbi.

Ukutsala i-lever ye-brake engxamisekileyo kukhupha umbhobho we-pneumatic brake ngqo emoyeni. Oku kulahla uxinzelelo kwaye kubangela ukuba iziqhoboshi zikaxakeka zibambeke kuzo zonke iiseti zamavili.

Imithetho yohambo ifuna ukuba uloliwe owonakeleyo afike kwisikhululo esilandelayo xa kunokwenzeka. Izitishi zibonelela ngeefeni zokutsalwa, iiplatifomu ezivulekileyo, imibhobho yamanzi, kunye nokufikelela kwi-paramedic. Ukumisa uloliwe kwitonela emxinwa kubambisa wonke umntu ekungeneni komoya kakubi kwaye kuthintela umqhubi ukuba afikelele kwiqonga eliziimitha ezingama-300 (984 iinyawo) kude. Sebenzisa kuphela iziqhoboshi ezingxamisekileyo ukuba umntu ubanjwe ephantsi kwamavili okanye ukonakala kwesakhiwo kwenzeka.

Oololiwe abahamba ngaphantsi komhlaba bayilwe beneendlela ezimbini eziphambili zokuphuma ukuze abahambi babaleke:

Iingcango zokuphela kwemoto ezidlulayo zimela eyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo nekhawulezayo yokubalekela umlilo wendawo okanye unxunguphalo lwezonyango ngaphakathi kwemoto enye. Ngena kwikhareji esecaleni ngokuvula i-latch kucango lwe-bulkhead. Tyhiliza kwi-accordion gangway, kwaye utywine ucango emva kwakho. Oku kudala umsi okhawulezileyo kunye nesithintelo somlilo ngaphandle kokukubhenca kwi-trackbed ephilayo.

Ukukhutshwa kwencwadi esecaleni kucango olungxamisekileyo kusebenza phantsi kweesilinda zomoya we-pneumatic okanye i-rack-and-pinion actuators yombane enzima. Xa isibambo esibomvu sokukhutshwa kwingxakeko sitsalwa, uxinzelelo lomoya luyaphela lusuka kumatshini wocango, nto leyo evumela ukuba iingcango ezinamagqabi aphindwe kabini zityhale zivuleke ngesandla ngesandla. Nangona kunjalo, bakuba betyhale bavuleke, abakhweli bajongana nemitha e-1.2 ukuya kwi-1.5 yeemitha (unyawo olu-4 ukuya kwi-5 unyawo) ukuhla okuthe nkqo kwi-ballast yendlela, okanye umsantsa omxinwa wama-40 cm (i-intshi ezili-16) owahlula icala likaloliwe ukusuka kudonga lwetonela erhabaxa.

Iprothokholi yokuhamba nge-Trackbed: indlela ekunene ilawulwa ngokukhuselekileyo

Ukuphuma usiya kumzila kaloliwe osebenzayo ngumlinganiselo ogqithileyo ogcinelwe iimeko apho ukuhlala ngaphakathi kubeka ingozi ekhawulezileyo kubomi bomntu, okanye xa abasemagunyeni kwezothutho beqinisekisile ngokusesikweni ukuba onke amandla okutsala abekwe wodwa kwaye zonke iindlela zikaloliwe zimisiwe.

Ukuhamba phantsi kwitonela engaphantsi komhlaba kufuna uqeqesho olungqongqo. I-Ballast trackbed iqulathe amakhulu, ajijekileyo, amatye atyumkileyo akhululekileyo ayilelwe ukufunxa ukungcangcazela kunye nokukhupha ulwelo lomkhondo. Imigangatho yetonela izele ziingcingo zomqondiso, iintsimbi zokutshixa, izixhobo zokukhupha amanzi, izityibilizi zeoyile, kunye neentsimbi zikaloliwe.

Ukuba unyanzelekile ukuba uhambe ecaleni kwendlela, gcina le mithetho yomzimba rhoqo:

Inyathelo kuphela embindini we-cross-tie okanye ecaleni komgangatho wekhonkrithi. Hamba ngokuthe ngqo kumbindi weentsimbi ezibalekayo kumaqhina omthi asicaba. Ungaze unyathele kwiintloko ezigobileyo zeereyili ezibalekayo, apho ukujiya kunye negrisi zenza intsimbi ityibilike kunomkhenkce omanzi.

Gcina umgama obanzi ukusuka kuloliwe wesithathu. Indawo yeliphi icala eliphethe ibha yomqhubi. Hamba kwelinye icala okanye uhlale ngokungqongqo ecaleni kwendlela esembindini. Gcina ubuncinane imitha enye (3.3 iinyawo) yococeko ukusuka kumgaqo kaloliwe wesithathu.

Ziphephe iintambo eziphezulu kunye nodonga. Iitonela zithwala amandla ombane aphezulu kunye neentambo zonxibelelwano. Phatha yonke imibhobho, i-conduit, kunye ne-cable hanger njengoko inamandla.

Nyathela ngokupheleleyo kumanqaku okutshintsha. Izitshixo zikaloliwe zityibilika ngokuthe tye phantsi kolawulo lwekhompyuter olukude. Indawo yokutshintsha inokuvala ngamandla amakhulu ngaphandle kwesilumkiso, ukutyumza unyawo lomntu omdala. Ungaze ubeke unyawo kwisikhewu phakathi kweereyile zokutshintsha.

Jonga izixhobo zohambo ngoomatshini. Imiqhagi yohambo ecaleni kweevalvu zokuqhawuka koololiwe abadlulayo. Ebumnyameni, ezi ngalo zime nkqo zibangela ukukhubeka kanobom ukuya kwiintsimbi.

Hamba kwifayile enye. Gcina umgca onengqeqesho. Gcina unxibelelana nomntu ongaphambili. Umhambi okhokelayo kufuneka ajolise isibane setotshi kuqhina oluziimitha ezi-2 (iinyawo ezi-6.6) ngaphambili, ukuskena imingxuma yokutsala amanzi kunye nehardware.

Iitonela ezininzi zanamhlanje zineendlela zokuhamba zekhonkrithi eziphakamileyo ezihamba ecaleni kodonga olunye lwetyhubhu, ezaziwa ngokuba ziindonga zebhentshi okanye iicatwalks. Ezi ndlela zokuhamba ziphakanyiswe malunga ne-60 cm ukuya kuma-90 cm (ii-intshi ezingama-24 ukuya kwi-intshi ezingama-35) ngaphezulu kweqhina lomzila, lihlala lifakelwe i-handrail yentsimbi etyheli eqhubekayo.

Ukuhamba eludongeni lwebhentshi kugcina iinyawo zakho zicocekile ngokupheleleyo kwi-ballast, imisele yamanzi, kunye nemivalo yesithathu yomqhubi kaloliwe. Ibonelela ngomphezulu othe tyaba, ozinzileyo wokuhamba ngekonkrithi kunye nokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiindawo zokuphuma zetonela likaxakeka.

Uthungelwano lukaloliwe oluhamba ngaphantsi kwamawele lubonisa iindlela ezinqamlezileyo ezigrunjwe kwilitye elahlulayo okanye udonga lwekhonkrithi rhoqo ngeemitha ezili-150 ukuya kuma-250 eemitha (iinyawo ezingama-500 ukuya kwi-800). Ezi ndlela zinqamlezileyo zikhuselwe ngamacango entsimbi anomlilo axhotyiswe ngepanic bars. Ukungena kwindawo enqumlayo kukuzisela ngoko nangoko kwitonela ekufutshane engachaphazelekanga, ikwahlula kumsi kunye neegesi ezishushu. Jonga ucango ubushushu phambi kokuba uluvule luvuleke.

Ibekwe ecaleni kweetonela ze-subway ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo eemitha ezili-100 ukuya kwiimitha ezingama-200 (iinyawo ezingama-330 ukuya kwienyawo ezingama-660), izikhululo zokukhanya eziblue zibonisa ifowuni engxamisekileyo kunye neswitshi yokusika umbane wokutsala. Ezi zikhululo zikhanyiswa yibhalbhu yombane ezuba ngokuqhubekayo. Ziqulethe umnxeba othe ngqo wefowuni yasekhaya oya kuthunyelelwa osembindini kunye neswitshi yokutsalwa kwamandla kaxakeka ebomvu ehambisa izaphuli zesekethe yesikhululo selo candelo lengoma.

Itonela iLandmark Ukuchongwa okubonakalayo Injongo / Umsebenzi Kufuneka Inyathelo
Isikhululo sokukhanya esiBlue Ibhalbhu ebhulowu rhoqo kudonga lwetonela Ifowuni engxamisekileyo kunye nokutshintsha kohambo lwamandla Sebenzisa ifowuni ukuqhagamshelana nokuthunyelwa; tsala i-trip lever ukuba umlilo okanye umntu usendleleni kaloliwe
Umnyango wokuNqamula Ucango lwentsimbi enzima oluphawulwe ngophawu lokuphuma Ukufikelela kwitonela ehambelanayo engachaphazelekanga Khangela umqheba wocango xa ufuna ubushushu; tyhala uvule ukubaleka umsi
Ibhentshi Walkway Ishelufu yekhonkrithi emxinwa ephakamileyo ene-railing Indlela ekhuselekileyo yabahambi ngeenyawo ngaphezulu kwendlela Hamba ifayile enye; musa ukulahla iibhegi okanye uzimele ngakwimizila
Track Tshintsha / Isele Iintsimbi ezishukumayo ezinemizila yemoto Ukulandelela koomatshini bokuguqula Nyathela ngokupheleleyo kwiireyile zokutshintsha; ungaze ungene ngaphakathi kwesikhewu
I-Drainage Sump Igrate yentsimbi okanye umsele ovulekileyo kwiziko lomkhondo Indawo yokuqokelela amanzi Nyathela ngokucokisekileyo; kuphephe ukunyathela kwi grates zentsimbi

Ukuphendula kuqhagamshelwano lombane kunye ne-arc flash trauma

Ukuba umkhweli udibana ngengozi nomzila wesithathu, iziphumo ezibonakalayo zikhawuleza kwaye ziyintlekele. Ukuqonda indlela yokusingatha ixhoba loqhagamshelwano lombane ngaphandle kokuba yingozi yesibini kubalulekile.

Umsinga othe ngqo uhamba ngokuqhubekayo kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokuhambisa egqibezela indlela eya emhlabeni. Ukuba ubambe ixhoba elibanjwe ngumbane ngezandla ngelixa umzimba walo uhlala unxibelelana nololiwe wesithathu, umsinga uya kudlula ngqo emzimbeni wakho, utshixe izihlunu zakho kwaye utsale umbane ecaleni kwazo.

Ungalichukumisi ixhoba ngqo. Ungaze uchukumise ulusu lwabo, iimpahla zabo, okanye nayiphi na into yentsimbi abayiphethe ngelixa benxibelelana nomgaqo kaloliwe.

Sukuzinika amandla uloliwe ukuba isibane esiluhlaza sikufuphi. Baleka kwisikhululo sokukhanya esiluhlaza esikufutshane kwaye utsale isixhobo sohambo olungxamisekileyo olunombane ophezulu. Oku kuthumela umqondiso wohambo olukhawulezileyo kwisitishi sommandla, uvula izaphuli zonikezelo zaloo ndawo yokutsala.

Abasebenzi bezohambo basebenzisa amagwegwe okuhlangula avalelweyo avavanywe ukuya kwi-1,000 volts. Ukutyhala okanye ukutsala ixhoba ngomthi omanzi, iibhatyi, okanye iiambrela kuyingozi. Ilaphu elimanzi kunye neentonga zeambrela zentsimbi ziqhuba langoku. Lindela ukuqinisekiswa kwamandla ngaphandle kokuba ubambe i-fiberglass eyomileyo okanye isixhobo seplastiki.

Qala ukhathalelo lwezonyango emva kokuba ukucima kombane kuqinisekisiwe. Hambisa umntu kumbindi weqhina. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-voltage ephezulu kubangela i-fibrillation ye-ventricular kunye nokubanjwa kokuphefumula. Ukuba umntu akaphenduli kwaye akaphefumli ngokuqhelekileyo, qalisa ukunyanzeliswa kwesifuba ngokukhawuleza kwi-100 ukuya kwi-120 compressions ngomzuzu kubunzulu be-5 cm ukuya kwi-6 cm (ii-intshi ezi-2 ukuya kwii-intshi ze-2.4).

Iinkqubo zothutho zengingqi kunye nokwahluka kokusebenza okungxamisekileyo

Uthungelwano lukaloliwe ohamba phantsi komhlaba kunye nolwemetro lusebenza phantsi kwemigangatho yobugcisa eyahlukeneyo kunye nolungelelwaniso olubonakalayo kwizizwe ezahlukeneyo. Ukwazi inkqubo yakho yengingqi kukunceda ukuba ulindele iinkqubo zokufuduka.

EUnited States: NFPA 130 kunye nobupolisa bokuhamba

Iinkqubo zikaloliwe zabakhweli zilandela iNational Fire Protection Association umgangatho weNFPA 130 kuhambo olusisigxina lwesikhokelo. Lo mgangatho ulawula ukukhanya okungxamisekileyo, iipaseji ezinqamlezileyo, kunye namandla okungenisa umoya.

Uthungelwano lwelifa eNew York, eBoston, ePhiladelphia, naseChicago zisebenzisa iindlela ezintathu zoqhagamshelwano eziphezulu ezisebenza phakathi kwe-600V kunye ne-750V yangoku ngokuthe ngqo. I-Metro yaseWashington isebenzisa iileyili ezisezantsi zoqhagamshelwano ezineengubo zeplastiki.

Iikhareji zikaloliwe zibandakanya ii-intercom zongxamiseko zabakhweli eziqhagamshela kumsebenzisi. Ukufowunela inombolo yonxunguphalo (911) kumbhobho ongaphantsi komhlaba kaninzi kuyasilela ngenxa yokhuselo lwekhonkrithi. Sebenzisa i-intercom ekwibhodi kuqala ukuze umqhubi akwazi ukwazisa ukuthunyelwa. Abaphenduli bahambisa izixhobo eziphathwayo zesilumkiso kwiisekethe zomkhondo ngaphambi kokungena.

EUnited Kingdom: ILondon Underground-four-rail system

ILondon Underground isebenza phantsi kweOfisi yoLoliwe kunye nemithetho yeNdlela. Iitonela zetyhubhu ezinzulu zinemiqobo ekhethekileyo yombane kunye neyomzimba.

Iingoma eziphantsi komhlaba zaseLondon zisebenzisa iindlela ezine zokuseta. Umzila wangaphandle uphethe i-420 volts ngokuthe ngqo, ngelixa umzila wesitimela esiphakathi uthwala -210 volts ngokuthe ngqo ngoku, uvelisa i-630-volt ukuya kwi-750-volt. Kuphephe ukunyathela kwiireyile zangaphandle nezimbindi.

Imigca yetyhubhu enzulu ilinganisa kuphela iimitha ezi-3.6 (iinyawo ezili-11 ii-intshi ezili-10) ububanzi, ishiya ukucoceka okuncinci kwecala. Ukufuduka kwenzeka ecaleni kombindi womzila ngeengcango ze-cab ekupheleni kuneengcango ezisecaleni. Abaqhubi bagcina oololiwe besiya kumaqonga xa kunokwenzeka. Kwizikhululo ezinokhuselo, iinkonzo zikaxakeka zifikelelwa ku-999.

IManyano yaseYurophu: imigangatho ye-ERA kunye nokuhamba okuwela umva

Iimetro zelizwekazi laseYurophu zilandela imiyalelo yokhuseleko ye-Arhente kaLoliwe yaseYurophu. Iitonela zibonisa iimpawu zonxunguphalo eziluhlaza ezikhanyayo ezineempawu zomgama.

Iinkqubo ezindala ezifana neParis Metro kunye neBerlin U-Bahn zisebenzisa i-750V iileyili ze-conductor zangoku ezithe ngqo. Olunye uthungelwano, kuquka iMadrid kunye nemigca ye-RER yengingqi, sebenzisa i-1,500V ethe ngqo yangoku iingcingo ze-catenary overhead. Iinkqubo ezingaphezulu zigcina ii-trackbed zingenawo umbane wesithathu kaloliwe, nangona iingcingo eziwileyo zibonakalisa umngcipheko we-arc.

Iingcango zokuwela ezinqamlezileyo ezinomlilo zicandwa rhoqo kwiimitha ezili-150 ukuya kwi-250 yeemitha (iinyawo ezingama-500 ukuya kuma-800) ukunika indawo yokusabela kwiibhore ezinxuseneyo. Kuyo yonke iManyano yaseYurophu, cofa u-112 ukuze uthunyelwe ngokukhawuleza.

EKhanada: Uthungelwano lwemozulu ebandayo kunye nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza okuzenzekelayo

Iinkqubo zikaloliwe ezinzima zaseKhanada eMontreal, Toronto, naseVancouver zisebenza phantsi kweliso lokhuseleko lwezoThutho eCanada.

IMetro yaseMontreal iqhuba amatayara erabha ekhokelwa yimivalo yentsimbi ethe nkqo ethwele i-750V ngqo yangoku. Ezi zitshixo zesikhokelo zibonakalisa iingozi ezinzulu zokothuka ukuba abakhweli bayatsiba besuka kumacango asecaleni.

Umphezulu we-Sub-zero kunye nee-portal zetonela zijongana nokubunjwa komkhenkce kwiireyile ze-conductor, ngamaxesha athile oololiwe baxinga. Abakhweli kufuneka bahlale ezimotweni ukuze bafumane ukufudumala kunokuba bahambe kwimizila egqunywe likhephu apho iireyile zifihlwe khona. Kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kulo lonke elaseCanada, cofa u-911.

EOstreliya: Imetro kaloliwe onzima namandla angaphezulu

Iinkqubo zikaloliwe eSydney, eMelbourne, eBrisbane, nasePerth, kunye neSydney Metro, zisebenza phantsi kweOfisi yoLawulo loKhuseleko lukaLoliwe lweSizwe.

Uthungelwano lwasezidolophini zaseOstreliya zisebenzisa i-1,500-volt ngqo yangoku yeengcingo zecatenary eziphezulwana. Iibhedi zomzila aziqulathanga iintsimbi zesithathu, nangona iingcingo ezijingayo zifuna ukususwa okubanzi. Umgca we-automated weSydney Metro usebenzisa i-overhead conductor beam.

Amatonela abonisa iindlela zokuhamba ezingxamisekileyo zekonkrithi ezineentsimbi eziphathwayo kunye nezibane ezikwinqanaba elisezantsi. Abakhweli babaleka ngokungqongqo kwezi ndledlana kunokuhamba ngapha kwebala. Iinkonzo zikaxakeka e-Australia zifikelelwa kwi-000.

Izixhobo zobuqu zikaxakeka kunye nolungiselelo lokuhamba

Abakhweli abahamba kuthungelwano lukaloliwe ongaphantsi komhlaba yonke imihla kufuneka bagcine inqanaba elivakalayo lokuzilungiselela ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokusebenza. Uloliwe omileyo luvavanyo lomonde, ukubonakala, kunye nokukhululeka kwe-thermal.

Ngelixa zonke iifowuni eziphathwayo ziquka i-flash diode, ukuqhuba isibane sefowuni kuphelisa indlela yakho yokuphila kwihlabathi langaphandle. Ukuthwala ubhontsi ozinikeleyo ubukhulu be-AAA okanye isibane se-LED esinokutshajwa kwakhona kunika ukukhanya okungenazandla kwaye konga amandla efowuni.

Ukuthwala i-N95 yokuphefumla okanye imaski yelaphu kwibhegi yabakhweli kuthatha indawo enguziro. Ukuba umsi, uthuli lwebrake yebrake, okanye igrit yekhonkrithi evundiweyo ingena emoyeni wetonela, ukubeka imaski ikhusela imiphunga yakho kwi-acute chemical bronchospasm kwaye yenza ukuphefumla okucacileyo.

Kwane-250 ml (i-8.5 ounce) yesikhongozeli samanzi inokunyakamisa ilaphu eliphefumlayo emsi, ibuyisele amanzi kumgibeli ohamba naye otyhafileyo, okanye ihlambe uthuli olunomsindo emehlweni akho.

Uhambo lwemihla ngemihla kuloliwe ohamba ngaphantsi komhlaba ngeembadada ezivulekileyo, izithende eziphakamileyo, okanye izihlangu ezilokhwe ezigudileyo zenza ukuhamba ngaphaya kwamatye ajijekileyo e-ballast kunye namaqhina anqamlezayo abe nobuqhophololo. Gcina ipere, izihlangu ezivaliweyo zifikeleleka okanye unxibe izihlangu ezixhasayo ngexesha lokuhamba.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa

Ngaba siya kuphelelwa yioksijini ukuba imoto kaloliwe engaphantsi komhlaba ivaleleke etoneleni?

Cha. Umoya omtsha ngokuqhubekayo ungena ngeenkomo zophahla, iivalvu zokujonga i-undercarriage flapper, kunye netywina lomnyango werabha. Ngelixa umoya uya kufuma ngokubonakalayo, ushushu, kwaye uxinene ngenxa yobushushu bomzimba kunye nokufuma okuphumayo kwabakhweli, umxholo weoksijini uhlala wanele ngokupheleleyo ukuphefumla. Imvakalelo yokuphefumla kukusabela kwendalo ekunyukeni kobushushu, ukufuma, ukuqokeleleka kwekharbon diokside, kunye nexhala.

Ngaba kukhuselekile ukutsiba kuloliwe omileyo uwedwa?

Hayi. Ukuzikhuphela kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sabasebenzi bakaxakeka lolona khetho luyingozi onokuthi ulwenze ngexesha lokuthengisela kaloliwe ongaphantsi komhlaba. Umzila wesithathu uhlala unamandla kunye ne-600 ukuya kwi-750 volts yangoku ngokuthe ngqo naxa izibane zikaloliwe zicinyiwe. Iingoma zabamelwane zisenokuthwala oololiwe abahambahambayo, kwaye ukunyathela kumatye e-ballast ebumnyameni kukhokelela ekuweni okuqatha, ukwaphuka, kunye nokubulawa ngumbane.

Ndingazi njani ukuba uloliwe wesithathu ucinyiwe?

Awukwazi ukubona ngokujonga. Uloliwe wesithathu osebenza ngamandla ukhangeleka ngokufanayo nalowo uphelelwe amandla. Akukho sandi sincwinayo, ukuvutha, okanye isalathisi esibonakalayo kwisiporo somqhubi ukubonisa ukuba ifile. Indlela yodwa yokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla okutsalwa avaliwe kungokwaziswa ngomlomo okusemthethweni kumsebenzisi kaloliwe, amapolisa othutho, okanye abasebenzi bohlangulo besebe lomlilo abaye baqinisekisa ukuqhawulwa kombane ngokukhutshwa kwesikhululo esingaphantsi.

Kufuneka ndenze ntoni ukuba umsi uqalisa ukuzalisa isithuthi sikaloliwe?

Hambisa ngokukhawuleza ukuya ekupheleni kwekhareji likaloliwe kude nomthombo womsi. Ukuba kuyenzeka, vula umnyango wokudlula uze uwelele kwikhareji kaloliwe ekufuphi, uvale ucango lwe-bulkhead emva kwakho ukuvala iigesi eziyityhefu. Ukuba uvaleleke ngaphakathi kwinqwelo-mafutha ezele ngumsi, yehla uye emgangathweni apho kupholileyo, kushiyeke umoya ococekileyo, gqume ubuso bakho ngempahla eshinyeneyo okanye ilaphu elimanzi, kwaye ulumkise umqhubi kaloliwe usebenzisa i-intercom yongxamiseko yabakhweli.

Kutheni le nto umqhubi kaloliwe esithi masilinde endaweni yokuba sihambe siye esikhululweni?

Umsebenzisi kaloliwe ulandela imigaqo engqongqo yokhuseleko lukaloliwe. Ulawulo lukaloliwe oluphakathi kufuneka luqale lubeke uloliwe ngamnye kwindawo yombane, lumise zonke iitrafikhi zikaloliwe kwiziporo ezikufuphi, lucime umbane wokutsalwa kwizitishi zasekuhlaleni, kwaye luqinisekise imfezeko esemhlabeni phambi kokuba nabani na anyathele ngokukhuselekileyo esiporweni. Ukuhla abakhweli ngelixa i-voltage ephezulu isaphila okanye abanye oololiwe behambayo kuya kubangela ukwenzakala okukhulu.

Isiqinisekiso soncedo lokuqala

Ukufunda ngeemeko ezingxamisekileyo zokuhamba ngaphantsi komhlaba linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo, kodwa izakhono zokusinda kwihlabathi lokwenene zifuna uqeqesho olusebenzayo. Iimeko ezingxamisekileyo zonyango ngexesha lokuphazamiseka komzila ongaphantsi komhlaba, kubandakanywa ukubanjwa kwentliziyo ngokukhawuleza kuqhagamshelwano lwesithathu lukaloliwe, ukwenzakala okutyumzayo, kunye nokuphefumla kakhulu umsi, kufuna ungenelelo olukhawulezileyo lomntu obukeleyo.

Sikhuthaza ngamandla wonke umntu ohambayo ukuba abhalisele uncedo lokuqala oluvunyiweyo kunye nekhosi ye-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) enikezelwa yimibutho eyaziwayo efana ne-American Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, i-British Red Cross, okanye i-Canadian Red Cross. Isatifikethi sobuchwephesha sibonelela ngokuzithemba ngokomzimba kunye nenkumbulo yemisipha efunekayo ukwenza uxinezeleko lwesifuba olukumgangatho ophezulu, ukusebenzisa i-defibrillators yangaphandle (AEDs), kunye nokunikezela ngokhathalelo olusindisa ubomi bokwenzakala ngexesha likaxakeka kwidolophu enkulu.

Imithombo ijongiwe

  • Umbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe (i-NFPA, eUnited States): I-NFPA ye-130 iMigangatho yeSikhokelo soThutho oluFixiweyo kunye neeNkqubo zikaLoliwe zabaNtu.
  • IBhodi yeSizwe yoKhuseleko lwezoThutho (NTSB, eUnited States): IiNgxelo zeNgozi yoMzila kaloliwe malunga netonela yombane engaphantsi komhlaba kunye nokukhutshwa kwabakhweli.
  • I-Ofisi yoLoliwe kunye neNdlela (ORR, eUnited Kingdom): Imigaqo yoKhuseleko lukaloliwe kunye neSikhokelo sooLoliwe ongaphantsi komhlaba kunye neeNkqubo zoThutho eziKhokelwayo.
  • I-London Underground (I-Transport yaseLondon, e-UK): Incwadi yoMthetho kunye neeProtokholi zoKhuseleko zokuSebenza kwi-Deep-Level Tube Evacuation.
  • Ulawulo lwe-Federal Transit (FTA, eUnited States): ULungiselelo oluNgxamisekileyo kunye neZikhokelo zoKhuseleko loBomi boMlilo kwiiNkqubo zoThutho kaLoliwe.
  • I-American Heart Association (AHA, eUnited States): Izikhokelo ze-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation kunye ne-Emergency Cardiovascular Care for High-Voltage Electrical Shock.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo