Indawo yokuHlala yeBattery yeKhaya lokuHlala i-Thermal Runaway: i-Off-Gas Venting kunye nomlilo¶

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri yendawo yokuhlala (BESS) ezifakwe kwiigaraji ezincanyathiselweyo, amagumbi angaphantsi, kunye neendonga zenkonzo yangaphandle zibonelela ngamandla ombane okhuseleko kodwa zazisa iingozi ezinzulu ze-electrochemical ngexesha lokubaleka kobushushu. Iinkqubo zokuhlala zangoku zihlala zigcina i-10 ukuya kwi-30 kilowatt-iiyure zamandla ombane kumakhulu eeseli ze-lithium-ion. Xa imveliso yangaphakathi iziphene, dendrite-iisekethe ezimfutshane, impembelelo mechanical, okanye inverter itshaja overvoltage compromise cell ingqibelelo, i engalawulekiyo self-ubushushu reaction yamachiza iqala ngaphakathi pack ibhetri.

I-Thermal Runaway yikhemikhali ephumayo apho amaqondo obushushu angaphakathi eseli enyuka ngamandla ngamaqondo adlula amakhulu aliqela edigri ngomzuzu. Njengoko amaqondo obushushu egqitha kungqameko lweekhemikhali ezibalulekileyo, umaleko oqinileyo we-electrolyte interphase (SEI) uyabola, ukhuphe izinyibilikisi eziguquguqukayo zendalo ezithi zibe ngumphunga phantsi koxinzelelo olumandla. Idiskhi egqabhukileyo yokhuseleko yokugqabhuka kweeseli ezisengozini, ikhupha iplamu exineneyo, ecinezelekileyo ngaphandle kwerhasi enehydrogen, icarbon monoxide, imethane, kunye nehydrogen fluoride eyityhefu kwigumbi elivaliweyo.

Ubukho balo mbhobho ophuma kwirhasi budala imeko engxamisekileyo ephindwe kabini ebandakanya ityhefu eyingozi yemichiza kunye nokuthotywa kwamafu obushushu. Ukuba umxube werhasi etshayo uqokelelana ngaphakathi kwigaraji engenamoya okanye umgangatho ongaphantsi ngaphandle kokulayita kwangoko, nayiphi na intlantsi elahlekileyo esuka kwisitshisi sombane okanye isidluliseli sombane sinokutshisa ilifu, yenze ugqabhuko-dubulo olukwazi ukuvuthela iindonga zangaphandle. Xa ukutshiswa kusenzeka ngoko nangoko, umlilo uvutha njengetotshi etshisayo, ene-oxidizing ephuma kwiseli ukuya kwiseli kuyo yonke ipakethe. Ukukhusela usapho lwakho kufuna uqwalaselo olukhawulezileyo lweempawu ezilumkisayo ezivakalayo kunye nezivamvo, ukufuduka okukhawulezileyo, kunye nonxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo nabacimi-mlilo abaqeqeshwe yi-hazmat kamasipala.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Bakhuphe bonke abahlali kunye nezilwanyana ezifuywayo ekhaya ngoko nangoko, uhambise ubuncinci kangangeemitha ezingama-30 (iinyawo ezili-100) ukuya kwindawo enyukayo neyokunyuka ukusuka kwisakhiwo.
2. Fowunela inombolo yakho yexesha likaxakeka (911 eUnited States naseKhanada, 112 kulo lonke elase-European Union, 999 eUnited Kingdom) kwaye uthi: "Inkqubo yokugcina ibhetri ye-lithium-ion kwindawo yokubaleka eshushu enetyhefu yokukhupha igesi kunye nomngcipheko wokudubula", ibhekisa amanani kaxakeka.
3. Vala zonke iingcango zangaphakathi kunye nezangaphandle emva kwakho ngexesha lokufuduka ukuze udibanise ukufuduka kwerhasi enetyhefu kwiindawo zokuhlala.
4. Phosa iswitshi yangaphandle engxamisekileyo yokucima ngokukhawuleza okanye iswitshi yesolar DC yokuqhawula kuphela ukuba ixhonywe ngaphandle, iphakame ngokukhuselekileyo, kwaye icocekile kwigumbi lebhetri.
5. Yazisa abamelwane abakhawulezayo bomoya ukuba baphume okanye bahlale kwindawo enefestile kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa umoya ezivaliweyo ukunqanda i-hydrogen fluoride plume enetyhefu.
6. Ukuthintela konke ukungena kwakhona kwesakhiwo phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko de abasebenzi bomlilo bakamasipala baqinisekise ukuba umcimbi we-thermal uphelile kwaye uvavanyo lwe-atmospheric luqinisekisa umoya okhuselekileyo.
7. Dibana nabaphenduli bexesha likaxakeka abafikayo kwi-perimeter ye-driveway kunye negama lomenzi webhetri, ikhemistri, kunye nomthamo wokugcina kwiiyure ze-kilowatt.

Itshati yempendulo engxamisekileyo yobushushu bobushushu¶

flowchart TD
    A["Izandi zokuHluma, Ivumba leMichiza elimnandi, okanye uMphunga oMhlophe"] --> B["Chonga uMnyhadala weBattery yokuHlala ngaphandle kweGesi"]
    B --> C["Khupha Bonke Abahlali Ngokukhawuleza Umoya"]
    C --> D["Vala iingcango ngasemva kwakho ukuze ucothe ukusasazeka kwerhasi"]
    D --> E["Shayela iNombolo kaNgxamiseko kunye neNgxelo yoMlilo weLithium ESS"]
    E --> F{"Ngaba iSwitshi yokuCima okuKhawulezayo yaNgaphandle iFumaneka ngokuKhuselekileyo?"}
    F -->|"Ewe, Ngokukhuselekileyo Umoya"| G["Uhambo lwaNgaphandle kwiNgxaki eNgxamisekileyo Susa Unxibelelwano"]
    F -->|"Hayi, Kufuphi nebhetri okanye iDownwind"| H["Ukutshintshela i-Bypass: Gcina uKhuselekileyo umgama ongama-30m"]
    G --> I["Lumkisa abamelwane beDownwind ngePlume yerhasi enetyhefu"]
    H --> I
    I --> J["Dibana nabaSebenzi boMlilo abaFikayo kuMda weNdlela"]
    J --> K["Ukubonelela ngeKhemistri yebhetri, i-kWh, kunye neNdawo yokuPakisha"]
    K --> L["Abasebenzi boMlilo baseka uHlaselo lokupholisa amanzi ngokuqhubekayo"]

Electrochemistry kunye ne-thermal runaway thermodynamics¶

Ukuqonda ubunzima beemeko ezingxamisekileyo zebhetri zokuhlala kufuna ukuvavanya i-electrochemistry yangaphakathi yeenkqubo zokugcina amandla zanamhlanje. Ugcino lwamandla kwindawo yokuhlala luxhomekeke kwitekhnoloji ye-lithium-ion, ikakhulu isebenzisa iLithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) okanye iikhemistri zeLithium Iron Phosphate (LFP). Iseli nganye iqulethe i-cathode ekhangayo, i-graphite anode engathandekiyo, i-organic liquid carbonate electrolyte equlethe i-lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) iityuwa ezinyibilikileyo, kunye ne-microporous polymeric separator membrane enomlinganiselo we-15 ukuya kwi-25 micrometers ngobukhulu.

Ngexesha lemijikelezo yokutshaja eqhelekileyo, ii-ion ze-lithium ziphuma kwi-cathode crystal lattice, zifudukele nge-electrolyte yolwelo, kwaye zifake phakathi kweengqimba zegraphite kwi-anode. Xa ukhupha, inkqubo yokubuyela umva ivelisa umbane wombane. Olu lungelelwaniso lweekhemikhali luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwingqibelelo yomzimba ye-polymeric separator, ethintela ukudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo kombane phakathi kwee-electrodes ezilungileyo kunye ezimbi.

I-Thermal runaway iqala ngeendlela ezintathu ezingundoqo zokuxhatshazwa: ukusetyenziswa kakubi kombane (ukutshaja, ukukhupha, ukukhupha, okanye iisekethe ezimfutshane zangaphandle), ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-thermal (ukushisa okugqithiseleyo okanye ukubonakaliswa komlilo okufutshane), kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi komatshini (i-dendrites yokuvelisa ngaphakathi, ukuhlatywa komzimba, okanye ukuxinzelelwa kwesakhiwo).

Thermal Stage               Temperature Range                Chemical Reaction
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stage 1: SEI Breakdown      80 C to 120 C (176 F to 248 F)   Solid electrolyte interphase decomposes
Stage 2: Anode Reaction     120 C to 150 C (248 F to 302 F)  Intercalated lithium reacts with solvent
Stage 3: Separator Melting  130 C to 170 C (266 F to 338 F)  Polyethylene/polypropylene membranes melt
Stage 4: Cathode Collapse   150 C to 230 C (302 F to 446 F)  Oxygen liberation and self-oxidation
Stage 5: Violent Venting    > 250 C (> 482 F)                Pressure disc rupture, off-gas deflagration

Inqanaba loku-1 liqala phakathi kwama-80 kunye ne-120 ngokukaCelsius (ama-176 nama-248 ngokukaFahrenheit), apho umaleko we-electrolyte interphase (SEI) odlulayo kwigraphite anode ubola ngokuphandle. Oku kubola kuveza i-lithiated graphite kwi-organic carbonate solvents, ukuvelisa iigesi ezinokutsha kunye nokunyusa ubushushu beeseli zangaphakathi.

Kwinqanaba lesi-2, phakathi kwe-120 kunye ne-150 degrees Celsius (248 kunye ne-302 degrees Fahrenheit), i-anode reaction ikhawuleza, inyusa uxinzelelo lweeseli zangaphakathi. Ngexesha leSigaba 3, phakathi kwe-130 kunye ne-170 degrees Celsius (266 kunye ne-338 degrees Fahrenheit), isahluli se-polymeric siyanyibilika kwaye siyawa, okubangela ukusasazeka kweesekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi.

Iicathodes ze-metal oxide zibola ngexesha leSigaba 4 phakathi kwe-150 kunye ne-230 degrees Celsius (302 kunye ne-446 degrees Fahrenheit), ikhulula i-oxygen ye-athomu kwi-electrolyte. Kwiikhemistri ze-NMC, oku kukhutshwa kwe-oksijini yangaphakathi kuvelisa i-oxidizer yangaphakathi, ukugcina ukutsha ngaphandle komoya we-atmospheric. Amaqondo obushushu adlula ngaphaya kwama-800 degrees celcius (1,472 degrees Fahrenheit) ngemizuzwana, aqhubela iseli kwiNqanaba lesi-5: ukungena komoya ngobundlobongela kunye nokusasazwa kobushushu kwiiseli ezingabamelwane.

Ikhemistri yokuvelisa ngaphandle kwegesi kunye nokwakheka kweplamu enetyhefu¶

Eyona ngozi inzima yokhuseleko ebomini ngexesha lemizuzu yokuvula kwindawo yokuhlala ibhetri eshushu kukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza kwegesi eyityhefu, enokutsha. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele amadangatye avulekileyo, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lunyanzelela indawo yokhuseleko lweseli ukuba igqabhuke, ikhuphe umphunga omhlophe okanye ongwevu we-aerosol kwindawo yokufaka.

Lo mxube we-gas uxubene neekhemikhali ezintsonkothileyo eziveliswa kukuthotywa kwe-thermal ye-organic carbonate solvents, ii-polymeric binders, kunye ne-fluorine-containing electrolyte salts. I-matrix ye-solvent ngokuqhelekileyo iqukethe i-ethylene carbonate (EC), i-dimethyl carbonate (DMC), kunye ne-ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). Ngaphantsi kwepyrolysis ebukhali, ezi molekyuli ziqhekeza zibe ziigesi ezinokutsha ezinobunzima obusezantsi:

Gas Component           Volumetric Fraction in Off-Gas   Combustion / Toxicity Characteristics
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hydrogen (H2)           20% to 35% by volume             LFL 4%, UFL 75%, extreme flame speed
Carbon Monoxide (CO)    15% to 30% by volume             LFL 12.5%, UFL 74%, chemical asphyxiant
Methane (CH4)           5% to 15% by volume              LFL 5%, UFL 15%, simple asphyxiant
Ethylene (C2H4)         2% to 8% by volume               LFL 2.7%, UFL 36%, volatile hydrocarbon
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)    15% to 30% by volume             Non-flammable inert diluent
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)  50 to 500 parts per million      Severe acute toxin, IDLH 30 ppm
Phosphoryl Fluoride     10 to 50 parts per million       Hydrolyzes into HF and phosphoric acid

Irhasi yeHydrojeni yenza ukuya kuthi ga kuma-35 epesenti yomthamo wegesi ongekhoyo. IHydrojeni inoluhlu lokutsha olubanzi kakhulu, luvutha kwindawo ephakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-75 yeepesenti emoyeni. Inowona mandla asezantsi kakhulu asezantsi okutshisa kuphela i-0.017 millijoules, okuthetha ukuba ukukhutshwa okumileyo kwimpahla okanye ukuhanjiswa koomatshini kunokubangela ukuvutha kwangoko.

Ngaxeshanye, ukubola kwe-thermal ye-lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) ityuwa ye-electrolyte ivelisa igesi ye-hydrogen fluoride (HF). Xa abafowunelwa be-LiPF6 bekhangela ukufuma kwe-ambient, i-hydrolyzes ibe yi-phosphorus pentafluoride kunye ne-anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. IHydrogen fluoride yityhefu edlayo, engena ngaphakathi kwiprotoplasmic.

Kugxininiso olungaphezulu kweengxenye ze-30 kwisigidi (ingozi ngokukhawuleza kuBomi okanye kwiMpilo), i-hydrogen fluoride ibangela ukutshisa okukhulu kweekhemikhali kwindlela yokuphefumla, i-pulmonary edema, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamehlo. I-ionic fluoride ion efunxwayo ibopha i-calcium kunye ne-magnesium egazini lomntu, ingena kwi-insoluble calcium fluoride. Oku kuncipha ngokukhawuleza kwe-serum calcium kubangela i-cardiac arrhythmias, i-fibrillation ye-ventricular, kunye nokubanjwa kwentliziyo ebulalayo. Ukuphefumla ibhetri ngaphandle kwegesi nokuba yimizuzwana embalwa kunokubulala.

Imingcipheko yokuthotywa kweflagration kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo lwamafu¶

Ukuziphatha kwendawo yokuhlala ebhetrini ngaphandle kwegesi ngaphakathi kwegumbi elivaliweyo kubonisa ingozi egqithisileyo yogqabhuko-dubulo. Kwiindawo ezininzi zofakelo lweendawo zokuhlala, iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri zixhonywe ngaphakathi kwiigaraji ezincanyathiselweyo, iigunjana eziluncedo, okanye amagumbi angaphantsi agqityiweyo. Ezi ndawo zivaliweyo azinawo umbhobho wokuphefumla ngoomatshini.

Xa ibhetri ingena kwindawo etshisayo ngaphandle kokuvutha amadangatye ngoko nangoko, ikhupha phakathi kweelitha ezingama-500 kunye ne-1,500 (ii-18 ukuya kwii-53 cubic feet) zegesi enokutsha ngekilowatt-yure yomthamo wokugcina. Kwibhetri yendawo yokuhlala eyi-13.5 kilowatt-yure, ukuveliswa kwegesi ephuma kwiilitha ezingama-7,000 ukuya kuma-20,000 (ama-247 ukuya kuma-706 eetyhubhic iinyawo) zerhasi yamafutha exineneyo kwimizuzu nje.

Lo mthamo wegesi uzalise ngokukhawuleza igumbi, udibanisa ne-oksijini ye-atmospheric ambient ukwenza ifu elikhulu le-stoichiometric fuel-air. Iqhezu le-hydrogen elikhaphukhaphu kunomoya liyenyuka liye kwisilingi, ngelixa umphunga we-organic carbonate unzima kunye nedama le-carbon monoxide ecaleni komgangatho.

+-------------------------------------------------------------+
|               VAPOR CLOUD EXPLOSION PROGRESSION             |
|                                                             |
|   Phase 1: Cell Venting -> Off-gas fills enclosed room      |
|   Phase 2: Gas-Air Mixing -> Reaches Lower Flammable Limit  |
|   Phase 3: Ignition Source -> Relay, switch, or hot cell    |
|   Phase 4: Deflagration -> Overpressure wave (0.2 - 0.5 bar)|
|   Phase 5: Structural Failure -> Walls blow out, roof lifts |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+

Ukuba umthombo wokulayita uyasebenza, njengesivuleli socango lwegaraji oluzenzekelayo, icompressor relay yesikhenkcisi, okanye iswitshi yokukhanya, ilifu lomphunga livutha ngobundlobongela. Izantya zedangatye lokutsha zikhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kwijometri evaliweyo, zivelisa uxinzelelo olukhulu phakathi kwe-0.2 kunye ne-0.5 bar (2.9 ukuya kwi-7.3 yeeponti nge-intshi nganye).

I-static overpressure ye-0.1 bar nje (i-1.45 yeeponti nge-intshi nganye yesikwere) yanele ukuqhekeza iifestile zeglasi yokuhlala, ukubopha i-drywall partitions, kunye nokuvuthela iingcango zegaraji zisuka kwiindlela zabo. Uxinzelelo olungaphaya kwe-0.3 bar (i-4.35 yeeponti nge-intshi nganye yesikwere) ibangela ukusilela okuyintlekele kulwakhiwo, ukucheba iitela zophahla ezisuka kwiipleyiti zodonga kunye nokuwa kweendonga ezingaqiniswanga. Iziganeko ezininzi zokucinywa komlilo kumazwe ngamazwe zibhale ukonzakala okumandundu kubasebenzi bakaxakeka okubangelwe kukutsha kwerhasi ngaphandle kwegesi evuthela iingcango zegaraji.

Ukhuseleko lwekhemistri yebhetri kunye neeparamitha ezibalekayo ezishushu¶

Iinkqubo zogcino lwamandla kwindawo yokuhlala zisebenzisa iikhemistri zebhetri ezahlukileyo ezibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubaleka kwe-thermal, umthamo wokuvelisa igesi, kunye nobungozi bokusasazwa komlilo. Itheyibhile engezantsi ithelekisa iikhemistri zokugcinwa kweendawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo.

I-Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) ibonelela ngoxinaniso lwamandla omthamo okhethekileyo, iwenza asetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiibhetri ezixhonywe eludongeni zokuhlala. Nangona kunjalo, i-NMC inelona qondo lobushushu lisezantsi lokubaleka kwe-thermal (i-150 ukuya kwi-180 degrees Celsius) kwaye ikhupha owona mthamo uphezulu wegesi eyityhefu. I-crucially, isakhiwo sayo se-cathode sikhulula i-oksijini phantsi kokuwa kwe-thermal, idala ukutshisa okuzigcinayo.

I-Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) iye yavela njengekhemistri yokuhlala ekhethiweyo yofakelo olugxile kukhuseleko. Ibhondi eyomeleleyo ye-phosphorus-oksijini ye-covalent kwisakhiwo sekristale ye-olivine idinga amandla aphezulu aphezulu okushisa ukubola (i-210 ukuya kwi-270 degrees Celsius) kwaye ayikhupheli ioksijini ngokukhawuleza. Ngelixa iibhetri ze-LFP zizinzile ngakumbi kwaye zixhathisa ukuzitshisa, abaninimzi kufuneka baqonde ukuba iiseli ze-LFP zisakhupha imiqulu enzima ye-hydrogen enetyhefu, enokutsha kunye ne-carbon monoxide ngexesha lokufudumeza kwangaphandle okanye ukusilela okufutshane.

Ityhefu yekhemikhali engaphandle kwegesi kunye nemida yokuqhushumba yematrix¶

Iimveliso zokutsha kunye nomphunga oguquguqukayo ophuma kwibhetri xa ubaleka ubushushu bubonisa iingozi ezigqithisileyo zomzimba kunye nokuqhushumba. Itheyibhile engezantsi ichaza iindidi eziphambili zeekhemikhali, imida yetyhefu, kunye nemida yokudubula.

IHydrogen fluoride (HF) inikezela ngesona soyikiso sifihlakeleyo sezonyango ngexesha leebhetri. Ngokungafaniyo nomsi oqhelekileyo onamasuntswana ekhabhoni, irhasi ye-HF ayibonakali kwaye inokungena kwisixhobo esisemgangathweni sokucima umlilo. Ukufuma eluswini olubilayo kudibana nerhasi ye-HF ukwenza i-hydrofluoric acid, edlula ngaphandle kweentlungu kumaleko wolusu phambi kokuhlasela iziphelo zemithambo-luvo enzulu kunye nethambo lecalcium.

Amanqanaba ekharbhon monoxide ngexesha lendawo yokuhlala ebaleka ibhetri eshushu ifikelela kugxininiso olungaphaya kwe-10,000 yamalungu kwisigidi ngesigidi kwiindawo ezivalelekileyo. Ukuphefumla okukodwa komoya oqulethe i-10,000 ppm CO kuvelisa ukungazi kakuhle ngaphakathi kokuphefumla kabini ukuya kwemithathu, kuthintela ukuzikhupha.

Inyathelo ngenyathelo iprotocol yempendulo yongxamiseko yendawo yokuhlala¶

Xa inkqubo yokugcina ibhetri yasekhaya ibonisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo lwe-thermal, abaninimzi kufuneka benze ngokukhawuleza, impendulo engxamisekileyo. Ezi zigaba zobuchule zilandelayo zibeka phambili ukhuseleko lobomi kwangoko kunye nokunikezelwa kobugcisa.

Inqanaba loku-1: Ukuqaphela isilumkiso kwangethuba kunye ne-alam ekhawulezileyo¶

Ukubona ukubaleka kwe-thermal kwinqanaba lokuqala kusindisa ubomi. Nika ingqalelo kwizalathisi zesilumkiso seemvakalelo: - I-Acoustic cues: Isandi esibetha umlozi esiphezulu, ukucofa ngokukhawuleza, okanye ingxolo ehlabayo efana nokuvuza kwepneumatic yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ibonisa ukugqabhuka kwediskhi. - Iimpawu zoluvo: Ivumba lekhemikhali eliswiti, elifana ne-acetone (enyukayo kwi-organic carbonates) okanye ivumba elinukayo elinentlanzi elibukhali libonisa ukophuka kwe-electrolyte. - Iimpawu ezibonakalayo: Umphunga omhlophe oshinyeneyo okanye ongwevu okhanyayo ophuma kumthungo wekhabhathi yebhetri, ukhula ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwisilingi.

Ungaze uphande ngebhetri kwikhabhathi. Ngoko nangoko khwaza isilumkiso esivakalayo sokuphuma kuwo onke amalungu osapho. Musa ukuchitha ixesha ukhangela izinto zakho okanye uzama ukufota isixhobo.

Inqanaba lesi-2: Ukufuduka ngokukhawuleza kunye nokwahlukaniswa kwesakhiwo¶

Khupha onke amalungu osapho kunye nezilwanyana zasekhaya ngomnyango okufutshane wangaphandle okhokelela ngqo ngaphandle. Ukuba ibhetri ifakwe kwigaraji eqhotyoshelweyo, ungaze uvule umnyango phakathi kwekhaya kunye negaraji ukujonga ngaphakathi.

Xa uphuma, vala zonke iingcango zangaphakathi emva kwakho. Ukuvala iingcango zangaphakathi kudala imiqobo yekhompatimenti ebambezela ukufuduka kwegesi enetyhefu kunye nomsi kwiindawo zokuhlala, igcina iipaseji zokuphuma.

Wakuba ungaphandle, hamba ubuncinci kangangeemitha ezingama-30 (iinyawo ezili-100) kude nekhaya. Qinisekisa ukuba indawo yakho yokuhlangana yokuphuma ikwindawo enyukayo kunye nokunyuka ukusuka kwisakhiwo. Imibhobho yerhasi engasebenziyo iqulathe amathontsi axineneyo antywila atshona kumhlaba osezantsi okanye avuthuze ngqo ezantsi.

Inqanaba lesi-3: Isaziso seenkonzo zikaxakeka kunye nokwahlulwa kwezinto eziluncedo¶

Tsalela iinkonzo zikaxakeka ngoko nangoko kumgama ongaphandle okhuselekileyo. Nikeza ngengxelo echanekileyo, yokusebenza kobugcisa kwi-dispatcher ye-911: - Xela ukuba unenkqubo yokuhlala yelithium-ion yokugcina ibhetri ebalekayo. - Chaza ikhemistri yebhetri ukuba iyaziwa (NMC okanye LFP), umenzi, kunye nomthamo wenkqubo kwiikilowatt-yure. - Qinisekisa ukuba ibhetri iyavutha okanye ikhupha amafu amhlophe aphuma kwirhasi. - Xela ukuba kukho nabani na osalayo ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo.

Ukuba ikhaya lakho lineSwitshi yangaphandle yokuCima okuKhawulezayo okanye iSolar/ibhetri yeDC exhonywe kudonga lwangaphandle olungaphandle ngokukhuselekileyo kude negumbi lebhetri, khwelisa iswitshi ukuya kwindawo YOKUVALA. Oku kwahlula ibhetri kuluhlu lwelanga eluphahleni kunye nephaneli yombane yendlu engundoqo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umtshini wokuqhawula unxibelelwano ungaphakathi kwigaraji, indawo engaphantsi, okanye i-downwind kwiplamu yomphunga, musa ukuzama ukufikelela kuyo.

Isigaba sesi-4: Isaziso se-Downwind kunye nokwamkelwa komphenduli¶

Hamba uye kumakhaya angabamelwane abekwe ngokuthe ngqo kumoya wepropathi yakho. Yalela abamelwane ukuba baphume okanye bafune indawo yokuhlala, bavale zonke iingcango zangaphandle, iifestile, kunye ne-HVAC yokungenisa umoya omtsha.

Zimise kwisango lokungena ukuze udibane nezixhobo zomlilo ezifikayo. Xa umphathi wesiganeko efika, ngokukhawuleza unike: - Eyona ndawo ikhoyo ibhetri kwindawo yokuhlala. - Ubume bokuqhawula umbane kunye neepaneli zelanga. - Ulwazi malunga nobukho bazo naziphi na ezinye iigesi ezicinezelekileyo okanye iikhemikhali kwigaraji (ezifana neetanki zepropane okanye iitoti zepetroli).

Amaqhinga oxinzelelo lwenkonzo yomlilo kunye nefiziksi yesicelo samanzi¶

Ukucinezela inkqubo yogcino lwamandla ebhetri yendawo yokuhlala kufuna iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokucima umlilo ezahluke kakhulu kulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lokucima umlilo. Abaninimzi kufuneka baqonde ukuba yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ngabacimi-mlilo abafikayo ukulawula ingozi.

Izixhobo zokucima umlilo eziqhelekileyo, ezibandakanya iKlasi ye-ABC yeekhemikhali ezomileyo, i-carbon dioxide, kunye ne-agent ecocekileyo, ayikwazi ukucima umlilo webhetri ye-lithium-ion. Ngelixa ezi arhente zinokuwisa amadangatye eplastiki angaphandle, azikwazi ukubamba ukubola kwangaphakathi kweekhemikhali ezizigcinayo okwenzeka ngaphakathi kweeseli zebhetri ezitywiniweyo.

Suppression Approach         Physical Mechanism                   Effectiveness Rating
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABC Dry Chemical Powder      Interrupts external flame chemistry  Ineffective: Fails to cool internal cells
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)         Displaces oxygen around cabinet      Ineffective: Battery contains internal oxidizer
Class D Metal Powder         Designed for combustible metals      Ineffective: Lithium-ion is not lithium metal
Low-Volume Garden Hose       Forms hydrogen, spreads HF runoff    Dangerous: Insufficient thermal cooling
High-Volume Copious Water    Massive heat absorption and cooling  Optimal: Only method to arrest propagation

Ekuphela kwendlela yocinezelo esebenzayo ye-lithium yebhetri ye-thermal runaway kukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo komthamo omkhulu wamanzi. Amanzi anomthamo okhethekileyo wobushushu obukhethekileyo (iijowuli ezingama-4,184 ngekhilogram yeqondo likaCelsius) kunye nobushushu obuninzi obufihlakeleyo bomphunga (2.26 megajoules ngekhilogram). Xa isetyenziswe kwimithamo ephezulu, amanzi afunxa amandla ashushu ngokukhawuleza kunokuba iiseli ezibolayo zinokuwenza, apholise iiseli ezingabamelwane ngaphantsi komda wokubaleka kwawo.

Amasebe omlilo alandela i-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) isikhokelo, esebenzisa imijelo yamanzi eqhubekayo ye-500 ukuya kwi-1,000 ilitha ngomzuzu (i-130 ukuya kwi-260 iilitha ngomzuzu) ngokuthe ngqo kwi-enclosure yebhetri usebenzisa imibhobho yenkungu ebanzi. Lo msebenzi wokupholisa usoloko ufuna iilitha ezingama-10,000 ukuya kuma-30,000 (iilitha ezingama-2,600 ukuya kwezi-7,900) zamanzi ahanjiswa kwiiyure ezintathu ukuya kwezisibhozo eziqhubekayo.

Abacimi-mlilo abafikayo basenokukhetha ukungangeni egaraji ngoko nangoko ukuba ukufumba kwerhasi eninzi kudala ingozi yokutshatyalaliswa komlilo. Abacimi-mlilo baya kuseka iperimitha yangaphandle ekhuselayo, izithuba zophahla ezikhupha umoya okanye basebenzise iimonitha zomhlaba ezingenabantu ukupholisa indawo ebiyelweyo yebhetri kumgama okhuselekileyo wokuma.

Isixhobo kunye noluhlu lwezixhobo zokhuseleko lomntu¶

Ukulawula umjikelezo wesiganeko sebhetri yokuhlala kunye nokuxhasa abaphenduli bokuqala kufuna ukubeka iliso okukhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko. Itheyibhile engezantsi ichaza izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngexesha lolawulo olungxamisekileyo kunye nokubeka iliso kokusingqongileyo.

Industry codes and installation safety standards¶

Iinkqubo zokugcina amandla ebhetri kwindawo yokuhlala zixhomekeke kwimigangatho ebanzi yokhuseleko lomlilo kunye nombane ephuhliswe ukuphendula ukuqhubela phambili kobuchwepheshe kunye nedatha yokusilela kwintsimi.

Umbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe upapasha i-NFPA 855, uMgangatho woFakelo lweSistim sokuGcinwa kwaMandla oMmandla. I-NFPA 855 imisela imida engqongqo kufakelo lweendawo zokuhlala: - Iiyunithi zebhetri yendawo yokuhlala akufuneki zigqithe kumthamo omkhulu weekilowathi ezingama-20 iiyure. - Umthamo wenkqubo edityanisiweyo uwonke kwigaraji eqhotyoshelweyo okanye kwisakhiwo sokuhlala kufuneka ungadluli kwiikilowathi-iiyure ezingama-40 (okanye ukuya kutsho kwiikilowathi ezingama-80 kwizakhiwo ezivaliweyo ezinokwahlulwa ngokufanelekileyo). - Iindawo ezivalekileyo zebhetri kufuneka zigcine umgama obonakeleyo ubuncinane oyi-1.0 yemitha (3 iinyawo) ukusuka kwezinye iiyunithi zebhetri, iingcango, kunye neefestile ezisebenzisekayo.

I-Underwriters Laboratories iqinisekisa iinkqubo zebhetri phantsi kwe-UL 9540 (uMgangatho weNkqubo yokuGcinwa kwamandla kunye neSixhobo) kunye nokuvavanya ukusasazeka komlilo obushushu phantsi kwe-UL 9540A. Iiprothokholi zovavanyo ze-UL 9540A zivavanya inqanaba leseli, inqanaba lemodyuli, kunye nomgangatho weyunithi yokuziphatha komlilo, ukulinganisa ukubunjwa kwegesi, ukuvutha kwesantya, kunye nemida yokuqhushumba.

IKhowudi yokuHlala yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IRC) idibanisa imigangatho yebhetri phantsi kweCandelo R328. I-IRC igunyazisa ukuba iinkqubo zokugcina iibhetri ezifakwe kwiigaraji kufuneka zikhuselwe kwimpembelelo yesithuthi ngeebhodi zekhonkrithi ezilinganisiweyo, kwaye iigaraji kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngee-alam zobushushu ezidibeneyo okanye i-alam yomsi enxibelelana neendawo zokuhlala. KwiKhowudi yoMbane yeSizwe (i-NEC/NFPA 70), iSiqendu 706 silawula iibhetri zokugcina, ukugunyazisa ukucima okungxamisekileyo kwangaphandle.

Ukuvalelwa emva kwesehlo kunye neengozi zamandla ezixineneyo¶

Ingozi esemzimbeni yesiganeko sebhetri yokuhlala ayipheli xa amadangatye asebenzayo ecinywa. Iibhetri ze-lithium-ion ezonakeleyo zibonakalisa iingozi ezinzulu zasemva komlilo ezigxile kumandla axingileyo kunye nokulibaziseka kokulawula.

I-Stranded energy ibhekisa kumandla ombane ahlala evaleleke ngaphakathi kweeseli ezonakalisiweyo ezingakhange ziphume ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lomlilo. Nasemva kokuba isingxobo sebhetri sitshisiwe, iiseli ezingachananga ngaphakathi kwimodyuli zinokugcina intlawulo ephezulu yombane. Ukonakaliswa koomatshini, ukungena kwamanzi, kunye nokufakwa esichengeni kwangaphakathi kunokubangela ukulibaziseka kweesekethe ezimfutshane zangaphakathi iiyure okanye iintsuku emva koxinzelelo lokuqala.

Iipakethi zebhetri yeLithium zinokuzilawula ngokuzenzekelayo kwiiyure ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-72 emva kokucima kokuqala, ezifuna imigaqo engqongqo yokhuseleko emva komlilo: - Amasebe omlilo aseka ummandla wokuvalela umntu oziimitha ezili-15 (iinyawo ezingama-50) obekwe esweni ubuncinane iiyure ezingama-24; - Amagcisa ahlola iindawo ezivaliweyo ngeekhamera ezishushu ukuze zichonge ukusabela okungaphaya kobushushu; - Iikontraka ezinelayisenisi ze-hazmat zithutha iimodyuli ezonakalisiweyo ezifakwe kwi-vermiculite okanye imigqomo yentsimbi ezaliswe ngamanzi; kwaye - Abasebenzi bolungiso abaqinisekisiweyo bangcolisa isinyithi esinzima esinetyhefu kunye nomsizi wefluoride phambi kokuba kuqalwe ukwakha.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho¶

Ngaba ndingatshiza umbhobho wam wegadi kwi-backup yebhetri yasekhaya ukuba iqala ukutshaya?¶

Ungaze utshize umbhobho wegadi osemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokuhlala yebhetri etshayayo okanye ekhupha igesi. Imibhobho yasegadini ihambisa imijelo yamanzi enomthamo ophantsi engakwaziyo ukufunxa amandla amakhulu obushushu aveliswa ngaphakathi kweeseli zebhetri ezitywiniweyo. Ukufaka amanzi alinganiselweyo kwiibhetri ezishushu ze-lithium-ion kubangela ukuba amanzi ahlukane ngokwekhemikhali abe yirhasi yehydrogen enokutsha ngelixa uhlamba intsalela ye-hydrofluoric acid kwipropathi yakho yonke. Imigca yehose yesebe lomlilo ephezulu ehambisa amakhulu eegaloni ngomzuzu imele kuphela indlela yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi akhuselekileyo.

Ingaba ibhetri ye-lithium ngaphandle kwegesi ivumba njani ngaphambi kokuba ibambe umlilo?¶

Ibhetri yelithium ngaphandle kwegesi ivelisa ivumba elahlukileyo eliswiti, elineziqhamo, okanye elifana ne-acetone elibangwa kukuphuma komphunga ngokukhawuleza kwezinyibilikisi ze-organic carbonate ezifana ne-dimethyl carbonate kunye ne-ethyl methyl carbonate. Eli vumba limnandi lihlala likhatshwa yi-acrid, ukubukhali kweekhemikhali ezibukhali ezihlaba iipaseji zempumlo kunye nomqala, okubangelwa yityuwa ye-electrolyte engumphunga. Ukuba ubhaqa ivumba lekhemikhali eliswiti elingachazwanga, elinjenge-solvent ehamba nezandi ezitswinayo kwigaraji okanye kwigumbi elingaphantsi, phuma ngokukhawuleza.

Ngaba ibhetri yeLithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) ayinamlilo ngokupheleleyo xa ithelekiswa ne-NMC?¶

Iibhetri zeLithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) azikhuseli umlilo, nangona zizinzile ngokwekhemikhali ngakumbi kuneebhetri zeLithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC). Iiseli ze-LFP zinomgangatho ophezulu wokubaleka we-thermal (i-210 ukuya kwi-270 degrees Celsius) kwaye azikhuphi ioksijini ngexesha lokuphuka kwe-thermal, oku kuthetha ukuba azivelisi imililo ezenza i-oxidizing. Nangona kunjalo, umonakalo omkhulu womzimba, ukutshaja ixesha elide, okanye ukuvezwa kwimililo yesakhiwo sangaphandle kuya kubangela ukuba iiseli ze-LFP zikhuphe umthamo omkhulu we-hydrogen enokutsha kunye neegesi ezinetyhefu ezisenokuvutha okanye ziqhume.

Ingaba ndingamela kude kangakanani ukuba inkqubo yam yokugcina ibhetri yasekhaya yenza ingxolo engxolayo?¶

Kufuneka ubaleke ngoko nangoko uye kwindawo enyukayo kunye neyonyukayo ubuncinci iimitha ezingama-30 (iinyawo ezili-100) kude nesakhiwo ukuba ibhetri yasekhaya iyafutha okanye ikhupha umphunga. I-Hissing ibonisa ukuba ii-cell burst discs ziye zagqabhuka kwaye i-high-pressure off-gas iyabaleka. Umxube wegesi ongekhoyo uqulethe i-hydrogen enokutsha kunye ne-methane enokudubula ngobundlobongela phakathi kwezithuba ezivaliweyo, ecaleni koxinaniso olubulalayo lwerhasi ye-hydrogen fluoride enokubangela ukwenzakala okufayo kwemiphunga kunye nokubanjwa kwentliziyo xa ukuphefumla.

Isiqinisekiso soncedo lokuqala¶

Ukuphendula ukuvuza kwegesi yekhemikhali eyityhefu, ukutshiswa kombane okutshisa kakhulu, kunye nokufuduka kwekhaya ngokungxamisekileyo kufuna uqeqesho olusebenzayo. Sincoma kakhulu ukubhalisa kwi-first aid eqinisekisiweyo, i-CPR, kunye nekhosi yokwazisa ngezinto ezinobungozi ezinikezelwa yimibutho eyaziwayo njenge-American Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, i-Canadian Red Cross, okanye iinkonzo zongxamiseko zikamasipala wendawo. Uqeqesho lwezandla lubandakanya i-acute trauma trauma triage, ulawulo lokutshiswa kweekhemikhali, ukuqatshelwa kwe-systemic poisoning, kunye nempendulo elungelelanisiweyo yokufuduka kosapho. Izakhono eziqinisekisiweyo zibonelela ngokuzithemba okusindisa ubomi xa iimeko ezingalindelekanga zobuchwepheshe zenzeka.

Imithombo ijongiwe¶

• Umbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe (NFPA) 855: Umgangatho woFakelo lweeNkqubo zokuGcina aMandla okuSimayo
• IiLabhoratri ze-Underwriters (UL): i-Standard 9540, i-Energy Storage Systems kunye neZixhobo
• IiLabhoratri ze-Underwriters (UL): Indlela yoVavanyo lwe-9540A, i-Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation kwi-Battery Energy Storage Systems
• IBhunga leKhowudi yaMazwe ngaMazwe (ICC): IKhowudi yokuHlala yaMazwe ngaMazwe (IRC) iCandelo R328, IiNkqubo zokuGcina amandla
• Umbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe (NFPA) 70: IKhowudi yeSizwe yoMbane (NEC) Inqaku le-706
• Ulawulo loMlilo lwaseUnited States (USFA): Iingqwalasela zoKhuseleko loMlilo kwiiNkqubo zokuGcina amandla
• Umbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe weeNkosi zoMlilo (IAFC): IiProtokholi zokuphendula ibhetri yeLithium-Ion kubaphenduli bokuqala

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• House fire evacuation and survival
• Uphahla lwephaneli yelanga ye-DC i-arc-fault kunye nomlilo wokuguqula umlilo
• Electrical fire and sparks containment
• I-hybrid yombane kunye ne-hydrogen imoto kaxakeka
• Ijenereyitha ephathwayo yecarbon monoxide kunye nokhuseleko