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Isihluzo saManzi esiQonkqisiweyo okanye esaphukileyo kunye nokuCocwa kwamanzi okuNgxamisekileyo

Amanani kaxakeka ayohluka ngokwamazwe. Eli phepha lisebenzisa u-911, inani laseMelika naseKhanada. Amanye amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa i-112, 999, okanye elinye inani. Fumana inombolo yelizwe lakho.

Ukuvuka kwintente eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo ku-\(-2\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(28\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)) kwaye ufumanise ukuba ushiye umanzi wakho umngxuma-fiber inwebu isihluzo samanzi (Sawyer Squeeze, Katadyn BeFree, Platypus QuickDraw, LifeStraw, okanye MSR Guardian) ngaphakathi kwivestibhule kabhaka wakho ngobusuku kunokuba ufakwe ngaphakathi kwibhegi yakho yokulala kukho imeko ethe cwaka yonyango yasemakhaya. Ngenxa yokuba isihluzo samanzi esinomngxuma-fiber siqukethe amawaka eetyhubhu ze-polymer ezinjengomququ ezineendonga ze-pore ezigqobhozelwe kwi-*0.1 ukuya kwi-0.2 microns , amanzi ashiyekileyo avaleleke ngaphakathi kuloo mibhobho mincinci ayanda nge- ** 9 ekhulwini kumthamo ** ngephanyazo iqandiseka kwiikristale zomkhenkce, ukwahlula i-microscopic kwi-microscopic kwi-0 kwi-1 yeepesenti ezivulekileyo kwiindonga zeplastiki kunye ne-0. engonakaliswanga kwiliso lenyama. Ukuba uqhubeleka nokucudisa amanzi omlambo ngesihluzo esinomngxuma-fayibha enomkhenkce nakanye, ekrwada engahluzwanga Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, Campylobacter, E. coli O17: H7 kunye ne-Salmonella idlula i-membrane eziqhekekileyo ngqo kwibhotile yakho ecocekileyo. Okubi nangakumbi, ukuba iompo yakho yeceramic iyaqhekeka, isicoci sakho se-UV (SteriPEN) ibhetri iyafa yingqele, okanye isihluzo sakho sijiya ngomgubo womkhenkce wamatye (silt) iimayile ukusuka kumzila wendlela, kufuneka ukhethe ngokwengqiqo phakathi kwe- Emergency Field Disinfection (1-Minute Rolling Boil, Chlorine Dioxide, Household Bleach, Povidone-Iodine, okanye Solar UV SODIS)** kunye nenyanso yokua **i-acut dehydration iblala okanye ikhubaze umkhweli olahlekileyo kwiiyure ezinma-24 ukuya kwii-72, kanti i-protozoan parasites (Giardia kunye ne Cryptosporidium) zinexesha lokufukamela iintsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezi-14.

Ukuba umntu ohambahambayo kwiqela lakho sele enengxaki yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, isifo segazi, ukungakwazi ukugcina ulwelo phantsi kangangeeyure ezingama-24, okanye ukubhideka.delirium), fowunela inombolo yakho kaxakeka yasekuhlaleni (911 eUnited States naseKhanada, 112 kwiManyano yaseYurophu, 999 eUnited Kingdom), qalisa Satellite SOS kweyakho Garmin inReach okanye iPhone Emergency SOS via Satellite, okanye ujonge uluhlu lwethu lwamazwe ngamazwe amanani kaxakeka ngoko nangoko. Kuzo zonke iimeko zesihluzo samanzi esinomkhenkce, esiqhekekileyo, okanye esivalekileyo, landela uvavanyo lwemfezeko, ukuvalwa, kunye neeprothokholi ezingezantsi zokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini.

Yenza oku ngoku

  1. Cinga nasiphi na isihluzo samanzi esinomngxuma-fayibha (Sawyer, BeFree, QuickDraw, LifeStraw) engumkhenkce ngobusuku igqabhuke ngaphakathi: Awunakubona imicroscopic 5-micron ice tears ngaphakathi kwekhatriji enomgongxo wefiber ngokujonga iqokobhe leplastiki elingaphandle. Ukuba iikristale zomkhenkce zenziwe ngaphakathi kwesihluzo sakho, okanye ukuba ibihleli ngaphandle kwebhegi yakho yokulala ngexesha lobusuku bokukhenkceza, yeka ukuyithemba njengesithintelo sakho esichasene neprotozoa kunye neebhaktheriya kwaye uqhube uVavanyo lweNgqibelelo yoMvelisi we- Manufacturer / Air-Block Integrity (Icandelo 1 ngezantsi) xa inyibilikile.
  2. UNGAZE uzame ukukhama amanzi ngesihluzo esinomkhenkce ongaphelelanga ukuze "unyibilike": Ukunyanzeliswa koxinzelelo lwehydraulic ngokuchasene nemibhobho yepolymer ezaliswe ngumkhenkce kukrazula imicu eseleyo ngokukhawuleza. Faka isihluzi esibandayo ngaphakathi kwebhatyi yakho ngokuchasene nomzimba wakho ofudumeleyo kangangemizuzu engama-30 ukuze inyibilike ngaphambi kovavanyo okanye ukubuyisela umva.
  3. Shintshela kuMgangatho weGolide #1 Indlela yoNgxamiseko: I-Boil yoMzuzu we-1 (imizuzu emi-3 ngaphezu kweemitha ezi-2,000 / i-6,560 Feet): Ngokwe-Amaziko ase-US oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC), uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO)**, kunye neWilderness Medical Society (WMS), ukuzisa amanzi ukubilisa ngamandla umzuzu om-1 ogcweleyo (okanye imizuzu emi-3 kwindawo ephakamileyo ngaphezu kweemitha ezi-2,000 / 6,560 iinyawo apho ukuncitshiswa koxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric kwehlisa indawo yokubila kwamanzi ukuya kwi-\(93\text{ degrees Celsius} / 199\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)1000 yonke intsholongwane yamanzi* ibulala abantu* okanye ngaphantsi kwamanzi) (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, ibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kunye ne-amoebae) ngaphandle kokukhetha.
  4. Ukuba awunasitovu okanye isibaso, sebenzisa i-Backup Chemical Disinfection (Chlorine Dioxide, Unscented Household Bleach, okanye 10% Povidone-Iodine) kunye ne-DOUBLE ixesha loqhagamshelwano lamanzi abandayo: Iimpendulo zekhemikhali zicotha nge-50% nganye \(10\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(18\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)) yehla kubushushu bamanzi. Kwintaba yomkhenkce yokunyibilika kwekhephu (\(4\text{ degrees Celsius} / 39\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)), kufuneka uphinda kabini umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo wemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-60 (okanye iiyure ezi-4 ngeChlorine Dioxide ukubulala amaqokobhe atyebileyo Cryptosporidium oocysts), kwaye ukhumbule "ukopha imisonto yebhotile."
  5. Isihluzi sangaphambili esinamafu, anodaka, okanye amanzi anodaka olunomkhenkce ngebandana + ahlaliswe ukunyibilika PHAMBI kokubiliswa okanye ukongeza imichiza: I-turbidity (udongwe oluxhonyiweyo, intlenga, kunye nenkunkuma yezinto eziphilayo) ikhusela iibhaktheriya kunye nama-cysts kwiikhemikhali oxidizers kunye nokukhanya kwe-UV, kwaye ibophe intsholongwane yeklorini ekhululekileyo phambi kokuba ibulale i-chlorine. Vumela amanzi anentlenga ahlale engaphazanyiswa embizeni kangangemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-60, galela umaleko ocacileyo ongaphezulu ngebandana yomqhaphu esongiweyo okanye isihluzo sekofu, kwaye wonyuse idosi yemichiza nge-2x ukuba amanzi ahlala enamafu.
  6. Ukuba unomlilo we-ZERO, isitovu se-ZERO, kunye neekhemikhali ze-ZERO, UNGAZE uzivumele ukuba ufe ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi entlango ngenxa yokoyika Giardia: Ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni kubangela ukufeleka kwe-orthostatic, ukwenzakala kwezintso, ukudideka kwengqondo, kunye nokufa phakathi kweentsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4**, kanti i-Giardia ithatha 7 ukuya kwi-14 iimpawu eziya kuba kufutshane nexesha lokuphuma kwakho ikliniki ene-metronidazole/tinidazole). Khetha eyona mithombo ikhuselekileyo yokuphakama okuphezulu okanye umlambo omncinci wesondlo (emantla emfuyo / amachibi eebhiva), umbe i- 1-imitha (i-3-foot) yegravel-bar seepage kakuhle ("Gypsy Well"), sebenzisa Iyure ezi-6 ezicacileyo-ibhotile yeSolar Disinfection (SODIS) ukuba kunelanga, kwaye sela ukuze uhlale uphila.

Danger

**Ziziphi iiCwecwe zokuBilisa kunye neMichiza ezingasokuze ziyisuse **: Ukubilisa kunye nezibulali ntsholongwane zemichiza (Chlorine Dioxide, Bleach, Iodine) bulala kuphela izinto eziphilayo zebhayoloji (iintsholongwane, ibhaktheriya, kunye namaqhakuva eprotozoan). AZIsusi isinyithi esinzima okanye ityhefu yeekhemikhali (ezifana ne-arsenic kunye ne-heavy-metal ebalekayo ezantsi kwemigodi ye-alpine eshiyiweyo, i-pesticides yezolimo, ukuchitheka kwepetroleum, okanye neurotoxins/hepatotoxins eveliswa yiCyanobacteria eluhlaza-luhlaza / I-Algal Blooms enobungozi (HABs)). Enyanisweni, amanzi abilayo aqulethe i-cyanobacteria eluhlaza i-algal bloom lyses (iqhuma) iiseli ze-algae kwaye ikhupha engaphezulu i-toxin ye-microcystin ezinzileyo emanzini. Ungaze usele kumadama amileyo agqunywe sisigqubu sepeyinti eluhlaza okanye iorenji eneasidi yasemgodini.pH < 4).

Umthi wesigqibo: yintoni omawuyenze xa isihluzo samanzi sasemva kwelizwe lakho sinomkhenkce, sivale, okanye siphuke

Landela le tshati yobuchule yokuvavanya isihluzi sakho, ukubuyisela ukuhamba, okanye ukutshintshela kucoceko olungxamisekileyo:

flowchart TD
    Fail["Isihluzo saManzi sikhenkce ngobusuku, siqhekekile, okanye sivalekile siqinile kwiNdawo engasemva"] --> Type{"1. Ngaba isihluzo seFiber eHollow-Fiber siye Yaba ngumkhenkce, okanye Ngaba Sivaleke Nje Yintlenga?"}
    Type -->|"Ivalwe Kuphela (Ayize Ingumkhenkce)"| Unclog["Ukubuyela Ngasemva Amanzi Acocekileyo Amanzi (Kunye neVinegar eFuduleyo Soak yesikali seziMbiwa) -> Isihluzi sangaphambili saManzi aSilty ngeBandana"]
    Type -->|"Umkhenkce ngobusuku okanye wawisa/uqhekekile"| Test["2. Nyibilika Kancinci Ngokuchasene noMzimba -> Qhuba i-Air-Block / iBubble Integrity Test (Katadyn Mahala / Platypus QuickDraw / Ceramic)"]
    Test --> Pass{"4"}
    Pass -->|"UVavanyo olungaphumelelanga OKANYE Eyaziwa ngokuba ngumkhenkce onzima"| Backup{"4. Yintoni i-Backup Purification Gear oyiphetheyo?"}
    Backup -->|"Isitovu senkampu / imbiza yesinyithi / uMlilo"| Boil["UMGANGATHO WEGOLIDE: Zise Kwithumba Eliqengqelekayo uMzuzu om-1 (Imizuzu emi-3 Ngaphezulu kwe-2,000m / 6,560ft)"]
    Backup -->|"Amacwecwe eMichiza / Amathontsi (ClO2, Bleach, Iodine)"| Chem["I-Pre-Filter Cloudiness -> Yongeza i-Dose echanekileyo -> I-Bleed Bottle Threads -> Linda i-30-60 Min (iiyure ezi-4 ze-Crypto w/ ClO2)"]
    Backup -->|"Zero Stove, Zero Fire & Zero Chemicals"| NoGear["5. Khetha iSafest Upstream Spring -> Dig Gravel-Bar Seepage Well + 6-Hour Clear Bottle Solar UV (SODIS) -> Sela ukunqanda ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni"]

Inqanaba loku-1: Uvavanyo ukuba isihluzo samanzi esinomkhenkce okanye esiwisiweyo sophukile ngaphakathi (kwaye sivule isihluzo esifileyo)

Ayizizo zonke izihluzi zefiber kunye ne-ceramic eziziphatha ngendlela efanayo emva komkhenkce, kunye neemodeli ezimbini ezidumileyo (Katadyn BeFree kwaye Platypus QuickDraw) eneneni ube novavanyo lwefiziksi eyakhelweyo ngaphakathi (Hydrophilic Pore Capillary Bubble Point) ekuvumela ukuba uqinisekise endle kwimizuzwana engama-30 ukuba imicu emincinci ikrazukile.

1. Iimvavanyo zeMfezeko yeNdawo ngesihluzo uphawu (Sawyer, Katadyn BeFree, Platypus QuickDraw, MSR)

I-hydrophilic emanzi i-0.1-micron pores ibamba ifilimu encinci yamanzi nge-capillary surface tension* evala umoya ophantsi koxinzelelo ukuba udlule kwi-membrane emanzi (Air-Lock), ngelixa amanzi edlula ngokulula. Ukuba nosinga olunye luqhekeka luvuleka ukusuka ekwandeni komkhenkce, umoya uvuthuza kanye njengevili lebhayisekile eligqojoziweyo.

Imodeli yesihluzi Ngaba unokuyivavanya ebaleni emva kokukhenkceza? Inkqubo yokuHlola iMfezeko yoMvelisi osemthethweni Isigwebo Ukuba Ingumkhenkce ngokuqinileyo
1. Katadyn BeFree (0.1 micron EZ-Clean Membrane) EWE (Uvavanyo lweBlow-Block Air) 1. Nyibilikisa isihluzo ngokupheleleyo kwaye uhluze ii-ounces ezimbalwa zamanzi ukuze imingxuma yenwebu ibemanzi nge-100%.
2. Khupha iflaski ethambileyo, gcwalisa iflaski embindini ngomoya kuphela, jija ikepusi yesihluzo esimanzi, yibambe sijonge phantsi, kwaye yicudise ngamandla iflaski ezaliswe ngumoya.
3. I-PASS: I-pores emanzi e-0.1-micron ivala umoya ngokupheleleyo; Iflaski ihlala iqinile kwaye umoya awunakucudiswa.
4. AYIFANELEKILEYO: Ukuba umoya uphefumla lula ngomlomo xa ucudisa umoya, imicu ekroliweyo iyagqabhuka. Lahla ngoko nangoko.		 Uvavanyo ngovavanyo lwe-Air-Block; ukuba nawuphi na umoya udlula kwimicu emanzi, ayikhuselekanga.
2. I-Platypus QuickDraw (0.2 micron IFayibha eHollow) EWE (Qoqa iBubble-Back Back) 1. Simanzise ngokupheleleyo isihluzo ngokusefa amanzi, uze ugcwalise isisele esimdaka sizele ngamanzi.
2. Bamba isisele sime nkqo (icebo lokucoca phezulu) uze ukhame amanzi ade aphume umbhobho wokusela.
3. Beka umlomo wakho kwi-spout yesiselo esicocekileyo kwaye uvuthele umoya ubuyele ngasemva kwisihluzo ngelixa ujonge indawo emdaka.
4. I-PASS: Kuphela ithontsi elincinci lamaqamza omoya ashiyekileyo kwi-1 ukuya kwisekondi emi-2 kwaye ukubetha udonga oluluqilima lokuxhathisa (awunakuvuthela umoya engxoweni).
5. Akuphumelelanga: Ukuba umlambo oqhubekayo wamaqamza amakhulu ahlala ehla engxoweni okoko uvuthelayo, imicu iyaqhekeka.		 Uvavanyo ngeBlow-Back Bubble Check; buyisela ukuba amaqamza aqhubekayo ayadlula.
3. ISawyer Squeeze / Mini / Micro (0.1 micron IFayibha eHollow) HAYI (Ayinakuvavanywa Umoya) Ngenxa yokuba i-Sawyer isebenzisa i-membrane yejometri kunye ne-potting compound engenziwanga ukuhlolwa kwe-air block yabathengi, ** Isikhokelo sobunjineli esisemthethweni se-Sawyer sichaza ukuba AKUKHO uvavanyo lwentsimi oluthembekileyo ** ukubonisa ukuba isihluzo se-Sawyer asizange siqhekeke ngaphakathi emva kokukhenkceza. (Kuphela ukuqhekeka kwentlekele okucacileyo, apho amanzi amdaka aphuma ngesantya esisi-3x esiqhelekileyo okanye evuza imithungo yezindlu, ibonakala). TSHINTSHA / INDLELA YOKUBHELELA: Ukuba isihluzo seSawyer esimanzi sikhenkce saqina ngobusuku, siphathe njengesesichengeni sentsholongwane ebangela iintsholongwane (sisebenzise kuphela njengesihluzo sangaphambili sentlenga phambi kokubiliswa okanye unyango lwekhemikhali).
4. MSR MiniWorks / Katadyn Pocket (0.2 micron I-Ceramic Element) EWE (I-Visual Crack, i-Caliper Gauge, okanye uvavanyo lwe-Red Food-Dye) Khulula indlu kwaye uhlolisise ikhandlela le-ceramic ngokusondeleyo: amanzi okukhenkceza ngaphakathi kwekhandlela le-ceramic emanzi phantse lihlala livelisa ebonakalayo **intambo yeenwele eziqhekezayo ** phantsi kwe-cylinder ye-ceramic okanye ikhuphe i-cap end-cap off. Unokumpompa amanzi axutywe nombala obomvu wokutya/ijusi yebhithi (engafanelanga idlule ekugxininiseni okuphezulu ngekhabhoni eqinile/i-ceramic matrix) okanye ujonge ngegeyiji yokunxiba yesinyithi. Ukuba i-hairline crack iyabonakala kwi-ceramic element, idlula kwaye ayinakusebenziseka.
5. Umgcini we-MSR uMcoci (0.02 micron IFayibha yeBanga loNyango) Yenzelwe ukusinda ekukhenkceni Yenziwe ngokukodwa ngeentsinga ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomngxunya ezithelelwa ukumelana nemijikelo emininzi yokunyibilika okuqinileyo kwi \(-17\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(0\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)) ngaphandle kokugqabhuka komngxuma (ukuba nje inyibilika ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba impompe). Kukhuselekile ukusebenzisa xa kunyibilikisiwe ngokupheleleyo (ungaze unyanzele isiphatho sempompo ngelixa umkhenkce).

2. Ukuvula isihluzi seFibre eHoli-mgobo ethe yacotha ukuya kwi-Trickle ebaleni.

Ukuba isihluzo sakho asizange sikhe sibe ngumkhenkce, kodwa ukucudisa ilitha enye yamanzi ngoku kuthatha imizuzu eli-10 yokunyanzelisa i-forearm-cramping force, i-0.1-micron pores zixhunywa mhlawumbi nge-fine glacial silt / clay, tannins / biofilm, okanye ikhalsiyam carbonate eyomileyo yesikali seminerali (evumela amanzi ukuba agruzuke ngaphakathi ukuba wome ngaphakathi). Buyisela i-90% yokuhamba ngolu hlobo lwe-3-step field recovery: 1. Sebenzisa Amanzi acocekileyo ashushu (35 to 45 degrees Celsius / 95 to 113 degrees Fahrenheit, UNGAZE Abilise Amanzi) ukwenzela Ukuguquguquka: Amanzi abandayo awanyibiliki isikali seminerali okanye akhulule i-biofilm yodongwe oluncangathi kakuhle. Fudumeza iimililitha ezingama-500 zamanzi acocekileyo/acociweyo kwisitovu sakho de kube kushushu kamnandi xa ubamba (ungaze ube ngaphezu kwe-\(50\text{ degrees Celsius} / 122\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\), enyibilikisa iglu ebambe iintsinga ezivulekileyo). 2. I-High-Velocity Pulse Backflush + Shake ("Indlela ye-Coupler Slap"): - Ukusebenzisa isirinji ye-Sawyer okanye ibhotile ye-Smartwater ecocekileyo ephothiweyo nge-coupler yokucoca eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwingono ephumayo ecocekileyo, nyanzela ** ezintathu ezikhawulezayo, zoxinzelelo oluphezulu** zamanzi afudumeleyo acocekileyo ngasemva ngesihluzo, emva koko uvale okanye ubambe iziphelo zombini ezinesiqingatha samanzi asekhona ngaphakathi, hlukuhla isihluzo ngamandla njengetoti yepeyinti kwimizuzwana engama-20 ukutyhutyha intambo yamanzi ukuze iphazamise i-fiber ye-silt kwimizuzwana engama-20, kwaye iphazamise i-fiber ye-sindle. ngasemva ide icace. - Nge Katadyn BeFree okanye Platypus QuickDraw, gcwalisa iflaski embindini ngamanzi ashushu acocekileyo, jija isihluzo, kwaye yihlukumeze ngamandla imizuzwana engama-30 (Swish and Shake) phambi kokuba ujije iintsinga eziveziweyo kwikomityi yamanzi acocekileyo (ungaze ubambe okanye ubrashe imicu evulelekileyo ngeminwe okanye ibrashi yamazinyo). 3. Thintela Ukuvaleka Kwexesha Elizayo ngokuZilungisa kwangaphambili kunye nokuHlungiwa kweBandana: Ungaze ukhuphe ngokuthe ngqo kumlambo onomkhenkce omhlophe obisi (glacial flour amasuntswana alinganisa i-\(0.5\text{ ukuya }5\text{microns}\) kunye nesamente kwi-0.1-micron pores ngoko nangoko). Gcoba amanzi embizeni okanye kwi-emele eqengqelekayo, yiyeke ihlale ingashukumi kangangemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kuma-60 ukuze intlenge ihlale ezantsi, kwaye ugalele amanzi angaphezulu ngebandana yomqhaphu e-4 phambi kokucoca.

Inqanaba lesi-2: Gqibezela uthelekiso lweendlela ezingxamisekileyo zokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini

Kutheni ezinye iindlela zibulala iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya ngokulula ngelixa zisilela kwi-Cryptosporidium? Ngenxa yokuba ii-pathogens ezisemanzini ziyahluka ngobukhulu bomzimba nge--1,000-fold* kunye nokumelana neekhemikhali ngu 10,000-fold:

ICandelo lePathogen Ubungakanani (iMicrons \(\mu\text{m}\)) Imizekelo & Iimpawu Yintoni Eyibulalayo Okanye Eyisusayo Yintoni Engaphumeleliyo Ngayo
1. Iiprotozoan Cysts & Oocysts \(1.0\ okubhaliweyo{ ukuya }15\ okubhaliweyo{ }\mu\ okubhaliweyo{m}\) (Enkulu, engqindilili-engqingqwa) Cryptosporidium parvum (\(3\text{ ukuya }6\text{}\mu\text{m}\)), Giardia duodenalis (\(8\text{ ukuya }14\text{}\mu\text{m}\)), Entamoeba histolytica. Ibanga urhudo oluqhumayo olunamanzi, ukuqaqanjelwa, isicaphucaphu (ukufukamela iintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-14). 1. Nasiphi na i-\(0.1\teksti{ ukuya ku-}1.0\text{}\mu\text{m}\) microfilter.
2. Ukubilisa (1 min).
3. Ukukhanya kweUV (SteriPEN / SODIS).
4. Iklorine Dioxide (4 hours yima).		 Iodine (Betadine / Potable Aqua) kunye neBletshi yaseKhaya (Sodium Hypochlorite) AWUKWAZI ukubulala ngokuthembekileyo i-Cryptosporidium oocysts (eneqokobhe elinolwaleko oluthathu olufana ne-spore).
2. Intsholongwane \(0.2\umbhalo{ukuya ku-}5.0\umbhalo{}\mu\umbhalo{m}\) (Phakathi) Escherichia coliE. coli O157:H7), Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Leptospira. Ibanga umkhuhlane obukhali, ukugabha, isifo segazi phakathi kweyure ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-72. ZONKE IINDLELA ZIYASEBENZA: Ingaguquki i-\(0.1\text{ ukuya ku}0.2\text{}\mu\text{m}\) izihluzi, ukuBilisa, iChlorine Dioxide (15 min), iBleach yaseKhaya (30 minIodine,30 min), kunye ne-UV/SODIS. Isihluzo esiqhekekileyo/enomkhenkce esinomngxuma wefayibha okanye amanzi amdaka angacocwanga.
3. Iintsholongwane ze-Enteric \(0.02\umbhalo{ukuya ku}0.1\umbhalo{}\mu\umbhalo{m}\) (Omncinci, 100x mncinci kunebhaktheriya) Norovirus, Hepatitis A, Rotavirus, Enterovirus. Ibangela ukugabha okunobundlobongela kunye norhudo kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-12 ukuya kwezingama-48 (ezixhaphakileyo kufutshane neendawo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkampu okanye ilindle labantu). 1. Ukubilisa (1 min).
2. Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwiMichiza (Chlorine Dioxide, Bleach, Iodine, 15 ukuya kwi-30 min).
3. Ukukhanya kweUV okanye \(0.02\teksti{}\mu\text{m}\) Isihluzi sokucoca (MSR Guardian / Grayl).		 Umgangatho we-\(0.1\umbhalo{ukuya ku-}0.2\umbhalo{}\mu\umbhalo{m}\) Izihluzi eziHollow-Fiber (Sawyer, BeFree, QuickDraw) MUSA ukususa iivayirasi kakuhle kuba iivayirasi (\(0.02\text{}\mu\text{m}\)) zincinane nge-5x kune \(0.1\text{}\mu\text{m}\) pores.

Inqanaba lesi-3: Ukudosa okuchanekileyo kunye neeprothokholi zasendle zokuBilisa, iiKhemikhali, i-Iodine yoNcedo lokuQala, kunye nokuBilisa ilitye

Xa isihluzo sakho sokuqala singaphumeleli, yenza enye yezi ndlela zintlanu eziqinisekisiweyo zokubulala iintsholongwane zikaxakeka:

Indlela yoku-1: I-Thermal Disinfection (Ukubilisa kunye ne-High-Altitude Physics)

  • Kutheni uMphakamo oPhezulu ungayeki ukubila eSebenzini: Kumphakamo wolwandle, amanzi abila ku- \(100\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(212\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)). Ku 3,050 yeemitha (10,000 iinyawo), amanzi abila e \(90\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(194\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)), naku 4,260 yeemitha (14,000 feet) kwiMount Rainier okanye Colorado's 14ers (text\(8 degrees Celsius.5 **{text\)8 degrees.5){8}iidigri ze-Celsius. izidanga Fahrenheit}$).
  • Ngethamsanqa, izifundo ze-thermal microbiology zigcinwe yi-CDC* kunye ne-Wilderness Medical Society (WMS)* ngqina ukuba Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, E. coli, kunye nentsholongwane yeHepatitis A ayisebenzi ngemizuzwana nje ukuba ubushushu bamanzi budlule i-\(70\text{ ukuya }85\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(158\text{ ukuya }185\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)). Ngexesha amanzi afikelela kumathumba nakweyiphi na imiphakamo yentaba esemhlabeni ukuya kuthi ga kwiimitha ezingama-6,000 (iinyawo eziyi-19,600), sele echithe imizuzu emininzi enyuka ukusuka kwi-\(70\text{ degrees Celsius}\) ukuya kwi-\(85+\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (Pasteurization):
  • Ngaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-2,000 (iinyawo eziyi-6,560):Zisa amanzi ukuzeubilise ngamandla umzuzu om-1 opheleleyo.
  • Ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-2,000 (iinyawo eziyi-6,560):Zisa amanziabilise ngamandla kangangemizuzu emi-3 epheleleyo (okanye ubilise umzuzu om-1 kwaye ugcine isiciko siqinile kwimbiza egqunyiweyo kangangemizuzu emi-5 ukuze ubambe ubushushu obungaphezu kwe-\(80\text{ degrees Celsius}\) kwaye wonge isitovu se-canister fuel).
  • Ungathini ukuba unomlilo wenkampu, ibhotile yamanzi yeplastiki (Nalgene / Smartwater), kwaye AKUKHO imbiza yentsimbi? ("Ibhodlela yePlastiki eBilayo ngomlilo":
  • Indlela A (Ukubilisa komngxuma weLiwa eliTsholo leMveli): Yomba umngxuma omile okwesitya emhlabeni, uwucwangcise ngelayini yokupakisha engangeni manzi, ibhatyi yemvula, okanye isiqobo esinomgongxo (okanye sebenzisa ibhotile yeHDPE eNalgene enodonga olungqindilili evuleke kakhulu umlomo), ubushushu ubungakanani benqindi elomileyo legranite yomhlaba omileyo/usebenzisa umlambo we-basalt womlambo3 sebenzisa amatye enkampini NEVER0 amatye asuka kwi-streambed*, aneepokotho zamanzi ezivalelekileyo ezidubula njengeengqushu xa zitshiswe emlilweni), xukuxa uthuthu ngentonga eluhlaza, uze uwise amatye ama-3 ukuya kwangama-5 ashushu abengezelayo usebenzisa iifolokhwe ezimbini kwisitya samanzi de amanzi abile ngamandla kangangemizuzu e-1 ukuya kwemi-3.
  • Indlela B (Ukubilisa Ngqo Ngaphakathi kwePlastiki PET Ibhotile phezu kwamalahle): Ngenxa yokuba amanzi angamanzi ngaphakathi kweplastiki ebhityileyo Smartwater (PET) ibhotile ifunxa ubushushu eludongeni lweplastiki kwaye ayinako ukunyuka ngaphezu kwe-\(100\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(212\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)), ngelixa PET iplastiki ayinyibiliki de kube \(250\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(482\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)), ungazalisa ibhotile yeplastiki ngokupheleleyo ukuya emphethweni (ushiya ikepusi IVALIWE okanye ikhululeke ukuze uxinzelelo lomphunga lungagqabhuki ibhotile) kwaye uyixhome ngentanyeni ngentambo okanye intsimbi engaphezulu kwentonga ephakathi kwecampire ifike phezu kwentonga eluhlaza.

Indlela yesi-2: Itheyibhile yokuThatha iiKhemikhali eziNgxamisekileyo (ClO2, Household Bleach, kwaye First-Aid Kit Povidone-Iodine)

Nokuba uzilibele iitafile zokucoca amanzi ezinikezelweyo, ikiti yakho yoncedo lokuqala **(10% Povidone-Iodine / Betadine antiseptic solution okanye 2% Tincture of Iodine) okanye ikiti yesithuthi sikaxakeka (Unscented Household Chlorine Bleach) inokucoca iilitha ezininzi zamanzi. Landela le ngqo CDC / EPA / WMS iTshati yokuDonga ngeLitha enye (iKota enye) yamanzi:

Isibulali-zintsholongwane seMichiza Idosi echanekileyo nge--1 ilitha (Ikota enye)* yamanzi acocekileyo Ithamo le Mafu OKANYE Amanzi abandayo kakhulu (\(< 5^\circ\text{C} / 41^\circ\text{F}\)) UQhagamshelwano olunyanzelekileyo Linda ixesha ngaphambi kokusela UKhuseleko oluBalulekileyo kunye nokuNxilwa kwezonyango
1. IChlorine Dioxide tablets okanye amaDrotsi (Aquamira / Katadyn Micropur MP1) Icwecwe eli-1 ngeLitha enye (okanye 7 ithontsi iNdawo A + 7 ithontsisa iCandelo B, ixutywe kwikepusi yemizuzu emi-5 de ibe tyheli, ngeLitha enye) Iicwecwe ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-2 (okanye i-14 ithontsi A + 14 ithontsi B kumanzi amafu) 15 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-30 yeBacteria, Virus & Giardia.
IIYURE ezi-4 ezipheleleyo ukuba amanzi abandayo/amanzi amdaka asenokuba ne-Cryptosporidium.		 Ikhemikhali ekumgangatho wegolide: I-KUPHELA yekhemikhali tablet yasendle engena ngokuthembekileyo ize ibulale i-oocysts Cryptosporidium (xa inikwe ixesha elipheleleyo leeyure ezi-4).
2. IBletshi yoLwelo lwaseKhaya olungaqholwanga (6% ukuya 8.25% ISodium Hypochlorite) Amathontsi ama-2 ngeLitha enye (8 drops per US Gallon) Amathontsi ama-4 ngeLitha enye (16 drops per US Gallon) imizuzu engama-30 kwiqondo lokushisa legumbi (15°C+).
imizuzu engama-60 kumanzi entaba anomkhenkce (< 10°C / 50°F).		 Sebenzisa KUPHELA ecacileyo, iblitshi engaqholwanga (ungaze utshize-ngancinci, unevumba elimnandi, okanye iblitshi ekhuselekileyo ngombala). Amanzi acociweyo kufuneka abe nevumba elibi leklorini emva kwemizuzu engama-30; ukuba akunjalo, phinda ithamo kube kanye kwaye ulinde imizuzu eli-15 ngaphezulu. *Ayibulali i-Cryptosporidium.
3. Ikiti yoNcedo lokuQala 10% Povidone-Iodine (Betadine Ulwelo lweAntiseptic) 8 Amathontsi ngeLitha enye (0.4 mL ngeLitha nganye, ihambisa \(\sim 4\text{ mg/L}\) iodine yasimahla) 16 Amathontsi ngeLitha enye (0.8 mL ngeLitha nganye) imizuzu engama-30 emanzini ashushu.
imizuzu engama-60 emanzini abandayo anyibilikiswa likhephu.		 Qinisekisa ukuba ibhotile ithi "10% Povidone-Iodine (1% available iodine)" kwaye AYISIYO isikhuhla sotyando esinesepha/isicoci. *Sukuyisebenzisa i-iodine xa ukhulelwe, ukuba unesifo sedlala lengqula, okanye ngaphezu kweeveki ezi-3.
4. Ikiti yoNcedo lokuQala 2% Tincture of Iodine (okanye Potable Aqua Tetraglycine Hydroperiodide Tablets) Iidrophu ezi-5 ze-2% yeTincture (okanye 2 Iipilisi ze-Aqua eziphathwayo) nge Ilitha eyi-1 10 Amathontsi e-2% Tincture (okanye 2 Amacwecwe + 60 min linda) nge 1 ilitha imizuzu engama-30 emanzini ashushu.
imizuzu engama-60 emanzini abandayo.		 Ingcebiso yePro yokususa i-Bitter Iodine Taste: EMVA ixesha elipheleleyo le-30-ukuya-60-imizuzu yoqhagamshelwano i-100% igqityiwe, yongeza i-pinch encinci ye- Vithamin C (i-ascorbic acid / i-Emergen-C / umxube wesiselo se-citrus): iguqula ngoko nangoko iodine ekrakra (\(\text) ibe yi-iodine engenancasa, 2. (\)\text{I}^-$). (UNGAZE wongeze iVithamin C phambi kokuba imizuzu engama-60 iphele, okanye ithomalalisa i-iodine phambi kokuba ibulale iintsholongwane).

Inyathelo elinyanzelekileyo kuzo zonke iindlela zemichiza: "Ukopha imisonto yebhotile"

Enye yezona ndlela zixhaphakileyo abakhweli basafumana i-Giardia emva kokusebenzisa i-Aquamira, iblitshi, okanye iipilisi ze-iodine yimicu yebhotile engcolisekileyo: 1. Xa uthi nkxu ibhotile yakho yomlomo obanzi iNalgene okanye umlomo omxinwa ibhotile yeSmartwater emlanjeni ukuze uyigcwalise, amanzi akrwada omlambo ancamathele kwi ngaphandle nangaphakathi kwimisonto yesijivu yentamo yebhotile. 2. Ukuba uwisa icwecwe lekhemikhali kwaye ujije ikepusi ivale ngokuqinileyo kangangemizuzu engama-30, amanzi acociweyo ngaphakathi ebhotileni akaze achukumise amanzi omlambo akrwada avaleleke kwimisonto ye-screw, kwaye i-sep yokuqala oyithathayo ihlamba ezo cysts ziphilayo ze-Giardia zisuka ngqo kwimisonto emlonyeni wakho. 3. Uyopha njani imisonto: Emva kokongeza imichiza yakho ithontsi/ipilisi kwaye ushukumise ibhotile kangangemizuzwana engama-30, *khulula ikepusi isiqingatha sokujika (ujikelezo olubini), jikisa ibhotile ijongise phantsi phezu komhlaba, kwaye ucudise kancinane ukuze i-15 milliliters (icephe eli-1) lamanzi afakwe ngekhemikhali ihlahleze ngaphandle, emva koko uqalise i-cap emqaleni 30-ukuya-60-imizuzu-ixesha.

Inqanaba lesi-4: Ukusinda kwegiya eqanda (iSolar Disinfection SODIS, iGypsy Seepage Wells, kunye neDehydration vs. Giardia Rule)

Kuthekani ukuba ulahlekile entlango (jonga yethu ulahlekile ngexesha lokuhamba okanye isikhokelo sokukhempisha) ngesihluzo esaphukileyo, akukho sitovu, akukho silayiti, kwaye akukho khemikhali?

1. I SODIS Indlela (i-WHO-Verified Solar UV-A + Thermal Disinfection)

Ivunywe yi World Health Organisation (WHO) kunye Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Ukubulala iintsholongwane kuManzi eSola (SODIS) isebenzisa indibaniselwano ye-synergistic yelanga UV-A radiation (\(320\text{ ukuya} 400\text{ nm}\)) kunye nokufudumeza kwelanga ukutshabalalisa i-DNA yeebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kunye ne-Giardia/Cryptosporidium cysts ngaphakathi kwebhotile yeplastiki ecacileyo: 1. Sebenzisa ecacileyo, ecacileyo PET ibhotile yeplastiki (1 to 2 Liters, njengokucacileyo Smartwater okanye ibhotile yesoda): Susa nayiphi na ileyibhile yephepha. (Qaphela: iNalgene enemibala eshinyeneyo Tritan iibhotile okanye iibhotile eziluhlaza/ ezibhlowu zivimba imitha ye-UV-A kwaye ayisebenzi kangako kunombala ocacileyo PET iibhotile). 2. Hluba ubugxwayiba kuqala: Amanzi kufuneka acace ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukwazi ukufunda umbhalo wephephandaba ebhotileni. Ukuba imfiliba, decant ngebandana kuqala. 3. ** Gcwalisa ibhotile i-75% igcwele, xubha ngamandla imizuzwana ye-20 ukuze i-oksijini ifakwe emanzini ** (i-oksijini echithwayo isabela nge-UV-Ukukhanya ukwenza i-lethal ** I-Reactive Oxygen Species / i-radicals yamahhala ** eqhekeza i-membrane ze-pathogen), emva koko ibhotile igcwele ngokupheleleyo kwaye uyifake. 4. Lala ibhotile ecacileyo ngokuthe tyaba ngokuthe tye, engaphazanyiswanga elangeni lasemini (ngokufanelekileyo kwingubo yesilivere ekhanyayo, indawo yokulala yealuminiyam, okanye iliwa elimfiliba elimnyama): - Kunelanga okanye Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% yeSibhakabhaka esinamafu: Sibe sesichengeni iiyure ezi-6 eziqhubekayo kwincopho yasemini yasemini (09:00 to 15:00). (Ukuba amanzi angaphakathi ebhotileni ashushu ngaphezu kwe-\(50\text{ degrees Celsius} / 122\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\), ashushu xa ebamba, ukungasebenzi kugqiba nge-1 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-2*). - 100% Isibhakabhaka Esiguquguqukayo: Sivezwe Iintsuku ezi-2 ezilandelelanayo ezipheleleyo (ungasebenzisi SODIS kwimvula enkulu).

2. Ukukhetha owona Mthombo waManzi eNdalo acocekileyo kunye nokugrumba iGravel-Bar "Seepage / Gypsy Well"

Ukuba kufuneka usele ngonyango oluncinci, apho uqokelela amanzi utshintsha umthwalo wakho wepathogen ngama-99 ekhulwini: 1. Eyona mithombo yeNdalo iMbi kakhulu (Ibekwe kwindawo): - Inqanaba loku-1 (Elona likhuselekileyo): Ikhephu elisandul’ Ukuwa elicocekileyo eliMhlophe okanye Amanzi emvula aqokelelwe kwitarp/ibhatyi ecocekileyo (nyibilika ikhephu ngaphakathi kwibhotile efakwe ngaphakathi kwimaleko yebhatyi yakho yangaphandle, ungaze utye ikhephu elikrwada ukuba uyangcangcazela okanye uqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo, njengoko kunyibilika ilitha eyi-1 ye-\(0\text{ degrees Celsius}\)80 yekhephu ngaphakathi kwekhalori* ibuba ubushushu besisu sakho). - Inqanaba lesi-2: Imithombo yoMphakamo oMphakamo eGqamza ngokuNgqo kuDonga lweRolwa okanye kwiThambeka leTalus (ihluzwe ngokwendalo kumakhulu eemitha obude bamatye entaba). - Inqanaba lesi-3: Encinci, iyakhawuleza, iSep Side-Feeder Brooks High on the Valley Wall (akukho madlelo eenkomo, iindlela, okanye amachibi eebhiva ngaphezu kwawo). - Inqanaba lesi-4 (Umngcipheko oMkhulu): Imilambo eMain Valley-Bottom Rivers kunye namaChibi eAlpine (aqokelela zonke izilwanyana ezinyukayo kunye neelindle lomntu). - Inqanaba lesi-5 (Ungaze usele ikrwada): Iidibi ezimileyo, Amanzi aMazantsi oMsinga wamaDama eBeaver ("iGiardia Factories"), okanye amadama emfuyo yeenkomo. 2. Ukwemba njani iSanti ephuculweyo/yeGravel-Bar Seepage Well ("Gypsy Well"): - Endaweni yokukha amanzi ngokuthe ngqo kumjelo onodaka okanye okrokrelayo womlambo, hamba uye kwi santi emanzi okanye igrabile bar ecolekileyo 1 ukuya 2 yeemitha (3 ukuya 6 feet) umva ukusuka eludinini lwamanzi kwaye umbe umngxuma 30 ukuya 60 centimeters (1 ukuya 2 feet) ubunzulu ngaphantsi komphakamo wetafile yamanzi usebenzisa intonga ebukhali, ilitye lokuhamba. - Amanzi aphuma emlanjeni aya kuthi chu ngokucotha emacaleni ngemitha e-1 ukuya kwi-2 yesanti yendalo kunye negrabile entle ukuya emazantsi womngxuma wakho. Vumela udaka lokuqala luzinze, lukhuphe ibheyile kube kanye okanye kabini, kwaye ukha amanzi acacileyo, ahluzwe esantini aphinde azalise umngxuma. Ukuhluzwa kwebhanki yendalo ngemitha ye-1 yesanti ecocekileyo isusa ** i-80 ukuya kwi-95 ipesenti ye-cysts enkulu ye-protozoan (* i-Giardia * kunye ne- *Cryptosporidium *) kunye ne-turbidity **.

3. Umgaqo weGolide wezoNyango: Ungaze Ufe ngenxa yokuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngenxa yokoyika iGiardia

Rhoqo ngonyaka, amaqela okukhangela kunye nokuhlangula entlango ahlangula (okanye abuyise imizimba) yabakhenkethi abalahlekileyo abaye badinwa kakhulu bubushushu, ukusilela kwezintso, okanye ukuwa okubangelwa kukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngelixa bephethe ibhotile yamanzi engenanto ecaleni komsinga obalekayo wentaba ngenxa yokuba babesoyika ukusela amanzi angacocwanga. - Khumbula ixesha leKlinikhi: - ** Ukuphelelwa ngamandla emzimbeni **: Ukunciphisa amandla omzimba kunye nokugweba kwengqondo ngaphakathi ** 6 kwiiyure ze-12 **, kubangela i-orthostatic syncope kunye nomonakalo wezintso ngaphakathi kwe- ** 24 kwiiyure ze-48 **, kwaye ** ibulalayo phakathi kwe-2 kwiintsuku ze-5 **. - IiProtozoan Parasites (Giardia / Cryptosporidium): Yiba nexesha lebhayoloji elinyanzelekileyo lokufukanyelwa kweentsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwezili-14 phambi kokuba kuqale urhudo. - Umgca ongezantsi: Ukuba uphelelwe ngamanzi kwaye awunandlela yokuwabilisa, ukuwahluza, okanye ukunyanga amanzi ngekhemikhali, SELA AMANZI HLALA (usebenzisa umthombo wokukhetha kunye nentlabathi kakuhle ukunciphisa umngcipheko). Ukuhlala u-hydrated kugcina ingqondo yakho ibukhali kunye nemilenze yakho ishukuma ukuze ukwazi ukuphuma uye kwiintsuku ezikhuselekileyo ngaphambi kokuba i-parasite inokukugulisa.

Tip

Ngabo nabuphi na uhambo lwasebusika, intwasahlobo, okanye umphakamo ophezulu apho amaqondo obushushu anokuthi adiphe ngaphantsi kwe \(+4\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(39\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)), soloko uvuthulula amanzi agqithisileyo kwisihluzo sakho esinomngxuma-fayibha ngorhatya, uyitywine ngaphakathi kwebhegi yeZiploc, kwaye klzzwxh:0220 I-10-gram strip ye **ipilisi Chlorine Dioxide (Katadyn Micropur MP1)** ngaphakathi kwekhithi yakho yoncedo lokuqala njengokhuseleko lokukhenkceza olunobunzima obuziro. Cinga ngokuthatha izandla kwi-Wilderness First Aid (WFA) ikhosi evela kwi-NOLS, i-Red Cross, okanye i-Ambulance yaseSt John.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa

Kutheni ungasebenzisi isihluzo samanzi seSawyer okanye iKatadyn emva kokuba ingumkhenkce?

Izihluzi zefiber inwebu enomgongxo ziqulathe amawaka eetyhubhu ze-microscopic straw ezifana ne-polymer ezindonga zazo zinemingxuma eyi-0.1-micron evalela ngokwasemzimbeni ibhaktiriya kunye neprotozoa. Xa amanzi emanzi evaleleke kuloo mikroskopu ingumkhenkce, iba ngumkhenkce nge-9 ekhulwini aze andlule okanye acande amadonga emikroskopu avuleke ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yokuba iintsinga zangaphakathi zitywinwe ngaphakathi kwendlu yeplastiki ekhanyayo, isihluzo sibukeka siqhelekile ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwaye sisahamba kakuhle, kodwa iinyembezi ezandisiweyo zivumela i-Giardia cysts encinci, i-Cryptosporidium oocysts, kunye ne-E. coli ibhaktheriya ukuba idlule ngqo kwibhotile yakho yokusela.

Kufuneka ubilise ixesha elingakanani amanzi ezintabeni ukuze akhuseleke ukusela?

Ngokutsho kwe-US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), i-World Health Organization (WHO), kunye ne-Wilderness Medical Society (WMS), ukuzisa amanzi kwindawo yokubilisa ngamandla kwi-1 iminithi epheleleyo (okanye i-3 imizuzu ekuphakameni okuphezulu ngaphezu kweemitha ze-2,000 / i-6,560 inyawo) ibulala i-100 ipesenti yazo zonke iintsholongwane ezifumaneka emanzini, i-Cryptoardias, i-Cryptodia, i-pathogens yabantu, kuquka i-pathogens yabantu. Nangona amanzi abila kwiqondo lobushushu elisezantsi kwindawo ephakamileyo (umzekelo, 89 degrees Celsius / 192 degrees Fahrenheit kwi-3,350 yeemitha / 11,000 iinyawo), zonke iipathogens eziphuma emanzini zisebenza ngokukhawuleza xa ubushushu bamanzi budlula ama-70 ukuya kuma-85 degrees Celsius (158 ukuya kwi-185 degrees Fahrenheit).

Ngaba i-bleach yasekhaya okanye i-iodine yoncedo lokuqala ibulala i-Cryptosporidium emanzini angasemva?

Hayi. Ngelixa ibleach yasekhaya engaqholwanga (i-2 ukuya kwezi-4 ilitha nganye kangangemizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-60) kunye ne-10% ye-iodine ye-iodine okanye i-2% ye-iodine tincture (amathontsi ama-5 ukuya kwayi-16 ngelitha imizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwengama-60) iyasebenza kakhulu ngokuchasene neebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, kwaye isebenza ngokuphakathi ngokuchasene neGiardia cantral cysts, iqokobhe langaphandle Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Ukubulala i-Cryptosporidium ngaphandle kokucoca, kufuneka ubilise amanzi, usebenzise i-Chlorine Dioxide tablets / drops (i-Aquamira okanye i-Katadyn Micropur MP1) kunye nexesha elipheleleyo lokulinda i-4 yeyure, okanye usebenzise ukukhanya kwe-UV (i-SteriPEN okanye i-6-hour clear-bottle solar SODIS).

Imithombo ijongiwe

  • Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo noThintelo (CDC, eUnited States) kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo (EPA): *Isikhokelo soNyango lwaManzi e-Backcountry: Ukuphumelela koHlulo, ukuBilisa kwi-Altitude, i-Chlorine Dioxide, i-Sodium Hypochlorite Bleach, kunye ne-Iodine ngokumelene ne-Cryptosporidium, i-Giardia, i-Bacteria, kunye ne-Virus *.
  • Wilderness Medical Society (WMS): *Izikhokelo zeClinical Practice for Water Disinfection for Wilderness, Travel International, and Austere Environments (Pasteurization Thermal Death Curves, SODIS UV-A Protocols, and Dehydration vs Incubation Risk) *.
  • Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO) kunye ne-Eawag (i-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology): * I-Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) Incwadi: Izikhokelo zobuGcisa ezicacileyo ze-PET Bottle UV-A kunye ne-Thermal Pathogen Inactivation *.
  • Iqela leKatadyn, uYilo lweCascade (MSR / Platypus), kunye nobuNjineli beeMveliso zeSawyer: I-Hollow-Fiber Membrane Freeze-Dama Physics kunye neNkqubo yoVavanyo lweNgqibelelo yeNdawo (BeFree Uvavanyo lokuvala umoya & QuickDraw Qwalasela iqamza lokuvuthela ngasemva).

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo