IiNdawo ezishushu okanye eziGutshisiweyo zoDonga, iiSwitshi eziBuzzing, kunye neeNgozi zeeNcingo zeAluminiyam¶

Isitshixo sombane esikumgangatho ongedimmer (isixhobo) okanye isibane sombane kufuneka ** sihlale siziva ubushushu begumbi sipholile xa sibamba** kwaye sisebenze ngokuzolileyo ngokupheleleyo. Nanini na xa ubamba i-faceplate yodonga kwaye uvakalelwa kukuba ** ishushu okanye ishushu **, qaphela ** i-brown okanye i-tan caramelization amanqaku ** malunga neendawo zokubeka iplagi ezithe nkqo, uve isandi esibuhlungu ** ukuncwina, ukuqhekeka, okanye 60-Hz isandi esikhwazayo ** ngaphakathi kwebhokisi yodonga, okanye ivumba elimnandi ** intlanzi-ebolileyo, umchamo, indawo yokulala, okanye indawo yokulala engenaye ikhemikhali esebenzayo. uluhlu oluxhathisayo oluphezulu lombane (uqhagamshelo oluvuthayo) ngaphakathi kodonga lwakho. Ngokutsho kweKomishoni yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi wase-US (CPSC) kunye noMbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe (i-NFPA), i-wiring-circuit wiring, i-receptacles, kunye nokutshintsha kubangele phezu ** i-25,000 yesakhiwo sokuhlala imililo ngonyaka ngamnye **, ihlala ivutha ama-studs odonga kunye ne-cellulose insulation ngelixa i-breaker circuit kwipaneli eyintloko ** ayisoze ihambe **.

Kutheni i-15-amp okanye i-20-amp yakho ingahambi ngesaphuli sesekethe xa i-outlet ngaphakathi eludongeni inyibilika ngokwenene kwaye ikhazimle icherry ebomvu ku 500 ukuya kuma-700 degrees Celsius (930 ukuya kwi-1,300 degrees Fahrenheit)? Ngenxa yokuba i-standard thermal-magnetic circuit breaker yenzelwe kuphela ukubona i-parallel overcurrent (xa isekethe itsala ngaphezu kwe-15 okanye i-20 amps iyonke). Xa i-terminal yobhedu yobhedu ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuphuma eludongeni ikhulula, xa i-spring-loaded ** "backstab" i-push-in wire connection ** ilahlekelwa ukuxinezeleka, okanye xa ** 1965-to-1973 i-aluminium eqinile ye-wiring yesebe ** i-oxidizes phantsi kwesikrufu sobhedu, uxhulumaniso olukhululekile alunyusi okwangoku; endaweni yoko, idala i-localized ** 2- ukuya kwi-5-ohm yokumelana nombane yebhotile . Xa i-12-amp ephathekayo yesifudumezi okanye isomisi seenwele sisebenza kuloo sekethi, i-breaker ibona i-amps ye-12 eqhelekileyo kwaye ihlala ngolonwabo ON, ngelixa kweso sijikelezi se-screw terminal ngaphakathi kodonga, $ I^ 2R $ Joule ukufudumeza ($ 12 text{ A} ^ 2 amaxesha 3 \, Omega = 432} i-screw 3 $ = i-watt screw 4 i-watt wing intsimbi yokuthambisa yombane engcwatywe ngaphakathi kwibhokisi yeplastiki ecaleni kwezikhuni zomthi ezomileyo. Okufihlakeleyo nangakumbi, kuba iindawo zokuphuma endlwini zitsalwa ngentambo ** "itsheyini ledaisy" (isondlo-ngoluhlu)**, indawo yokuphuma emva kwesofa yakho nge **akukho nto ifakwe kuyo yonke into ** inokubamba umlilo ngequbuliso kuba isifudumezi sendawo sifakwe kwigumbi lokulala elahluke ngokupheleleyo phantsi kweholo sitsala ii-amps eziyi-12.5 nge isithuba segumbi lokuhlala elingenanto. Ukwazi indlela yokuvala isiphaluka sesebe ngoko nangoko ngaphandle tsala iplagi welded phantsi komthwalo, ukuchonga classic "intlanzi efileyo" ivumba overheating thermoset zeplastiki, nokuphelisa backstabbed kunye un-pigtailed uqhagamshelo aluminiyam kuthintela imililo eludongeni efihliweyo.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Cima isaphuli sesekethe esondla i-outlet eshushu, ebhuzayo, okanye ejiyileyo okanye utshintshe kwiphaneli yakho yombane engundoqo ngokukhawuleza. Hamba uye ngqo kwibhokisi yakho ye-breaker engundoqo kwaye ujike i-15-amp okanye i-20-amp i-branch circuit breaker* ukuze elo gumbi li****. Ukuba i-breaker directory ayibhalwanga okanye ayichanekanga kwaye i-outlet iyatshaya, i-sizzling, okanye ivumba kakhulu iplastiki / intlanzi etshisiweyo, ** flip i-Main Service Breaker enkulu (100A okanye i-200A) phezulu kwephaneli UKUCHITHA ** ukusika amandla kwindlu yonke ngokukhawuleza, emva koko ujike i-breaker nganye emva kwexesha xa iphosakele.
2. Ukuba ubona umsi oshukumayo ugoqeka ukusuka kwiplate yobuso, amalahle abengezelayo ngaphakathi kwendawo yokubeka eludongeni, okanye uve udonga olomileyo olujikeleze indawo yokuphuma engaphezulu kwama-60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit): phuma kwaye ufowunele indawo yakho. amanani kaxakeka. Ungaze utshize amanzi okanye isicima-manzi esisekelwe emanzini kwindawo yombane. Iintsimbi zodonga zokhuni (2x4 ifreyimu) kunye ne-fiberglass ejongene nephepha okanye ukugqunywa kwe-cellulose evuthelweyo efihlwe ngasemva kwe-drywall inokuqhuma ingabhaqwanga kwintsimbi etshisayo kakhulu okanye kwibhokisi yefiberglass junction. Fowunela 911 e-United States naseKhanada, 112 kulo lonke elase-European Union, okanye i-999 e-United Kingdom ukuze abacimi-mlilo banokuhlola umngxuma wodonga ngekhamera yomfanekiso we-thermal. Phonononga wethu umlilo wombane kunye neentlantsi isikhokelo olungxamisekileyo.
3. Sakuba i-breaker yesekethe iqinisekisiwe IVALIWE: khupha yonke into ukusuka kuloo ndawo KUNYE nakuyo yonke enye indawo yokuphuma kwisekethe enye. Khumbula "I-Daisy-Chain Feed-NgoMthetho": ukuba uchukumise i-outlet yodonga engenanto emva kweshelufu yeencwadi engenanto ** akukho nto ixhunyiwe kuyo **, kodwa i-outlet yayishushu kwi-touch, ubushushu obunzima buveliswe yi-PC yombane, i-heater enzima yenziwe nge-PC. isomisi, okanye iayini) iplagiswe kwi-indawo ephumayo ezantsi kumjelo ecaleni kwendlela enye. Khupha zonke izifudumezi kunye nezixhobo ezitsala umzobo ophezulu kwelo gumbi nakumagumbi asecaleni kwawo.
4. Phanda ngayo nayiphi na "intlanzi efileyo, i-shrimp ebolayo, okanye umchamo wekati" kwigumbi ngokufunxa (ukusuka kwiisentimitha ezili-15 / i-intshi ezi-6 kude ngaphandle kokuchukumisa) iindawo zakho zodonga, izitshixo zokukhanya, kunye nokulungiswa kwesilingi. Izixhobo zombane, izitshixo zombane, iziqhekezi zesekethe, kunye neentambo zombane eziphuma kwi-heatre-resistant (Bakelite) kunye neeplastiki ze-urea-formaldehyde **. Xa ubhedu lwangaphakathi ludibanisa ii-arcs kwaye lufudumeza ezi plastiki ngaphezu kwe-150 degrees Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit), ukubola kwe-thermal kukhupha **i-methylamines eguquguqukayo kunye ne-ammonia compounds ** evumba ** i-100 yeepesenti efana nentlanzi ebolileyo okanye umchamo **. Ukuba igumbi livumba njengentlanzi, awunayo imibhobho yamanzi okanye ingxaki yokufa; unesixhobo sombane esiziphekayo ngaphakathi eludongeni okanye kwisilingi.
5. Misela ukuba iswitshi eshushu eludongeni yinto eqhelekileyo ethi "Dimmer Switch" okanye iswitshi yokuguqula i-arcing eyingozi.
6. Eqhelekileyo: A isilayidi, irotary, okanye i-smart dimmer elawula i-incandescent/halogen okanye iiglowubhu eziphezulu zamanzi) iyayichitha 3 ukuya kwi-12 watts yobushushu kulo lonke elingaphakathi I-TRIAC semiconductor i-heat-sink fin kwaye idweliswe ngokubonakalayo nge-50 degrees UL 105 ukuya 120 degrees Fahrenheit*) ngelixa izibane zivuliwe.
7. Imeko eNgxamisekileyo eNgxamisekileyo: Umgangatho othi UKUVULA/UVALE iguquguquko lomatshini okanye iswitshi yerocker (engeyiyo i-dimmer) okanye nasiphi na isitshixo seplagi eludongeni kufuneka ibe i-zero yangaphakathi yokuchitha ubushushu kwaye mayingaze** izive ishushu. Ukuba isibane esiqhelekileyo sokutshintsha okanye nasiphi na isixhobo seplagi siziva sishushu kancinane, okanye ukuba iswitshi ye-dimmer ishushu kakhulu ukubamba umnwe wakho ngokuchasene ngokukhululekileyo imizuzwana emi-5 (ngaphezu kwe-60°C / 140°F) okanye ihlale ishushu xa izibane zicinyiwe OFF, cima i-breaker ngoko nangoko.
8. Ungaze uphinde usebenzise isifudumezi esitshisiweyo, esinyibilikisiweyo, okanye esivuleke ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye ungaze uplage isifudumezi se-1,500-watt kumtya wombane okanye kwisitya esigugileyo. Nje ukuba intsimbi yangaphakathi yobhedu yobhedu itshise ngokugqithisileyo, ingxubevange yobhedu iphulukana ngokusisigxina nesixhobo sayo sokutshisa isinyithi (**an) prong ngokuqinileyo kwakhona kwaye iya kutshisa ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo xa uplaga into. Gcina i-breaker IVILE de indawo yokwamkela ithatyathelwe indawo yorhwebo i-back-wire screw-clamp okanye i-side-screw pigtailed receptacle (okanye isixhobo esilinganiswe neCO/ALR ukuba ikhaya lakho lineentambo ze-aluminium zesebe).

Indawo eshushu, iswitshi evuzayo, kunye netshati yokuxilonga yohambo lwe-GFCI¶

Sebenzisa le tshati yobunjineli yokulinganisa ukufumanisa ukuba kutheni isitya sodonga, iswitshi, okanye iGFCI ishushu kakhulu, iyantyiloza, okanye iyakhubeka.

flowchart TD
    Start["Isixhobo soMbane soMbane okanye iSwitshi eHambangayo ifunyenwe"] --> Symptom{"1. Loluphi olona phawu?"}

    Symptom -->|"A. Indawo yokuphuma eludongeni ivakala ishushu/ishushu, ineendawo zokubeka ezimdaka/zinyibilikile, okanye igumbi linuka njengentlanzi efileyo."| CutBreaker["ISENZO NGENXA NGOKU:<br/>1. Flip Branch Circuit Breaker UKUYA KUQALA<br/>2. Khupha izixhobo kuphela EMVA kokuba amandla ecinyiwe<br/>3. Jonga ukuba i-outlet ityisa i-Space heater / AC"]

    Symptom -->|"B. Isibane sokutshintsha siziva sishushu okanye senza<br/>isandi sokubhuza/esikrazukileyo xa siphetshwa"| SwitchCheck{"Ngaba iswitshi luTshintsho lweDimmer<br/>okanye umgangatho oVulekileyo/Ocinyiweyo wokuguqula?"}

    Symptom -->|"C. Izibane kwigumbi elinye lokulala ziyadayiza/zimfiliba ngokuqaqambileyo<br/>xa i-microwave okanye isifudumezi sendawo silayita"| LooseWire["INKONZO EPHEZULU YOKUMELANA NE-DAISY-CHAIN:<br/>I-'Backstab' ekhululekileyo yocingo lokutyhala ngaphakathi okanye ucingo lweAluminiyam eneoksijini<br/>kwindawo yokuphuma emntla phakathi kwendawo yolawulo kunye neli gumbi.<br/>Cima isekethi kwaye uguqule zonke ii-backstabs zibe yi-side-screw pigtails."]

    Symptom -->|"D. GFCI yokuphuma kwigumbi lokuhlambela/ekhitshini/egaraji<br/>ihlala ikhubeka okanye icofa nge-LED ebomvu/eqhwanyazayo"| GFCITriage{"Ngaba iqhosha le-GFCI RESET lihlala <br/>emva kokukhupha zonke iintambo?"}

    CutBreaker --> WireAge{"Ngaba ikhaya lakhiwe okanye lafakwa ucingo phakathi ko-1965 no-1973?"}
    WireAge -->|"EWE: Khangela isilivere enombala oqinileyo<br/>Iingcingo zesebe zeAluminiyam ebhokisini"| AlumProtocol["I-ALUMINUM WIRING HAZARD:<br/>Iintsimbi zobhedu eziqhelekileyo aziphumeleli kwi-aluminiyam yocingo.<br/>Kufuneka isebenzise iivenkile ezikwi-CO/ALR-rated OR AlumiConn<br/>3-port purple lug connectors ezine-copper pigtails."]
    WireAge -->|"NO: Iingcingo zobhedu"| CopperProtocol["Faka esikhundleni sesixhobo esiqhotyoshelweyo/enyibilikisiweyo nge<br/>20A Isixhobo sokuSebenza seBanga eliKhethekileyo;<br/>songa ii-J-hook zobhedu ngaxeshanye phantsi kwezikrufu ezisecaleni."]

    SwitchCheck -->|"Ukutshintsha kwe-Dimmer: ukufudumala ngobumnene (40-50 C) KUPHELA<br/>xa izibane ZIVULIWE; akukho vumba okanye ukuqhekeka"| NormalDimmer["Ukufudumala kweTRIAC yeSinki yoBubushushu:<br/>Qinisekisa ukuba amanzi ebhalbhu ewonke ayidluli<br/>umlinganiselo wedimmer (derate ukuba yibhokisi yeqela lemigulukudu)."]
    SwitchCheck -->|"UmGangatho ON/OFF uguquguqula iswitshi uziva ushushu,<br/>OKANYE naluphi na utshintsho luyaqhekeka, iintlantsi, okanye ivumba"| BadSwitch["AKUFANELEKILEYO / UKUTSHINTSHWA KWE-ARCING:<br/>Iiphedi zoqhagamshelwano zesilivere zangaphakathi ezifakwe emngxunyeni kunye ne-arcing.<br/>Cima ibreaker ngoko nangoko kwaye ubuyisele iswitshi."]

    GFCITriage -->|"Uhambo ngokukhawuleza nokuba akukho nto ifakiweyo"| GroundFault["Ukufuma okusezantsi kwiBhokisi yokuPhuma yaNgaphandle,<br/>Ukuvuza koMhlaba weSixhobo, okanye ukungaphumeleli kokuZivavanya okuSelf kwe-GFCI<br/>(I-Solid/Iqhwanyaza i-LED eBomvu = Ukutshintshwa kokuphela koBomi)"]

Imatrix yokuthelekisa: indawo yokuphuma eludongeni kunye neempawu ezilumkisayo zokutshintsha¶

Sebenzisa le theyibhile yesalathiso ukumisela ubungqongqo kunye nonobangela womatshini wayo nayiphi na indawo yombane okanye utshintshe uphawu ekhayeni lakho.

IFiziksi ye "15-Amp Breaker Paradox": Kutheni indawo yokuphuma ebomvu eqaqambileyo ingaze ihambe isaphuli esiqhelekileyo¶

Eyona ngcamango iyingozi kakhulu kukhuseleko lwendawo yokuhlala kukukholelwa: * "Ukuba bekukho ingxaki yombane eyingozi kwindawo yokuphuma eludongeni lwam, isaphuli-mthetho esikumgangatho ongaphantsi siya kukhubeka kwaye siyivale."*

Nasi isizathu sokuba isiqhekezi sesekethe esisezantsi ** singakwazi ukubona** uqhagamshelo olukhululekileyo, olunyibilikayo de kube lixesha kakhulu: 1. Yeyiphi imilinganiselo esemgangathweni ye-Thermal-Magnetic Breaker: - Umgangatho we-15-amp okanye i-20-amp breaker kwiphaneli yakho ilinganisa kuphela ** iyonke yombane wangoku (i-amperes)** oqukuqela ngaphandle kwesaphuli. Inayo ** akukho sensor yobushushu ngaphakathi kodonga lwakho lokulala ** kwaye (ngaphandle kokuba i-ACCI ibreaker yanamhlanje) akukho microprocessor ibukele uthotho lwe-arcing. 2. Umthetho ka-Ohm kunye ne-\(I^2R\) Uthotho Lokufudumeza ("UQhagamshelwano Olukhanyayo"): - Masithi uplaga 1,500-watt yesifudumezi sombane esiphathwayo kwigumbi lokuphuma kwi-15-amp, 120-volt yesekethi. Ngomthetho ka-Ohm ($ I = P / V $), i-heater yendawo idonsa ** $ 1,500\text{ W} / 120\text{ V} = 12.5\text{ amps}\(**. - Ngenxa yokuba ** i-12.5 amps ingaphantsi kwe-15 amps **, i-15-amp breaker kwindawo yakho ephantsi ** i-100 yeepesenti yanelisekile ** kwaye ayiyi kuhamba. - Ngaphakathi kwindawo esempilweni, eludongeni oluqinileyo, ukuchasana kombane phakathi kocingo lobhedu, isikrufu sobhedu, kunye neblade yeplagi ingaphantsi kwe **0.005 ohms (\)5\text{ milliohms}\()**. Kwi-12.5 amps, ubushushu obuveliswe ngaphakathi kwi-tight outlet yi-\) I^2R = (12.5)^2 amaxesha 0.005 = mathbf {0.78 text{ watts}} $ (ibanda ngokupheleleyo kwi-touch). - Ngoku cinga ** "backstab" push-in ucingo spring** ngaphakathi kweso sitshixo sikhulula ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-10, okanye iincakuba slot sobhedu ziyaguga, ukuphakamisa ukuxhathisa uqhagamshelwano kuloo ndawo incinci enye ukusuka \(0.005\text{ohms}\) nje \(2.0\text{ohms}\). - Itotali yangoku yesekethe ngokwenene yehla kancinane (ukusuka kwi-12.5 amps ukuya kutsho * 10.9 amps**, isenza -breaker yangaphantsi nokuba ncinane kakhulu* ukuba ihambe.), ** ngelixa kunxibelelwano oluncinci lwe-2-ohm ngaphathi kwebkisi yokuphuma **, isizukulwana sobushushu sasekhaya sitsibela ukuya: $\(P = I^2 \amaxesha R = (10.9\text{ A})^2 \amaxesha 2.0\,\Omega = \mathbf{237\text{watts yobushushu obucwengileyo obugxininisiweyo}}\)$ - Ugxniniso 237 watts (amandla eebhalbhzokukhanya ezine zamandulo eziyi-60-watt okanye umpu osindayo we-soldering) kwi-2-millimeter yentloko yesijivu sobhedu* ngaphakathi kwebhokisi yeplastiki engaphefumlelwanga yodonga iqhuba isikrufu kunye ne-oxide yobhedu edlulileyo **600 degrees Fahrenheit0 degrees Fahrenheit0 degrees Celsius (1,10). ukugquma, ukutshisa ibhokisi yeplastiki, kunye nokuvutha kodonga lwamaplanga ngelixa i-breaker engaphantsi ifunda i-10.9 amps enoxolo.

Ingozi 1: "I-backstabbed" i-push-in receptacle kunye ne-Daisy-Chain Trap¶

Ukuba uhlala kwikhaya elakhiwe ukususela ngoo-1960 ukuya kule mini yangoku kwaye uqaphele ukuba **indawo yokuphuma engenanto iplagwe kuyo ivakala ishushu **, okanye ukuba izibane kunye nezixhobo ezinqumla kwisiqingatha segumbi ngequbuliso ziyafinyaza okanye zife xa uplaga isicoci sevacuum okanye imicrowave kudonga olwahlukileyo, awuphumelelanga "backstab" uqhagamshelo lwedaisy-chain.

Yintoni uQhagamshelwano lwe-"Backstab" (Push-In)?¶

Ngasemva kwendawo nganye engabiziyo i-$1.50 yendawo yokuhlala eyi-15-amp duplex outlet kukho imingxunya emincinci esibhozo ebizwa ngokuba zii-push-in terminals (ebizwa ngokuba yi-"backstabs" ngamagcisa ombane). - Ukufakela iintambo zendlu ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngexesha lokwakha, abakhi baqhawula iimilimitha ezili-13 (½ intshi) zocingo lobhedu baze bahlabe ucingo oluthe tye olungenanto lungene kumngxuma ongasemva kwendawo yokuphumayo endaweni yokusonga ucingo lujikeleze izikrufu zobhedu ezinzima. - Ngaphakathi kuloo mngxuma kukho iphepha elicekethekileyo sheet-brass spring knife-edge eliluma kwicala locingo lobhedu phezu kwepatch yoqhagamshelwano encinci kunentloko yephini (ngaphantsi kwe-1 square millimeter). - Ukongeza, ukutsalela iintambo ezi-8 kwigumbi lokulala kwisekethe enye, abakhi basebenzisa i-outlet body ngokwayo njengebhulorho ye-splice (**daisy-chaining *): ucingo olungenayo oluvela kwiphaneli ye-breaker lubethelwe kumngxunya ongaphezulu we-backstab, kunye nocingo oluphumayo olusondla i-7 elandelayo i-outlet phantsi komgca ugxothwe kwi-backstable ephantsi. - Kutheni i-backstabs isilela: Ngalo lonke ixesha umntu evula i-12-amp space heater, isomisi seenwele, i-iron, okanye ifestile ye-AC kwi indawo yokugqibela kakhulu yokuphuma kwitsheyini, ukuba ii-amps ezili-12 kufuneka zilwe indlela yayo nge-14 emincinci ye-knife-edge backstab springs kwiindawo ezisi-7 eziphuma phezulu. Ucingo lobhedu luyanda xa lufudumele kwaye lucutheka xa lupholile (**ibhayisekile ye-thermal **), ngokuqhubekayo lwenza buthathaka ikliphu yasentwasahlobo ebhityileyo de ucingo lutsale lukhulule ngeqhezu le-millimeter, luqale uthotho lwe-arcing, luze lunyibilikise i-outlet engenanto enyukayo kanye ngaphakathi eludongeni.

Ulungiso olusisigxina: "I-Pigtailing" kunye ne-Side-Screw Clamping¶

Xa wena okanye umntu osebenza ngombane utshintsha nayiphi na indawo efudumeleyo, edadayo, okanye egugileyo eludongeni: 1. Ungaze usebenzise imingxunya yokutyhala ngasemva emva kwendawo yokuphuma. 2. Ungaze usebenzise izikrufu ezibini zecala lokuphuma njengebhulorho yokuphumela ezantsi kwindawo yokuphuma. Endaweni yoko, thatha ucingo olumnyama olungenayo olushushu olusuka kwindawo yolawulo, ucingo oluphumayo olumnyama olushushu oluphumayo uye kwindawo yokuphuma elandelayo, kunye neqhekeza elifutshane eliziisentimitha eziyi-15 (ii-intshi ezi-6) locingo olumnyama lobhedu (i "pigtail" iphiko locingo oluphezulu oludibanisa zonke iiwotshi ezintathu ngaphakathi komgangatho wekopha nut (okanye Wago 221 lever-nut)**, kwaye uqhagamshele kuphela loo pigtail ucingo olunye kwi-J-hook ngaxeshanye phantsi kwesikrufu sobhedu secala lokuphuma (kwaye uphinde nge-pigtail emhlophe yeengcingo ezingathathi hlangothi). 3. Nge i-pigtailing, umbane oqukuqela ukuya kwiindawo ezisezantsi zomlambo udlula ngokuthe ngqo kwi-splice ye-copper-to-copper wire-nut splice ngasemva kwebhokisi kwaye ungaze uqukuqelele kumzimba wokuphuma, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kungenzeki ukuba isifudumezi esisezantsi sitshise ngokugqithisileyo indawo ephumayo.

Ingozi yesi-2: IiNcingo zeSebe leAluminiyam eziSolid (Amakhaya akhiwe ngo-1965 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1973)¶

Ukuba ikhaya lakho, indlu yedolophu, okanye indlu yakhiwe okanye yandiswa phakathi 1965 kunye 1973 (xa ukunqongophala kobhedu ehlabathini lonke kwabangela ukuba abakhi bafake ucingo malunga nezigidi ezi-2 zemizi yaseMntla Melika ene-12-AWG okanye i-10-AWG enye-intambo ye-aluminiyam yesebe yesekethe** ye-15-amp kunye ne-amplet-amp kunye ne-amp efudumeleyo ixesha likaxakeka eliphezulu.

Uxela njani ukuba ikhaya lakho lineeNcingo zeAluminiyam yeSebe¶

(Qaphela: Iintambo ze-aluminiyam ezityebileyo, ezinemisonto emininzi ezisetyenziselwa ipaneli yenkonzo eyi-200-amp engundoqo, uluhlu lombane lwe-50-amp, okanye i-30-amp dryer zikhuselekile xa zipheliswe kwi-lugs zephaneli ezilinganisiweyo kunye ne-anti-oxidant paste. Ubungozi bomlilo obugqithisileyo busebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwi-encinci, i-solid-strand kunye ne-20-strand ye-20 ye-luluminum ye-feed * . iindawo zokuphuma eludongeni kunye nezibane zokukhanyisa.) 1. Xa i-breaker yesekethe icinyiwe, khanyisa isibane kwibhokisi yokuphuma evulekileyo okanye ujonge iplastiki yangaphandle yokushela iintambo ze-NM ezingena kwiphaneli yakho yokuqhekeza umbane engaphantsi: - Iintambo ezenziwe nge-aluminiyam ezineekhondaktha zinegama AL okanye ALUMINUM okanye ALUM eprintiweyo okanye egxininiswe rhoqo ngeesentimitha ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-60 (1 ukuya kwi-2 iinyawo) ecaleni kwebhatyi yeplastiki yangaphandle, kunye nocingo olungenanto lwekhondakta yentsimbi ngaphakathi kwindongomane zocingo lukhangeleka isilivere emdaka/ngwevu kunobhedu olubomvu-orenji. 2. Kutheni ucingo oluluqilima lwe-aluminiyam lutshisa kwiindawo ezisemgangathweni zobhedu kuphela (iDatha yoFundo ye-CPSC): - Ngokwezifundo zomlilo ezibalaseleyo kwilizwe jikelele yi U.S. IKomishoni yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi (i-CPSC Publication 516), amakhaya afakwe kwi-1972 eqinile i-aluminium yesebe ye-wiring ** amaxesha angama-55 amathuba okuba abe noqhagamshelo lwengcingo enye okanye ngaphezulu kwiindawo ezithengisayo ezifikelela kwi-"Fire Hazard Conditions" kunamakhaya aneentambo zobhedu. - Iindlela ezine zokusilela kwesinyithi: 1. Ukwandiswa kweThermal ePhakamileyo kunye ne "Cold Flow Creep": I-Aluminiyam iyanda kunye neekhontrakthi **i-38 ekhulwini ngaphezu kobhedu ** xa ifudunyezwa ngumthwalo wombane. Xa ucingo oluluqilima lwe-aluminiyam luvaleleke phantsi kwesikrufu sentsimbi okanye ubhedu kwaye lufudunyezwe, i-aluminiyam ethambileyo eyandayo ayinandawo yokuya, ngoko ke ikhupha ("irhubuluza") iphuma phantsi kwentloko yesikrufu njengentlama yamazinyo. Xa umthwalo ucima kwaye ucingo luphola, ucingo olusicaba lwe-aluminiyam ngoku luncinci kunangaphambili, lushiya isithuba somoya esikhululekile phantsi kwesikrufu. 2. Instantaneous Insulating Oxide Film (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\)): Xa ubhedu luxutywa emoyeni, i-copper oxide iseyi-semi-conductive. Xa i-aluminiyam ibonakaliswe emoyeni, ngokukhawuleza yenza i-microscopic yesikhumba se-aluminium oxide (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\), i-ceramic sapphire/corundum), eyi i-insulator yombane ufutshane-egqibeleleyo eqhuba ukuchasana noqhagamshelwano oluphulu. 3. I-Galvanic Corrosion: Iintsimbi ezingafaniyo (ucingo lwe-aluminiyam oluchukumisa isikrufu sobhedu kumoya ofumileyo) zityhulwa yigalvanic corrosion etya uqhagamshelo. 4. Ukwenza lukhuni kunye ne-Brittle Snapping: ucingo oluqinileyo lwe-aluminiyam lusebenza lukhuni kwaye luqhawule ngaphandle komgudu ukuba lugobelwe ngapha nangapha ngaphezu kwamaxesha amabini okanye amathathu xa lutyhala into yokuphuma ebhokisini.

I-3 KUPHELA Iindlela ezivunyiweyo ze-CPSC zokulungisa i-Aluminiyam i-Wiring yeSebe¶

Ukuba uneecingo eziqinileyo ze-aluminiyam yesebe ekhayeni lakho kwaye i-outlet ivakala ishushu, ishukuma, okanye ifuna ukutshintshwa, UNGAZE uqhagamshele ucingo oluluqilima lwe-aluminiyam kumgangatho we-"CU-Only" (Copper-Only) yokuphuma, kwaye UNGAZE ujije ucingo lwe-aluminium kunye nocingo lobhedu kunye ngaphakathi kwi-hardware-store wire nut (kuquka ucingo oludityanisiweyo olunomgangatho owenziwe ngentsimbi, kubandakanywa ucingo oluyi-twine oludityanisiweyo. ukutshisa imbali kuvavanyo lwe-CPSC).

Sebenzisa enye kuphela kwezi ndlela zintathu zamkelwe ngokusemthethweni: 1. Indlela yoku-1 (Eyona nto ingcono yokuLungiswa kweBhokisi ye-DIY/yoMbane): I-King Innovation "AlumiConn" i-3-Port Purple Lug Connectors: - Ivunywe yi-CPSC, UL, kunye ne-inshurensi yababhali bangaphantsi, i-AlumiConn isinxibelelanisi yibhloko encinci emfusa egqunyiweyo equlethe **itonela ezintathu ezihlukeneyo ze-tin-plated aluminium seti-screw ** ezaliswe kwangaphambili nge-silicone anti-oxidant inhibitor paste. - Ngenxa yokuba ucingo olungenayo lwe-aluminiyam, ucingo lwe-aluminiyam ephumayo, kunye nocingo olutsha lwe-pigtail yobhedu, nganye ingena kweyayo eyahlukileyo i-screw port (ukuze i-aluminiyam kunye neengcingo zobhedu zingachukumisi ngokwasemzimbeni okanye zityumzene) kwaye ziqiniswe ngesikrudrayiva se-torque, iphelisa ngokusisigxina ukuhamba okubandayo kunye ne-galvanic corrosion, ekuvumela ukuba uqhagamshele umgangatho wobhedu. 2. Indlela yesi-2 (IsiGaba esisiGxina soBuchule boShicilelo): UQhagamshelwano lwe-TE "COPALUM" I-Cold-Weld Crimp: - Ifakwe ngumsebenzi wombane oqinisekisiweyo usebenzisa i-specialized 10,000-PSI powered hydraulic crimp tool ebanda i-welds i-aluminiyam ucingo kwi-pigtail yobhedu ngaphakathi komkhono wensimbi ogxumekileyo, ogqunywe yi-tubing enzima yokushisa. 3. Indlela yesi-3 (UTshintsho lweSixhobo sikaNgxamiseko okwethutyana): CO/ALR-Iizixhobo ezigxininisiweyo kunye noTshintsho: - Ukuba kufuneka ubuyisele indawo eshushu okanye utshintshe ngqo kwiintambo ze-aluminiyam ngaphandle kokufakwa kwehagu, thenga KUPHELA isitya okanye utshintshe isitampu esicacileyo. CO/ALR (Ubhedu/iAluminiyam eHlaziyiweyo) kumtya wokuxhoma wesinyithi (hayi CU/AL, oluyi-1970 oluphelelwe lixesha lokuvavanya ukhuseleko olungaphumelelanga). CO/ALR izixhobo zisebenzisa izikrufu ezithambileyo izikrufu zobhedu eziyi-indium-plated ezineentloko ezinkulu ezilungiselelwe ukuluma nge-aluminiyam oxide ngaphandle kokutyumza ucingo.

Ingozi 3: Kutheni iivenkile ze-GFCI zihlala zikhubeka okanye zicofa (Iimpazamo eziGround vs. End-of-Life)¶

Amakhitshi ala maxesha, amagumbi okuhlambela, iigaraji, amagumbi angaphantsi, kunye neendonga zangaphandle zisebenzisa GFCI (I-Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) ezinezixhobo TEST kwaye RESET amaqhosha. Ngokungafaniyo ne-breaker kwindawo engaphantsi (ehamba nge-15 okanye i-20 amps), i-GFCI iqulethe i-transformer yangoku enovakalelo ebeka esweni ibhalansi echanekileyo yangoku ishiya i-Hot slot ** kwaye ibuyele kwi- **I-slot ye-Neutral **, i-snapping power OFF in ** 25 millisecond ** ukuba nokuba ** 4 ukuya kwi-6 0 0 milliaks (0 0 milliamps , i-0 milliaks, i-0 0 0 . Isomisi seenwele esimanzi esandleni sakho).

Ukuba indawo yokuphuma ye-GFCI endlwini yakho ngequbuliso iqala ** ukucofa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ukuncwina, ukubonisa ukukhanya okuqinileyo okanye ukuqhwanyaza kwe-RED, okanye ukwala ukuvumela ukukhanya. RESET hlala iqhosha lityhiliziwe**:

1. Khupha zonke iintambo kuloo ndawo ye-GFCI KUNYE nakuzo zonke iindawo zokuphuma "kuMsinga oKhuselweyo":
2. Indawo enye ye-GFCI kwigumbi lokuhlambela elisezantsi okanye egaraji ihlala ineentambo ngokudlula kuyo LOAD iitheminali zokukhusela zonke iivenkile zeveranda zangaphandle, indawo yokuphuma ngasemva, kunye negumbi lokuhlambela elikumgangatho ophezulu.
3. Ukuba amanzi emvula angena ngaphakathi kwintambo yolwandiso lweholide yangaphandle kwiveranda engaphambili, i-GFCI ngaphakathi kwegaraji okanye igumbi lokuhlambela liya kukhubeka kwaye yale ukuseta kwakhona de uphumele ngaphandle kwaye ukhuphe intambo emanzi ukusuka kwindawo ephuma ngaphandle esezantsi.
4. Nxibelela ngekhowudi isibane se-LED esidanyazayo okanye esiqinileyo kwii-GFCIs zanamhlanje "zokuZivavanya" (UL 943 Post-2015 Standard):
5. Ukusukela ngoJuni 2015, i-UL 943 ifuna zonke iivenkile ze-GFCI ezitsha ezithengiswa kuMntla Melika ukuba zenze uvavanyo oluzenzekelayo lwangaphakathi lwe-elektroniki rhoqo ngemizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-3 (okuthi ngamanye amaxesha yenze isandi esincinci sokucofa okukodwa).
6. Ukuba isibane esincinci se-LED ebusweni be-GFCI sidanyaza RED okanye RED eyomeleleyo kwaye iqhosha le-RESET liyala ukungena (nangona kungekho nto iplagiweyo): I-MOV yokhuselo lwangaphakathi lwe-GFCI okanye isilungisi esilawulwa yisilicon (SCR) sifikelele Isiphelo soBomi ukusilela (kaninzi emva kokucinywa kombane kuye kwacima okanye kucinywe umbane ngokusisigxina) ngaphandle ngoko ayinakukunika imvakalelo yobuxoki yokhuseleko. Vala i-breaker kwaye ubeke indawo ye-GFCI ye-$ 18.
7. Isikhenkcisi / isikhenkcisi esifakwe kwigaraji ye-GFCI:
8. Izikhenkcisi zegaraji ezindala kunye nezikhenkcezisi zesifuba zinecompressor eqala ukujikajika kunye nezifudumezi ezivuza ngokwendalo zivuza i-3 ukuya kwi-5 milliamps ye-capacitive yangoku kwisakhelo sesinyithi xa icompressor iqabela okanye idiliza, ibangela inkathazo kwiihambo ze-GFCI ezonakalise amakhulu eedola zokutya okunomkhenkce. Yiba nomntu osebenza ngombane afakele isekethe yesixhobo esinye esinikezelweyo okanye isixhobo sangoku se-GFCI esilinganiswe ngemoto kwizikhenkcisi zegaraji, kwaye uplage i-$15 ye-Alarm yokuPhuma kwamandla eAudible* kwindawo enye ukuze uve ukuntyiloza ngoko nangoko ukuba igaraji i-GFCI ikhe yahamba.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa¶

Kutheni igumbi lam lokulala okanye igumbi lokuhlambela ngokukhawuleza livumba njengentlanzi ebolileyo efileyo nangona igumbi lingenabala?¶

Ngequbuliso, ivumba elimangalisayo lentlanzi ebolileyo, i-shrimp efileyo, okanye i-ammonia / umchamo ngaphakathi kwegumbi, ngakumbi elo liya liqina xa isifudumezi sendawo, i-air conditioner, ukukhanya kwesilingi, okanye isomisi sisebenza kwaye sinyamalale emva kweyure emva kokuba icinyiwe, ngumsayino wekhemikhali weklasikhi yomlilo wombane oqala ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuphuma eludongeni, utshintsho lokukhanya, isilingi, okanye i-breaker panel. Izivalo zombane, amandongomane ombane, kunye neebhloko zetheminali zibunjwa ukusuka kwi-thermoset phenolic (Bakelite) kunye neeplastiki ze-urea-formaldehyde ezibolayo xa zishushu ngaphezu kwe-150 degrees celcius (300 degrees Fahrenheit) ngocingo olwenzekileyo, olukhupha ivumba le-methyldenamine efileyo; cima i-breaker circuit yelo gumbi ngokukhawuleza kwaye uhlole yonke indawo yokuphuma kunye nokutshintsha.

Kwenzeka njani ukuba indawo yokuphuma eludongeni engenanto iplagwe kuyo ibe shushu okanye inyibilike?¶

Kwi-wiring yokuhlala, oombane abafane baqhube ucingo oluhlukeneyo ukusuka kwipaneli ye-breaker ukuya kwi-outlet nganye; endaweni yoko, intambo enye ibaleka ukusuka kwiphaneli yebreaker ukuya kwindawo yokuqala yokuphuma kwikhonkco, emva koko itsibe ukusuka kwindawo yokuphuma ukuya kwindawo yesibini, yesithathu, neyesine ezantsi eludongeni ("daisy-chaining"). Ukuba umntu uplaga isithuba se-1,500-watt isifudumezi kwi-Outlet #4 kwicala elikude legumbi, zonke ii-amps eziyi-12.5 zaloo mbane kufuneka ziqukuqelele ngqo kwizikrufu okanye i-push-in "backstab" imithombo ye-Empty Outlet #1, #2, ne #3 endleleni; ukuba iEmpty Outlet #2 inocingo lwasemva olukhululekileyo ngaphakathi kwebhokisi yayo, umsinga oqukuqelayo kweso sidibaniso sikhululekileyo siya kutshisa kakhulu kwaye sinyibilike iEmpty Outlet #2 nangona kungekho nto iplagwe ebusweni bayo.

Kutheni ungaze uplage i-1,500-watt yesifudumezi esiphathwayo kwintambo yamandla okanye intambo yolwandiso?¶

Ngokungafaniyo nomabonwakude, ikhompyutha, okanye itshaja yefowuni (etsala i-0.5 ukuya kwi-2 amps kuphela ngamaxesha athile), isifudumezi sombane esiphathwayo se-1,500-watt sitsala i-amps eqhubekayo ye-12.5 iiyure ekupheleni, idla i-83 yepesenti yomthamo oqhelekileyo we-15-amp yesekethe yasekhaya ngokwayo. Imichilo yamandla ephuma kwiindawo ezininzi kunye nezikhuseli ezityandayo ziqulathe imicu yebhasi ebhityileyo yangaphakathi, iswitshi encinci ye-15-amp thermal rocker, kunye nentambo ye-16-AWG okanye 14-AWG engenziwanga ubunjineli obuqhubekayo iiyure ezininzi ze-12.5-amp imithwalo yokufudumeza eshushu, ebangela ukuba umtya weplagi unyibilike kwaye uvale ikhaphethi yombane; soloko uplaga isifudumezi-ndawo ngokuthe ngqo kwisitya esibambelela eludongeni kwaye ungaze usishiye sisebenza singajongwanga okanye ulele.

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-GFCI kunye ne-AFCI breaker, kwaye yeyiphi enqanda iindawo ezishushu ekuqaliseni umlilo?¶

I-GFCI (i-Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) sisixhobo esichasene nombane esenzelwe ukukhusela abantu kwiindawo ezimanzi (amagumbi okuhlambela, iikhikhini, ngaphandle) ngokusika amandla xa i-5 milliamps yangoku ivuza ngaphandle kwesekethe ukuya emhlabeni; nangona kunjalo, i-GFCI AYIKWAZI ukubona i-wire ekhululekile, evuthayo-eshushu okanye uchungechunge lwe-arcing ngaphakathi kwe-outlet yokulala eyomileyo ngenxa yokuba yonke into yangoku isabuyela kwintambo engathathi hlangothi. I-ACCI (i-Combination Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter) iqhekeza okanye i-outlet isebenzisa i-microprocessor ukujonga i-high-frequency radio-frequency (RF) isiginitsha yombane kucingo, ibona zombini iintlantsi ezinxuseneyo zesekethi emfutshane kunye nothotho olujikelezayo ngaphaya kocingo olungasemva oluxekileyo okanye intambo eyonakeleyo kunye nokukhubeka ngaphandle kodonga.

Imithombo ijongiwe¶

• IKomishoni yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi eUnited States (CPSC): Ukupapashwa kwe-516: Ukulungisa i-Aluminium Wiring kunye * kunye *Iingozi zoMlilo weNkqubo yoMbane yeKhaya: Izixhobo eziLawulayo, i-Backstab Push-In Connections, kunye ne-Space Heater Cord Failures *.
• ** I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): ** *NFPA 70: IKhowudi yeSizwe yoMbane (NEC) Amanqaku 210.12 (uKhuseleko lwe-AFCI), i-210.8 (uKhuseleko lwe-GFCI), kunye ne-406 (Ii-Receptacles kunye ne-CO / ALR Markings) *.
• ** IiLabhoratri ze-Underwriters (UL): ** * UL 498 (I-Standard for Attachment Plugs and Receptacles), UL 943 (Standard for Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters with Auto-Monitoring Self-Test), kunye ne-UL 1699 (Arc-Fault Circuit) *Interrupt.
• IsiSeko soKhuseleko loMbane lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (ESFI) kunye noKhuseleko loMbane kuQala (eUnited Kingdom): Ukuqaphela iiVenkile zokuThengisa, iPhenolic Plastic Fishy Odors, kunye noQhagamshelwano loMbane olukhanyayo.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• Umlilo wombane, iintlantsi, kunye nevumba elivuthayo kwiindonga
• Iphaneli yombane i-arcing, i-buzzing breakers, kunye nokushisa ngokugqithiseleyo
• Imililo yesixhobo: ukukhupha iplagi, ukucinywa kwebreaker, kunye noxinzelelo lweClass C
• Akukho bushushu ebusika: ukufudumala kwangaphakathi okukhuselekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kombhobho
• Ukucima kombane: ukukhanya okukhuselekileyo, ukhuseleko lokutya, kunye nokhuseleko lokutya
• Uluhlu lweenombolo zexesha likaxakeka