Outdoor Concert Stage Collapse, Festival Tent Wind Uplift, and Rigging Failure¶

Temporary outdoor concert stages, aluminum box-truss lighting roofs, giant suspended LED video walls, and large vinyl festival marquee tents look like massive permanent buildings, but structurally they are giant fabric sails and high-drag wind catchers held down only by temporary concrete ballast blocks, water barrels, or soil stakes. When a thunderstorm outflow boundary (gust front or microburst) rolls across an outdoor fairground, wedding venue, or music festival, wind speeds can jump from a calm 15 kilometers per hour (9 miles per hour) to over 90 kilometers per hour (56 miles per hour) in less than 60 seconds. Because wind pressure scales with the square of the wind velocity (the square of the wind speed), doubling the wind speed from 35 km/h (22 mph) to 70 km/h (43 mph) quadruples the aerodynamic force hammering the stage roof and video banners.

Once wind gusts reach the critical 50 to 64 kilometers per hour (31 to 40 miles per hour) threshold, an unvented temporary stage or marquee tent undergoes rapid aerodynamic failure. On a concert stage, horizontal wind drag against opaque rear backdrops, side scrims, and hung 1,500-kilogram (3,300-pound) line-array speaker columns slides concrete ballast blocks across the grass, snaps wire-rope guy lines, and buckles the vertical aluminum support towers - dropping tons of steel truss and high-voltage lighting grids directly onto the stage deck and the dense front-of-house ("pit") crowd. Simultaneously, wind blowing inside an open-sided festival or wedding tent inflates the vinyl roof canopy like a parachute, pulling 1-meter (3-foot) steel stakes out of rain-softened mud and hurling metal center poles through the crowd. Knowing the visual pre-collapse warning signs (billowing roof skins, alternating slack-and-snapping guy wires, and swaying line-array speakers), why you must evacuate perpendicular or upwind - never directly downwind of a leaning truss, and how to avoid electrocution on a rain-flooded stage deck saves lives; keep your local amanani kaxakeka ulungile, kwaye uphonononge isihlwele sityumza kwaye siphila nge stampede, stadium bleacher collapse and structural drop, kwaye bouncy castle and inflatable wind lofting.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Leave the front-of-stage barrier ("the pit") and move out from under any temporary tent canopy IMMEDIATELY if a dark thunderstorm shelf cloud approaches, if a sudden blast of cool gusty wind hits your face, or if suspended speaker stacks and lighting trusses begin swinging more than 10 to 15 degrees. Do not wait for the concert promoter to make a PA announcement; historically, catastrophic stage collapses occur within 2 to 5 minutes of the first gust-front blast while organizers are still debating whether to pause the show.
2. Always evacuate UPWIND or PERPENDICULAR (90 degrees sideways) to the wind direction - NEVER shelter or walk on the DOWNWIND side of an outdoor stage, LED screen tower, or marquee tent. When a temporary stage roof or lighting tower buckles in high wind, it always topples downwind (or diagonally downwind) across a collapse zone equal to 1.5 times the total height of the structure (typically 15 to 25 meters / 50 to 80 feet out into the audience).
3. NEVER grab onto a lifting tent pole, guy rope, or aluminum truss leg with your hands to "help hold the tent down" during a wind gust. A single 12-by-24-meter (40-by-80-foot) wedding or beer tent hit by a 65 km/h (40 mph) gust generates more than 8,000 to 15,000 kilograms (17,600 to 33,000 pounds) of upward aerodynamic lift; holding a guy strap will either launch you 6 meters into the air or drop the steel frame directly onto your skull when the next stake pulls out of the mud.
4. If you see three visual structural failure warnings - (1) concrete ballast blocks sliding or tilting on the ground, (2) diagonal steel guy cables going slack and snapping tight with a metallic ping, or (3) aluminum tower legs bowing into an S-curve - SHOUT "STAGE FALLING - MOVE BACK AND SIDEWAYS" and sprint diagonally away from the front barrier.
5. If a stage or tent collapses around you in a rainstorm, STAY OFF WET METAL TRUSSING AND STAGE DECKING until the main 400-volt / 480-volt 3-phase generator "company switch" is shut off. Torn high-voltage feeder cables from crushed lighting dimers and LED walls energize wet aluminum trusses and puddles across the field; see iintambo zombane ezehliweyo kunye nombane wesithuthi.
6. If a crowd surge begins as thousands of people flee a collapsing tent or stage toward a narrow festival fence gate, keep your hands up in front of your ribcage like a boxer, stay on your feet at all costs, and angle diagonally toward the outer edges of the flow - or pull down temporary chain-link perimeter fencing panels to open a wide side escape path; see isihlwele sityumza kwaye siphila nge stampede.

Decision tree: Outdoor concert stage or festival tent wind emergency¶

flowchart TD
    Start["High Wind, Thunderstorm Gust Front, or Rigging Distress at Outdoor Event"] --> Location{"Where are you standing right now?"}
    Location -->|"In Audience Pit / Front of Stage or Near Delay Towers"| StageWatch{"Are winds exceeding 50 km/h (31 mph) or are speakers/scrims billowing?"}
    StageWatch -->|"YES: Gust Front Hitting or Truss Swaying"| EvacStage["1. Leave front pit immediately BEFORE crowd panic starts; 2. Move AT LEAST 1.5x the tower height (20 to 30 m / 65 to 100 ft) away from stage and delay towers; 3. Walk PERPENDICULAR (sideways) or UPWIND of the structure (NEVER downwind); 4. Head to permanent hard-roofed building or enclosed metal vehicle"]
    StageWatch -->|"NO: Pre-Show Setup or Mild Breeze"| PreCheck["1. Locate 2 independent exits and note wind direction; 2. Avoid standing directly beneath hung delay speaker towers"]
    Location -->|"Inside a Large Vinyl Festival, Wedding, or Beer Tent"| InTent{"Are tent walls flapping violently, poles lifting, or stakes pulling out of wet grass?"}
    InTent -->|"EWE: I-Canopy Inflating okanye Ukutsalwa kweeStakes"| EvacTent["1. PHUMELA Intente ngoko nangoko kumhlaba ovulekileyo kude nemigca yamadoda; 2 Ungaze ubambe izibonda zentente okanye iintsontelo, ukuze uzibambe; 3. Jonga ukubetha iziteyi zentsimbi kunye ne-snapping ratchet straps; 4. Shenxisa umoya ucoceke kwindlela yentente enokubakho emoyeni"]
    InTent -->|"Umququzeleli woMnyhadala / uMphathi weNqanaba lokuJonga iAnemometer"| ActionTrigger["1. Kwi-32 ukuya kwi-40 km/h (20 ukuya kwi-25 mph): I-drop side scrims/banners kunye ne-arrays esezantsi ye-high-trim speaker; 2. Kwi-48 ukuya kwi-50 km / h (30 ukuya kwi-31 mph): YIMA UMBONISO, iqonga elicacileyo kunye nomngxuma, uphahla olusezantsi ukuya kwidesika; 3. Ukuba i-microburst ingaphantsi kwe-10 min kude: Khupha abantu KUQALA (musa ukubambisa abasebenzi eqongeni ukhulula izikrweqe)"]
    Location -->|"Uhlangulo lwasemva kokudilika (I-Truss okanye intente phantsi kwesihlwele)"| PostCollapse["1. CIMA isiqhekezi sejenereyitha yedizili PHAMBI kokuba uchukumise itruss emanzi yealuminiyam; 2. Zinzisa iipali eziguquguqukayo ezineepali zokukhwela okanye ifolokhwe phambi kokuba urhubuluze ngaphantsi; 3. Qwalasela indlela yomoya/ukutyumza amaxhoba kuqala; fowunela 911 / 112 / 999 for Mass-Casualty Incident (MCI)"]

I-aerodynamic wind speed thresholds etshabalalisa amanqanaba ethutyana kunye neentente¶

Ngokungafaniyo nezakhiwo ezisisigxina zezitena kunye nentsimbi (eyenzelwe i-145 ukuya kwi-200 km / h / 90 ukuya kwi-125 mph imimoya yenkanyamba kwiziseko ezinzulu zekhonkrithi), izigaba zangaphandle zexeshana kunye neentente ze-marquee zixhomekeke kwi- ** i-friction, i-ballast efileyo, kunye ne-stakes yomhlaba ** - kwaye kufuneka ihlulwe kwiindonga zabo ze-witching gunt ngaphambi kokuba zifike kakuhle.

Imigangatho yokhuseleko lomnyhadala wamazwe ngamazwe (ANSI E1.21 eMntla Melika, Iziko leeNjineli zeZakhiwo / isiKhokelo se-HSE e-UK, kunye ne-EN 13782 kulo lonke elaseYurophu) imisele engqongqo i-anemometer yentshukumo yesantya somoya (elinganiswa njengemizuzwana emi-3 yokuphakama kophahla): kwinqanaba lokuphakama kophahla

Iimpawu ezintlanu ezibonwayo nezivakalayo zokuba iqonga okanye intente sele iza kuwa¶

Ukuba uzimasa ikonsathi yangaphandle, umsitho wesithili, umsitho wothweso-zidanga, okanye umtshato womnyhadala kwaye uqaphele nayiphi na kwezi impawu zoomatshini ezihlanu zokuwa kwangaphambili, shiya loo ndawo ngokukhawuleza phambi kokuba isakhiwo singaphumeleli:

1. I "Parachute / Trampoline" Umjikelo wophahla kwiCanopies zeqonga:
2. A temporary truss roof is designed so the heavy vinyl roof skin stays tensioned downward over the aluminum rafters.
3. When a strong gust blows underneath the front lip of the stage roof, aerodynamic Bernoulli lift sucks the vinyl roof upward into a giant dome, lifting the aluminum roof grid 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) off its tower sleeves, and when the gust momentarily lulls, the multi-ton roof slams back down with a loud metallic BANG.
4. Just two or three of those upward-lift-and-slam cycles will shear the aluminum cross-pins in the vertical corner towers or snap an electric chain hoist chain, causing the entire roof to pancake.
5. Alternating Slack and Snapping Guy Wires (and Sliding Concrete Ballast Blocks):
6. Look at the diagonal steel cable guy wires (or heavy ratcheting polyester straps) running from the top corners of the stage towers out to the concrete ballast blocks or ground augers.
7. If the downwind cables suddenly go completely slack and floppy while the upwind cables stretch razor-tight, or if you see dirt and grass tearing up behind a 1,000-kilogram concrete ballast block as it slides horizontally across the ground (or worse, if water-barrel ballasts were only half-filled with water), the structure is actively overturning.
8. Pumping Tent Center Poles and Pulling Steel Stakes in Rain-Softened Ground:
9. A dry clay or loam field can hold a 1-meter (40-inch) steel tent stake against 900 to 1,500 kilograms (2,000 to 3,300 pounds) of pull.
10. However, when a heavy summer rainstorm dumps 25 millimeters (1 inch) of water off a giant tent roof directly onto the grass right where the stakes are driven, the saturated soil turns to liquid mud and loses 60 to 80 percent of its stake-holding friction in 15 minutes.
11. Look at the base of the steel stakes outside the tent perimeter: if you see a circular gap in the mud around the stake shaft or see the stake ratcheting upward 2 centimeters with every gust - or if the vertical aluminum legs or center poles inside the tent lift off their footplates and slam back down on the grass - get everyone out of the tent in the next 10 seconds.
12. Pendulum Swinging of Line-Array Speakers and Delay Towers:
13. The curved vertical columns of concert speakers (line arrays) hanging on either side of the stage and from tall audience delay towers in the middle of the crowd weigh 800 to 2,500 kilograms (1,750 to 5,500 pounds) per hang.
14. If they are not tied down with bottom bridle cables and begin swinging back and forth like giant wrecking balls, they impart massive horizontal whip forces to the top of the tower that buckle the narrow aluminum truss legs.
15. Water "Ponding" (Pooling) in Sagging Roof Valleys:
16. During a torrential downpour, if a flat or loosely tensioned tent or stage roof sags between two rafters and begins collecting a depression of rainwater (water ponding), remember that 1 cubic meter (264 gallons) of trapped rainwater weighs 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds). As the water weight stretches the vinyl deeper, the deeper pocket catches even more rain in a runaway cycle until the fabric rips wide open or caves the aluminum rafters in on the crowd even with zero wind. Never poke a sagging overhead water pocket from directly underneath with a pole - millions of liters of water and collapsing aluminum bars will crash straight down onto you.

How to escape and survive an active stage or tent collapse¶

1. Ukukhetha indlela yokubaleka echanekileyo ngemizuzwana emi-2¶

                  [ WIND DIRECTION ]
                  (Blowing Top -> Down)
                       |    |    |
                       v    v    v
       <-- SAFE        +---------+        SAFE -->
       EVACUATION      |  STAGE  |      EVACUATION
      (90° Sideways)   |  ROOF   |     (90° Sideways)
                       +---------+
                        /   |   \
                       /  DANGER \
                      /  COLLAPSE \
                     /  ZONE (1.5x \
                    v  Tower Height)v
                  [FRONT AUDIENCE PIT]

• Xa umi phambi kweqonga langaphandle: Ngesiqhelo, iqonga lekonsathi linodonga lwalo olungasemva oluluqilima olujonge kumoya ovuthuzayo (okanye uqhwithela lubetha udonga olusecaleni). Xa iinqaba ezithe nkqo zibotshelelwa, uphahla lweetoni ezininzi kunye netrasi yokukhanyisa yangaphambili ijinga phambili ize ingqubeke ngaphandle ukuya ngaphambili kwi-15 ukuya kwi-25 yeemitha (iinyawo ezingama-50 ukuya kwezingama-80) zomngxuma wabaphulaphuli.
• Sukuzama ukubaleka ngokuthe ngqo umva phakathi kwesihlwele esigcweleyo sabantu abayi-10,000: Ukubaleka ngokuthe ngqo ngasemva kukugcina ngaphakathi kwindlela yokuwa eya phambili yokukhanya okude kwendlu/iinqaba zePA ngelixa ukuxinzelela phantsi isihlwele esisemva kwakho. Endaweni yoko, sprint 90 degrees SIDEWAYS (inxusene nomphambili weqonga ukuya kwiNqanaba eKhohlo okanye eKunene) ukuya ngaphandle kobubanzi bendawo yeenyawo yeqonga nge-10 ukuya kwi-15 yeemitha nje, okanye ushukume UPWIND ngasemva komgca wehinge yokuwa.
• Ukuba uvaleleke kwidesika yeqonga okanye ngasekunene kumqobo wentsimbi engaphambili xa uphahla luwa kwaye awukwazi ukuhamba nge-20 yeemitha ngexesha:
• Khangela ** eqinile nkqo nkqo ukutyumza-ukusinda i-voids ("i-triangles zobomi")**: ukuntywila ngaphantsi kweqonga lomgangatho oqinileyo owenziwe ngentsimbi (ukuba umgangatho osezantsi weqonga uvulekile), yehlisa umcaba ngokuthe ngqo ecaleni kwesiseko sentsimbi eqinileyo phambi kwendlu, indlela yomthi enzima (ityala lenqwelomoya) ibhloko* yekhonkrithi, okanye ibhloko* yekhonkrithi.
• Icasi yendlela ekhenkethayo enzima okanye ikhabhathi yesithethi esomeleziweyo ehleli phantsi isebenza njengebhloko eqinileyo yokulala enokumisa ibhokisi ye-aluminiyam yeesentimitha (2 iinyawo) ukusuka emgangathweni, igcina isithuba sokuphefumla kuye nabani na ogobileyo ecaleni kwayo.

2. Kutheni i-stagehands INGAZE ithunyelwe ukuya kusika iindonga zomoya nje ukuba i-gust front ifikile¶

Impazamo embi ephindaphindwayo kwiikonsathi ezininzi ezidumileyo yenzeka xa isiphango sendudumo esingama-90-km/h sabetha ngokungalindelekanga kwaye i-stagehands ibaleka ukuya eqongeni okanye ikhwele iinqaba ze-truss ngeemela eziluncedo ukunqumla izikrweqe zangasemva zevinyl: - Kwi-*65+ yeekhilomitha ngeyure (40+ mph)**, uxinzelelo lomoya luqhobosha i-10-by-20-meter mesh scrim ngokuchasene ne-aluminium truss nge **itoni ezininzi zamandla **, okwenza kube nzima ukutyibilika iigrommets okanye ukuthoba umbhobho- kwaye ngoko nangoko iqonga liqhekeza umngxuma welaphu, ukrazula umngxuma phantsi kwelaphu le-vinyl. sele idlulile kwindawo yayo yokubopha. - ** Umthetho wabaphathi beMveliso: ** Ukuba iindonga zomoya kunye ne-PA arrays ayikawa phantsi * phambi kokuba i-storm gust front ihlasele indawo, ** shiya i-gear kwaye ukhuphe abasebenzi ngokukhawuleza **. Akukho ludwe lwesithethi okanye udonga lwe-LED lufanelekile ubomi bomntu.

Ukuhlangula emva kokuwa: Umbane, ukuwa kwesibini, kunye novavanyo lokwenzakala ngobuninzi¶

Xa uphahla lweqonga lekonsathi okanye intente enkulu yomnyhadala iwela kumashumi okanye amakhulu abantu abazileyo ngexesha loqhwithela, ababukeleyo kunye nabaphenduli bokuqala bajongana nesiphithiphithi Isehlo Sokufa kwabantu abaninzi (MCI) entsonkothileyo ziingozi ezintathu eziyingozi kwindawo:

Izinto eziphambili zoncedo lokuqala kwimizuzu yokuqala eyi-15 emva kokuwa kweqonga okanye intente¶

1. Amaxhoba athuleyo asimahla, aphiniweyo kuqala (Reverse-triage trap): Ekuweni kobunzima, awona maxhoba akhalayo kakhulu adla ngokuba neenqwelo-moya ezivulekileyo kunye nokwaphuka kwamalungu omzimba, ngelixa amaxhoba ecinezelwe phantsi kombhobho wokukhanyisa onzima ongaphambili okanye iikhabhathi zesithethi azikwazi ukukhwaza ngenxa yokuba izifuba zabo zixinzelelekile**** Phakamisa kwaye ukhube i-truss kumaxhoba afihliweyo ngokukhawuleza; ukuba abaphefumli xa bekhululiwe, vula indlela yomoya kwaye uqale **CPR ngokuphefumla okuhlangula **; bona CPR.
2. Lawula ukopha komthambo obeka ubomi esichengeni kwialuminiyam echetyiweyo kunye neglasi eqhekeziweyo: Iityhubhu zealuminiyam ezibotshelelweyo zikrazuka zibe zingcango ezibukhali, iincam ezibukhali, kunye nezibane zeqonga ezaphukileyo/iiphaneli zeLED zibangela iminxeba enzulu. Faka i-uxinzelelo oluqinileyo oluthe ngqo ngempahla ecocekileyo okanye i-gauze, kwaye usebenzise i-windlass tourniquet 5 ukuya kwi-7 yeesentimitha (ii-intshi ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3) ngaphezu kwenxeba kuyo nayiphi na imilenze ephumayo ukopha; bona ukopha.
3. Khusela umqolo wesibeleko kumaxhoba eempembelelo zentloko: Ukubetha kwe-Overhead rigging ukuya phezulu kwentloko rhoqo ukuphuka kwe-vertebrae yomlomo wesibeleko ($ C_1\text{ ukuya kwi-}C_7 $). Ngaphandle kokuba ukunyuka kwamanzi ezikhukula, umbane ophilayo, okanye umlilo uyakunyanzelela ukuba urhuqe ixhoba ngokukhawuleza, uxhase intloko nentamo yabo ngesandla emgceni kwaye ubahambise kwipaneli yedekhi yeqonga okanye umqolo; bona ukwenzakala komqolo kwaye ukwenzakala entloko.

Umququzeleli womsitho kunye noluhlu lokuhlola ukhuseleko lwabazimasi¶

Nokuba urenta intente yasemva kwendlu okanye ulawula inqanaba lomnyhadala wangaphandle:

• Funa i-"High-Wind Action Plan" ebhaliweyo kunye nomntu ozinikeleyo obukele i-Anemometer efakwe eluphahleni kunye ne-Doppler Radar: Ngaphantsi kwe-klzzwxh:0078 kunye ne **IsiKhokelo soKheleko loMnyhadala (ESA), zonke izigaba zangaphandle kunye nententenkulu kufuneka ibe nomntu ogama lakhe igunya elingenamiqathango lokumisamboniso** (ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yomphathi wetikiti) okanye ukukhuthaza umphathi wetikiti indlela 48 ukuya 60 km/h (30 ukuya 37 mph) okanye umbane ungena **13-kilomitha (8-mayile) radius **.
• Qinisekisa imigangatho yasemva kweqonga kunye neskrim esisemacaleni sincanyathiselwe kunye neZibophelelo eziKhawulezayo zeRip-Cord (zingaze zibe ngamakhulu eziqhina ezizip-zip zeplastiki): Ukuba indawo yangasemva ibotshelelwe kwitruss enezibophelelo zenayiloni ezisindayo ezingama-200, kuthatha imizuzu engama-45 kwileli enezixhobo zocingo zokusika ukuyisusa xa kukho uqhwithela; ukukhupha i-pin-pin okanye i-Velcro/bungee breakaway systems iwisa lonke udonga lomoya ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana engama-60.
• Ungaze uvumele imigqomo yamanzi okanye iibhloko zebhalasti zekhonkrithi ukuba zizaliswe ngaphantsi okanye zingabotshwa: Ukuba intente okanye inqaba yetruss ixhomekeke kwiitoti zamanzi ze-IBC ze-ballast, qinisekisa ukuba yonke tote i100 ekhulwini izele ngamanzi (1,000 litre = 1,000 kilogram) kwaye ibotshelelwe kwisiseko seplastiki ebotshelelweyo ngokuthe ngqo. umjelo.
• Cwangcisa kwangaphambili ucingo olujikelezileyo olubiyelweyo "Amasango aPhumayo" ekuphumeni kwabantu abaninzi: Qinisekisa ukuba umjikelezo wentsimbi obiyelweyo ojikeleze ibala lekonsathi yangaphandle unamasango abanzi, aphawulwe ngokucacileyo okuphuma ngexesha likaxakeka aphethwe ngoonogada abanokuthi bawise iiphaneli zocingo ngaphandle ukuze ababukeli ababalekayo abayi-10,000 bangaze bafakwe itikiti ngethayile enye ye-3.

Iinombolo zengingqi zikaxakeka kunye neeprothokholi ze-arhente¶

Ngexesha lokuwa kweqonga langaphandle, ukuvuthuza kwentente yemarquee, okanye umsitho ongxamisekileyo wendudumo:

• ** I-United States kunye neKhanada: ** Fowuna ** 911 ** ngokukhawuleza kwaye ubhengeze ** Isiganeko soBuninzi (i-MCI) kunye ne-Structural Collapse Rescue ** kwisango elichanekileyo lokungena kwisango le-Fire Heavy Urban Search and Rescue (USAR), ii-ambulensi ezininzi, kunye nabasebenzi benkonzo bayaphendula. Isigaba sexeshana kunye nokhuseleko lwentente lulawulwa ** ANSI E1.21 ** (*IiZakhiwo zeThutyana eziSetyenziselwe ukuVeliswa koBugcisa kwiMicitho yokuzonwabisa yangaphandle *), ** IKhowudi yoMlilo yamazwe ngamazwe (IFC Isahluko 31 - Iintente, iZakhiwo zeMicimbi eziZodwa zeThutyana kunye nezinye iiMembrane Structures) *, ** iNFPA 102, i-Telescoping ye-Telescope, i-Telescope 102, i-Telescope Iintente, kunye neZakhiwo zeMembrane), OSHA, kunye ne IsiKhokelo soKhuseleko lweSigigaba (ESA).
• United Kingdom: Fowunela 999 okanye 112. Ilawulwe IsiGqeba sezeMpilo noKhuseleko (HSE) (IsiKhokelo esiPurple kwiMpilo, uKhuseleko kunye neNtlalontle kwiMculo kunye nezinye iMisitho), iZiko leeNjineli zeZakhiwo (IStructE) isikhokelo (IiZakhiwo zeThutyana eziThatyathwayo: IsiKhokelo ekuThengweni, uYilo kunye noSetyenziso), **iMimiselo yeCDM yoLwakhiwo kunye noLawulo olusemthethweni, 20 ukudilizwa kwezigaba zexeshana kunye neentente zomthendeleko), kunye ** BS EN 13782 **.
• ** IManyano yaseYurophu:** Fowunela 112. Iintente zexeshana kunye nezigaba zilawulwa phantsi kwe-EN 13782 (Izakhiwo zexeshana - Iintente - Ukhuseleko, echaza ukumelana nomoya ukuya kuthi ga kwi-\(28\text{ m/s}\) / \(100\text{ km/h}\) kwiintente ezinkulu okanye imida engqongqo yokufuduka kwesantya somoya kwizakhiwo ezincinci*1-En9- EN- 9 yezakhiwo ezincinci **1-Eurocode 1) kunye ne-Wi-Fi ye-4-E9 yezakhiwo ezincinci. Iintshukumo).
• Ostreliya neNew Zealand: Fowunela 000 e-Australia okanye 111 eNew Zealand. Ilawulwe ngu Umsebenzi oKhuselekileyo waseOstreliya (Isikhokelo kuLwakhiwo lweThutyana loKudilika kunye neeNkalo zoMoya weMarquee), IBhodi yeeKhowudi zeZakhiwo zase-Australia (ABCB) Umgangatho woLwakhiwo lweThutyana, kunye AS/NZS 1170.2 (Iintshukumo zoYilo loLwakhiwo-Izenzo zomoya).
• ** I-Indiya kunye ne-Asia-Pacific: ** Fowunela ** 112 ** e-India, ** 119 ** eJapan naseMzantsi Korea, okanye ** 995 ** eSingapore.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho¶

Kwesiphi isantya somoya apho izigaba zekonsathi yangaphandle kunye neentente ezinkulu zetheko ziba yingozi?¶

Ngelixa izigaba ezinkulu zobunjineli ziyilwe ngokwethiyori ukuba zimelane ne-65 ukuya kwi-100 yeekhilomitha ngeyure (40 ukuya kwi-62 yeemayile ngeyure) **kuphela emva kokuba amalaphu angasemva kunye neebhanile zisusiwe **, inqanaba langaphandle okanye intente yemarquee eneendonga zelaphu kunye noluhlu lwezithethi ezijingayo zisakhona zingena kwindawo eyingozi kanye ukuvuthuza kwelaphu eli-3 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezi-3 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezi-3 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezi-3 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezi-3 ukuya kwe-60 ngeyure nganye. iyure)**. Kwangaphambili - kwi **32 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingama-40 ngeyure (20 ukuya kwi-25 yeemayile ngeyure)** - imigangatho yokhuseleko lweshishini (ANSI E1.21) ifuna abasebenzi ukuba baqalise ukuwisa amalaphu asecaleni, ukuthoba iikholamu zesithethi esine-trim ephezulu, kunye nokukhusela izixhobo ezishukumayo. Ngenxa yokuba isiphango sendudumo yasehlotyeni sinokutsiba ukusuka kwi-15 km/h ukuya kwi-90 km/h ngaphantsi kwemizuzwana engama-60, kufuneka kukhutshwe iimviwo **ngaphambi kokuba** umphambili wesiphango ufike kwindawo yendibano.

Kutheni kuyingozi kakhulu ukugijima ngaphakathi komtshato omkhulu okanye intente yobhiya yomthendeleko ngexesha lokuduma kwendudumo?¶

Abantu babaleka ngokwethuku phantsi kwentente enkulu yevinyl ekufutshane xa imvula nomoya ziqala, enye yezona mpazamo ziyingozi kumsitho wangaphandle. Okokuqala, izantyalantyala zemvula ezikhupha uphahla lwentente zinyakamisa umhlaba kanye kwindawo engqonge izibonda, zijika ukungcola zibe ludaka yaye zinciphisa amandla okubamba iziteki zentsimbi ukuya kutsho kuma-75 ekhulwini. Okwesibini, xa isiphango sesiphango esiziikhilomitha ezingama-60 ukuya kutsho kuma-80 ngeyure sivuthuza ngaphantsi kwecala elivulekileyo lentente, ikhenopi ivuthela okweparashute enkulu, ikrazula izibonda zentsimbi kumhlaba omanzi ize iwise amaplanga ealuminiyam anzima kunye neepali ezisembindini ngokuthe ngqo kuye wonke umntu ohlanganisene ngaphantsi. Okwesithathu, intente yevinyl ibonelela ngokhuseleko lombane. Ngalo lonke ixesha phuma uye kwizakhiwo ezisisigxina okanye iimoto zentsimbi ezivaliweyo phambi kokuba isiphango sibethe.

Leliphi icala endimele ndibaleke ngalo ukuba iqonga lekonsathi yangaphandle okanye inqaba yokukhanyisa iqala ukushukuma okanye ukubethwa ngumoya?¶

Ungaze ubaleke okanye ume kwicala le ** downwind ** yeqonga lokushukuma, isithethi senqaba, okanye udonga lwevidiyo, kuba umoya uya kutyhala isakhiwo esidilikayo ukuya phambili kwindawo ephantsi komoya kumgama ofikelela ku-* ** 1.5 amaxesha obude bubonke benqaba ** (ngokuqhelekileyo i-15 ukuya kwi-25 yeemitha / 50 ukuya kwi-80 inyawo ngaphandle kumngxuma wabaphulaphuli ongaphambili). Endaweni yoko, hambisa **ama-90 degrees emacaleni (ipendicular ukuya kwicala lomoya, ukuya kwiNqanaba eKhohlo okanye eKunene)** ukuze ucacelwe kububanzi beqonga ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, okanye uhambise **umoya** umke kwicala lesakhiwo esingqiyame ngaso.

Kutheni le nto abantu ababukeleyo bengafanele babambe iipali zeentente okanye imitya ukuze bancede babambe itheko lokunyusela phantsi xa kukho umoya ovuthuzayo?¶

Ukuphakama kweAerodynamic kwikhenopi esicaba inkulu kakhulu: intente yomgangatho we-9-by-18-metres (30-by-60-foot) yentente etshaywe yi-60-km/h (37-mph) isivuthuvuthu somoya ivelisa **5,000 ukuya kwi-10,000 yeekhilogram (11,000 ukuya kwi-22,000 yokunyusa* iiponti) amandla okunyusa asecaleni* Abantu abadala abahlanu okanye abalishumi abaxhonywe kwimilenze yentsimbi okanye iintambo zeratchet abakwazi ukubamba iikhilogram ezili-10,000 zokuphakamisa umoya; xa izibonda ezishiyekileyo zikhulula, nabani na obambe iipali unokuphakanyiselwa phezulu emoyeni aze awiswe okanye aqhotyoshelwe phantsi kwefreyim yentsimbi edilikayo.

Kutheni le nto isiwohlo sangaphandle sisenzeka rhoqo xa imvula ingekaqali nokuqalisa?¶

Iindudumo ezisele zikhulile zityhala umphetho oshinyeneyo wengqele, umoya ozikayo phambi kombindi wemvula - ngokwemozulu ebizwa ngokuba ngu **umda ophumayo okanye umphambili wemvula**. Olo donga lungabonakaliyo lwe-70-to-110-km / h (45-to-70-mph) lufika rhoqo kwindawo yekonsathi **5 ukuya kwimizuzu eyi-15 PHAMBI kokuba ithontsi lokuqala lemvula liwe ** kwaye ngelixa isivunguvungu kwi-app yemozulu ye-smartphone esisiseko sisajonga iikhilomitha ezininzi kude. Ngexesha ababukeli beva ukuvuthuza ngequbuliso komoya obandayo kwaye babone uthuli luvuthuza ebaleni, imbuyekezo yangaphambili sele ibetha uphahla lweqonga.

Yeyiphi eyona ngozi inkulu efihliweyo kubahlanguli ababaleka kwiqonga lekonsathi elidilikileyo ngexesha loqhwithela?¶

Umbane ophezulu wombane. Izigaba ezinkulu zekhonsathi zangaphandle zinikwe amandla yi-trailer-enyuswe ** i-3-phase generator diesel evelisa i-208 ukuya kwi-480 volts kumakhulu e-ampere ** ukuqhuba izixhobo zokukhanyisa ezinkulu, iindonga zevidiyo ze-LED, kunye ne-amplifiers yesandi. Xa uphahla lwe-aluminiyam luntlitheka kwidekhi yeqonga emanzi okanye kwibala lengca elimanziswe yimvula, iintambo zefidi ezipinkiweyo zaza zanqunyulwa zingenza amandla kuthungelwano oluphitheneyo lwe-aluminiyam eqhubayo kunye namadiba amanzi amileyo. Abahlanguli kufuneka bavale i-breaker generator engundoqo ("i-switch yenkampani") emva kweqonga ngaphambi kokuba babambe intsimbi yentsimbi emanzi.

*Esi sikhokelo sibonelela ngokufuduka ngokukhawuleza, ukubeka iliso kwimozulu, kunye nesikhokelo sokuhlangula sokuwa kwizigaba zangaphandle zethutyana kunye neentente zomthendeleko kwaye asithathi indawo yobunjineli bezakhiwo zobuchwephesha okanye ulawulo lokhuseleko lwesiganeko se-ANSI/HSE. Cinga ngokuthatha uncedo lokuqala, ukulawula ukopha, kunye nekhosi yeCPR evela kwi-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, okanye umbutho woqeqesho lwezonyango olungxamisekileyo.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• Isihlwele sityumza kunye nokusinda kwe-stampede
• Ukuwohloka kwebleacher yebala lezemidlalo, ukungaphumeleli kwe-balcony railing, kunye nokwehla kolwakhiwo
• Inqaba yeBouncy, umoya ovuzayo ophakamayo, kunye nokufuthaniselwa kwe-blower deflation
• Inqanaba le-pyrotechnics, iklabhu yasebusuku yomlilo wangaphakathi, kunye nokutshisa i-acoustic foam

Imithombo kunye nezikhokelo ezisemthethweni¶

• IiNkonzo zoLonwabo kunye neTekhnoloji yoMbutho (ESTA) kunye neZiko leMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika (ANSI, eUnited States): I-ANSI E1.21 Izakhiwo zeThutyana eziSetyenziselwe ukuVeliswa koBugcisa kwiMinyhadala yangaphandle (iSicwangciso soLawulo loMoya kunye neMida yokuSebenza)
• Umanyano loKhuseleko loMsitho (ESA, eUnited States): Isikhokelo soKhuseleko loMsitho kunye neMozulu eMandundu / iSicwangciso sokuSebenza somoya oPhezulu seNdawo zaNgaphandle
• I-Health and Safety Executive (HSE) kunye neZiko leeNjineli zoLwakhiwo (IStructE, United Kingdom): Izakhiwo zeXeshana eziThatyathwayo: Isikhokelo ekuThengweni, ukuyila kunye nokuSetyenziswa kunye neSikhokelo sePurple kwiMpilo, uKhuseleko kunye neNtlalontle kuMculo kunye nezinye iMisitho.
• I-European Committee for Standardization (CEN): EN 13782 Izakhiwo zeXeshana-Iintente-uKhuseleko (Ukuphakamisa umoya, iBallast, kunye neeMfuno zeAnchorage)
• Umbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe (i-NFPA) kunye neBhunga leKhowudi yeHlabathi (i-ICC, eUnited States): i-NFPA ye-102 yeMigangatho yeeNgxowa-mali ze-Grandstands, i-Folding kunye ne-Telescopic Seating, iintente, kunye ne-Membrane Structures kunye ne-International Fire Code (IFC Isahluko 31)