Izibalo zokuDiniswa kweentsholongwane zaManzi aNgxamisekileyo: IiTheyibhile zokuLahla iBleach yasekhaya (5% ukuya kwi-8.25%), ukuBilisa ngoMphakamo, kunye nokuHlunga¶

Xa isitshingitshane sesikhukula, inyikima yomhlaba-ikhefu elingundoqo, ukucocwa kwelindle liphuphuma, okanye ukuphuma kombane ixesha elide kungcolisa amanzi etephu yakho okanye kunyanzelise umzi wakho ukuba uphathe imvula, umsinga, okanye amanzi omthombo, ukwenza impazamo enye yedosi nge-liquid chlorine bleach inokushiya usapho lwakho lusesichengeni sezifo ezifumaneka emanzini.Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Giardia lamblia, Norovirus, Hepatitis A, kwaye Cryptosporidium) okanye abangele ityhefu eyingozi yekhemikhali evela kwizongezo zempahla eziyityhefu. Ukuba umntu uginye ngempazamo iblitshi engaxutywanga, iblitshi eqholiweyo/engenawo amanzi, okanye umothuko wedama ogxininisiweyo, fowunela Ulawulo lwetyhefu (1-800-222-1222 eUS) okanye inombolo yakho yexesha likaxakeka (911, 112, okanye 999) kwangoko usebenzisa yethu amanani kaxakeka ulawulo. Kwakhona jonga izikhokelo zethu kwi ukhuseleko lwamanzi kunye nezaziso zamanzi abilayo, imigqomo yokugcina amanzi kaxakeka kunye nokuhluzwa komxhuzulane, kwaye ukupheka okukhuselekileyo kwangaphakathi okungxamisekileyo ngexesha lokucima kombane.

Kutheni le nto amaphecana amadala kaxakeka athi nje "yongeza amathontsi ayi-8 eblitshi ngegaloni nganye" esilela kwiishelufu zeevenkile zanamhlanje? Kuba kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, abavelisi bebleach baseMntla Melika nabamazwe ngamazwe batshintshe ikhaya eliqhelekileyo I-Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) izigxina kwilifa 5.25% (5.0%) ukuya kugxininiso 6.0%, 7.5%, kwaye 8.25% iifomula, ngelixa ngaxeshanye uzalisa i-70 yeepesenti yeeshelufu zegrosari nge "Splashless / No-Splash," "Colour-Safe," kunye "Nevumba (Lemon / Lavender)" iiblitshi eziqulethe izinto eziyityhefu, iipholima ezijiyayo, kunye neziqholo ezinetyhefu ekuseleni.

Ukulawula iintsika ezine ze-Arhente esemthethweni yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo yase-US (EPA), Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC), kunye noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO) inzululwazi yokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini iqinisekisa amanzi okusela akhuselekileyo kuyo nayiphi na ingxaki: 1. Ithumba eliqengqelekayo (1 Minute kwiNqanaba loLwandle; 3 Minutes Ngaphezulu 2,000 Meters / 6,562 Feet): Ukubilisa yindlela kuphela kwendlela enenyathelo elinye ebulala i-100% yazo zone iindidi zepathogen: ibhaktiriya, iintsholongwane, amaqhakuva eprotozoan (Giardia), KUNYE neklorine-resistant Cryptosporidium oocysts. 2. Ukuhluzwa kwangaphambili (1-Micron Absolute Isihluzo okanye ukuLungisa + Ilaphu) PHAMBI koKubulala iintsholongwane kwiMichiza: Iblitshi yekhlorine yasekhaya (NaOCl) kwaye iodine ibulala iibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane ngokukhawuleza, iguqule Giardia amaqhakuva kancinci (30 to 60 minutes), yaye UNGABULALI Cryptosporidium ii-oocysts kwiidosi zeklorine eziselwayo. Kwakhona, ukungcola kunye nentlenga ephilayo emanzini anafu ibopha iklorini yasimahla (chlorine demand), ifuna ukuba uphindaphinde idosi yeblitshi ukuba amanzi anamafu. 3. Echanekileyo ngepesenti yeBleach Drop Math (1 Metric Drop = 0.05 mL; Ithamo ekujoliswe kulo = 2 mg/L [ppm] Amanzi acocekileyo / 4 mg/L [ppm] Amanzi Anamafu, Ehamba 0.5 to 2.0 ppm I-Chlorine eshiyekileyo yasimahla emva 30 Minutes): Ukuthelekisa ukubala kwakho kwethontsi nelo kanye NaOCl ipesenti eprintiweyo kwileyibhile yesithako sebhotile yeblitshi yakho. 4. ICalcium Hypochlorite eyomileyo (Ca(OCl)2, 65% to 78% IGranular Pool Shock) ISisombululo seSicombululo seSitokhwe esinamanyathelo amabini: Kuba iblitshi yasekhaya engamanzi ilahlekelwa 20% to 50% yamandla eklorine ngonyaka kwindawo yokugcina, ukufunda indlela yokuxuba igranular eyomileyo engazinzanga Ca(OCl)2 umothuko wepool (which stores dry for 10+ years) kwi a 1:100 isisombululo sesitokhwe se-liquid bleach sinika usapho lwakho unikezelo lokubulala iintsholongwane olungxamisekileyo olungenamda.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Ukuba unepetroli yokupheka okanye amandla ebhetri, HLALA ukhetha i-Rolling Boil (1 full minute ngezantsi 2,000 meters / 6,562 feet ukuphakama; 3 full minutes phezulu okanye ngaphezulu 2,000 meters / 6,562 feet). Amanzi acoca kwaye abulale zonke iintsholongwane ezifumaneka emanzini (kuquka iklorine-immune). Cryptosporidium) kakuhle phambi kokuba igqibe a 1-minute ithumba eliqengqelekayo. Vumela amanzi aphole ngokwemvelo; musa ukufaka iityhubhu zomkhenkce ezenziwe ngamanzi etephu angcolisekileyo.
2. Phambi kokuba usebenzise iblitshi yasekhaya engamalwelo ekubulaleni iintsholongwane emanzini, jonga iileyibhile zebhotile ezingaphambili nangasemva kwiimfuno ezinyanzelekileyo eziMBINI:
3. Imfuno 1: Uluhlu Isithako esisebenzayo olukwileyibhile engasemva kufuneka luchaze Sodium Hypochlorite ... 5.0% to 9.0% (typically 5.25%, 6.0%, 7.5%, or 8.25%) OKANYE ibhotile mayithwale EPA Registration Number (EPA Reg. No.) ngemiyalelo yokucoca/yokubulala iintsholongwane.
4. Imfuno yesi-2: Mayibe yi-100% ePlain, eRhoqo, neBletshi engaqholwanga*. UNGAZE usele amanzi afakwe iblitshi "Splashless / No-Splash", iblitshi enevumba elimnandi, ijiki yejeli, okanye "eKhuselekileyo ngoMbala" (hydrogen peroxide / sodium percarbonate) bleach.
5. Ukuba amanzi akho akrwada anamafu, anodaka, okanye anamasuntswana adadayo: mawalungele. 30 minutes, emva koko ugalele ngesihluzo sekofu ecocekileyo, i-4 layers ye-cotton T-shirt ecocekileyo ilaphu, okanye a 1-micron absolute (NSF/ANSI 53 or 58) isihluzo esinomgobho-fayibha PHAMBI kokufaka iblitshi. Ukuba amanzi ahlala enamafu nasemva kokuhluzwa kwelaphu, kufuneka uphinde kabini (2x) inani lamathontsi eblitshi adweliswe kuluhlu lwaManzi acacileyo lwetheyibhile ye-EPA/CDC engezantsi.
6. Linganisa inani elichanekileyo lamathontsi (usebenzisa idropha yeyeza eqhelekileyo apho 20 drops = 1 milliliter / 100 drops = 1 teaspoon = 5 mL), xuba ngokucokisekileyo, kwaye WAIT 30 FULL MINUTES phambi kokusela. Ukuba amanzi abanda ngomkhenkce (< 10°C / 50°F), linda 60 full minutes (double the contact time), kuba iikhemikhali zokubulala iintsholongwane kinetics zicotha ngokurhabaxa 50% kubo bonke 10°C ukwehla kobushushu bamanzi.
7. Yenza uVavanyo lwe-"30-Minute Faint Chlorine Sniff" kwibhetshi nganye enyangweyo: Emva kokulinda 30 minutes, khulula ikepusi kwaye unukise amanzi:
8. Ukuba inomfiliba, ivumba leklorin yokuqubha encinci: Intsalela yeklorini yasimahla (0.5 to 2.0 ppm) isekhona, okuthetha ukuba yonke imfuno yeklorin yaneliswa kwaye namanzi akhuselekile ukusela. (Ukuphucula incasa emva kokulinda kwemizuzu engama-30, galela amanzi emva naphambili phakathi kwezikhongozeli ezibini ezicocekileyo ukuze uphefumle, okanye wongeze intwana ye-Vithamin C / Ascorbic Acid powder*, eguqula ngoko nangoko i-hypochlorite ekrakra ibe yi-chloride engenabungozi ngaphandle kokuphinda ungcolise amanzi).
9. Ukuba ineZERO chlorine ivumba emva kwemizuzu engama-30: Izinto eziphilayo ezisemanzini zitye yonke iklorin phambi kokuba kugqitywe ukubulala iintsholongwane. Yongeza idosi enye egcweleyo yeblitshi, xuba, kwaye ulinde enye 15 to 30 minutes.
10. UNGAZE uzame ukubilisa okanye ukwenza ibleach amanzi angcoliswe ziikhemikhali zamashishini eziyityhefu, amafutha, izitshabalalisi, iintsimbi ezinzima (lead/arsenic), okanye i-algae eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (cyanotoxins). Ukubilisa kugxininise iintsimbi ezinzima ezingaguquguqukiyo kunye nenitrate kwaye zifunze izinyibilikisi eziphilayo eziguqukayo zibe ngumphunga emoyeni wakho wekhitshi, ngelixa iblitshi idibana netyhefu yealgal kunye nepetroleum yenze izinto eziyityhefu.

Umthi wesigqibo: Ukukhetha kunye nokwenza indlela efanelekileyo yokucoca amanzi¶

Landela le tshati yeklinikhi kunye nobunjineli ukuze utshatise umthombo wakho wamanzi akrwada kunye nesixhobo esikhoyo kwiprothokholi yonyango ngqo.

flowchart TD
    RawWater["Umthombo waManzi aNgcolileyo ekurhaneleka ukuba achaphazeleke kuwo (Isaziso sokuBilisa, iNdawo, imvula, umlambo, okanye umphanda ogciniweyo)"] --> ChemCheck{"Ngaba Amanzi Angcoliswe Ngamafutha, aMichiza yezoShishino, i-oyile yogutyulo lwelindle, okanye iScum yeAlgae enetyhefu eBlue-Green?"}
    ChemCheck -->|"EWE: Ikhemikhali, iFuel, okanye iCyanotoxin ekhoyo"| DoNotUse["MUSA UKUBILISA OKANYE IBLEACH: Ukubila kugxininisa iiMetals eziManzi kunye nokuVusa iFuel; Fumana Amanzi Asebhotileni/aGcinayo okanye Sebenzisa iReverse Osmosis/Distillation"]
    ChemCheck -->|"HAYI: Umngcipheko weMicrobiological Kuphela (iBacteria, iiVirusi, iGiardia, iCryptosporidium)"| ClarityCheck{"INYATHELO LOKU-1: Ngaba Amanzi Acwengile Okanye Anamafu/Abhudlukile?"}
    ClarityCheck -->|"Kunamafu, kunodaka, okanye kuMbala"| PreFilter["Ukulungisa + Isihluzo sangaphambili: Mazinzise iMizu engama-30 -> Galela Ngesihluzo seKofu, ilaphu lomqhaphu eli-4, okanye i-0.1-ukuya-1.0 iMicron eHollow-Fiber Filter"]
    ClarityCheck -->|"Ikristale ecacileyo"| MethodSelect{"INYATHELO 2: Yeyiphi Indlela Yokubulala iintsholongwane onayo?"}
    PreFilter --> MethodSelect
    MethodSelect -->|"Umthombo woBushushu okhoyo (Isitovu, iketile, iSterno, iCampfire)"| BoilProtocol["UKUBILISA UMGANGATHO WEGOLIDE: Yizisa kwiBhola enguMzuzu om-1 opheleleyo (OKANYE 3 Imizuzu egcweleyo/ngaphezu kwe-2,000 m / 6,562 ft Ukuphakama) -> Bubulala i-100% yeBacteria, iiVirus, Giardia, & Cryptosporidium"]
    MethodSelect -->|"0.1-ukuya-1.0 Isihluzo seMicron + iBleach engaqhubiyo"| DualProtocol["AMAGQABA AMABINI OKUKHUSELEKILEYO: (1) Isihluzo Ngokusebenzisa <=1.0 Isihluzi esipheleleyo seMicron (Sisusa i-Cryptosporidium & Giardia) -> (2) Yongeza i-EPA i-EPA Clear-Water Bleach Dose (Ibulala i-Sub-Micron Viruss & Bacteria)"]
    MethodSelect -->|"IBletshi yasekhaya eNgavumbanga (5% ukuya kwi-8.25% yeNaOCl) okanye iGranular Pool Shock Kuphela"| BleachProtocol["I-CHEMICAL CHLORINATION: Jonga Kanye % NaOCl kwiLeyibhile -> Idosi ngokweTheyibhile ye-EPA (Sebenzisa i-2x Dose ukuba isanamafu) -> Vuselela kwaye ulinde 30 Mins (60 Mins if Cold <10C/50F) -> Qinisekisa iFaint Chlorine smell"]

Icandelo loku-1: Yintoni eneneni ebulalayo indlela nganye yokucocwa kwamanzi (I-Pathogen Matrix)¶

Ukuqonda ubungakanani bepathogen (microns / µm) kwaye i-chlorine CT inctivation resistance ichaza ukuba kutheni izixhobo zamanzi zikamasipala kunye noogqirha behambo bedibanisa UkuHlunywa + kweChlorination xa ukubilisa kungafumanekiyo:

iSigaba 2: Gqibezela iEPA / CDC yeBleach yasekhaya yokuLahla kunye neTeaspoon yokuThatha iiTafile (5.0% ukuya 8.25% ISodium Hypochlorite)¶

Onke amanani edosi angezantsi alandela igosa I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo yase-US (EPA), Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo noThintelo (CDC), kunye UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO) imigangatho yokubulala iintsholongwane kumanzi okusela kaxakeka, alinganiswe ukuba anike malunga 2 mg/L (2 ppm) yeKlorini efumanekayo Mahala (FAC) kuManzi aCacileyo kwaye 4 mg/L (4 ppm) kuManzi aMafu/aManzi:

• Uguqulo loMlinganiselo oluMiselweyo olusetyenziswa kwiiTheyibhile ezisemthethweni:
• 1 Standard Medicine Dropper Drop = 0.05 milliliters (mL) (20 drops = 1.0 mL)
• 1/8 Teaspoon = 0.625 mL (- 12 to 13 drops / usondezwe ukuya 8 to 16 drops kumakhadi ebala enziwe lula)
• 1/4 Teaspoon = 1.25 mL (- 25 drops)
• 1/2 Teaspoon = 2.50 mL (- 50 drops)
• 1 Full Teaspoon (tsp) = 5.0 milliliters (mL) (100 drops)
• 1 Full Tablespoon (Tbsp= 3 tsp) = 15.0 milliliters (mL)

ITheyibhile 2A: IBatshi encinci yokuSela iBleach yamanzi kwiXesha likaXakeka (1 Liter / 1 Quart kwaye 4 Liters / 1 US Gallon)¶

Itheyibhile 2B: Isikhongozelo esikhulu kunye neDosing yokubulala iintsholongwane (20 Liters / 5 Gallons kwaye 208 Liters / 55-Gallon Drum)¶

Xa unyanga iijeri zamanzi ezingxamisekileyo ezinkulu (20 L / 5 gal) okanye imigqomo yokugcina yeHDPE eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (208 L / 55 gal), umlinganiselo nge isidanga seemililitha (mL isirinji yomlomo) okanye amacephe okulinganisa kunokubala amathontsi amaninzi:

Kuthekani ukuba ibhotile yakho yeBletshi yasekhaya 1 to 2 Years Old? (Umthetho wokuthotywa kweShelufu yoBomi)¶

Ulwelo lwe-sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) ayizinzanga ngokwekhemikhali kwaye ibola kancinane ibe yityuwa yetafile eqhelekileyo (\(\text{NaCl}\)) kunye neoksijini (\(\text{O}_2\)), ngakumbi ukuba igcinwe ngasentla. 21°C (70°F): - Iinyanga ezi-0 ukuya kwezi-6 ziNdala (uGcino olupholileyo): 100% amandla, ngoko ke sebenzisa idosi yetafile esemgangathweni apha ngasentla. - Iinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-12 Ubudala: Ilahleko 20% to 30% potency, ngoko isasebenza kumgangatho okanye +25% ithamo; qinisekisa nge 30-Mizuzu yoVavanyo lweChlorine Sniff (okanye ngexabiso eliphantsi $10 I-Chlorine DPD yasimahla/Iimigca yoVavanyo lwePool ijolise 0.5 to 2.0 ppm emva kwemizuzu engama-30). - Iinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezingama-24 ubudala: Ilahleko 50% okanye ngaphezulu kweklorine yayo esebenzayo, ke ** kabini (2x) ithontsi count** kwaye uqinisekise ivumba leklorini elipholileyo lihlala emva kwemizuzu engama-30. - Ngaphezu kweenyanga ezingama-24 ukuya kwezingama-36 Ubudala: Phantse ithotywe ngokupheleleyo emanzini anetyuwa, ngoko ke ungathembeli kwiblitshi engamanzi engama-3 ubudala ngaphandle kokuyivavanya ngomtya wovavanyo lweklorin.

Icandelo 3: IGranular Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2 "Pool Shock") Stock Solution Math¶

Ngenxa yokuba i-bleach yamanzi iyancipha kwiinyanga ze-12, ii-arhente zeentlekele (** WHO, Red Cross, CDC, kunye ne-EPA ) zisebenzisa i-granular eyomileyo ** iCalcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2, equlathe 65% to 78% chlorine ekhoyo, ezithengiswa hardware kunye neevenkile pool njengoko HTH Pool Shock) ukulungiselela ixesha elide likaxakeka. Igcinwe yomile kwibhakethi yeplastiki evaliweyo ngaphakathi kwegumbi elipholileyo, i-calcium hypochlorite eyomileyo ihlala 10+ years kunye nenye 454-gram (1-pound) ingxowa yokubulala iintsholongwane ukuya kuthi ga ku 38,000 liters (10,000 gallons) ngamanzi okusela.

1. ISILUMKISO ESIBALULEKILEYO: Yeyiphi i-Pool Shock ekhuselekileyo xa ithelekiswa netyhefu kumanzi okusela?¶

Xa uthenga a 1-pound Ibhegi yokothuka kwephuli yegranular kwivenkile yehardware, jonga ileyibhile yesithako sekhemikhali ngononophelo: - KUKHUSELEKILE UKUSETYENZISWA: Isithako esisebenzayo kufuneka sibe Calcium Hypochlorite ... 65% to 78% (kunye nezithako ezingasebenziyo zibe ziityuwa ezilula kuphela njengesodium chloride/calcium hydroxide) kunye ne ZERO algicides, clarifiers, copper ("Blue Shock"), okanye icyanuric acid stabilizers. - UNGASEBENZISI (Trichlor / Dichlor / "4-in-1 Blue Shock"): Kuphephe ukothuka echibini eyenziwe Sodium Dichloro-s-Triazinetrione okanye Trichloro-s-Triazinetrione equlethe Cyanuric Acid (stabilizer) okanye Copper Sulfate (algicide) kumanzi okusela asekhaya ixesha elide.

2. I-EPA esemthethweni / i-WHO ye-2-Isinyathelo "Isicombululo se-Mother Stock Solution".¶

Kufuneka UNGAZE uzame ukuwisa iinkozo ezomileyo 68% I-Calcium Hypochlorite ngqo kwibhotile yamanzi ye-1-litre (inkozo enye encinci igxininiswe kakhulu kwi-1 ilitha kwaye ishiya intlenga ye-calcium enganyibilikiyo). Endaweni yoko, soloko usebenzisa indlela EPA enamanyathelo amabini eStokhwe seSicombululo:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  EPA / CDC 2-STEP CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE (65%-78% POOL SHOCK) PROTOCOL    |
|                                                                         |
|  STEP 1: MIX YOUR "LIQUID BLEACH STOCK SOLUTION" (500 mg/L / 0.05%):    |
|  - Add 1 HEAPING TEASPOON (5 to 7 grams / 1/4 ounce) of dry granular    |
|    Calcium Hypochlorite (65% to 78%) into 7.5 LITERS (2 US GALLONS)     |
|    of clean water inside a plastic jug (NEVER mix in a metal container).|
|    (Or for a smaller 1-Liter / 1-Quart Stock Bottle: dissolve a         |
|    LEVEL 1/8 TEASPOON [0.8 grams] of dry granules into 1 LITER [1 Qt]   |
|    of water).                                                           |
|  - Stir with a plastic/wood spoon for 2 minutes until dissolved, let    |
|    any white lime chalk settle, and label the jug:                      |
|    "DO NOT DRINK: CHLORINE STOCK SOLUTION".                             |
|                                                                         |
|  STEP 2: DOSE YOUR DRINKING WATER USING THE 1 : 100 DILUTION RATIO:     |
|  - Add 1 PART of that Liquid Stock Solution to 100 PARTS of raw         |
|    drinking water (this delivers an exact 5 ppm chlorine dose):         |
|    * For 1 LITER (1 Quart) of Raw Water -> Add 10 mL (2 Teaspoons)      |
|      of Stock Solution.                                                 |
|    * For 4 LITERS (1 US Gallon) of Raw Water -> Add 40 mL (8 Teaspoons  |
|      / 2.5 Tablespoons / 1.35 fl oz) of Stock Solution.                 |
|    * For 20 LITERS (5 US Gallons) of Raw Water -> Add 200 mL (scant     |
|      1 Cup) of Stock Solution.                                          |
|  - Stir and wait 30 minutes (60 minutes if cold) before drinking.       |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Icandelo 4: Ukubilisa ngoMphakamo (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes) kunye neendlela ezizezinye zokubulala iintsholongwane (Iodine, NaDCC, ClO2, & SODIS)¶

1. Kutheni Ukuphakama okuphezulu kuTshintsha Ixesha lokuBilisa (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes)¶

Kwinqanaba lolwandle (101.3 kPa / 14.7 psi Uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric), amanzi acocekileyo abila e-*100°C (212°F)**. Njengoko unyukela phezulu kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zeentaba, uxinzelelo oluncinci lwe-atmospheric luvumela amanzi ukuba abile ku-ubushushu obusezantsi*:

• Inqaku lezeNzululwazi malunga nokuPasteurization emanzini (65°C to 75°C / 149°F to 167°F): I-Microbiological thermal-death-time curves ibonisa ukuba Cryptosporidium, Giardia, E. coli, Cholera, Rotavirus, kwaye Hepatitis A babulawa ngokwenene 1 to 6 minutes e 70°C (158°F) kwaye ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana ngaphezulu 85°C (185°F). Ii-arhente zikhankanya "ithumba eliqengqelekayo lomzuzu om-1 (3 minutes ngaphezulu 2,000 m) ngenxa yokuba amakhaya aqhelekileyo azizithwali zithemometha zaselabhoratri ezilungisiweyo: ukubukela amaqamza amakhulu eqengqeleka ngamandla phezu komhlaba kangangemizuzwana engama-60 kuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi agqithile. 85°C to 100°C ngaphandle kokufuna i-thermometer.

2. Ukuthelekisa ezinye iiThebhile eziphathwayo zokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini kunye neendlela¶

Iinombolo zengingqi zikaxakeka kunye neeprothokholi ze-arhente¶

Ngexesha lengxaki yamanzi kamasipala okanye ingcebiso ngamanzi abilayo, qhagamshelana nezinto eziluncedo zamanzi zasekuhlaleni okanye isebe lezempilo likawonke-wonke kwaye usebenzise le minxeba isemthethweni yearhente:

• EUnited States: Ngezinto ezingxamisekileyo zokungeniswa kweekhemikhali okanye kwiblitshi, fowunela Ulawulo lwetyhefu lwase-US ku 1-800-222-1222 (okanye ** 911 *). Ngemigangatho yamanzi okusela kunye nemibuzo yonyango, jongana ne EPA Ulwazi lwaManzi okuSela oluKhuselekileyo (epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water) kunye CDC Amanzi aphilileyo (cdc.gov/water-emergency). Khangela izihluzi eziqinisekisiweyo kwi-NSF/ANSI Standard 53 okanye 58 (Cyst Reduction) kunye ne-*NSF Protocol P231 (Microbiological Purifiers)**.
• Canada: Fowunela Ulawulo lwetyhefu ku 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669) okanye 911. Landela IsiKhokelo sezeMpilo saseKhanada ekuKhupheni nasekurhoxisweni kweeNgcebiso zaManzi aBilisiweyo kunye neeyunithi zempilo zoluntu kwiphondo.
• United Kingdom: Fowunela NHS 111 ngeengcebiso zonyango ezingezizo ezongxamiseko okanye 999 / 112 ngexesha likaxakeka. Iimeko ezingxamisekileyo zomgangatho wamanzi zilawulwa nguMhloli waManzi okuSela DWI, dwi.gov.uk), i UK i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lwezeMpilo yase-UK (UKHSA), kunye nenkonzo yakho yamanzi yengingqi (efunwa ngokusemthethweni ukuhambisa amanzi asebhotileni kubathengi ababhaliswe simahla Irejista yeeNkonzo eziPhambili PSR ngexesha lokucima).
• ** I-European Union: ** Fowunela ** 112 ** ngexesha likaxakeka. Imigangatho yamanzi okusela ilawulwa yi-I-EU Drinking Water Directive (Directive (EU) 2020/2184) kunye namaziko empilo karhulumente kazwelonke.
• ** I-Australia kunye neNew Zealand: ** Fowuna ** Ulwazi lweePoisons ku 13 11 26 (eOstreliya)** okanye 0800 764 766 (eNew Zealand); iinombolo zikaxakeka zezi 000 (AU) kunye 111 (NZ). Landela i-NHMRC yase-Australia yeziKhokelo zaManzi okuSela kunye ne Taumata Arowai (uMlawuli weeNkonzo zaManzi, eNew Zealand).
• ** I-Indiya kunye ne-Asia-Pacific: ** Fowuna ** 112 ** (India) okanye ** Iziko leNgcaciso yePoisons yeSizwe (1800-116-117)**, kwaye ulandele UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (WHO SEARO / WPRO) izikhokelo zokucocwa kwamanzi ekhaya. Bona uluhlu lwethu olupheleleyo lwehlabathi ku amanani kaxakeka.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho¶

Kutheni ndingakwazi ukusebenzisa i-"Splashless" okanye "No-Splash" i-Clorox bleach ukucoca amanzi okusela ngexesha likaxakeka?¶

**Iiblitshi ezithi "Zingenasplash," "No-Splash," kunye ne "Easy-Pour" ziisepha zokuhlambela, AYIZIYO izibulala-ntsholongwane zamanzi, kwaye ziyityhefu ukusela.** Ukunika ulwelo ukugalela okungqindilili okungatshiziyo, abavelisi bongeza izinto ezixutywayo ezinesepha (`sodium xylene sulfonate` okanye `amine oxides`), i-thickeners, kunye nevumba elimnandi, ngelixa ihlisa i-sodium hypochlorite ngaphantsi kwamanqanaba okubulala iintsholongwane (`1% to 4%` ngaphandle kobhaliso lwe-EPA yesibulali ntsholongwane). Ukusela amanzi acocwe ngamagwebu eblitshi angena-splash xa eshukunyiswa kwaye kubangela i-gastritis enekhemikhali kunye nokugabha. Ngalo lonke ixesha qinisekisa ukuba ibhotile yakho ithi **Rhoqo / iBletshi eNgaxutywanga ePlain **, idwelisa **`Sodium Hypochlorite (5% to 8.25%)`** kwileyibhile engasemva, kwaye **aligwebu xa lishukunyiswa**.

Ngaba isihluzo sengqayi yefriji (Brita okanye PUR Ingqayi yekhabhoni esebenzayo) yenza amanzi angcolisekileyo akhuseleke ukuselwa ngexesha leSaziso saManzi aBilisiweyo?¶

**Hayi.** Izihluzi ezisemgangathweni zocango lwesikhenkcisi kunye neengqayi zekhabhoni ezisebenzayo kwicountertop (`NSF/ANSI Standard 42` kwaye `53`) babe neegranules zekhabhoni ezivulekileyo ezineziteshi ezivumela ** i-100% yeebhaktheriya (`E. coli`, `Salmonella`) kunye neentsholongwane (`Norovirus`, `Hepatitis A`) ukudlula ngqo kwiglasi yakho**. Ukugalela amanzi ezikhukula ebhaktiriya okanye amanzi etephu yesaziso sokubilisa kwingqayi yekhabhoni nako kuyonakalisa ikhatriji, ifuna ukutshintshwa xa isaziso sokubilisa siphelile. Ngalo lonke ixesha **wabilise okanye uwaqhole amanzi akho kuqala** (okanye sebenzisa a `0.1-micron` isihluzo esinomgongxo-fayibha kunye nebleach).

Ukuba ndibilisa amanzi kangangemizuzu eli-10 okanye eli-15 endaweni yomzuzu omnye, ngaba oko akukhuselekanga ngakumbi?¶

Hayi: amanzi abilayo amade kuno **1 umzuzu opheleleyo** (`3 minutes` ngaphezulu `2,000 meters / 6,562 feet`) inikeza **inzuzo eyongezelelweyo yokubulala iintsholongwane** (i-100% yeebhaktheriya, iintsholongwane, `Giardia`, kwaye `Cryptosporidium` Ukufa emva kwemizuzwana engama-60 yethumba) ngelixa kubangela **iingxaki ezintathu**: imosha i-fuel engxamisekileyo okanye amandla ebhetri, iwabilisa amanzi okusela abe ngumphunga, kwaye igxininise ungcoliseko olungaguquguqukiyo njenge **nitrate.`dangerous for infants`)** kunye no**ukhokela**. Yizisa amanzi ukuba abile ngamandla, yibeke ixesha lomzuzu omnye (`3 minutes` kwindawo ephakamileyo), kwaye ucime ubushushu ngoko nangoko.

Ndingayisusa njani incasa yeklorin yokuqubha eyomeleleyo emva kokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini ngeblitshi?¶

Okokuqala, **ungaze uzame ukususa incasa yeklorini KUDE kube yimizuzu engama-30 epheleleyo (okanye imizuzu engama-60 yamanzi abandayo) ixesha loqhagamshelwano ligqityiwe**. Nje ukuba imizuzu engama-30 iphelile kwaye uqinisekise ivumba leklorini elipholileyo: **(1) Iphefumle** ngokugalela amanzi acociweyo emva naphambili phakathi kweengqayi ezimbini ezicocekileyo amaxesha amaninzi; **(2) Yongeza iphinki encinci (`10 to 25 mg` ngelitha nganye) yeVithamin C / Ascorbic Acid powder** (enciphisa ngoko nangoko ihypochlorite ekrakra ibe yityuwa engenancasa yekloridi); okanye **(3) Galela amanzi esele ebulewe iintsholongwane kwingqayi yekhabhoni ye-Brita** ecocekileyo phambi kokuba usele.

Ndingasebenzisa iHydrogen Peroxide (3% H2O2) okanye iApile Cider Vinegar endaweni yebleach yokubulala iintsholongwane emanzini okusela ngexesha likaxakeka?¶

I-apile cider iviniga kunye nejusi yelamuni zibuthathaka kakhulu ukuba zingabulala `Giardia`, `Cryptosporidium`, `Norovirus`, okanye imithwalo enzima yeebhaktheriya. **3% yeHydrogen Peroxide (`H2O2`)** yibiocide ebuthathaka kakhulu kunesodium hypochlorite (`NaOCl`), efuna ukugxininiswa okuphezulu kunye namaxesha okulinda iiyure ezininzi ezibangela ukucaphuka kwesisu, yiyo loo nto i-*EPA, CDC, kunye ne-WHO** ivumela indlu `3%` ihydrogen peroxide njengesibulali-ntsholongwane samanzi okusela ngexesha likaxakeka. Ncamathela ku **ukubilisa, `5% to 8.25%` ibleach engaqholwanga, `NaDCC` (`Aquatabs`), iChlorine Dioxide (`ClO2`), okanye `68%` Isisombululo sesitokhwe seCalcium Hypochlorite**.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• Ukhuseleko lwamanzi kunye nezaziso zamanzi abilayo
• Imigqomo yokugcina amanzi engxamisekileyo, ukujikeleza kwe-HDPE kwibakala lokutya, kunye nokuhluzwa komxhuzulane
• Ukupheka okukhuselekileyo ngexesha lokucima kombane: Ukutshiza amafutha, ibutane, kunye nokhuseleko lweCO
• Ucoceko olungxamisekileyo: Indlu yangasese enamabhakethi amabini kunye nococeko olungenamanzi abalekayo
• Ukwakha ikiti yekhaya likaxakeka
• Amanani kaxakeka

Imithombo kunye nezikhokelo ezisemthethweni¶

• I-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-United States (EPA): Ukubulala iintsholongwane kwiNgxamiseko kuManzi okuSela (epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/emergency-disinfection-drinking-water: Igosa 5% to 6% kwaye 8.25% ISodium Hypochlorite Bleach Drop Tables kunye neGranular Calcium Hypochlorite Stock Solution Ratios).
• Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC, eUnited States): Ukwenza Amanzi Akhuseleke kwiNgxamiseko (cdc.gov/water-emergency): Ulungelelwaniso lokuBilisa koMphakamo (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes Ngaphezulu 6,500 Feet / 2,000 Meters), 1-Micron Absolute Uhluzo lwe Cryptosporidium, kunye ne-Iodine Contraindications.
• UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO): Izikhokelo zoMgangatho waManzi okuSela (uHlelo lwesi-4): I-Pathogen CT Imilinganiselo yokuKhuthaza i-Chlorine yaMahla, i-Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2), iSodium Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), kunye neSolar Water Disinfection (SODIS).
• NSF International / ANSI (NSF/ANSI Standards 53, 58, and P231): Iiyunithi zoNyango lwaManzi okuSela, iiMpembelelo zeMpilo (UkuNcitshiswa kweCyst kwiMechanical Cryptosporidium kwaye Giardia e <= 1.0 Micron Nominal/Absolute).
• ** I-Wilderness Medical Society (WMS):** Izikhokelo zokuSebenza kweKlinikhi kwi-Disinfection yamanzi kwiNdawo (i-Temperature-Dependent Halogens Kinetics, i-Pasteurization Temperatures, kunye ne-Ascorbic Acid Dechlorination).