Vula i-Utility engathathi hlangothi ('Ilahlekile ngokungathathi hlangothi') kwiNgxakeko kaNgxamisekileyo: Kutheni isiqingatha sezibane zakho zijika ziqaqambe kakhulu phambi kokuba izixhobo zombane zibambe umlilo.¶

Ukuba ulayita isixhobo sombane esiphezulu esiyi-120-volt esifana ne-microwave, itoaster, isomisi seenwele, isifudumezi sendawo, okanye isicoci sevacuum ngesiquphe sibangela ukuba izibane zelo gumbi zide zibe mnyama zide zibe buthuntu obuorenji** ngelixa izibane zikwenye indawo yendlu yakho ngaxeshanye zidangazela ngokukhazimlayo ngokukhazimlayo, Inkonzo yendlu yakho ivulekile Ngaphakathi)** likaxakeka. KuMntla waseMelika **120/240-volt inqanaba lokwahlula-inqanaba ** iinkqubo zombane (kunye nesigaba sesithathu 230/400-volt iinkqubo zehlabathi), umqhubi omisiweyo ongathathi hlangothi ngumbindi wereferensi yocingo olugcina yonke indawo yokuphuma esemgangathweni itshixiwe ngokukhuselekileyo 120 volts (okanye 230 volts eYurophu, e-Asiya, e-Asiya, e-Asiya, nase-Asiya). Xa intambo ye-aluminiyam engenanto yenkxaso engathathi hlangothi kwinkonzo yakho engaphezulu iwisa umoya, idleka ngaphakathi kwisokethi yemitha yangaphandle, okanye itshise ikhulule kwindawo engathathi hlangothi yebhusbar yebreaker panel, imilenze emibini echaseneyo ye-120-volt yendlu yakho ngequbuliso ifakwe iingcingo kuthotho ngaphaya kwe-240 volts. Ngemizuzwana nje, icala elithwele kakhulu lendlu yakho lihla liye ku 30 ukuya kwi-70 volts (ifriji emileyo kunye neenjini ze-compressor motor) ngelixa icala elilayishwe kancinane linyuka ukuya ku 170 ukuya kwi-215 volts, izikhuseli eziqhushumbayo, iziguquli zesithando somlilo ezinyibilikayo, iikhompyutha ezikhanyayo, ii-applis ezikhanyayo, kunye ne-TV. Okubi nangakumbi, yonke into eseleyo yendlu engalungelelananga ngoku izama ukubuyela kwisiguquli esiluncedo nge-**imibhobho yakho yamanzi yobhedu, imigca yerhasi, kunye neebhibhi zethumbu zangaphandle **, inika amandla imibhobho yakho yamanzi ngombane obulalayo. Ukuba ubona izibane eziqaqambileyo nezimfiliba ngaxeshanye okanye ivumba le-elektroniki elitshisayo, fowunela usetyenziso lombane olungxamisekileyo kunye nelasekuhlaleni. amanani kaxakeka ngokukhawuleza, jonga yethu i-arcing panel yombane kunye nesikhokelo sokufudumala, khangela wethu umlilo wombane kunye neentlantsi isikhokelo sokusinda, kwaye uqhagamshelane nathi intonga yomhlaba ene-energy kunye neshawari entywizisayo isikhokelo sompompo.

Ngenxa yokuba ukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo yimpazamo yochungechunge lolwahlulo lwe-voltage kunokuba i-overcurrent short circuit **, i-standard yakho ye-15-amp kunye ne-20-amp circuit breakers **AYISAYI kukhenketha ngokuzenzekelayo ** ngelixa i-200 volts igalela kwi-120-volt yakho ye-electronics. Kuphela ngokwenza i-*Main Breaker yakho UKUVALA ** iyayeka ukutshatyalaliswa ngaphakathi kwekhaya lakho.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Cima ngoko nangoko i-Main Breaker yakho yeSekethe (100A / 200A Main Disconnect) kwindawo yombane, KUPHELA ukuba indawo yolawulo ayitshayi, ayivuthi, okanye ayishushu, kwaye UNGAPHATHI nayiphi na imibhobho yamanzi yesinyithi okanye iintambo zerhasi ngelixa usenza njalo. Ukuphethula iipali ezimbini zeMain Breaker ukuze ** OFF** iziphangi zozibini imilenze eshushu ye-120-volt (L1 kwaye L2) kwangaxeshanye, ukumisa i200-volt overvoltage surges ekulumekeni izixhobo zakho zombane kunye nokumisa umsinga wendlu ongalungelelananga ukuba uqukuqele kwimibhobho yakho yamanzi yobhedu.
2. *Ukuba ubona ucingo olungaphezulu olwaphukileyo okanye olujingayo ngaphandle phakathi kwepali yesitrato kunye nemasti yophahla lwakho, hlala ubuncinci beemitha ezili-10 (33 iinyawo) kude kwaye ugcine wonke umntu engceni emanzi kwaye kude neetephu zangaphandle. Nasiphi na isibane sangaphakathi okanye isixhobo sivuliwe.
3. klzzwxh:0044 Ukuqhawula ibamba lomhlaba kumbhobho wamanzi okanyekukhulula isikhonkwane seTV esine-coaxial okanye imitha yamanzi ngezandla ezingenanto kubeka umthwalo opheleleyo we-120-volt okwangoku ngqo entliziyweni yakho.
4. Ukuba imicu yamandla ekhuselayo (MOV strips) bayatshaya, bayagqabhuka, okanye banuke okweplastiki etshileyo ngasemva kwefenitshala, zikhulule KUPHELA emva kokuba iMain Breaker IVIMILE. Imigangatho ye-120-volt yeMetal Oxide Varistor (MOV) yomgangatho we-clip emfutshane imibane yezikhonkwane ze-microsecond, ezingaqhubekiyo i-190-volt egcine i-AC overvoltage. Ngaphantsi kokungathathi hlangothi okulahlekileyo, iintambo zamandla ezingabizi kakhulu zingena kwi--runaway eshushu, zinyibilike izindlu zazo zeplastiki, kwaye zilumeke iikhaphethi kunye neekhethini phakathi kwemizuzwana engama-60 ukuya kwi-180.
5. Fowunela i-24 yeyure ye-Emergency Emergency Outage/Inombolo ye-Hazard ye-Emergency Outage/Hazard yakho yeyure ngoko nangoko kwaye uchaze umrhanelwa "Inkonzo eVulekileyo engaPhakathi / iBright-and-Dim Voltage Fluctuation." Izinto ezisetyenziswayo zombane ziphatha ukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo njenge-Priority 1 kaxakeka* (same priority as a downed wire) kwaye iya kuthumela ilori yebhakethi yenkathazo simahla ukuvavanya ukuhla kwenkonzo engaphezulu, iziqendu zemozulu, kunye nemihlathi yemitha phantsi komthwalo.
6. Jonga zonke iitshaja ze-120V eludongeni-wart, iibhodi zokulawula isithando somlilo, ii-oven microwaves, kunye necompressor zefriji yokutshisa ivumba phambi kokubuyisela umbane. Nje ukuba i-lineman esetyenziswayo okanye ingcali yombane elayisenisiweyo ilungise umdibaniso ongathathi hlangothi, vula ii-breaker circuit breakers back on ** enye ngexesha ** ngelixa ufunxa kwaye uphulaphule i-compressor motor efutshane okanye ivaliwe.

Umthi wesigqibo: Ukufumanisa ukungathathi hlangothi okulahlekileyo vs. i-flicker eqhelekileyo yokugcwala vs. utility brownout¶

Sebenzisa le tshati yokuxilonga ukwahlula okuyingozi kwangoko Vula ngokuNgaphakathi kwidiphu yamandla ombane engenabungozi yemoto okanye into esetyenziswa ebumelwaneni ngokubanzi.

flowchart TD
    Start["Izibane ziyadanyaza, zifiphale, okanye iziXhobo ezisebenza ngokungaqhelekanga"] --> TestPattern{"Kwenzeka ntoni kwezinye izibane endlwini xa umthwalo onzima we-120V (i-microwave, i-toaster, isomisi seenwele, isifudumezi-ndawo) UYAVULA?"}

    TestPattern -->|"A. Izibane kwelinye igumbi zifumana iDIM ngelixa izibane kwelinye zifumana SUPER-BRIGHT (170V ukuya 210V)"| OpenNeutral["OKUQINISEKISIWEYO OKUNGXAKEKILEYO OKUVULEKILEYO OKUNGAPHAKATHIYO: Ireferensi yempompo yaseziko yaphulwe ngenkonzo ye-120/240V okanye isekethe yesebe ye-multi-wire"]

    TestPattern -->|"B. ZONKE izibane kuyo yonke indlu zimnyama kancinci ngomzuzwana omnye xa iAC okanye ifriji iqala, emva koko ibuyele kwesiqhelo."| NormalInrush["I-Normal Motor Inrush Dip: Ukuqala okuphezulu kwee-amps zehla ngokufutshane i-voltage 3% ukuya kwi-5% kwimilenze yomibini ngokulinganayo. Hayi ukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo"]

    TestPattern -->|"C. Isiqingatha sendlu i-100% efile (0V), kunye ne-240V isomisi / isitovu asiyi kufudumala, kodwa izibane ezisebenzayo zihlala ziqinile."| DroppedHotLeg["OKULAHLEKILEYO UMNZE OKUSHISAYO (ISigaba esiVulayo se-L1 okanye i-L2): Enye yeengcingo ezimbini ezishushu ze-120V okanye iipali ezingundoqo zokuqhekeza zivuliwe, kodwa ukungathathi hlangothi kucocekile."]

    OpenNeutral --> ScopeCheck{"Ngaba ujingi oqaqambileyo/oluzizi luchaphazela indlu YONKE okanye iisekethe eziMbini kuphela zasekhitshini/egaraji?"}

    ScopeCheck -->|"Indlu yonke ijika iqaqambile/ imfiliba; imibhobho yamanzi okanye iintambo ze-coax ziyatshotshozela"| UtilityOrMain["OKUPHAMBILI / UKUSEBENZA IVULELE NGAPHANDLE: Ukwaphulwa komphezulu we-triplex ukungathathi hlangothi, ilugi yemitha etshisiweyo, okanye ipaneli eyintloko yebha engathathi hlangothi. 1. Flip Main Breaker CIMA 2. UNGAYIchukumisi imibhobho yamanzi 3. Fowunela uMbane weNgxamiseko yoMbane ngokukhawuleza"]

    ScopeCheck -->|"Zi-2 kuphela iisekethe ezikhethekileyo (umzekelo, iivenkile zekhawuntara zasekhitshini) zijinga ziqaqambile/zimnyama"| MWBCFault["VULA ISEKHITHI YEBANCE EZININZI (MWBC) OKUNGAPHAKATHI: Ucingo olungathathi hlangothi olumhlophe olwabelwanayo lwakhululeka ngaphakathi kwindongomane yocingo okanye kwindawo ephuma umva kwintambo eqhutywa ekhaya eyi-120/240V. Flip zombini ii-branch breakers eziqhagamshelweyo OFF kwaye ufowunele usombane"]

Ifiziksi yoMbane: Kutheni ungathathi hlangothi owaphukileyo ujika iisekethe eziyi-120-volt zibe yi-200-volt seesaw¶

Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ucingo olungathathi hlangothi oluphukileyo luyonakalisa kakhulu ikhaya lakho kunocingo olushushu oluphukileyo, jonga indlela amandla angena ngayo kwipaneli yombane yokuhlala.

1. Isebenza njani iNkonzo ye-120/240V yeSigaba sokuHlukaniswa okuPhilile (eMntla Melika)¶

EUnited States, eKhanada, eMexico, nakwiindawo ezithile zaseLatin America kunye neCaribbean, ipali okanye ipad-enyuswe kwisiguquli esiluncedo sinyathela umbane wesitrato esinevoltheji ephezulu ukuya 240-volt ukujikozela okwesibini ngocingo olucofiweyo oluphakathi: - Hot Umlenze 1 (L1 - Ucingo olumnyama) ukuya Hot Leg 2 (L2 - Ucingo olubomvu) imilinganiselo 240 volts AC. - I ** ucingo oluphakathi (N - Intambo ejijekileyo yealuminiyam emhlophe okanye engenanto)** ibotshelelwe ngqo kwimpompo yasezikomidpoint)** yaloo jiyile ye-240-volt yesiguquli kwaye isekelwe emhlabeni. - Ngenxa yokuba ukungathathi hlangothi kuhlala kutshixiwe kwindawo ephakathi (0V reference), i-voltage esuka ** Umlenze 1 ukuya kwi-Neutral isoloko i-120 volts **, kwaye i-voltage esuka ** Umlenze we-2 ukuya kwi-Neutral ihlala i-120 volts **, kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-Leg 1 ine-amps ye-40 yezixhobo ezisebenzayo kwaye i-Leg 2 ine-1 amp esebenzayo kuphela. Ucingo olungathathi hlangothi luthwala ngokulula umahluko (ongalungelelaniyo okwangoku, 39 amps) ngokukhuselekileyo ubuyele kwimpompo esembindini yesiguquli.

2. Kwenzeka ntoni ngephanyazo ukuqhambuka kocingo olungathathi hlangothi¶

Xa amasebe omthi, ukudinwa ngumoya, okanye umhlwa uqhawula ucingo oluphakathi phakathi kwendawo yolawulo yakho kunye nesiguquli esiluncedo, ibhasi yebhasi engathathi hlangothi yendlu yakho ayisabotshelelwa embindini we-240V yesiguquleli. - Endaweni yoko, zonke izixhobo ze-120-volt ziplage ku-Umlenze 1 nazo zonke izixhobo ze-120-volt eziplagwe ku-Leg 2 ngoku zifakwe kwiingcingo ngothotho omnye komnye kubonelelo olupheleleyo lwe-240-volt, zenza uhlobo oludala I-Ohm's Law Series Voltage Divider:

• Bukela iSeesaw ngexesha lokwenyani:
• Masithi ekhitshini (** Umlenze 1 **), uvula i-toaster ** 1,500-watt okanye indawo yokufudumeza , enokumelana nombane ophantsi we ** $ R_{ text{Leg 1}} = 10\text{ ohms} $.
• Okwangoku, kwigumbi lokuhlala kunye namagumbi okulala (** Umlenze 2 *), kuphela i- ** i-TV ye-LED, i-Wi-Fi router, ibhodi yokulawula isithando somlilo, kunye neebhubhu ezimbini zokukhanya kwe-LED ** zisebenza, kunye nokumelana nombane ophezulu odibeneyo ** $ R_{ text{Leg 2}} = 50\text{ ohms}$**.
• Ngokungathathi hlangothi kwaphukile, i-240 volts yahlula ngokungqongqo ngokuchasa:
  • Ikhitshi (Umlenze 1 - Ukuxhathisa okuPhantsi): Ifumana kuphela \(240\text{ V} \amaxesha (10 / 60) = \mathbf{40\text{volts}}\). I-toaster ayifudumezi kakhulu, izibane zasekhitshini zijika zi-orenji, kunye nefriji yefriji yecompressor stalls kunye ne-hums.
  • Igumbi lokuhlala (Umlenze 2 - Ukumelana okuphezulu): Ifumana \(240\text{ V} \amaxesha (50 / 60) = \mathbf{200\text{volts}}\) kwisekethe ye-120-volt. Ngemizuzwana nje, igumbi lokuhlala iibhalbhu ze-LED zivutha kwi-300 yepesenti yokukhanya kunye ne-pop, umkhuseli we-surgery ubamba umlilo, kunye ne-furnace 24V i-transformer kunye nombane we-TV uqhuma ngomsi omhlophe obomvu.

3. Kutheni iSigaba esiThathu seeNkqubo ze-230/400V (e-UK, iYurophu, i-Australia, i-Asiya) Zibandezeleka ngakumbi nge-400V yotyando¶

Kumazwe asebenzisa isigaba sesithathu socingo lwe-230/400-volt Wye (Star) ukuhanjiswa (iYurophu, i-UK, i-Australia, i-New Zealand, i-India, ne-Asia-Pacific), i-I-PEN evulekileyo (i-Protective Earth and Neutral)* okanye eyaphukileyo yenqanaba lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi litshintsha inqaku leenkwenkwezi ngaphesheya **400-volt isigaba-to-isigaba unxantathu *: - Ilayishwe kancinci i-230-volt yenqanaba leesekethe zenqanaba elinye inokuhamba yonke indlela ukusuka 230 volts ukuya kuma-380 ukuya kuma-400 volts, itshabalalisa ngoko nangoko sonke isixhobo esiqhagamshelweyo kunye nemibhobho yentsimbi edityanisiweyo ye-PME/TN-C-S kunye neetshaja ze-EV ukuya kuthi ga ku 150 ukuya kwi-230 volts wokwenyani.

Uthelekiso: Inkonzo evulekileyo ngokungathathi hlangothi vs. Umlenze oshushu olahlekileyo vs¶

Umbulali ofihlakeleyo: Kutheni ukulahleka kokungathathi hlangothi komeleza imibhobho yakho yamanzi, i-spigots yangaphandle, kunye neentambo zeTV ze-coaxial¶

Xa umbane ongaphezulu okanye ongaphantsi komhlaba ugqabhuka ngokungathathi hlangothi, uya phi umbane ongalungelelananga osuka endlwini yakho?

Ngenxa yokuba i-Neutral Busbar kunye ne Ground Busbar zidityaniswe kunye ngaphakathi IiPhaneli yeNkonzo ePhambili yakho, ikhoyo ngoku engalungelelananga (10 to 50 amps) izingela ngokukhawuleza ** nayiphi na enye indlela yentsimbi ebuyela kwisiguquli sepali senkampani eluncedo **:

1. Indlela yoMbhobho weMetallic waManzi (Ukothusa ummelwane okanye uMtywini wamanzi)¶

• Ukuba indlu yakho kunye nendlu yommelwane wakho iqhagamshelwe kwi- ** eqhubekayo yobhedu engaphantsi komhlaba okanye intsimbi etshiziweyo yamanzi kamasipala **, indlu yakho engathathi hlangothi engathathi hlangothi iqukuqela ihla **I-Grounding Electrode Conductor **, isiya kumbhobho wakho wamanzi obhedu, ukuya kumanzi esitrato, phezulu kwimibhobho yobhedu yamanzi yommelwane wakho, kunye nephaneli yamanzi yommelwane wakho, kunye nepaneli enkulu yommelwane wakho. ucingo oluphezulu olungagungqiyo lubuyela kwipali yoncedo.
• Ukuba isitalato sakho sinePlastiki yePVC yaManzi eManzi: Ukuba isixeko sitshintshe undoqo wesitrato ngombhobho weplastiki ongeyo-PVC okanye we-HDPE**, imibhobho yakho yamanzi yobhedu inomhlaba onganyangekiyo kakhulu (15 to 100 ohms) ukubuyisela okwangoku. NgoMthetho ka-Ohm ($ V = I amaxesha R $), nje ** 10 amps ** ezama ukutyhala kwi **20-ohm intonga yomhlaba ** iphakamisa ** yonke imibhobho yamanzi yobhedu, ivalve yeshawa, i-faucet yasekhitshini, kunye nebhibhi yombhobho wegadi yangaphandle kwipropati yakho ukuya kwi-volts eyi-120 ngokunxulumene nomhlaba omanzi **.
• Ukunyathela unganxibanga zihlangu kwikhonkrithi yepatio emanzi okanye engceni efumileyo ngelixa ubambe umbhobho wangaphandle wesitiya wentsimbi ugqibezela 120-volt isekethi ngqo esifubeni sakho.

2. I-Melting Coaxial Cable TV / Internet Ground Wire Fire¶

• Esinye sezona zizathu zihlala zibangela imililo esecaleni yangaphandle ngexesha lokungakhethi cala yintambo yakho yeTV okanye i-intanethi ye-coaxial cable (RG-6)**:
• Ikhaka lefoyile yealuminiyam ephothiweyo yangaphandle yentambo yeTV ebotshelelwe kwibloko yaphantsi yendlu yakho ngaphandle kwaye kwasekwa kwipali yoncedo phezulu esitalatweni.
• Xa usetyenziso lwakho olunzima lwe-aluminiyam olungathathi hlangothi lugqabhuka, indlu yakho izama ukunyanzela ** 20 ukuya kwi-40 amps yendlu engalungelelananga yokubuyisela yangoku ** ngephepha-elincinci ** 18-AWG ucingo lomhlaba kunye nefoyile ephothiweyo ye-aluminium yentambo yakho ye-coaxial TV **.
• Kwimizuzu nje embalwa, intambo ye-coaxial ngaphakathi kwegumbi lakho elingaphantsi, kwigumbi eliphezulu, okanye ngasemva kukamabonwakude wakho ishushu ngokubomvu, inyibilikisa ibhatyi yayo emnyama yePVC, kwaye igqabhuke ibe ngamadangatye. (Ukuba i-coaxial TV splitter yakho itshisa ishushu xa ibamba okanye inyibilika, ngokuqinisekileyo unenkonzo evulekileyo engathathi hlangothi, ngoko ke ungaze ukhulule intambo ye-coaxial eshushu ngezandla zakho.)

Uvavanya njani ngokukhuselekileyo ukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo ngemultimeter yedijithali (Kubasebenzisi abaqeqeshiweyo)¶

Ukuba izibane zakho ziyaguquguquka kwaye umnikazi we-*CAT III-rated Digital Multimeter (DMM)**, unokuqinisekisa ukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo kwimizuzwana engama-60 ngaphandle kokuvula iphaneli yombane:

1. Seta iMultimeter kwiiVolts zeAC (V- / 750V okanye Uluhlu oluzenzekelayo).
2. Fakela i-Meter Probes kuMgangatho we-120V Wall Outlet (narrow Hot slot to wide Neutral slot) kwaye ufunde isiseko sombane sokuphumla (e.g., 121V).
3. Layita Umthwalo oMnzi we-120V oNganyangekiyo (1,500W Isisomisi seNwele, iSifudumezi seSithuba, okanye iToaster):
4. Gxuma isomisi seenwele okanye i-toaster kwindawo yokuphuma kwisekethe efanayo (okanye ekhitshini) kwaye uyivule ** PHEZULU **.
5. Isiphumo esiQhelekileyo (Ukungathathi hlangothi kweMpilo): I-Voltage yehla nge- 1 ukuya kwi-4 volts (e.g., from 121V down to 118V).
6. Vula uMsayino ongaPhambilili: Umbane nokuba yi-i-plummet nge-15 ukuya kwi-60+ ye-volts (dropping to 60V-105V ukuba imitha ikumlenze omnye kunye nesomisi seenwele) OKANYE ** inyukela phezulu ngaphezu kwe-126V ukuya ku-140V-200V ** (ukuba imitha ifakwe kwi-outlet kumlenze ochaseneyo).
7. Uqonde "120V + 120V = 240V" Umgaqo osisiShwankathelo:
8. Kwindawo engathathi hlangothi evulekileyo, ukuba ulinganisa indawo yokuphuma ku-Umlenze 1 (e.g., 75 volts) kwaye ngoko nangoko ulinganise indawo yokuphuma ku Umlenze 2 (e.g., 165 volts), izifundo ezimbini ** zihlala zongeza ukuya kwi-240 volts ** ($ 75 + 165 = 240\text{ V} $). Nanini na i-120-volt outlet ifundeka ** ngaphezu kwe-127 volts AC **, vala i-Main Breaker ngokukhawuleza.

Ukubuyisela inyathelo ngenyathelo emva kokungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo: Ukuhlola izixhobo kunye namaxwebhu e-inshurensi¶

Nje ukuba i-lineman yombane ikhuphe umkhono omtsha ongathathi hlangothi ngaphandle (okanye umntu osebenza ngombane uthatha indawo yepeni yemitha ebolileyo okanye ipaneli engathathi hlangothi), musa ** musa ** ukumane ujike zonke iibreaker zakho ngaxeshanye:

1. Hlola kwaye ulahle bonke abaKhuseli boTyando abaChaphazelekayo:
2. Khupha yonke **intambo yamandla kunye neplagi-in surge mkhuseli ** ebiqhagamshelwe ngexesha lomsitho. Yivuthulule kwaye ujoje imijelo yokukhupha umoya: ukuba ivumba le-acrid, ibonisa ukujika kobushushu obumdaka ngebala, irhashaza, okanye i-LED yayo "Ekhuselweyo" itshile, yilahle kwangoko. I-Overstressed Metal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) eyasinda kwisiganeko esivulekileyo se-190V sinokufutshane kwaye sibambe umlilo kwiintsuku kamva phantsi kwamandla aqhelekileyo e-120V.
3. Jonga ezona zixhobo zi-5 zisesichengeni zeeyure ezingama-24:
4. Ezinye izixhobo zombane zihlala zinamandla angama-24/7 kwaye zineenguqu ezincinci ezisezantsi ezisezantsi okanye iibhodi zokulawula ngokuthe ngqo kumgca we-120V othosa kuqala ngexesha lokungathathi hlangothi okulahlekileyo:
   1. ISiko seGesi / iSiphatho soMoya i-24V yesiGuquli sokuLawula kunye neBhodi yeSekethe
   2. **IBhodi yeeNgcaciso zeGarage Door Opener **
   3. Ibhodi yokuBonisa iMicrowave yeOveni yeMicrowave (ihlala ixhonywa ngaphezulu kwesitovu)
   4. **Isiguquli sesikhenkcezisi / iBhodi yoLawulo kunye neSibali-xesha seFrost **
   5. Impompo yeSump eNgaphantsi komhlaba / isiLawuli seSewage ejector & Wi-Fi Routers
5. Vula iiZaphuli zeSebe enye nenye:
6. Ngazo zonke ii-electronics ezinkulu ezikhutshiweyo, flip i-Main Breaker ** ON **, emva koko uvule i-15A / 20A i-breaker yesebe nganye ngelixa ujonga ivumba elivuthayo okanye i-humming transformers.
7. Usetyenziso Loxwebhu vs. UXanduva lwecala loMthengi kuMabango omonakalo:
8. Buza umntu onengxaki nge-inombolo yetikiti lesiganeko kwaye ubuze ngokukodwa apho ukungathathi cala kusilele khona:
   • Ukuba ukungathathi hlangothi kusilele ekuwisweni kwenkonzo ye-*entloko yenkampani eluncedo, i-pole splice, okanye i-lateral yesitrato esingaphantsi komhlaba, iikomishoni ezininzi zenkonzo yoluntu zikuvumela ukuba ufake i-Ibango lomonakalo wePropati kunye noMsebenzi woMbane wezixhobo ezitshatyalalisiwe.
   • Ukuba ukungathathi hlangothi kusilele ngaphakathi komthengi ophethwe ngumhlathi wesokethi yemitha, intambo yokungena yenkonzo (SEU), okanye iphaneli yebreaker engundoqo, bhala i-lug engaphumelelanga eneefoto ze-IsiXhobo se-Inshorensi yaBaninimzi UkwaHlulwa kweZixhobo ze-Inshorensi / Umbane oQhelekileyo oVeliswe ngokuNgenzelwa ngokuNgequbuliso wakho.

Iinombolo zengingqi zikaxakeka kunye neeprothokholi ze-arhente¶

Ulwakhiwo oluluncedo olungathathi hlangothi (Split-Phase 120/240V vs. TN-C-S PME 230/400V) kunye neenkqubo zokunika ingxelo ngexesha likaxakeka ziyahluka ngokwamazwe:

• I-United States neKhanada:
• Uhlangulo loMlilo oluNgxamisekileyo: Fowunela 911 ngoko nangoko ukuba ubona umsi, iintlantsi, okanye imibhobho eshushu ye-coaxial/yamanzi.
• I-Electric Utility Emergency Dispatch: Fowunela usetyenziso lombane lwasekhaya 24/7 Ucingo oluNyelwe phantsi / uMnxeba kaNgxamiseko woMbane waMandla oNgxamisekileyo kwaye usebenzise eli binzana lichanekileyo: "Inkonzo evulekileyo ngokungathathi hlangothi kunye nokuguquguquka kwamandla ombane asendle kunye nezibane eziqaqambileyo/ezimnyama."
• IMigangatho yeKhowudi yoMbane: i-NFPA 70 (iSiqendu 250 seKhowudi yoMbane yeSizwe kunye neSiqendu 210.4(B)) ifuna ukucinywa okubotshwe ngaxeshanye kuzo zonke iiSekethe zeSebe leeMicingo ezininzi (MWBCs) kunye nokudityaniswa okungqongqo komqhubi wenkonzo ongathathi hlangothi kwinkonzo engundoqo yokuqhawula (and nowhere else downstream).
• Iunited Kingdom:
• ** I-Emergency National Power Network Cut / Vula iPEN **: Fowunela ** 105 ** ngokukhawuleza (i-24-iyure yasimahla ye-UK yeSizwe yaMandla yokuSika aMandla kunye noSasazo lweNethiwekhi kaxakeka) okanye ** 999 ** ukuba umlilo uqala.
• Ingozi egqithisileyo ye-UK "I-PEN evulekileyo" kwi-TN-C-S (PME) Ubonelelo: Ngaphezulu kwe-70 yeepesenti yamakhaya ase-UK asebenzisa I-Protective Multiple Earthing (PME / TN-C-S), apho i-utility idibanisa i-Neutral kunye ne-Earth ibe yinye ** i-PEN conductor ** kwindlu yesitrato yamanzi kunye ne-Team* ye-Earth, i-MET yakho ye-Earth ibhondi (i-MET co) imibhobho, kunye nemibhobho yegesi. Ukuba umqhubi wesitrato wePEN wophuka (Open PEN fault), ** yonke impahla yentsimbi enomhlaba, iradiyetha yobhedu, umbhobho weshawa, kunye nempompo yentsimbi yangaphandle kwikhaya lakho lase-UK inokunyuka iye kuthi ga kwi-50 ukuya kwi-230 volts AC xa kuthelekiswa nomhlaba wokwenyani** nokuba iyunithi yakho yomthengi isitshixo esingundoqo IYAVALWA (kuba i-MET ihlala iqhagamshelwe kwibhloko yePEN engenayo). Gcina wonke umntu ekude neetephu zentsimbi, iindonga zangaphandle, kunye ne-EV chassis yemoto de injineli ye-DNO ibe yodwa inkonzo yesitrato.
• Udibano lwaseyurophu:
• Umlilo oNgxamisekileyo kunye noHlangulo: Fowunela 112.
• IziGaba eziThathu "Sternpunktverschiebung" (Star-Point Shift): Kwilizwekazi laseYurophu izigaba ezithathu 230/400V TN-C-S kunye neTN-S iiphaneli zokuhlala (IEC 60364), ukungathathi hlangothi okwaphukileyo (Nullleiterbruch ngesiJamani / Rupture de neutre ngesiFrentshi) kubangela ** ukufuduka kweenkwenkwezi **, ukuthumela ukuya ku- 400 volts AC kwiisokethi ze-230-volt zesigaba esinye. Jikelezisa inqanaba elithathu Utshintsho oluPhambili / RCD (Hauptschalter / FI-Schutzschalter) UKUVALA ngokukhawuleza kwaye ufowunele umqhubi wegridi yendawo (Störungsdienst).
• I-Australia neNew Zealand:
• Iinombolo zikaNgxamiseko: Tsalela umnxeba 000 e-Australia okanye 111 eNew Zealand, kunye nomgca we-Faults & Emergency* wosasazo lombane lombuso wakho.
• AMADODA (iMultiple Earthed Neutral) Ingozi: I-Australia kunye neNew Zealand zigunyazisa inkqubo ye-MEN (AS/NZS 3000 Wiring Rules), ebophelela usetyenziso olungenayo olungathathi hlangothi kwibar yomhlaba yabasebenzisi kunye namanzi/i-electrode yomhlaba. Inkonzo engaphezulu evulekileyo yokungathathi hlangothi ibeka umsinga opheleleyo wendlu engalungelelananga kwisixokelelwano somhlaba, ebangela umoyiko wombane kwiimpompo zasegadini nakwiishawari. Ungaze ubambe imibhobho yamanzi yesinyithi okanye utsale ucingo lomhlaba oluluhlaza/olutyheli luphume kwisiteki somhlaba; fowunela umsebenzisi wenethiwekhi ngoko nangoko.
• Indiya kunye neAsia-Pacific:
• Iinombolo zikaNgxamiseko: Tsalela umnxeba 112 (kunye 1912, umnxeba woncedo wombane wesizwe kwiiDISCOM zelizwe laseIndiya); ** 119 ** eJapan naseMzantsi Korea; 995 eSingapore.
• IiNdawo ezidadayo ngokungathathi hlangothi kwiApartment Risers: Kwiibhloko zezindlu ezinemigangatho emininzi ezondliwa yi-415V/240V ezine-415V/240V ezine-wire riser, ilugi evulekileyo okanye etshisiweyo engathathi hlangothi kwindawo yokuhambisa ibhasi yesakhiwo ibangela ngaxeshanye 400V overvoltage burnouts flats ngapha nangapha komjikelo womoya. Cima iipali ezimbini/iipali ezine zegumbi lakho MCB/RCCB isolator ngoko nangoko.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa¶

Kutheni ezinye izibane endlwini yam zikhanya kakhulu ngelixa ezinye izibane zisiba mnyama xa ndivula imicrowave okanye itoaster?¶

Olu luphawu lwakudala, olungenakuphikiswa lwe-Open Neutral (Ilahlekile Ngaphakathi) kwi-120/240-volt yesigaba sokwahlulwa kwenkonzo yombane. Ngokwesiqhelo, ucingo olungathathi hlangothi lutshixa zombini iziqingatha zephaneli yakho yebreaker ngokuthe ngqo kwi-120 volts. Xa ucingo olungathathi hlangothi lugqabhuka luvuleka kwipali yoncedo, ngaphakathi kwisokethi yemitha, okanye kwibhasari yepaneli engundoqo, iziqingatha ezibini ze-120-volt zendlu yakho ziba neengcingo kuthotho kwii-volts ezingama-240. Ukuvula i-microwave enzima eyi-1,500-watt okanye i-toaster yehlisa ukuxhathisa kombane kwisiqingatha sepaneli yayo, ibangela ukuba amandla ombane kwelinye icala ehle aye kuma-40 ukuya kuma-80 volts (ukunciphisa ezo zibane) ngelixa kunyanzelwa i-160 ukuya kwi-200 volts eseleyo kwisiqingatha esichaseneyo sephaneli (ukwenza izibane kwamanye amagumbi kunye nokuvutha kombane ovuthayo).

Ngubani ohlawulela ukulungisa ukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo, kwaye ngaba yingxaki yesixhobo sombane okanye eyam?¶

Ukuba uqhagamshelo oluphakathi olwaphukileyo okanye oludlekileyo lubekwe kwiingcingo ezingaphezulu phakathi kwepali yesitrato kunye nophahla lwakho lwemozulu, okanye ngaphakathi kwendawo esecaleni yesitrato esisebenza phantsi komhlaba, inkampani esebenza ngombane ingumnini wezo ngcingo kwaye iya kulungisa ukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Ukuba i-lineman ye-utility ivavanya iingcingo ezingenayo kwi-weatherhead yakho kwaye ifumanisa ukuba i-utility neutral iqinile, i-lug evulekileyo okanye etshisiweyo engathathi hlangothi ingaphakathi kwesiseko semitha yomthengi wakho okanye ipaneli ye-breaker main, efuna ukuqesha umbane onelayisensi. Soloko ufowunela umgca kaxakeka wenkonzo yombane kuqala kuba ziphendula ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kweendleko kwaye zinokutsala imitha ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba indawo yolawulo yakho iyingozi.

Kutheni le nto umtya wam wamandla okhuselayo ubambe umlilo okanye uqale ukutshaya ngexesha lokungathabathi cala?¶

Abakhuseli botyando abaqhelekileyo basebenzisa iidiski zeceramic ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yiMetal Oxide Varistors (MOVs) eziyilelwe ukufunxa umbane we-1-millisecond okanye i-spike yokutshintsha ngokuqhuba amandla ombane angaphezulu kwe-150 volts kubushushu iqhezu lesekondi. Ngexesha le-utility evulekileyo engathathi hlangothi, nangona kunjalo, i-outlet yodonga ayifumani i-spike emfutshane ye-microsecond; endaweni yoko, ifumana unikezelo oluqhubekayo lwe-170-volt ukuya kwi-210-volt AC imizuzu okanye iiyure. Iidiski ze-MOV ngaphakathi kumtya wombane ziqhuba ngokuqhubekayo, ubushushu obudlule kwi-300 degrees celsius ngemizuzwana, kwaye zigqabhuke zibe ngamadangatye ngaphandle kokuba umtya wombane unefuse yangaphakathi eshushu ewuqhawulayo.

Kutheni kuyingozi ukubamba imibhobho yamanzi yobhedu, i-hose hose spigots yangaphandle, okanye iintambo ze-TV ze-coaxial xa indlu yam ilahlekile?¶

Kwiinkqubo zokuhlala zombane, i-busbar yakho engathathi hlangothi ibotshelelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwisixokelelwano sakho sokumisa (intonga yakho yomhlaba, umbhobho wenkonzo yamanzi esinyithi, kunye nebloko ephantsi yentambo ye-TV ye-coaxial) kwiphaneli ye-breaker. Xa ucingo olungathathi hlangothi lugqabhuka luvulekile, wonke umbane ongalungelelananga osuka kuso sonke isibane esibalekayo kunye nesixhobo esisendlwini yakho sijikelwa kwimibhobho yakho yamanzi yobhedu kunye nesikhuselo sentambo ye-coaxial yeTV njengoko izama ukufumana enye indlela ebuyela kwisiguquli esiluncedo. Ukuchukumisa umbhobho wobhedu, ukukhulula intambo ye-coaxial, okanye ukubamba ithumbu lombhobho wentsimbi engaphandle ngelixa umi kumhlaba omanzi kunokuthumela i-120-volt yangoku ngqo emzimbeni wakho.

Ngaba ucingo olunye olukhululekileyo ngaphakathi kwindlu yam lunokubangela izibane eziqaqambileyo nezimfiliba kumagumbi amabini nje ngaphandle kokuchaphazela indlu yonke?¶

Ewe. Ukuba ujingi lwamandla ombane oqaqambileyo noluzizi lwenzeka kuphela kwiisekethe ezimbini ezikhethekileyo (ezidla ngokuba yimpahla yetafile ekhitshini, impahla yokuhlamba impahla/yokuhlambela iisekethe, okanye iindawo zokusebenzela) ngelixa yonke indlu ihlala izinzile kwii-volts eziyi-120, une-Open Neutral kwiSekethe yeCandelo leeNcingo ezininzi (MWBC). Kwi-MWBC, iingcingo ezimbini ezijongene ne-120-volt ezishushu (ezimnyama nezibomvu) zabelana ngocingo olunye olumhlophe olungathathi hlangothi ngaphakathi kwentambo enye. Ukuba olo cingo lumhlophe lukhululekile ngaphakathi kwebhokisi yokuphuma okanye intambo yocingo, ezo zijikelezo zimbini zesebe zenza i-240-volt series loop ngaphandle kokuchaphazela yonke indawo yolawulo. Cima zombini iziqhekeza ezondla loo ntambo kwaye ufowunele umntu osebenza ngombane.

Ngaba ijenereyitha yogcino lwendlu yonke iza kuqhuba ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba usetyenziso lwam olungathathi hlangothi lwaphukile?¶

Ukuba unejenereyitha yogcino efakwe ngokufanelekileyo eqhagamshelwe ngencwadana yencwadana okanye yotshintshelo oluzenzekelayo, ukutshintsha iswitshi yokutshintshela kwi-GENERATOR iqhawula imilenze eshushu yekhaya lakho kwigridi yoncedo kwaye ibonelele ngereferensi entsha, ehambelanayo engathathi hlangothi ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwi-alternator ye-alternator ejikajikayo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uqhagamshelo lokungathathi hlangothi lubekwe ngokwasemzimbeni kwi-busbar engundoqo engathathi hlangothi ngaphakathi kwiphaneli yakho ye-breaker yangaphakathi endaweni yemigca yenkonzo yangaphandle, ukutshintshela kwijenereyitha kusaza kuchaphazeleka kukungathathi hlangothi okuvulekileyo de umntu osebenza ngombane onelayisenisi aqinise okanye atshintshe ilugi yebhasi eyonakeleyo.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• Ukothuka okanye ukuncwina xa uchukumisa itephu yeshawari okanye ileli yephuli: ukutsala amandla ombane alahlekileyo
• Iphaneli yombane i-arcing, i-buzzing breakers, kunye nokushisa ngokugqithiseleyo
• Umlilo wombane, iintlantsi, kunye nevumba elivuthayo kwiindonga
• Intambo yamandla ewileyo kwindlu, ucingo, okanye eyadini
• Uluhlu lweenombolo zexesha likaxakeka

Imithombo kunye nezikhokelo ezisemthethweni¶

• ** I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): ** * I-NFPA 70: IKhowudi yeSizwe yoMbane (NEC) ISiqendu 200 (Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokuchongwa kwabaqhubi abaphantsi), iSiqendu 210.4 (iiSekethe zeSebe le-Multi-Wire), kunye neSiqendu 250 (UkuGcinwa kunye nokuBonding kweZixhobo zeNkonzo) *.
• Iziko leeNjineli zoMbane kunye nezoMbane (IEEE): *IEEE Std 142 (iNcwadi eluhlaza) kunye ne-IEEE Std 1100 (iNcwadi ye-Emerald): UkuXhobisa iiNkqubo zoMbane wezoShishino kunye noRhwebo kunye nokuNgaphakathi kwiSigaba sokuSahlulwa kweSigaba *.
• Iziko lobuNjineli kunye neThekhnoloji (IET) / iZiko leMigangatho yaseBritani (BSI): BS 7671: IiMfuneko zoFakelo loMbane (IiMimiselo yeWiring ye-IET ye-18^th Edition) - Iingozi zePen Conductor ezaphukileyo kwi-TN-C-S (PME) Supplies.
• IiLabhoratri ze-Underwriters (UL): *UL 1449: Umgangatho weZixhobo zoKhuseleko ze-Surgery (SPD) - Ukugqithiswa okungaqhelekanga / uVavanyo oluLahlekileyo lwe-Thermal Runaway *.
• IMigangatho yase-Australia / iMigangatho yeNew Zealand: *AS/NZS 3000: UFakelo loMbane (iMithetho yoNxibelelwano) -IiNdlela zokuSebenza eziNtu eziNinzi eziNeutral (i-MEN) kunye neeNgozi eziVulekileyo zeNkonzo *.