Iintyatyambo ze-Algal ezinobungozi, ii-Aerosols ze-Red Tide, kunye ne-Toxic Cyanobacteria¶

Ii-Algal Blooms ezinobungozi (HABs) zenzeka xa iikholoni ze-microscopic marine dinoflagellates, diatoms, okanye amanzi acocekileyo cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) ziphindaphindeka ngokuqhushumba emanzini ashushu, anezondlo kwaye zivelise i-biological enamandla cyanotoxins kunye ne-biotoxins yaselwandle. Ngokungafaniyo nokhula oluqhelekileyo lwamachibi aluhlaza, i-cyanobacteria enetyhefu kunye nolwandle ** ama-red tides** akhupha iityhefu zekhemikhali, eziquka **microcystin, i-anatoxin-a ("Factor Fast Factor Factor"), i-saxitoxin, kunye ne-brevetoxin *, ephakathi kwezinto ezinobungozi kakhulu zendalo emhlabeni. Kumachibi amanzi acwengileyo, amadama, kunye nemilambo, umlomo omnye wecyanobacteria umphezulu scum unokubulala inja yokuqubha ngokusebenzisa ukukhubazeka kokuphefumla okanye ukusilela kwesibindi esibukhali kwi-15 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-60, kwaye xa ibloom eyityhefu ingena kumanzi kamasipala, **amanzi etephu abilayo AKAYI kutshabalalisa i-toxin, ngokwenene inyusa ityhefu emanzini kwaye ikhuphe ityhefu emanzini.

Ngaselunxwemeni lolwandle (ingakumbi iGulf of Mexico eFlorida, eTexas, naseMexico, kunye nePasifiki, iAtlantiki, neAustralasia), amaza olwandle abomvu olwandle (Karenia brevis) ayaqhekeka phakathi kwamaza antlithekayo, ngokuqalisa i-airborne brevetoxin aerosols ukuya kuthi ga kwi- ** 1.5 yeekhilomitha ezintathu ukuya kwi-1.5 yeekhilomitha ukuya kwe-5 ukukhohlela kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo zombefu kubantu abahamba elwandle abangazange bawachukumise nokuwaphatha amanzi. Ngokutsho kwe-United States Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), i-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-World Health Organization (WHO), kunye noLawulo lweSizwe lwe-Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric (NOAA), ukusinda kunye nokuthintela ubuthi kufuna ukwazi indlela yokubona amanzi anobuthi kunye ne-** Jar kunye ne-Stick Tests **, ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ** ukupheka akuze kungabikho neutralizes, kunye ne-shellfish engcolisekileyo.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Hlala ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo kulo naliphi na ichibi, ichibi, umlambo, okanye ibheyi apho amanzi ajongeka njengepeyinti yelatex echithekileyo/ebhlowu, isuphu ye-ertyisi, i-cottage cheese curds, okanye imivimbo ebomvu-ntsundu. Landela umyalelo we-CDC kunye ne-EPA: "Xa ungathandabuzi, Hlala Ungaphandle." Ungaze uqubhe, uhambe, uqubhe amanzi, i-alskiy, i-jet-skium okanye i-jet-skium ebonakalayo. ungaze uvumele abantwana okanye izinja zidlale kugwebu oluselunxwemeni okanye kwimethi yealgal eyomileyo ekhukulisekileyo ehlanjwe elunxwemeni (iimethi zecyanobacteria ezomisiweyo zigcina uxinaniso olubulalayo lwe-neurotoxins iiveki kwisanti eyomileyo).
2. Hlamba izinja, abantwana, kunye nolusu lwakho KWANGOKO ngamanzi etephu acocekileyo acocekileyo kunye nesepha ukuba zibekwe emanzini akrokrelekayo. Izinja ngamaxhoba aphambili etyhefu yecyanobacteria ebulalayo ngenxa yokuba zidada kwingxondorha engqindilili yonxweme kwaye zikhothe uboya bazo obosulelekileyo bomile elunxwemeni, zingenisa umthamo omkhulu we *** okanye ianatoxin-*** okanye ianatoxin-*. Nxiba iiglavu ezingangeni manzi, bhobhoza inja yakho phantsi kakuhle ngamanzi acocekileyo acocekileyo phambi uyivumele ikhothe idyasi okanye amanqina, uhlambe eyakho ulusu kunye nempahla yokuqubha ngesepha namanzi acocekileyo, kwaye ogungxule amehlo anetyuwa ecocekileyo okanye amanzi abalekayo acocekileyo kangangemizuzu eli-15.
3. Lumka unxweme uye kungena elizweni kwindawo enomoya opholileyo ukuba iRed Tide yaselunxwemeni ibangela ukukhohlela, ukuthimla, amehlo anamanzi, okanye ukutswina. ecaleni kwe-Gulf of Mexico* kunye nonxweme lolwandle, amaza antlithekayo aqhekeza iKarenia brevis iiseli zamaza abomvu kwaye akhuphe imicroscopic brevetoxin ithontsize Ukuba unayo ** i-asthma, i-COPD, i-emphysema, okanye isifo esingapheliyo se-lung **, shiya elunxwemeni ngokukhawuleza, ungene ngaphakathi kunye neefestile ezivaliweyo kwaye ** i-air conditioning iseti i-Recirculate , kwaye usebenzise i--short-acting bronchodilator rescue inhaler (albuterol / salbutamol) **; bona wethu Ukuhlaselwa kwesifuba Isikhokelo soncedo lokuqala. Ukunxiba i-tight-fit N95 / FFP2 particulate respirator mask elunxwemeni hluza malunga ne-95 pesenti yamathontsi aerosol aselwandle ukuba kufuneka uhambe ngaphandle kufutshane ne-surf.
4. Ungaze utye iimbaza ezizivunileyo, iimbaza, iimbatyisi, i-scallops, okanye intlanzi yolwandle ngexesha lokuvalwa kwe-biotoxin yonxweme, ukupheka kunye nokukhenkceza AKUYI konakalisa ityhefu yaselwandle. I-Marine shellfish filter-feed kwi-dinoflagellates enetyhefu kunye ne-diatoms, igxininise saxitoxin (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (i-Pomonesiic Shellfish)**, i-Amnesiic Shellfish brevetoxin (Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning) ngaphakathi kwenyama yabo ngaphandle kokonakalisa ishellfish ngokwayo. Ukubilisa, ukufutha, ukuqhotsa, ukubhaka, ukuthambisa ngejusi yekalika, okanye ukukhenkceza oonokrwece abangcolisekileyo okanye intlanzi ye-ciguatera-reef reef AYIyinciphisi ityhefu nangepesenti enye.
5. Fumana unyango olungxamisekileyo okanye unyango lwezilwanyana ngoko nangoko ukuba ndindisholo emilebeni/elwimini, ukugabha, ukuxhuzula kwezihlunu, okanye ubunzima bokuphefumla. Tsalela umnxeba kwinombolo yakho yexesha likaxakeka (911 eUnited States naseKhanada, 112 kulo lonke elaseYurophu Union, 999 eUnited Kingdom, okanye ubone zonke amanani kaxakeka) okanye Ukulawulwa kwetyhefu yase-US kwi-* 1-800-222-1222 ** (jonga yethu ityhefu isikhokelo soncedo lokuqala). Kumntu I-Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), ukuntyiloza kunye nokuba ndindisholo kwemilebe kunye nolwimi phakathi kwe-15 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-60* yokutya i-shellfish inokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza ukugqiba ukukhubazeka kwe-diaphragm efuna ukuphefumla ngomatshini.
6. Yenza "uVavanyo lweNtonga" yeMizuzu emi-2 kunye nemizuzu engama-30 "Uvavanyo lweJar yeglasi" phambi kokungena kumanzi anomrhanelwa. Ukuba awukwazi ukuxelela ukuba i-scum yedama eliluhlaza ayinabungozi kwi-filamentous green algae ("inwele zesele") okanye i-cyanobacteria ebulalayo, tyhala intonga ende phantsi kwemethi kwaye uyiphakamise: ukuba ijinga intambo eluhlaza njengoboya obuluhlaza, ayinabungozi. i-algae ene-filamentous; ukuba igqume intonga njengepeyinti yolwelo olubhityileyo, isasazeke ibe ngamasuntswana afana nothuli oluluhlaza, okanye idada ukuya kutsho phezulu kwingqayi yeglasi egcinwe emthunzini kangangemizuzu engama-30, yityhefu yicyanobacteria, hlala ngaphandle.

Ibloom yealgal eyingozi, i-red tide, kunye ne-shellfish enetyhefu yetshati yesigqibo¶

Sebenzisa lo mthi wesigqibo seklinikhi kunye nokusingqongileyo xa udibana namanzi ajike umbala, ukucaphuka emoyeni elwandle, okanye iimpawu ezibukhali zasemva kokuvezwa ebantwini okanye kwizilwanyana zasekhaya.

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Algal Bloom Ekrokrelwayo Eyingozi (HAB) Ukudibana:<br/>Ichibi eliGuqukileyo/Amanzi oLwandle, ukuKhohlela eLwandle, okanye iSigulo seShellfish"] --> ExposureRoute{"Loluphi uhlobo lokuvezwa okanye<br/>ingozi eyenzeke?"}

    ExposureRoute -->|"1. ICHIBI LAMANZI AMANZI / IDAMA / UMLAMBO OQHELEKILEYO<br/>Ipeyinti Echithiweyo, Isuphu yePea, iScum eBlue-Green, okanye iCrusty Shore Mats"| FreshBloom{"Ngaba umntu okanye inja sele<br/>yawabamba okanye yawaginya amanzi?"}

    FreshBloom -->|"AKUKHO Qhagamshelana okwangoku"| StayOut["1. PHUMELA NGAPHANDLE: Musa ukuqubha, ukuhamba ngeenyawo, ukutyibilika emanzini, okanye ukuvumela izinja kufutshane nonxweme<br/>2. Ungaze usebenzise amanzi echibi ukwenza izitya zokukhempisha okanye ukuhlamba<br/> (Izihluzi zenkampu eziqhelekileyo & nokubilisa SUKUZISUSI iicyanotoxins)"]

    FreshBloom -->|"EWE: Ukudibana noLusu okanye Inja Idada emanzini"| DeconNow["UKUKHUTSHISWA KWANGOKO OKU:<br/>1. Thintela inja ekukhotheni uboya (faka ikhowuni/umlomo okanye ubambe intloko)<br/>2. Hlamba inja kunye nolusu lomntu ngocoselelo ngamanzi ACOCEKILEYO + nesepha<br/>3. Ukuba inja iyavuza, iyagabha, iyangcangcazela, okanye ikhubekile: XHUMELA KWIVET EXAMISEKILEYO<br/> (I-Anatoxin-i-neurotoxin inokubangela ukuba kubanjwe ukuphefumla kwi-15 ukuya kwi-60 mins)"]

    ExposureRoute -->|"2. I-COASTAL OCEAN RED TIDE / SEA SPRAY<br/>Ukhohlokhohlo olomileyo ngesiquphe, Ukuthimla, ukuNyulwa komqala, okanye Intlanzi efileyo elunxwemeni"| RedTideAction["I-MARINE BREVETOXIN I-AEROSOL PROTOCOL:<br/>1. Shiya ulwandle & uhambe >= 2 km phakathi kwelizwe okanye unyuke umoya kwi-sefa<br/>2. Ngena ngaphakathi, vala iifestile, & usete i-A/C UKURECIRCULATE<br/>3. Ukuba i-asthma/COPD wheezing iqala: Sebenzisa i-Albuterol yokuhlangula inhaler<br/>4. Nxiba imaski ye-N95 / FFP2 ukuba unyanzelekile ukuba usebenze ngaphandle kufutshane ne-surf"]

    ExposureRoute -->|"3. MUNICIPAL TAP WATER ADVISORY<br/>City Issues Cyanotoxin 'Do Not Drink' Alert"| TapWater["TAP WATER CYANOTOXIN RULES:<br/>1. NEVER BOIL THE WATER (boiling bursts cells & concentrates toxin)<br/>2. Use ONLY bottled water for drinking, infant formula, ice, & pets<br/>3. Do not bathe infants or open wounds in tap water if Microcystin > 20 ug/L"]

    ExposureRoute -->|"4. ATE SHELLFISH OR REEF FISH<br/>Tingling Lips/Tongue, Reversed Hot-Cold Sensation, or Vomiting"| ShellfishER["ACUTE MARINE BIOTOXIN POISONING (PSP / Ciguatera / NSP):<br/>1. Call 911 / 112 / 999 IMMEDIATELY (PSP paralyzes breathing muscles)<br/>2. Prepare to give Rescue Breaths / CPR if breathing slows<br/>3. Save leftover shellfish/fish in freezer for hospital toxin testing"]

Comparing the 6 major freshwater and marine algal toxins¶

Freshwater cyanobacteria and marine dinoflagellates/diatoms produce chemically distinct toxins that attack either the liver (hepatotoxins) or the nervous system and respiratory muscles (neurotoxins).

Ukuntywila nzulu 1: Ukuchongwa kwebala elibonakalayo, "Uvavanyo lwentonga" kunye "noVavanyo lweJar" yealgae yamanzi¶

Ayizizo zonke i-algae eluhlaza echibini enetyhefu. Inyaniso ** i-filamentous algae eluhlaza ** ( * Spirogyra , * Cladophora ) kunye ne- duckweed ** (* Lemna *) ayinayo ityhefu ngokupheleleyo ebantwini nasezinja, kanti ** i-cyanobacteria ** (eyiyibhaktheriya ye-photosynthetic ngokwenene, kungekhona i-algae yangempela) inokubulala ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphambi kokuvumela amalungu osapho okanye izinja kufutshane nechibi eliluhlaza okanye ichibi, sebenzisa ezi mvavanyo zimbini ezivunywe ngamasebe endalo esingqongileyo kunye ne-EPA:

(Gulf of Mexico)¶

(Gulf of Mexico)

Unlike freshwater cyanobacteria, which have tough cell walls and mostly stay inside the water, Karenia brevis is an unarmored ("naked") dinoflagellate with a fragile cell membrane. 1. How Surf Waves Turn Red Tide into an Airborne Poison Gas Cloud: - When Karenia brevis cells are tumbled inside breaking surf waves along the beach or chopped up by boat propellers, their fragile cell walls rupture (lyse) and spill brevetoxins directly into the seawater. - Bubbles rising through the whitecaps burst at the sea surface, ejecting microscopic marine aerosol droplets (\(2\text{ to }10\text{ micrometers}\) in diameter) coated in brevetoxin straight into the air. - An onshore sea breeze carries these brevetoxin aerosols 1.5 to 5 kilometers (1 to 3 miles) inland across beaches, boardwalks, coastal highways, and waterfront condos. 2. Immediate Physiological Effects of Inhaling Red Tide Aerosols: - Within 60 seconds of stepping onto the beach, brevetoxins bind to nerve endings in your nose, throat, and eyes, triggering immediate non-stop dry coughing, sneezing, rhinorrhea (runny nose), stinging watery eyes, and a scratchy throat. - In Healthy People: Leaving the beach and entering an air-conditioned building or driving 2 kilometers inland stops the coughing and eye irritation within 30 to 60 minutes without lasting damage. - (Gulf of Mexico) 3. How to Protect Your Coastal Home and Pets During a Red Tide Event: - Check daily NOAA HAB Operational Forecasts and the Mote Marine Laboratory Beach Conditions Reporting System before choosing which beach to visit; because wind direction controls aerosol drift, a beach with an offshore wind (blowing from land toward the sea) often has zero airborne irritation even when a beach 10 kilometers away with an onshore wind is uninhabitable. - Close windows and run home Air Conditioning with a MERV 13 or HEPA filter. - Keep beach dogs away from dead fish on the sand: Every dead mullet, pinfish, or catfish washed up on the tide line during a red tide has lethal concentrations of brevetoxin concentrated inside its organs; a dog that eats a single dead red-tide fish on the beach can develop severe Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (ataxia, hind-limb paralysis, tremors, and vomiting).

Water treatment truth table: What removes cyanotoxins from drinking water?¶

If you are camping by a lake, living off a private lakeside well/intake, or under a municipal Cyanotoxin Advisory, you must know which water treatments work and which make the water more toxic:

Uluhlu lonyango lwezilwanyana olungxamisekileyo kunye noluhlu loncedo lokuqala lwabantu lokuvezwa kwi-HAB¶

Ukuba inja yakho okanye umntwana wakho ungena ngengozi kwi-cyanobacteria bloom okanye utya i-shellfish yaselwandle ekrokrayo:

• Inyathelo loku-1 (Ukukhutshwa koboya besilwanyana sasekhaya): Nqanda inja yakho ngokwasenyameni ukuba ingakhothi uboya okanye amanqina ayo. Nxiba iiglavu zerabha / i-nitrile, hlambulula inja ngokucokisekileyo ngamanzi epompo acocekileyo acocekileyo (sebenzisa ithumbu lasegadini okanye ishawa), gcoba ngesepha ethambileyo okanye ishampu yenja, kwaye uhlambulule okwesibini.
• Inyathelo lesi-2 (Gcina Amanzi okanye Isampulu yeScum ngokukhuselekileyo): Ukuba inja yakho ibonakalisa iimpawu, khakha isampulu encinci yesigqubuthelo sedama okanye ugabho kwingxowa yeplastiki etywiniweyo/ingqayi (enxibe iiglavu) ukuzisa kugqirha wezilwanyana ukuze bakwazi ukuchonga ukuba yi-hepatotoxic (Microcystis) okanye i-neurotoxic (*Anatoxin).
• Inyathelo lesi-3 (uVet kaNgxamiseko / Isithuthi sasesibhedlele): Sukulinda ukubona ukuba iimpawu ziyavela na. Tsalela iklinikhi yonyango lwezilwanyana ekufutshane yeyure ezingama-24 ngelixa uqhuba apho ukuze balungiselele amalahle asebenzayo, ulwelo olufakwa emithanjeni, i-atropine/anticonvulsants (ye-guanitoxin/anatoxin), kunye ne-S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) / N-acetylcysteine ​​​​ekhusela isibindi.
• Inyathelo lesi-4 (Ukujongwa kweMilabe yoMntu yaseLwandle iBiotoxin): Ukuba umntu ubonisa imilebe etshotshozela, ukuba ndindisholo kolwimi, okanye intetho engacacanga emva kokutya iimbaza, iimbaza, iimbatyisi, okanye intlanzi yetropikhi, biza iinkonzo zikaxakeka ngoko nangoko kwaye umgcine ehleli nkqo indawo yokubuyisela, ilungele ukwenza ukuhlangula ukuphefumla / CPR ukuba i-diaphragm yabo iyancipha.

I-Deep dive 3: I-US EPA kunye ne-WHO imilinganiselo yamanzi okusela amanzi kunye nokhuseleko lwemfuyo¶

Xa indawo yokugcina amanzi kamasipala ifumana intyantyambo yecyanobacteria, izixhobo zamanzi zikawonke-wonke zijonga iityhefu ezimbini eziphambili zisebenzisa i-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kunye ne-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry:

1. I-United States EPA Iintsuku ezili-10 zeNgcebiso ngeMpilo yaManzi okuSela:
2. Kwiintsana eziBotyiswa ngeBhodlela kunye naBantwana abaPhakamileyo (abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6): Amanzi etephu akukhuselekanga ukusela ukuba Microcystins idlula i-\(0.3\text{micrograms ilitha nganye}\) (\(\mu\text{g/L}\), okanye iinxalenye ngebhiliyoni nganye), OKANYE ukuba i-Cylindrospermopsin idlula i-\(0. (\)\mu\text{g/L}$). Iintsana zisela amanzi amaninzi kakhulu ngekhilogram yobunzima bomzimba kunabantu abadala, nto leyo eyenza ukuba izibindi zazo ezikhulayo zisesichengeni ngokuphindwe kathathu ukuya kahlanu.
3. Kubantwana ababudala besikolo (iminyaka eyi-6+) kunye naBadala: Amanzi etephu awakhuselekanga ukusela ukuba Microcystins idlula i-\(1.6\text{micrograms ilitha nganye}\) (\(\mu\text{g/L}\)), OKANYE ukuba **Cylindrospermopsin idlula i-$3.0\text{micrograms.
4. World Health Organization (WHO) Recreational Swimming Thresholds: I-WHO kunye ne-US EPA ilumkisa ngokuchasene nokuqubha yokuzonwabisa okanye ukuhambahamba kanye microcystins iyonke emanzini echibini idlula \(8\text{ ukuya }24\text{ micrograms ilitha nganye}\) (\(\mu\text{g/L}\)) okanye cyanobacterial cell density \(0{0 ubuninzi beseli **\)0{0{0} }100,000\text{ iiseli ngemilitha nganye}$.
5. Ngaba Ungayitya Iintlanzi Zamanzi Ezibanjiswe eChibini elinentyatyambo yeCyanobacteria?
6. ** Ungaze udle amalungu angaphakathi, isibindi, ulusu, okanye amanqatha** eentlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo (ezifana ne-bass, walleye, perch, catfish, okanye i-carp) zibanjwe ngexesha okanye kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokuqhakaza kwe-cyanobacteria, kuba i-microcystin kunye ne-cylindrospermopsin bioaccumulate kakhulu ngaphakathi kwe- ** isibindi sentlanzi kunye ne-viscera **.
7. Ukuba abasemagunyeni abaluvalanga ngokupheleleyo ushishino lokuloba, ifillet kuphela inyama ebhityileyo yezihlunu, nxiba iiglavu ngelixa ugalela intlanzi ukuze ungaqhubi umbhobho wenyongo oluhlaza/isibindi kwifillet, kwaye uhlambulule imihluzi ekrwada ngocoselelo phantsi kwamanzi acocekileyo abalekayo phambi kokupheka.
8. Ukukhusela iinkomo, amahashi, iigusha kunye neenkukhu kumadama aseFama:
9. Ngexesha lembalela yasehlotyeni, umoya uvuthuza icyanobacteria edada kwikona esezantsi yamachibi emfuyo yasefama kanye apho iinkomo, amahashe kunye neegusha zihamba zisiya kusela. Ngenxa yokuba iinkomo kunye namahashe zisela 30 ukuya kwi-80 ilitha (iilitha ezisi-8 ukuya kwezingama-20) zamanzi ngosuku, intyatyambo enye yomoya ovuthuzayo inokubulala umhlambi wonke ngeeyure.
10. Biyela imfuyo kude neekona zamachibi anomoya, mpompoze amanzi emfuyo ukusuka kumbhobho wokuntywila emanzini oxhonywe kwi-1 ukuya kwi-1.5 yeemitha (i-3 ukuya kwi-5 yeenyawo) ngaphantsi komphezulu (ekubeni Microcystis edadayo igxila kumphezulu weesentimitha ezingama-30 zamanzi ngexesha lokukhanya kwelanga), kwaye unike enye indlela yomthombo okanye iqula lamanzi ngoko nangoko ukuba kuvela ipeyinti eluhlaza.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa¶

Why can't I boil tap water or lake water to make it safe during a toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) bloom?¶

Amanzi abilayo asebenza ngexesha longxamiseko lwebhaktheriya okanye ugutyulo ngenxa yokuba i-$ 100 ^\circ\text{C}$ ($212^\circ\text{F}$) ukushisa kubulala ii-microorganisms eziphilayo ezifana ne-E. coli, i-Giardia, kunye ne-Cryptosporidium. Nangona kunjalo, ingozi kwintyatyambo yecyanobacteria ivela kwityhefu yekhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-cyanotoxins (efana ne-microcystin, i-anatoxin-a, kunye ne-cylindrospermopsin) eyenziwa yibhaktheriya. Ezi molekyuli zetyhefu zinobushushu obugqithisileyo kwaye zifuna amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwe $100^\circ\text{C}$ iiyure ukudilika. Xa ubilisa amanzi anentsholongwane yecyanobacteria kwisitovu sakho, ugqabhuka uvule iiseli zealgal ezingaguqukiyo (ukhupha ityhefu engakumbi embizeni), ukhuphe umphunga wamanzi acocekileyo (ugxininise kwityhefu eseleyo), kwaye ugalele ityhefu emoyeni wasekhitshini lakho.

Ndingawubona njani umahluko phakathi kobulembu obuluhlaza obuluhlaza obungenabungozi kunye nobulwelwe obunobutyhefu obuluhlaza-luhlaza (cyanobacteria)?¶

Use the two-minute Stick Test and the thirty-minute Jar Test without touching the water with your bare hands. Push a sturdy stick into the green mat and lift it out: if the material hangs over the stick in long, heavy, hair-like green strands or tangled cotton-like threads ("frog hair"), it is harmless filamentous green algae. Conversely, if the stick comes out coated in slimy liquid that looks like spilled turquoise or green latex paint, pea soup, or cottage-cheese curds with no stringy fibers, or if a jar of the water left in the shade for 30 minutes forms a floating green layer at the very top of the glass, it is toxic cyanobacteria and you must keep people and pets completely out of the water.

(Gulf of Mexico)¶

(Gulf of Mexico)

Does cooking clams, mussels, oysters, or reef fish thoroughly destroy Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) or Ciguatera toxins?¶

No. Every major marine biotoxin, including saxitoxin (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning), domoic acid (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning), brevetoxin (Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning), okadaic acid (Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning), and ciguatoxin (Ciguatera Fish Poisoning), is completely heat-stable, cold-stable, and odorless. Boiling, steaming, frying, grilling, autoclaving, freezing, or marinating seafood in lemon juice does not destroy or reduce these toxins at all, and contaminated shellfish or reef fish look, smell, and taste 100 percent normal. Always check state agricultural or health department biotoxin shellfish maps before harvesting wild clams or mussels.

Imithombo ijongiwe¶

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States): Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-Associated Illness Surveillance, Cyanobacteria Dog Poisoning Prevention, and Marine Biotoxin Clinical Fact Sheets (PSP, NSP, ASP, and Ciguatera).
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Drinking Water Health Advisories for Cyanobacterial Toxins (Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin, 10-Day Thresholds for Infants vs. Adults) and Recreational Water Criteria.
• (Gulf of Mexico)
• World Health Organization (WHO): Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring, and Management.
• ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center and Merck Veterinary Manual: Acute Anatoxin-a and Microcystin Toxicosis in Dogs: Decontamination and Emergency Veterinary Stabilization.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• Water safety, purification, and boil water notices
• Poisoning and toxic ingestion first aid
• Uhlaselo lombefu olungxamisekileyo uncedo lokuqala
• Pets in emergencies: evacuation and hazard care
• CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation steps