Ngaahi Matalaʻiʻakau ʻo e ʻAlika Fakatuʻutāmakí, Ngaahi ʻEa ʻo e Taí Kulokulá, mo e Saianopekitilia Kona¶

Ko e ngaahi matala'i'akau fakatu'utamaki 'o e 'Alu (HABs) 'oku hoko ia 'i he taimi 'oku tupulaki ai 'a e ngaahi kolonia 'o e ngaahi dinoflagellates 'o e tahi 'oku si'isi'i 'aupito, diatoms, pe vai ma'a cyanobacteria ('akau lanu pulu-lanumata) 'i he vai mafana, koloa'ia 'i he me'akai pea 'oku nau fakatupu 'a e ngaahi cyanotoxinsbiolosia malohi. 'Oku kehe mei he ngaahi vao 'akau lanumata angamaheni 'o e vaitupu, 'oku tukuange 'e he cyanobacteria kona mo e tahi tafe kulokula 'a e ngaahi kona kemikale, kau ai 'a e microcystin, anatoxin-a ("Me'a 'oku vave 'aupito 'a e mate"), saxitoxin, mo e brevetoxin, 'a ia 'oku kau 'i he ngaahi me'a fakanatula fakatupu mate taha 'i he Mamani. 'I he ngaahi vaitupu vai ma'a, ngaahi vaitupu, mo e ngaahi vaitafe, 'e lava ke tamate'i 'e ha ngutu 'e taha 'o e cyanobacteria funga scum ha kuli 'oku kaukau 'o fakafou 'i he 'ate 'o e manava pe 'ate 'o e 'ate 'i he ** 15 ki he 60 miniti , pea 'i he taimi 'oku hū ai ha matala'i'akau kona 'a e tap 'o e kolomu'a toxiin toxies, ** waterbo ites . mo'oni 'oku ne fakatahataha'i 'a e kona 'aki hono faka'auha 'a e vai mo e pa 'a e ngaahi selo 'o e algal 'oku kei hao.

‘I he ngaahi matātahi ‘o e ‘oseni (tautautefito ki he Koli ‘o Mekisikou ‘i he matātahi ‘o Folōlita, Tekisisi, mo Mekisikou, pea pehē ki he Pasifiki, ‘Atalanitiki, mo ‘Aositelēlia), ‘oku movete ‘a e ngaahi tafe kulokula ‘o e tahí (Karenia brevis) ‘i loto ‘i he ngaahi peau ngalu ‘oku nau tō, ‘o tukuange mai ‘a e ngaahi ‘ea ‘oku ‘i he ‘eá ki he1 ki he mile5. ‘i ‘uta ‘a ia ‘oku ne fakatupu ‘a e ngaahi tale fakamālohi mo e ngaahi fakatu‘utāmaki ‘o e mafu ‘i he kau ‘alu ‘i he matātahi ‘a ia na‘e ‘ikai ‘aupito ke nau a‘u ki he vaí. Fakatatau ki he Senita 'o e 'Iunaiteti Siteiti ki hono Pule'i mo e Ta'ofi 'o e Ngaahi Mahaki (CDC), 'a e Potungaue Malu'i 'o e 'Atakai (EPA), Kautaha Mo'ui 'a Mamani (WHO), mo e Pule'anga Fakafonua 'o e 'Oseni mo e 'Atakai (NOAA), mo'ui mo e ta'ofi 'o e kona 'oku fie ma'u ke 'ilo'i 'a e founga ke 'ilo'i 'a e vai kona mo e neing Sticking TeJar, . neutralizes 'a e 'uli 'o e ika 'o e 'anga'anga **, pea mo hono fakahoko 'o e kili/pet decontamination vave. (Gulf of Mexico)

Fai ʻeni he taimí ni .¶

1. Nofo kakato mei ha fa'ahinga vaitupu, vaitupu, vaitafe, pe bay 'a ia 'oku 'asi ai 'a e vai hange ko e vali lanumata/lanu pulu 'o e latex, supo pea, curds siisi 'o e fale, pe ngaahi laine kulokula-lanumata. Muimui ki he fekau 'a e CDC mo e EPA: **"Ka 'i he veiveiua, Ne swimter,**de, Nofo 'i tu'a." paddleboard 'o fakafou 'i he scum 'o e algal 'oku 'asi pe vai 'oku liliu lanu, pea 'oua na'a teitei tuku ke va'inga 'a e fanau pe fanga kuli 'i he foam 'o e matātahi pe ngaahi fala algal crusty kuo fufulu hake 'i he matātahi ('oku tauhi 'e he ngaahi fala cyanobacteria kuo fakamomoa 'a e ngaahi me'a fakatupu mate 'o e neurotoxins 'i ha ngaahi uike 'i he 'one'one momoko).
2. Fufulu 'a e fanga kuli, fanau, mo ho kili 'o'ou 'i he taimi pe ko ia 'aki 'a e vai 'o e paipa fo'ou ma'a mo e sopu kapau 'oku 'asi ki he vai 'oku mahalo'i. Ko e fanga kuli ko e fika-taha 'o e ngaahi ma'ukovia 'o e kona 'o e cyanobacteria fakatupu mate koe'uhi he 'oku nau kaukau 'i he scum matolu 'o e 'uta pea toki **lick honau fulufulu'i manu 'uli'i be thetheach fur dry,**ve 'anatokisini-a pe maikolositini. Tui ho'o ngaahi to'ukupu 'oku 'ikai ke 'i ai ha vai, hose ho'o kulī ki lalo fakalelei 'aki ha vai ma'a kimu'a 'o faka'ata kinautolu ke nau 'ai honau kote pe ngaahi va'e, fufulu ho kili 'o'ou mo e swimsuit 'aki 'a e sopu mo e vai ma'a, pea fufulu 'a e mata 'aki 'a e saline sterile pe vai tafe ma'a 'i ha miniti 'e 15.
3. Mavahe mei he matātahi pea hiki ki ʻuta ki ha maluʻanga ʻoku ʻea-fakamokomoko kapau ʻe fakatupu ʻe ha Tafe Kulokula ʻi he matātahí ʻa e tale, mafu, mata vai, pe ngingila. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻo e Kālifa ʻo Mekisikoú mo e ngaahi matātahi ʻo e ʻoseni, ʻoku motuhi ʻe he ngaahi peau ʻoku tō ki he Karenia brevis ngaahi selo ʻo e tafe kulokulá pea tukuange mai ʻa e microsco matangi. Kapau ‘oku ke ma’u ‘a e mahaki mafu, COPD, emphysema, pe mahaki ma’ama’a, mavahe leva mei he matātahi, hū ki loto fale ‘o tāpuni ‘a e ngaahi matapā sio’ata pea seti ‘a e ‘ea fakamokomoko ke Recirculate, pea ngāue’aki ho’o **me’a fakahaofi mo’ui ‘o e ma’ama’a ‘oku ngāue nounou (albuterol/salbuta) kuo fakahinohino’i atu (albuterol/salbuta) vakai ki he'etau . (Gulf of Mexico) fakahinohino ki he tokoni 'uluaki ki he 'ohofi 'o e mafu. Ko hono tui ha me’a fakapuli manava N95 / FFP2 particulate respirator ‘oku fufuu’i ‘i he matātahi ‘oku ne sivi’i ‘a e peseti ‘e 95 nai ‘o e ngaahi mata’itofe ‘o e ‘ea ‘o e tahi kapau kuo pau ke ke luelue ‘i tu’a ofi ki he ngalu.
4. 'Oua 'aupito na'a ke kai 'a e fanga ki'i ika 'oku utu 'e he tokotaha pe, musie, 'osita, scallops, pe ika 'o e 'aofi lolotonga ha tapuni 'o e biotoxin 'o e matātahi, tunu mo e 'aisi 'oku 'IKAI ke ne faka'auha 'a e ngaahi kona 'o e tahi. 'Oku filter-kai 'a e ika 'o e tahi 'i he dinoflagellates kona mo e diatoms, 'o fakatefito 'i he **shPaxiratollly) domoic acid (Kona ‘o e Ika ‘o e ‘Amnesic), mo e brevetoxin (Kona ‘o e Ika ‘o e Neurotoxic) ‘i loto ‘i honau kakano’i manu ‘o ‘ikai ke ne maumau’i ‘a e ika ‘iate ia pe. Ko hono fakavela, steaming, tunu, ta'o, marinating 'i he vai 'o e laime, pe 'aisi 'a e ika 'uli'uli pe ciguatera-kona 'o e 'aofi 'oku 'IKAI ke fakasi'isi'i ai 'a e kona 'o a'u ki he peseti 'e 1.
5. Kumi ha tokanga fakafaito'o fakavavevave pe fakafaito'o 'o e fanga monumanu 'i he taimi pe ko ia kapau 'oku kamata ke 'ohovale 'i he tafa'aki 'o e loungutu/'elelo, lua, 'oho 'a e uoua, pe faingata'a ke manava. Ta ki ho'o fika fakavavevave fakalotofonua (911 'i he 'Iunaiteti Siteiti mo Kanata, 112 'i he kotoa 'o e 'Iunioni 'Iulope, 999 'i he Pule'anga Fakatahataha, pe vakai ki he kotoa ngaahi fika fakavavevave) pe ko e Puleʻi ʻo e Kona ʻo e ʻIunaiteti Siteití ʻi he 1-800-222-1222 (vakai ki heʻetau fakahinohino ki he tokoni 'uluaki kona). ‘I he tangata Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), ‘e lava ke fakalakalaka vave ‘a e ngingila mo e ngingila ‘o e loungutu mo e ‘elelo ‘i loto ‘i he miniti ‘e 15 ki he 60** ‘o e kai ‘o e ika ‘o e ‘anga’anga ke fakakakato ‘a e palalisia ‘o e diaphragm ‘oku fiema’u ke faka’aonga’i ‘a e ‘ea fakamisini.
6. Fakahoko 'a e miniti 'e 2 "Sivi 'o e 'akau" mo e miniti 'e 30 "Sivi 'o e ipu sio'ata" kimu'a pea toki hū ki he vai ma'a 'oku mahalo'i. Kapau 'oku 'ikai lava ke ke tala pe 'oku 'ikai ha maumau 'a e scum 'o e vaitupu lanumata filamentous algae lanumata ("fulu'i 'ulu 'o e poto"), pe string fakatupu mate ia hange ko e lift stick 'i lalo: fulufulu lanumata pe ngaahi filo tupenu sūsū, ‘oku fa‘a hoko ia ko e ‘ulu‘akau filamentous lanu mata ta‘efakatupu maumau; kapau 'oku ne kofukofu'i 'a e 'akau hange ko e vali vai slimy, movetevete ki he fanga ki'i 'uhiki'i 'akau hange ko e efu lanumata, pe 'oku lele ki he tumutumu 'aupito 'o ha hina sio'ata 'oku tauhi 'i he malumalu 'i ha miniti 'e 30, ko e cyanobacteria kona ia, nofo 'i tu'a.

Ko e matala'i'akau fakatu'utamaki 'o e algal, peau kulokula, mo e flowchart 'o e tu'utu'uni 'o e kona 'o e ika 'o e 'anga'anga¶

Faka'aonga'i 'a e 'akau tu'utu'uni fakakiliniki mo e 'atakai ko 'eni 'i he taimi 'oku fetaulaki ai mo e vai 'oku lanu kehekehe, 'ita 'i he 'ea 'o e matātahi, pe ngaahi faka'ilonga 'o e 'ata hili 'a e faka'ali'ali 'i he tangata pe fanga monumanu.

flowchart TD
    Start["Mahalo'i 'oku Fakatu'utamaki 'a e Algal Bloom (HAB) Fakafetaulaki:<br/>Vai 'o e Leiki/'Oseni 'oku Liliu Lanu, Tale 'i he Matatahi, pe Mahaki 'o e Ika 'o e 'Alu"] --> ExposureRoute{"Ko e hā e faʻahinga fakaʻaliʻali pe<br/>fakatuʻutāmaki naʻe hokó?"}

    ExposureRoute -->|"1. LEKI VAI MO'ONI / POND / VAITAFE BLOOM<br/>Valili kuo lilingi, Supo Pea, Scum Lanu Pulu-Lanumata, pe Crusty Shore Mats"| FreshBloom{"Naʻe ʻosi<br/>ala pe folo ʻe ha taha pe kuli ʻa e vaí?"}

    FreshBloom -->|"'OKU 'IKAI Fetu'utaki"| StayOut["1. NOFO KI TU’A: ‘Oua ‘e kaukau tahi, luelue, jet-ski, pe tuku ke ofi ‘a e fanga kuli ki he matātahi<br/>2. 'Oua 'aupito na'a ke ngaue'aki 'a e vai 'o e vaitupu ki he ngaahi ipu kemi pe 'uha<br/> (Ngaahi filita kemi angamaheni & vela 'OUA 'e to'o 'a e cyanotoxins)"]

    FreshBloom -->|"'IO: Fetu'utaki ki he kili pe Kuli Lue 'i he Vai"| DeconNow["'A E 'ULI VAVE:<br/>1. Ta'ofi 'a e kuli mei he'ene 'ai 'a e fulufulu'i manu ('ai ki he cone/muzzle pe puke 'ulu)<br/>2. Fufulu lelei 'a e kili 'o e kulii & tangata 'aki 'a e vai ma'a + sopu<br/>3. Kapau 'oku drools 'a e kulii, lua, tetetete, pe tūkia: LELE KI HE VET FAKAVAVEVAVE<br/> (Anatoxin-ko ha neurotoxin 'e lava ke ne fakatupu 'a e puke 'o e manava 'i he 15 ki he 60 mins)"]

    ExposureRoute -->|"2. TAHI KULOKULA 'O E 'OSENI 'O E 'OTU / SEA SPRAY<br/>Tale Momoko Fakafokifā, Mafu, Tickle 'a e Ngutu, pe Ika Mate 'i he Matātahi"| RedTideAction["POLOTOKOLO 'O E 'EA 'O E BREVETOKISINI 'O E TAHI:<br/>1. Mavahe mei he matatahi & hiki >= 2 km ki 'uta pe 'i 'olunga mei he ngaluo<br/>2. Alu ki loto fale, tapuni 'a e ngaahi matapa sio'ata, & seti 'a e A/C ke TOE 'ALU<br/>3. Kapau 'oku kamata 'a e 'u'ulu 'a e mafu/COPD: Ngaue'aki 'a e inhaler fakahaofi 'o e Albuterol<br/>4. Tui ha mask N95 / FFP2 kapau 'oku fakamālohi'i ke ke ngāue 'i tu'a ofi ki he ngalu"]

    ExposureRoute -->|"3. FAKATOKANGA KI HE VAI PAI 'A E KOLO<br/>'Oku Tuku mai 'e he Kolo 'a e Cyanotoxin ''Oua 'e Inu' Fakatokanga"| TapWater["TU'UTU'UNI 'O E SIANOTOKISINI 'O E VAI 'O E PIP:<br/>1. 'OUA 'E TEITEI BOIL 'A E VAI (boil 'oku ne pa 'a e ngaahi selo & fakatahataha'i 'a e kona)<br/>2. Ngaue'aki 'a e vai 'i he hina PE ki he inu, fomula 'a e pepee, 'aisi, & fanga monumanu<br/>3. ‘Oua ‘e kaukau‘i ‘a e fanga ki‘i pēpeé pe fakaava ‘a e ngaahi laveá ‘i he vai ‘o e paipá kapau ‘oku > 20 ug/L ‘a e Microcystin ."]

    ExposureRoute -->|"4. KAI IKA SHELLFISH PE REEF FISH<br/>Tingling Loungutu/'Elelo, Fakafoki 'a e Ongo'i Vela-Momoko, pe Lua"| ShellfishER["KO E KONA 'O E PAIOTOKISINI 'O E TAHI (PSP / Sikuatela / NSP):<br/>1. Ta ki he 911 / 112 / 999 VAVE ('Oku fakapalalisi 'e he PSP 'a e ngaahi uoua 'o e manava)<br/>2. Teuteu ke fai ha ngaahi Manava Fakahaofi / CPR kapau ‘oku tuai ‘a e manava<br/>3. Tauhi e toenga 'o e ika/ika 'i he freezer ki he sivi kona 'o e falemahaki"]

Fakafehoanaki 'a e ngaahi kona lalahi 'e 6 'o e vai ma'a mo e algal 'o e tahi .¶

Ko e ngaahi cyanobacteria ‘o e vai ma‘á mo e fanga dinoflagellates/diatoms ‘o e tahí ‘oku nau fakatupu ‘a e ngaahi kona kehekehe fakakemikale ‘a ia ‘oku nau ‘ohofi ‘a e ‘ate (hepatotoxins) pe ko e sisitemi neave mo e ngaahi uoua ‘o e mānavá (neurotoxins).

Lue loloto 1: Faka'ilonga'i 'o e mala'e 'o e sio, Ko e "Sivi 'o e 'akau" mo e "Sivi 'o e Jar" ki he 'akau 'o e vai ma'a¶

‘Oku ‘ikai ke kona ‘a e ‘ulu‘akau lanu mata kotoa pē ‘i ha vaitupu. Ko e 'akau lanumata mo'oni (Spirogyra, Cladophora) mo e duckweed (Lemna) 'oku 'ikai ke nau kona 'aupito ki he tangata mo e fanga kuli, ka ko e cyanobacteria ('a ia ko e mo'oni ko e fanga ki'i pekitilia 'oku nau fakatupu 'a e 'ata, 'ikai ko e ngaahi 'akau fakatupu mate mo'oni). Kimu'a pea tuku 'a e kau mēmipa 'o e famili pe fanga kulii ofi ki ha vaitupu lanumata pe vaitupu, faka'aonga'i 'a e ongo sivi mala'e ko 'eni 'oku poupou'i 'e he ngaahi potungaue 'atakai 'o e siteiti mo e EPA:

Lue loloto 2: Ngaahi 'ea 'o e Tahi Kulokula 'o e 'Otu Motu (Karenia brevis) mo e fakama'a 'i loto 'i he tafa'aki 'o e Kōlomu 'o Mekisikou (Gulf of Mexico)¶

ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻo e Kōlifu ʻo Mekisikoú (tautautefito ki he Tongahihifo ʻo Folōlitá mei Tampa Pei ki Naples/Sanibel, ʻi he ʻOtu Motu ʻo Folōlitá, Tekisisi mei he Motu Padre ki Kalivesitoni, mo e ngaahi siteiti Mekisikou ko Tamaulipasi, Velakulusi, mo ʻIukataní), ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e ngaahi matalaʻiʻakau ʻo e fanga kiʻi manupuna ʻo e tahí Karenia fisbron mo e fanga kiʻi manupuna ʻo e matāfangá. (Gulf of Mexico)

'Oku kehe mei he cyanobacteria 'o e vai ma'a, 'a ia 'oku 'i ai 'a e ngaahi 'ā 'o e selo fefeka pea ko e lahi taha 'oku nofo 'i loto 'i he vai, Karenia brevis ko ha dinoflagellate 'oku 'ikai ke 'i ai ha me'atau ("telefua") mo ha membrane 'o e selo 'oku vaivai. 1. Founga 'oku Liliu ai 'e he Ngaahi Peau 'o e Ngaluope 'a e Red Tide ki ha 'Ao Kasa Kona 'i he 'Ea: - Ko e taimi 'oku tō ai 'a e ngaahi selo Karenia brevis 'i loto 'o motuhi 'a e ngaahi peau 'o e ngaluope 'i he matātahi pe 'oku tu'usi 'e he ngaahi propeller 'o e vaka, 'oku movete honau ngaahi 'ā selo vaivai (lyse) pea lilingi hangatonu 'a e brevetoxins ki he vai 'o e tahi. - Naʻe pa ʻa e ngaahi pupula ʻoku ʻalu hake ʻi he ngaahi whitecaps ʻi he funga tahí, ʻo tukuange mai ʻa e ngaahi mataʻitofe ʻo e ʻea ʻo e tahí (\(2\text{ ki he }10\text{ micrometers}\) ʻi he diameter)** ʻoku ʻufiʻufi ʻaki ʻa e brevetoxin ʻo hangatonu ki he ʻeá. - Ko ha matangi tahi 'i 'uta 'oku ne 'ave 'a e ngaahi aerosols brevetoxin ko 'eni kilomita 'e 1.5 ki he 5 (maile 'e 1 ki he 3) ki 'uta 'i he ngaahi matātahi, ngaahi hala laupapa, ngaahi hala lalahi 'i he matātahi, mo e ngaahi condos 'i he tafa'aki vai. 2. Ngaahi ola fakasino vave 'o e 'inasi 'o e ngaahi Aerosols 'o e Tafe Kulokula: - ‘I loto ‘i he sekoni ‘e 60 ‘o e laka atu ki he matātahí, ‘oku ha‘i ‘a e ngaahi brevetoxins ki he ngaahi ngata‘anga ‘o e neave ‘i ho ihú, ngutú, mo e matá, ‘o fakatupunga ai ‘a e tale momoko ta‘etuku ‘o ‘ikai ke tu‘u, mafu, rhinorrhea (ihu tafe), mata vai ‘oku ngingila, mo ha ngutu ‘oku to‘oto‘o. - 'I he Kakai Mo'ui Lelei: Ko e mavahe mei he matātahi 'o hū ki ha fale 'oku 'ea fakamokomoko pe faka'uli kilomita 'e 2 ki 'uta 'oku ta'ofi ai 'a e tale mo e 'ita 'a e mata 'i loto 'i he miniti 'e 30 ki he 60 'o 'ikai ha maumau tu'uloa. - 'I he kakai 'oku nau ma'u 'a e mafu, COPD, pe fibrosis 'o e ma'ama'a: 'Oku fakatupu 'e he 'inasi 'o e brevetoxin aerosols ha 30 ki he 50 peseti 'o e 'alu hake 'i he ngaahi fakahu 'o e mafu 'i he loki fakavavevave 'i he tafa'aki 'o e Gulf 'o Mekisikou 'o e matātahi, pea 'e lava ke kei hokohoko atu 'a e hyper-reactivity 'o e halanga 'ea 'o e mafu ki he k 1-3. matatahi tafe. (Gulf of Mexico) 3. **Founga ke Malu'i ai Ho 'Api 'i he 'Otu Motu mo e Fanga Monumanu Lolonga ha Me'a 'oku hoko 'i he Tafe Kulokula: - **Vakai'i faka'aho 'a e ngaahi Fakafuofua Ngaue 'a e NOAA HAB mo e Sisitemi Lipooti 'o e Ngaahi Tu'unga 'o e Matatahi 'o e Mote Marine Loratory kimu'a pea ke ki fili pe ko e fē 'a e matatahi te ke 'a'ahi ki ai; koe'uhi ko e fakahinohino 'o e matangi 'oku ne pule'i 'a e aerosol drift, ko ha matatahi 'oku 'i ai ha matangi 'i 'uta** ('oku puhi mei he fonua ki tahi) 'oku fa'a 'ikai ha 'ita 'i he 'ea neongo 'oku 'ik lava ke nofo'i ha matatahi 'oku kilomita 'e 10 hono mama'o mo ha matangi 'i 'uta. - Tapuni e ngaahi matapa sio'ata pea lele 'a e 'Ea Fakamokomoko 'i 'apiaki ha MERV 13 pe HEPA filter. - **Tauhi e fanga kulii matahi ke mama'o mei he ika mate 'i he 'one'one: Ko e mullet, pinfish, pe catfish mate kotoa pe 'oku fufulu hake 'i he laine 'o e tahi lolotonga ha tahi kulokula 'oku 'i ai 'a e ngaahi me'a fakatupu mate 'o e brevetoxin 'oku fakatahataha'i 'i loto 'i hono ngaahi 'okani; ko ha kuli ‘oku ne kai ha ika mate ‘e taha ‘i he matātahi ‘e lava ke ne ma‘u ‘a e Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning lahi (ataxia, palalisia ‘a e va‘e ‘i mui, tetetete, mo e lua).

Tepile mo'oni 'o e faito'o 'o e vai: Ko e ha 'oku ne to'o 'a e cyanotoxins mei he vai inu?¶

Kapau 'oku ke kemi 'i ha ve'e vaitupu, nofo 'i ha vaitupu fakafo'ituitui 'i he ve'e vaitupu/intake, pe 'i he malumalu 'o ha municipal Cyanotoxin Advisory, kuo pau ke ke 'ilo'i pe ko e ha 'a e ngaahi faito'o vai 'oku ngaue pea ko e ha 'oku ne 'ai 'a e vai kona ange:

Lisi fakavavevave 'o e veterinary mo e tokoni 'uluaki 'a e tangata ki he faka'ali'ali 'o e HAB¶

Kapau 'oku hū fakatu'upakee ho'o kulī pe tamasi'i ki ha matala'i'akau 'o e cyanobacteria pe kai 'a e ika 'o e tahi 'oku mahalo'i:

• Sitepu 1 (Pet Fur Decontamination): Ta'ofi fakasino ho'o kulī mei hono 'ai hono fulufulu'i manu pe ngaahi va'e. Tui ha ngaahi to'ukupu kapa/nitrile, fufulu fakalelei 'a e kulii 'aki 'a e vai fo'ou ma'a 'o e paipa (ngaue'aki ha hose ngoue pe 'uha), lather 'aki 'a e sopu ipu ma'ama'a pe shampoo 'o e kulii, pea fufulu 'i he taimi hono ua.
• Sitepu 2 (Tauhi ha Sipinga Vai pe Scum malu): Kapau 'oku fakahaa'i 'e ho'o kulī 'a e ngaahi faka'ilonga, scoop ha ki'i sipinga 'o e scum 'o e vaitupu pe vomitus ki ha kato pelesitiki/siā sila'i (tui 'a e ngaahi kofunima) ke 'omi ki he toketā monumanu ke nau lava 'o 'ilo'i pe 'oku hepacytotoxic ()*Ancrotoxic ()*An).
• Sitepu 3 (Vet Fakavavevave / Fefononga'aki Fakafalemahaki): 'Oua 'e tatali ke vakai pe 'oku tupulaki 'a e ngaahi faka'ilonga. Ta mai ki he kiliniki fakavavevave ofi taha ki he fanga monumanu houa ‘e 24 lolotonga ho’o faka’uli ‘i ai ke nau lava ‘o teuteu’i ‘a e malala ‘oku faka’aonga’i, ngaahi vai ‘oku ‘i he ngaahi uoua, ‘atolopini/fakafaito’o fakafepaki (ki he guanitoxin/anatoxin), mo e S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) / N-acetylcysteine ​​malu’i ‘ate.
• Sitepu 4 (Human Marine Biotoxin Airway Monitoring): Kapau ‘oku fakahaa‘i ‘e ha tangata ‘a e ngungu ‘a e loungutú, ngingila ‘a e ‘eleló, pe lea ‘oku ‘ikai ke mahino hili ‘ene kai ‘a e ngaahi kalami, musie, ‘ositā, pe ika ‘o e ‘ā fakatalopikí, telefoni leva ki he ngaahi ngāue fakavavevavé pea tauhi ‘a e tokotaha ‘i aí ke tangutu hangatonu pe . tu'unga fakaakeake, mateuteu ke fakahoko . manava fakahaofi / CPR kapau ‘oku vaivai honau taiaphragm.

Lue loloto 3: US EPA mo e WHO inu vai ngaue thresholds mo e malu 'o e fanga monumanu¶

'I he taimi 'oku a'usia ai 'e ha tanaki'anga vai 'o e kolo ha matala'i'akau 'o e cyanobacteria, 'oku siofi 'e he ngaahi me'angaue 'o e vai 'a e kakai 'a e ongo kona tefito 'o faka'aonga'i 'a e 'enisaimi-fehokotaki 'a e ngaahi sivi 'o e immunosorbent (ELISA) mo e vai chromatography-spectrometry lahi:

1. Ngaahi Tu'unga Fakafale'i ki he Mo'ui Lelei 'a e Vai Inu 'aho 'e 10 'a e 'Iunaiteti Siteiti:
2. Ki he Fānau Vaʻeiki ʻoku Fafanga ʻaki ʻa e Hina mo e Fānau ʻoku teʻeki ke nau ʻalu ki he Ako (ʻI lalo ʻi he taʻu 6): ʻOku ʻikai malu ke inu ʻa e vai ʻo e paipá kapau ʻoku laka hake ʻi he \(0.3\text{ maikolokalami ʻi he lita}\) (\(\mu\sins.ce {g/L}\), pe ngaahi konga ʻi he piliona)**, PE kapau ʻe p7 maikolokalami ki he lita}$ (\(\mu\tohi{g/L}\)). ‘Oku lahi ange ‘aupito ‘a e vai ‘oku inu ‘e he fanga ki‘i pēpeé ‘i he kilokalami ‘o e mamafa ‘o e sinó ‘i he kakai lalahí, ‘o ‘ai ai honau ‘ate ‘oku kei tupu haké ke liunga tolu ki he nima ‘a e faingata‘a‘ia lahi ange.
3. Ki he Fānau Taʻu Ako (Taʻu 6+) mo e Kakai Lalahi: ʻOku ʻikai malu ke inu ʻa e vai ʻo e paipá kapau ʻoku lahi ange ʻa e Microcystins ʻi he \(1.6\text{ maikolokalami ki he lita}\) (\(\mu\text{g/L}s\)), PE kapau ʻoku lahi ange ʻa e **Cylindrospermopsin. ($ mu tohi {g / L} $) **.
4. World Health Organization (WHO) Recreational Swimming Thresholds: The WHO and US EPA warn against recreational swimming or wading once total microcystins in lake water exceed \(8\text{ to }24\text{ micrograms per liter}\) (\(\mu\text{g/L}\)) or cyanobacterial cell density exceeds \(20,000\text{ to }100,000\text{ cells per milliliter}\).
5. Can You Eat Freshwater Fish Caught in a Lake with a Cyanobacteria Bloom?
6. Never eat the internal organs, liver, skin, or fat of freshwater fish (such as bass, walleye, perch, catfish, or carp) caught during or within two weeks after a cyanobacteria bloom, because microcystin and cylindrospermopsin bioaccumulate heavily inside the fish liver and viscera.
7. If authorities have not closed the fishery entirely, fillet only the lean muscle meat, wear gloves while gutting the fish so you do not nick the green bile duct/liver onto the fillet, and rinse the raw fillets thoroughly under clean running tap water before cooking.
8. Malu'i 'o e Fanga Pulu, Hoosi, Sipi, mo e Moa 'i he Ngaahi Vaitupu 'o e Faama:
9. Lolotonga e ngaahi pākākā ‘i he fa‘ahita‘u māfaná, ‘oku puhi‘i ‘e he matangí ‘a e ngaahi ‘uhiki‘i manupuna ‘oku ‘alu holo ‘i he tuliki ‘o e ngaahi vaitupu ‘o e ngaahi sitoka ‘i he fāmá ‘i he feitu‘u tonu ‘oku lue atu ai ‘a e fanga pulú, fanga hōsí, mo e fanga sipí ke nau inu. Koe‘uhi ‘oku inu ‘e he fanga pulú mo e fanga hōsí ‘a e lita ‘e 30 ki he 80 (kāloni ‘e 8 ki he 20) ‘o e vaí ‘i he ‘aho, ‘e lava ke tāmate‘i ‘e ha matala‘i‘akau ‘e taha ‘i he matangi hifo ha tākanga kakato ‘i ha ngaahi houa lahi.
10. Fence livestock away from windward pond corners, pump stock water from a submerged intake pipe suspended 1 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet) below the surface (since floating Microcystis concentrates in the top 30 centimeters of water during sunlight hours), and provide alternative well or trough water immediately if green paint-like scum appears.

Ngaahi fehu'i 'oku toutou 'eke .¶

Why can't I boil tap water or lake water to make it safe during a toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) bloom?¶

Boiling water works during bacterial or sewage emergencies because $100°\text{C}$ ($212°\text{F}$) heat kills living microorganisms like E. coli, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. However, the danger in a cyanobacteria bloom comes from chemical poisons called cyanotoxins (such as microcystin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin) that the bacteria manufacture. These toxin molecules are extraordinarily heat-stable and require temperatures well above $100°\text{C}$ for hours to break down. When you boil cyanobacteria-contaminated water on your stove, you burst open the intact algal cells (releasing even more toxin into the pot), evaporate pure water steam (concentrating the remaining poison), and aerosolize toxins into your kitchen air.

How can I tell the difference between harmless green pond moss and deadly toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria)?¶

Use the two-minute Stick Test and the thirty-minute Jar Test without touching the water with your bare hands. Push a sturdy stick into the green mat and lift it out: if the material hangs over the stick in long, heavy, hair-like green strands or tangled cotton-like threads ("frog hair"), it is harmless filamentous green algae. Conversely, if the stick comes out coated in slimy liquid that looks like spilled turquoise or green latex paint, pea soup, or cottage-cheese curds with no stringy fibers, or if a jar of the water left in the shade for 30 minutes forms a floating green layer at the very top of the glass, it is toxic cyanobacteria and you must keep people and pets completely out of the water.

Ko e hā ʻoku kamata ke tale mo ngingila ai ʻa e kakaí ʻi he matātahí lolotonga ha Tafe Kulokula ʻi Folōlita pe Gulf of Mexico neongo ʻoku ʻikai ke nau teitei ʻalu ki he vaí?¶

(Gulf of Mexico)

Does cooking clams, mussels, oysters, or reef fish thoroughly destroy Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) or Ciguatera toxins?¶

No. Every major marine biotoxin, including saxitoxin (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning), domoic acid (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning), brevetoxin (Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning), okadaic acid (Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning), and ciguatoxin (Ciguatera Fish Poisoning), is completely heat-stable, cold-stable, and odorless. Boiling, steaming, frying, grilling, autoclaving, freezing, or marinating seafood in lemon juice does not destroy or reduce these toxins at all, and contaminated shellfish or reef fish look, smell, and taste 100 percent normal. Always check state agricultural or health department biotoxin shellfish maps before harvesting wild clams or mussels.

Kuo vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatalá¶

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States): Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-Associated Illness Surveillance, Cyanobacteria Dog Poisoning Prevention, and Marine Biotoxin Clinical Fact Sheets (PSP, NSP, ASP, and Ciguatera).
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Drinking Water Health Advisories for Cyanobacterial Toxins (Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin, 10-Day Thresholds for Infants vs. Adults) and Recreational Water Criteria.
• (Gulf of Mexico)
• World Health Organization (WHO): Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their Public Health Consequences, Monitoring, and Management.
• ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center and Merck Veterinary Manual: Acute Anatoxin-a and Microcystin Toxicosis in Dogs: Decontamination and Emergency Veterinary Stabilization.

Ngaahi fakahinohino fekau'aki¶

• Water safety, purification, and boil water notices
• Poisoning and toxic ingestion first aid
• Tokoni fakavavevave ki he 'ohofi 'o e mafu
• Pets in emergencies: evacuation and hazard care
• CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation steps