Ubhubhani weSifo seNdudumo: Kutheni iSiphango sokuPhuma kwemimoya sibangela uHlaselo lweMfuba oluSoyikisa ngoBomi¶

Umthi wesigqibo: uthintelo lwesifuba esinesiphango, ukuvavanywa, kunye ne-bronchodilation enkulu¶

flowchart TD
    Start["UKUSONDELA KWENTHUTHU OKANYE EHLOBENI OKANYE EMVA KOKUSONDELA - Ingca ephezulu, ukhula, okanye uqikelelo lomungu womthi + isilumkiso sokuphuma kwemvula ngaphambili."] --> Location{"Ngaba wena okanye abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu- (i-hay fever, i-wheeze, okanye imbali ye-asthma) ngaphandle?"}

    Location -->|YES: Outdoors or Windows Open| SealUp["IKHUSELE NGAPHAMBI KOMPHUMVU PHAMBI KOKUBETHA - 1. Ngena ngaphakathi okanye kwisithuthi esivalelweyo 20-30 min phambi kwemvula - 2. Vala zonke iifestile, iingcango, kunye neendawo zokuvula zangaphandle - 3. Seta i-AC ukuya kwi-100% UKUREKELWA KWANGANGAPHAKATHI & sebenzisa isihluzo se-HEPA"]

    Location -->|NO: Symptoms Already Starting| Triage["I-RAPID RESPIRATORY SEVERITY TRIAGE-Jonga intetho, izinga lokuphefumla, ukurhoxa, umbala wolusu, kunye nezandi zemiphunga"]
    SealUp --> SymptomsCheck{"Ngaba kukho umntu oqala ukukhohlela, ukuxinezeleka kwesifuba, - ukutswina, okanye ukuphefumla nzima?"}
    SymptomsCheck -->|No Symptoms| Monitor["Hlala ngaphakathi endlwini iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 emva kokudlula kwesaqhwithi-Thatha isithinteli esimiselweyo (ICS) kunye ne-antihistamine yomlomo"]
    SymptomsCheck -->|Yes: Symptoms Present| Triage

    Triage -->|MILD TO MODERATE - Speaks in phrases, audible wheeze, sitting up| FourByFour["QALA 4x4x4 SALBUTAMOL / ALBUTEROL PROTOCOL - 1. Hlala umonde nkqo; Ungaze ubayeke balale tyaba - 2. Nika ukufutha oku-1 kwi-SPACER -> isigulana siphefumla ka-4 - 3. Phinda amaxesha ama-4 (iimpumlo ezi-4 zizonke / 16 ukuphefumla kwesi spacer) - 4. Linda imizuzu emi-4 uphinde uvavanye intetho nomsebenzi wokuphefumla"]

    Triage -->|SEVERE OR LIFE-THREATENING - Single words only, blue lips, silent chest, exhaustion| CallEMS["BIZA IINKONZO ZIKAXAKEKA NGOKUNGOKO- (911 / 999 / 112 / 000) & chaza 'Isifuba seNdudumo esiMandundu'"]

    FourByFour --> ImproveCheck{"Ingaba ukuphefumla kunye nentetho zichacha ngokupheleleyo emva kwemizuzu emi-4 yokuqala?"}
    ImproveCheck -->|YES: Fully Relieved| PostCare["Gada ngeliso elibukhali iiyure ezi-4 (i-biphasic rebound risk) - Nika ezinye iifufu ezi-4 ukuba umoya uyabuya; funa uphononongo lwezonyango"]
    ImproveCheck -->|NO: Still Breathless| CallEMS

    CallEMS --> ContinuousReliever["IYAQHUBEKAYO I-BRONCHODILATION YEDOSI EPHAKAMILEYO & I-STEROIDS - 1. Nika i-4 i-puffs ngaphezulu nge-spacer rhoqo ngemizuzu emi-4 ngelixa ulindile - 2. Ukuba isigulane siye samisela i-oral prednisolone/prednisone - okanye i-SMART (budesonide/formoterol) isicwangciso sokusebenza, lawula ngoku - 3. Ukuba i-anaphylaxist, i-shocklexist, izibonakaliso ze-hijectives, i-hijectives-shock intramuscular Epinephrine (0.3-0.5 mg) kwithanga langaphandle"]

Ifiziksi ye-atmospheric kunye ne-pathobiology ye-asthma yendudumo¶

Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni izaqhwithi ezithile kuphela ezibangela i-bronchospasm enkulu inceda abantu, izikolo, abaququzeleli beminyhadala yangaphandle, kunye namasebe kaxakeka balindele ubhubhane kwiiyure ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe umnxeba wokuqala we-911 okanye we-000.

1. INjini yeMeteorology enamanqanaba amaNe¶

Ubhubhani wesifo sombefu wendudumo ufuna ukungqinelana okuchanekileyo kwe-aerobiological kunye neemeko zemozulu eziguqukayo:

1. Inqanaba loku-1 - Imvula yangaphambili ebusika/eNtwasahlobo kunye nokuKhula kwengca: Iimvula ezinkulu emva kwexesha lasebusika nezasentlakohlaza ziqhuba ukukhula okuchumileyo kwengca epholileyo (ingakumbi i-ryegrass engapheliyo, iLolium perenne, iTimothy grass, Phleum pratense, okanye iPariepwitaria/ragweed izixeko ezifudumeleyo, ezilandelwa ziintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo ezinomoya ovuthuzayo) ezibangela incopho yeentyatyambo kunye nokukhululwa okukhulu emoyeni kweenkozo zomungu ezingaguqukiyo (i-pollen egqithisileyo ingaphezulu kwe-100 ukuya kuma-500 iinkozo kwi-cubic meter nganye yomoya).
2. Inqanaba lesi-2 - Ukutshayela i-Convective Updraft: Njengomphambili obandayo obandayo, umgca owomileyo, okanye umgca we-multicell squall uhamba phambili ukunqumla amathafa ane-pollen eninzi emva kwemini, uhlaziyo olushushu olushushu ngaphambi kwesaqhwithi lufunxa iibhiliyoni zeenkozo zomungu ezihamba emoyeni ukusuka kumda womda womhlaba ukuya kumaleko ongaphezulu ukuya kwisiseko selifu eli-000000000 kwisiseko selifu eli-1 ukuya kwi-3 yeemitha. (3,300 ukuya kwi-9,800 iinyawo)** ukuphakama.
3. Inqanaba lesi-3 - Ukothuka kwe-Osmotic, ukuTshaja koMbane, kunye noKuqhekeka koMatshini: Ngaphakathi kwisiseko samafu okufuma okuphezulu (apho ukufuma okuhambelanayo ngaphaya kweepesenti ezingama-95 ukuya kwi-100) kunye nangaphakathi kwemimandla emandla yombane yeseli yesiphango:
4. Iinkozo ze-pollen ezingaguqukiyo zifunxa ngokukhawuleza ukufuma kwelifu le-hypotonic ngokusebenzisa i-germinal apertures (osmotic turgor pressure surge).
5. Uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic lwangaphakathi ludlula amandla okuqina odonga lwangaphandle lwe-pollen (i-exine kunye ne-intine), ebangela ukuba iinkozo ziqhume zivuleke njengebhaluni yamanzi e-microscopic (osmotic lysis).
6. Kwangaxeshanye, amasimi abukhali e-electrostatic (** 10,000 ukuya kwi-100,000 volts ngemitha nganye **) kunye nokucheba komatshini phakathi kwamathontsi apholileyo kunye ne-graupel fracture dehydrated okanye inxenye ye-pollen emanziswe ngokuyinxenye kunye ne-fungal spores (*Alternaria , Cladosporium sub-5 * 5 . micrometers).
7. Inqanaba lesi-4 - Uxinaniso lokuNxibelela phantsi okubandayo kunye neKhaphethi yokuPhuma kweGust-Front-Front: Ukwehla okupholiswe yimvula kuthwala ezi zigidi zezigidi zeetriliyoni zestatshi ezigcwele i-allergen egcweleyo zisihla ngokukhawuleza ukuya emhlabeni. Xa ikholamu ehlayo yomoya obandayo oxineneyo ufika emhlabeni, isasazeka ngokuthe tye ukuya phambili ku-40 ukuya kwi-100 km/h (25 ukuya ku-62 mph)* njengendawo enzulu, enesiphithiphithi umda oqhumayo (umda ophumayo) kuphela 100 ukuya kwi-400 yeemitha (330 ukuya ku-1,300 iinyawo) ubunzulu. Ngenxa yokuba ukuphuma okubandayo kufakwe kwi-inversion yeqondo lokushisa, iinqununu ze-pollen eziqhekekileyo azikwazi ukusabalalisa phezulu; endaweni yoko, zixinzelelwe kwilifu elingabonakaliyo, eligubungela umhlaba we-bioaerosol ekuphakameni okuthe ngqo kokuphefumla komntu 10 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-30 phambi kokuba imvula enkulu ifike ukuhlamba umoya ucoceke.

2. Uthelekiso: IHay Fever yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo vs. Ubhubhani weSifo seMfuba¶

Ukuqatshelwa kweklinikhi kunye nolawulo lwangaphambi kwesibhedlele ngamanyathelo ngamanyathelo¶

1. Ukuqaphela i-Bronchospasm efihliweyo kumaxhoba okuqala¶

Kuba ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha sabantu abanesifo sombefu abangazange bahlaselwe sisifo sesifuba ngaphambili, abafane bayiqonde into eyenzekayo kwimiphunga yabo. Abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba bahlaselwa yintliziyo, baxutywe ngothuli, okanye bahlaselwa yi-panic attack:

• Ukhohlokhohlo oluzingileyo, olomileyo, oluneParoxysmal: Kubantu abadala abaninzi kunye nabantwana, ukuxinana kwendlela yomoya encinci ekhawulezileyo ayibonakali njengempempe yomculo yakudala, kodwa njengokhohlokhohlo olungapheliyo ** oluthi lube mandundu ngawo wonke umoya womoya wangaphandle.
• Ukuphefumla okuPhumayo kunye nokuphefumla ixesha elide: Ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo lwe-intrathoracic luphakama ngexesha lokuphefumla, i-bronchioles evuthayo kunye ne-constricted iyancipha ngakumbi xa isigulane sizama ukuphefumla. Ukuphefumla kuvakala kukufutshane kwaye kuncinci, ngelixa ukuphefumlela ngaphandle kuthatha ** kabini ukuya kathathu ixesha elide kunesiqhelo ** kwaye kuvelisa isandi esiphakamileyo somculo womlozi (**wheeze **).
• I-Dynamic Hyperinflation ("I-Air Trapping"): Kuba ixhoba linokutsala umoya omncinci kwixesha elidlulileyo le-bronchioles elicuthekileyo kodwa alikwazi ukukhupha ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuba kuqale umoya olandelayo, umoya ophelileyo uvaleleka ngaphakathi kwe-alveoli. Isifuba siba ngumbhobho kwaye sandiswe kakhulu, nto leyo enyanzela isigulana ukuba sincike phambili kwizandla ezoluliweyo (**isikhundla se-tripod **) kwaye sisebenzise izihlunu zentamo kunye neembambo nje ukutsala umthamo omncinci womoya omtsha phezu kwemiphunga yabo evuthelwe kakhulu.
• I-Lethal "Isifuba Esithuleyo" Isilumkiso: Ukuba umntu obukeleyo ubeka indlebe yakhe kwisifuba okanye umva wexhoba kwaye eve ** ingabikho ukuphefumla okanye ukuphefumla okuqhelekileyo kuvakala ** ngelixa isigulane sibonakala sizama ukuphefumla, ** i-bronchospasm ngoku iphantse i-100 ekhulwini epheleleyo **. Phantse akukho moya ungenayo okanye uphuma emiphungeni; i-hypoxic bradycardia kunye nokubanjwa kwentliziyo kuya kulandela ngaphakathi kwemizuzu ngaphandle kokuba i-bronchodilation enobudlova kunye nokuncedisa umoya wokuphefumula kuqala ngokukhawuleza.

2. Yenziwa njani i-4x4x4 Spacer Rescue Technique ngokuchanekileyo¶

Izifundo zonyango liBhunga leSizwe le-Asthma yase-Australia, i-Global Initiative ye-Asthma (GINA), kunye ne-British Thoracic Society ibonisa ukuba **i-pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) edityaniswe ne-valve spacer ** iyasebenza nje (kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukuseta kuno) i-plug-in jet nebulizer yesibhedlele, ngelixa unqanda ukusasazwa kwe-aerosol yokuphefumla:

1. Misa iSigulana: Hlalisa umntu nkqo esitulweni okanye uxhonywe eludongeni amagxa akhe ejonge phambili kancinci. Khulula nayiphi na ikhola eqinileyo okanye umtya wesifuba.
2. Lungisa i-Inhaler kunye ne-Spacer:
3. Susa i-cap kwi blue reliever pMDI (salbutamol 100 micrograms / albuterol 90 micrograms ngepuff).
4. Vuthulula i-inhaler ngokuthe nkqo kwi-3 ukuya kwimizuzwana emi-5* kwaye ufake i-mouthpiece ngokuqinileyo kwiringi yangasemva ye-valve spacer.
5. Hambisa iPuff 1 (iNdlela yokuphefumla eTidal):
6. Beka isithuba somlomo phakathi kwamazinyo esigulana kunye nemilebe evalwe ngokuqinileyo ngakuso (okanye ucinezele imaski yabantwana phezu kwempumlo nomlomo womntwana ongaphantsi kweminyaka emi-4 ubudala).
7. Cinezela inkonkxa kanye ukudubula ukufutha oku-1 kwisikhewu, kwaye isigulana siphefumlele ngaphakathi siphume kancinane ngomlomo waso amaxesha ama-4.
8. Hambisa iiPuffs 2, 3, kunye ne-4:
9. Vuthulula ngokufutshane, vutha Ukufutha 2 (4 ukuphefumla kade), Ukufunxa 3 (4 ukuphefumla kade), kunye Ukufunxa 4 (4 ukuphefumla kade).
10. UMjikelo weMizuzu emi-4 woVavanyo kwakhona:
11. Lindela imizuzu emi-4 ngelixa ujonge intshukumo yesifuba, ubude bentetho, kunye nombala womlomo.
12. Ukuba usatswina, ukhohlela, okanye uphefumla ngemizuzu emi-4, ngoko nangoko phinda omnye umjikelo wokufunxa oku-4 (ukuphefumla oku-4 ngakunye).
13. ** Ubuninzi be-Pre-Hospital Dosing **: Ngelixa ulinde i-ambulensi yokulibaziseka ngexesha lesiganeko esikhulu se-asthma, abantu abadala kunye nabantwana abangaphezu kweminyaka eyi-6 ababandezeleke kakhulu banokufumana ngokukhuselekileyo ** ukukhukhumeza kwe-4 yonke imizuzu ye-4 ** (okanye ** i-6 ukuya kwi-8 ikhupha yonke imizuzu ye-5 ** kumntu omdala ekubandezelekeni okusongela ubomi phantsi kwesikhokelo se-dispatcher). Imiphumo yesikhashana yedosi ephezulu ye-salbutamol / albuterol, njengezandla ezingcangcazelayo kunye nokubetha kwentliziyo ekhawulezayo, kulindeleke ukuba kubekho iziphumo ze-pharmacological kwaye ** ziyingozi kakhulu kune-asphyxiation engaphendulwanga **.

3. IiNjongo eziNgxamisekileyo Xa Akukho Isiphefumli Sesifuba Somoya sikhoyo kwiNdawo¶

Ngenxa yokuba i-40 ukuya kwi-60 ekhulwini yamaxhoba e-asthma yesiphango ayinayo i-inhaler xa isaqhwithi sibetha, abantu ababukeleyo kunye namalungu entsapho bahlala bejongene nomsantsa owoyikekayo ngelixa ii-ambulensi zilibaziseka:

• Boleka i-Inhaler yokuNcedisa Kwangoko (Ukwabelana ngeBronchodilator yomSamariya olungileyo):
• Kuhlaselo lwesifuba somoya esisongela ubomi, ** ungalibazisi ukubuza kubamelwane, osebenza nabo, ootitshala, okanye abadlulayo ukuba nabani na ophethe i-salbutamol/albuterol inhaler eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye i-budesonide/formoterol inhaler **.
• Sula umlomo nge-alcohol swab okanye ilaphu elicocekileyo, okanye utshise i-inhaler ebolekiweyo ngekomityi yephepha ehlaziyiweyo ecocekileyo okanye isikhewu sebhotile yamanzi yeplastiki ukuze kungabikho ukudibana ngqo ngomlomo, kwaye ulawule 4x4x4 protocol.
• Jonga ukuba iKhemesti iPhakathi kokuHamba kwangoku okanye umgama wemizuzu emi-2 yokuQhuba:
• Kwimimandla efana ne-Australia (iShedyuli ye-3 ye-Pharmacist-Only Medicine), i-United Kingdom (imimiselo ye-Emergency Supply), eKhanada, kunye nenxalenye ye-European Union, amayeza asekuhlaleni agunyazisiweyo ngokusemthethweni ukuba akhuphe i-** emergency salbutamol (albuterol) inhaler kunye ne-spacer ngaphandle komyalelo kagqirha ** ngexesha likaxakeka lokuphefumula.
• Unokusetyenziswa nini i-Epinephrine Auto-Injector (EpiPen / Jext / Emerade / Auvi-Q):
• Abantu abaninzi abanesifo esibi kakhulu sengca okanye ukutya okutyayo bathwala i-intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline) auto-injector* nokuba abathwali i-salbutamol inhaler.
• I-epinephrine inamandla **i-alpha engakhethiyo kunye ne-beta-2 i-adrenergic agonist ** ekhulula ngokukhawuleza i-bronchial muscle smooth kwaye inciphisa i-edema ye-mucosal edema yomoya.
• Ngokwezikhokelo zokuvuselela kunye ne-anaphylaxis, ukuba isigulane sihlupheka ** i-bronchospasm esongela ubomi ** (engakwazi ukuthetha, i-cyanotic, isifuba esithulile, okanye i-wall) kwaye ** mhlawumbi ** ibonisa nayiphi na into ye-systemic anaphylaxis ** okanye ** i-** ine-zero ukufikelela kwi-beta-2 i-agonist inhaler ngelixa ijongene ne-imminent epinephrine i-auto-injector (0.3 mg kubantu abadala kunye nabantwana abangaphezu kwe-30 kg [66 lb]; 0.15 mg kubantwana i-15 ukuya kwi-30 kg [33 ukuya kwi-66 lb]) ** phakathi kwethanga langaphandle (* vastus lateralis *) inokusindisa ubomi ngelixa iinkonzo zongxamiseko ziphendula.
• Ukubekwa kwindawo, Ukuphefumla ngokuzolileyo koMlebe, kunye nento UNGAMAWUKWENZA:
• MUSA usibeke isigulana kwishawari enomphunga okanye ubavumele baphefumlele umphunga oshushu: Ukufuma okuphezulu kunye nomphunga oshushu kunokubangela i-reflex bronchoconstriction kwi-hyper-reactive airways kwaye kubangele ukuqhekeka kwepollen.
• MUSA ukuba isigulana siphefumlele kwingxowa yephepha: Ukuphefumla ingxowa yephepha yintsomi yakudala ye-hyperventilation eyehlisa ngokukhawuleza ioksijini ephefumlelweyo (\(FiO_2\)) kwaye inokubulala isigulana sesifuba esine-hypoxic.
• Qeqesha isigulane ukuba siphefumle ngokukhawuleza ngeempumlo zabo (ezifudumalayo, zifudumeze, kwaye zihluze naziphi na iincinci ezisele zangaphakathi) kwaye zikhuphe ngokukhawuleza nge-** i-lipsed lips ** (njengokuvuthela ngobumnene kwisobho eshushu), eyenza ** i-5 ukuya kwi-10 yeesentimitha zamanzi oxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluqinisekileyo lokuphelelwa umoya (i-auto-PEEP i-air ole ngexesha lokukhupha umoya omncinci) *

Uthintelo kubantu abane-hay fever ngexesha lentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo¶

Ukuba ufumana ukuthimla ngamaxesha athile onyaka, amehlo arhawuzelelwa ngamanzi, okanye ukuxinana kweempumlo ngexesha lengca okanye i-pollen yomthi, iziphathamandla zonyango zikubeka njengomngcipheko omkhulu wesifo sombefu sobhubhani wendudumo nokuba imiphunga yakho ibisoloko iziva isempilweni ngokupheleleyo:

1. Qalisa iMihla le Intranasal Corticosteroid Spray kunye ne-Preventer Inhaler Kwangethuba kwiXesha lePollen:
2. Qalisa ukusebenzisa yonke imihla intranasal corticosteroid spray (i-fluticasone, i-mometasone, okanye i-budesonide) kwiiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 ngaphambi kwexesha le-pollen yengca ephezulu, idityaniswe ne-antihistamine yomlomo yemihla ngemihla.
3. Ukuba wake wafumana ukuphefumla kancinci, ukukhohlela ebusuku, okanye ukuxinezeleka kwesifuba ngexesha lentwasahlobo okanye umthambo, fumana i-inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) yokuthintela** (okanye budesonide/formoterol anti-inflammatory reliever). Kwi-2016 i-Melbourne isifo, phantse ** i-90 ipesenti yezigulane ze-asthma ze-ICU AKUKHO ukuthatha umkhuseli we-ICS oqhelekileyo **.
4. ** Ungaze uhambe ngeNtwasahlobo ngaphandle kokuthwala i-Blue Reliever Inhaler + Spacer **:
5. Gcina i-salbutamol (albuterol) pMDI ekwixesha langoku kunye ne-valve spacer elingana ipokotho* kwibhegi yakho nakwikiti yoncedo lokuqala ekhaya kuyo yonke intwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo.
6. Beka iliso kwiiNkqubo zokuQala zeSilumkiso soMbefu weSifo esisemthethweni kunye neSiphango esisemthethweni:
7. Ngeentsuku ezibekiweyo Eziphezulu okanye Ezigqithisileyo kuzo zombini i-pollen yengca kunye neendudumo ezinamandla, rhoxisa uqheliselo lwezemidlalo lwangaphandle, ukubaleka, kunye nohambo lwangaphandle ngexesha lasemva kwemini nangokuhlwa kwefestile ye-convective.
8. Nxiba i-N95-Fitting-Fitting-Fit-Fitting-N95 / P2 / FFP2 Respirator Ukuba ubanjwe ngaphandle ngexesha leGust Front:
9. Ukuba unyanzelekile ukuba uhambe ngaphandle ngexesha lomoya ophezulu we-pollen ophumayo, gqoka i-tight-fitting ** i-NIOSH N95, i-Australian / NZ P2, okanye i-European FFP2 respirator ** (ukucoca ** ubuncinane i-94 ukuya kwi-95 ipesenti ye-sub-micron particles **) kwaye uphefumle ngokungqongqo ngeempumlo zakho kude kube ngaphakathi.
10. Ukungangcoliseki okungemva kwesaqhwithi ngaphakathi:
11. Xa sele ungaphakathi emva kokuvezwa, susa iimpahla zangaphandle ngokukhawuleza, hlamba ubuso bakho kunye neenwele, kwaye wenze i-sterile saline nasal rinse.

Iinombolo zengingqi zikaxakeka kunye neeprothokholi ze-arhente¶

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa¶

Kwakutheni ukuze uhlaselo lombefu lwendudumo lwenzeke kwimizuzu engama-20 PHAMBI kokuba kuqalise ukunetha kunangexesha lezantyalantyala zemvula?¶

Olona xinzelelo luphezulu lweegranule zestatshi ezigqabhukileyo ze-pollen zihamba ngaphakathi kumoya ophumayo obandayo wesaqhwithi (i-gust front), obaleka i-10 ukuya kwiikhilomitha ezingama-30 (iimayile ezi-6 ukuya kwezi-19) phambi kweshaft yemvula yokwenene. Ngaphakathi kwisiseko samafu, iinkozo ze-pollen zidumba kukufuma kwaye zigqabhuke zibe yi-0.5-to-2.5-micrometer fragments, ezithi zityhalelwe phantsi emhlabeni yingqele ephantsi kwaye ivuthelwe ngaphandle emhlabeni ngaphambi kwesiphango. Izantyalantyala zemvula ezibetha emhlabeni emva kwexesha zinceda ukuhlamba nokukhuhla umungu omisiweyo kwiatmosfera esezantsi, yiyo loo nto eyona festile ibulalayo kukuvuthuza komoya owomileyo okanye obhudla ngamandla kanye phambi kokuba imvula ifike.

Ngaba umntu ongazange abenaso isifo sombefu kubomi bakhe bonke angayifuna ngenene i-ambulensi okanye asweleke ngexesha lesehlo somoya wendudumo?¶

Ewe: izifundo ze-post-dister epidemiological ezivela kwi-2016 Melbourne intlekele kunye nezifo ezifanayo eLondon, eNaples, eWagga Wagga, nase-Ahvaz zibonise ukuba i-40 ukuya kwi-60 ipesenti yabantu ababeza kumasebe angxamisekileyo babengenayo ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kwe-asthma, kwaye abaninzi babengazi ukuba i-reliever inhaler ibonakala njani. Noko ke, ama-95 ukusa kuma-99 ekhulwini aloo maxhoba ayenehay fever ngamaxesha athile onyaka ( alergic rhinitis ) yaye aye axhotyiswa amajoni omzimba (ethwele amajoni omzimba e-IgE) kwingca okanye kwimingundo. Ngenxa yokuba umungu ococekileyo awukhe ufikelele kwimiphunga esezantsi ngeentsuku eziqhelekileyo, iindlela zabo zomoya ezisezantsi azizange zivavanywe de isiphango saqhekeza umungu kumasuntswana ama-2-micrometer ayakwazi ukungena nzulu kwiibronchioles zawo.