Ivyiyumviro vyo gukuramwo imigera mu mazi vyihutirwa: Imeza zo gutera amazi yo mu nzu (5% gushika kuri 8,25%), Guteka hakurikijwe uburebure, no kuyungurura¶

Igihe umwuzure w’igihuhusi, amazi y’umutingito apfutse, amazi y’imyanda aseseka, canke umuyagankuba uhagaze igihe kirekire bihumanya amazi yawe yo mu ruzi canke bikaba bihatira urugo rwawe gusukura amazi y’imvura, y’uruzi canke y’iriba, gukora ikosa rimwe gusa ryo gukoresha umuti wo gusukura amazi w’amazi birashobora gutuma umuryango wawe ushikirwa n’indwara ziterwa n’amazi (Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Giardia lamblia, Norovirus, Hepatitis A, na Cryptosporidium) canke bitera ubumara bukomeye bw’imiti buva ku bintu vy’ubumara vyongera mu gumesa. Niba umuntu yamize mu mpanuka umuti w’isuku utagiramwo amazi, umuti w’isuku utagira umunuko/utagira amazi, canke umuti w’amazi w’amazi w’amazi, hamagara Ikigo kijejwe kugenzura ubumara (1-800-222-1222 muri Amerika) canke inomero yawe y’ivyihutirwa (911, 112, canke 999) ubwo nyene dukoresheje ivyacu . inomero z'ivyihutirwa ububiko. Suzuma kandi uburongozi bwacu ku umutekano w'amazi n'amatangazo y'amazi ashushe, imibindi yo kubika amazi vyihutirwa n'ukuyungurura kw'isi, na guteka mu nzu mu gihe umuyagankuba uzimye.

Ni kuki udutabu twa kera tw'ivyihutirwa tuvuga gusa ngo "wongerako amatonyanga 8 y'isuku ku galoni" tudakora neza ku bitabo vy'amaduka vy'ubu? Kubera ko mu myaka cumi iheze, abahinguzi b’impuzu zo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko no kw’isi yose barahinduye imiti ikoreshwa mu rugo Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) kwibanda ku bintu vya kera 5.25% (5.0%) gushika ku kwibanda 6.0%, 7.5%, na 8.25% amafomula, mu gihe icarimwe yuzuza 70 kw’ijana vy’ibitanda vy’amaduka y’ibifungurwa "Ibitagira amazi / Bitagira amazi," "Ibara-ritekanye," n'"Ibimota neza (Lemon / Lavender)" amabara y'ibara arimwo ibintu bitera ubumara, ibintu bitera ubumara, n'imibavu itera ubumara iyo umuntu ayinywa.

Kumenya neza inkingi zine z’Ishirahamwe ry’Amerika ryitaho ibidukikije (EPA), Ibigo bijejwe kugenzura no kwirinda indwara (CDC), n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuzima kw’Isi (WHO) ubuhinga bwo gukuramwo imigera mu mazi buratanga amazi meza yo kunywa mu ngorane iyo ari yo yose: 1. Gutera guteka (1 Minute ku Rugero rw’Ikiyaga; 3 Minutes Hejuru 2,000 Meters / 6,562 Feet): Guteka ni uburyo bwonyene bw’intambwe imwe bwica 100% vy’imigwi ine yose y’ibitera indwara: imigera, amavirusi, ibivyimba vy’ibikoko (Giardia), KANDI bishobora guhangana na klorine Cryptosporidium amagi. 2. Imbere y'ukuyungurura (1-Micron Absolute Iyunguruzo canke Igikoresho co Gushiramwo + Impuzu) IMBERE YO Gukoresha imiti yo gukuramwo imigera: Igikoresho co mu nzu gikoreshwa mu gukuramwo imigera (NaOCl) na yode vyica imigera n’imigera vyihuta, bikahindura . Giardia buhoro buhoro (30 to 60 minutes), na NTUKICE . Cryptosporidium oocysts ku bipimo vya klorine bishobora kunywa. Vyongeye, umwanda be n’ibisigazwa vy’ibinyabuzima biri mu mazi y’ibicu birafatanya klorine (chlorine demand), bisaba ko ugukubita kabiri ingano y’ivyo gusukura iyo amazi ari mu bicu. 3. Ijanisha ry'Ibara ry'Ibara ry'Ibara ry'Ibara (1 Metric Drop = 0.05 mL; Igitigiri c'Intego = 2 mg/L [ppm] Amazi meza / 4 mg/L [ppm] Amazi y'ibicu, aragenda 0.5 to 2.0 ppm Klorine Isigaye ku Buntu Inyuma y' 30 Minutes): Guhuza igiharuro c'amatonyanga yawe n'ivyo nyavyo NaOCl ijana ryacapwe ku rupapuro rw’ibirungo bikora vy’icupa ryawe ry’isuku. 4. Ipokolorite y'ivyuma vyumye (Ca(OCl)2, 65% to 78% Granular Pool Shock) Intambwe zibiri z'Ibiharuro: Kubera ko amazi yo mu nzu atakaza 20% to 50% y’ubushobozi bwayo bwa klorine ku mwaka mu kubika, kwiga ingene wovanga ivyumye bitagumye Ca(OCl)2 guhungabana kw'ikidengeri (which stores dry for 10+ years) mu 1:100 umuti w’amazi w’ibara ry’agahama uha umuryango wawe ibikoresho vy’ugukuramwo imigera vyihutirwa hafi bitagira aho bigarukira.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Niba ufise amavuta yo guteka canke ubushobozi bwa bateri, WAHORE ushiremwo Rolling Boil (1 full minute musi 2,000 meters / 6,562 feet ugushirwa hejuru; 3 full minutes kuri canke hejuru 2,000 meters / 6,562 feet). Amazi aratuma umuntu agira ubumara kandi akica ibitera indwara vyose biva mu mazi y’abantu (harimwo n’ibitera indwara ziterwa na chlorine Cryptosporidium) neza imbere y’uko mbere irangiza a . 1-minute guterera gutera. Reka amazi akonje nk’uko bisanzwe; ntushiremwo ibice vy’urubura bikozwe mu mazi yo mu ruzi yanduye.
2. Imbere yo gukoresha umuti wo mu nzu wo gutera imigera mu mazi, suzuma imbere n’inyuma y’icupa kugira ngo ubone ibisabwa BIBIRI vy’ingenzi:
3. Ibisabwa 1: Urutonde rwa Ibirungo bikora ruri ku rupapuro rw'inyuma rutegerezwa kuvuga Sodium Hypochlorite ... 5.0% to 9.0% (typically 5.25%, 6.0%, 7.5%, or 8.25%) CANKE icapa kigomba gutwara EPA Registration Number (EPA Reg. No.) n’amabwirizwa yo gusukura/gutera imigera.
4. Ibisabwa 2: Bitegerezwa kuba 100% Bisanzwe, Bisanzwe, Bitagira Umunuko. NTUKIGEZE unywera amazi asukuwe n'ibara ry'umubiri "Splashless / No-Splash", ibara ry'umubiri ry'umuco, ibara ry'umubiri ry'umubiri, canke "Color-Safe" (hydrogen peroxide / sodium percarbonate) ibara ry'umubiri.
5. Nimba amazi yawe atagiramwo ibinure ari ibicu, ari ibitovu, canke afise ibice bireremba: reka bibeho 30 minutes, hanyuma ukayisuka mu gicuncuro c’ikawa gisukuye, mu bipande 4 vy’impuzu y’impuzu y’ipampa isukuye, canke mu . 1-micron absolute (NSF/ANSI 53 or 58) hollow-fiber filter IMBERE yo kwongerako ivyuma bisukura. Nimba amazi aguma ari ibicu n’inyuma y’aho uyayunguruye mu mpuzu, utegerezwa gukubita kabiri (2x) umubare w’amatotsi y’ibara ry’umuhondo ari mu nkingi y’Amazi Asukuye y’imbonerahamwe ya EPA/CDC iri musi.
6. Pima umubare nyawo w'amatonyanga (ukoresheje igikoresho co gutonyanga umuti gisanzwe aho 20 drops = 1 milliliter / 100 drops = 1 teaspoon = 5 mL), uvyure neza, hanyuma URINDERE . 30 FULL MINUTES imbere yo kunywa. Iyo amazi akanye nk’urubura (< 10°C / 50°F), rindira 60 full minutes (double the contact time), kubera ko ubuhinga bwo gutera imigera bugenda buhoro hafi 50% kuri buri 10°C gutonyanga ubushuhe bw’amazi.
7. Kora "Ikigeragezo c'Iminota 30 y'Ikigereranyo c'Ikigereranyo c'Imibavu" ku gice cose cavuwe: Uhejeje kurindira 30 minutes, fungura igipfukisho maze wumve umunuko w’amazi:
8. Nimba ifise akamoto gatoyi k’amazi y’ikidengeri co kwogeramwo: Chlorine y’ubuntu isigaye (0.5 to 2.0 ppm) iracariho, bisobanura ko ivyipfuzo vyose vya chlorine vyari vyarashitse kandi amazi atekanye kunywa. (Kugira ngo urushirize kuryoherwa inyuma y’iminota 30 yo kurindira, usuke amazi inyuma n’imbere hagati y’ibikoresho bibiri bisukuye kugira ngo uyashiremwo umwuka, canke wongeremwo agace gatoyi k’ifu ya Vitamine C / Ascorbic Acid, iyo amazi igahindura ubwo nyene hypochlorite irura ikaba chloride idashobora gutera ingorane ata re-conter).
9. Nimba ifise umunuko wa chlorine ZERO inyuma y’iminota 30: Ibintu bifise ubuzima biri mu mazi vyariye chlorine yose imbere y’uko gutera imigera irangira. Wongereko iyindi doze yuzuye y'ibara ry'umuhondo, uyivungure, hanyuma urindire iyindi 15 to 30 minutes.
10. NTUKIGEZE ugerageza guteka canke guhindura amazi yandujwe n’imiti y’ubumara y’inganda, amavuta, imiti yica udukoko, ivyuma bikomeye (lead/arsenic), canke ibimera vy’ubururu n’icatsi kibisi (cyanotoxins). Guteka bitera ivyuma biremerera bidashobora guhungabana n’ivyuma bita nitrates kandi bikagira umwuka mu kirere co mu gikoni cawe, mu gihe umuti wo gusukura ukorana n’ubumara bw’ibimera vyo mu mazi n’amavuta ya peteroli kugira ngo ukore ibintu bitera ubumara.

Igiti c’ingingo: Guhitamwo no gushitsa uburyo bwiza bwo gusukura amazi¶

Kurikiza iki kigereranyo c’ubuvuzi n’ubuhinga kugira ngo uhuze isoko yawe y’amazi atagiramwo ibinure n’ibikoresho biriho n’uburyo nyabwo bwo kuvura.

flowchart TD
    RawWater["Isoko y'amazi yikekwa ko yanduye (Itangazo ry'uguteka, iriba, imvura, uruzi, canke umubindi ubitswe)"] --> ChemCheck{"Amazi yoba yandujwe n’amavuta y’ibinyabiziga, imiti yo mu nganda, amavuta y’amazi y’umwuzure canke n’ibisigazwa vy’ibimera vy’ubururu n’icatsi kibisi bifise ubumara?"}
    ChemCheck -->|"EGO: Imiti, Amavuta, canke Cyanotoxin Biriho"| DoNotUse["NTUTEKE CANKE UTEKERE: Guteka Bitera Ivyuma Biremerera & Bituma Amavuta Ahinduka Umwuka; Rondera amazi atari yo yo mu cupa/abitswe canke ukoreshe uburyo bwo guhindura amazi / gukura amazi"]
    ChemCheck -->|"OYA: Ivyago vy'imigera gusa (Imigera, Virusi, Giardia, Cryptosporidium)"| ClarityCheck{"INTAMBWE YA 1: Amazi yoba agaragara nk’ikibiriti canke araboneka nk’ibicu/agaragara nk’ibicu?"}
    ClarityCheck -->|"Igicu, Ivumbi, canke Ibara"| PreFilter["Gushinga + Imbere y’Iyunguruzo Mbere: Reka Bishire Iminota 30 -> Suka Biciye mu Cyunguruzo c’Ikawa, Impuzu y’Ipampa y’Imirongo 4, canke Iyunguruzo ry’Imirongo 0.1-ku-1.0 Micron"]
    ClarityCheck -->|"Bigaragara neza"| MethodSelect{"INTAMBWE YA 2: Ni ubuhe buryo bwo gutera imigera mufise?"}
    PreFilter --> MethodSelect
    MethodSelect -->|"Inkomoko y'ubushuhe iraboneka (Ifuru, Ikete, Sterno, Umuriro)"| BoilProtocol["GUTEKA KW'IZAHABU: Zana mu guteka mu minota 1 yuzuye (CANKE iminota 3 yuzuye ku/hejuru y'uburebure bwa 2.000 m / 6.562 ft) -> Yica 100% y'imigera, imigera, Giardia, & Cryptosporidium"]
    MethodSelect -->|"0.1-ku-1.0 Micron Akayunguruzo + Ibara ritagira umunuko"| DualProtocol["UBURINZI BWO MU NTAMBWE ZIBIRI: (1) Gucungera biciye mu gicuncuro c’imigera y’imigera ya <=1.0 (Ikuraho Cryptosporidium na Giardia) -> (2) Wongereko imiti y’amazi asukuye y’amazi ya EPA (Yica imigera n’imigera y’imigera y’imigera)"]
    MethodSelect -->|"Igikoresho co mu nzu kitagira umunuko (5% gushika kuri 8.25% NaOCl) canke igikoresho co gutera ivyatsi gusa"| BleachProtocol["CHLORINATION CHIMIQUE: Suzuma neza % NaOCl ku rupapuro -> Igitigiri ku meza ya EPA (Koresha 2x Igitigiri nimba kigifise ibicu) -> Vugura & Utegereze iminota 30 (iminota 60 nimba hakanye <10C/50F) -> Suzuma umunuko mutoyi wa Chlorine"]

Igice ca 1: Ivyo uburyo bwose bwo gusukura amazi bwica mu vy’ukuri (Igishushanyo c’ibitera indwara)¶

Gutahura ubunini bw'ibitera indwara (microns / µm) na ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’uguhagarika amazi bwa chlorine CT bisigura igituma amashirahamwe y’amazi yo mu gisagara n’abaganga b’ingendo bafatanya Ukuyungurura + Gutera Chlorine iyo guteka kutaboneka:

Igice ca 2: Imbonerahamwe z'Imiti y'Imibavu yo mu Rugo ya EPA / CDC (5.0% ku 8.25% Ipokolorite ya sodiyumu)¶

Imibare yose y'imiti iri aha hepfo ikurikira Ikigo ca Amerika kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (EPA), Ibigo bijejwe kugenzura no kwirinda indwara (CDC), na Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ubuzima (WHO) ingingo ngenderwako zo gutera imigera mu mazi yo kunywa vyihutirwa, zigereranywa kugira ngo zitange hafi 2 mg/L (2 ppm) ya Klorine Iboneka ku Buntu (FAC) ku Mazi Asukuye na 4 mg/L (4 ppm) ku mazi y'ibicu/ateye umuvurungano:

• Impinduro z'ingero zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu mbonerahamwe zizwi:
• 1 Standard Medicine Dropper Drop = 0.05 milliliters (mL) (20 drops = 1.0 mL)
• 1/8 Teaspoon = 0.625 mL (- 12 to 13 drops / izungurutse ku 8 to 16 drops mu makarita yoroshe)
• 1/4 Teaspoon = 1.25 mL (- 25 drops)
• 1/2 Teaspoon = 2.50 mL (- 50 drops)
• 1 Full Teaspoon (tsp) = 5.0 milliliters (mL) (100 drops)
• 1 Full Tablespoon (Ikiyiko= 3 tsp) = 15.0 milliliters (mL)

Imbonerahamwe 2A: Igitigiri gito c'amazi yo kunywa y'ivyihutirwa (1 Liter / 1 Quart kandi 4 Liters / 1 US Gallon)¶

Imbonerahamwe 2B: Ibikoresho vyinshi n'imirongo y'imiti yo gukuramwo imigera (20 Liters / 5 Gallons kandi 208 Liters / 55-Gallon Drum)¶

Igihe uvura amazi manini manini y’ivyihutirwa (20 L / 5 gal) canke imibindi yo kubikamwo ibintu y’ubururu HDPE (208 L / 55 gal), upime n’mililitiro zifise amanota (mL oral syringe) canke ibiyiko vyo gupima aho guharura amatonyanga amajana n’amajana:

Bimeze gute nimba icupa ryawe ry’isuku ryo mu nzu riri 1 to 2 Years Old? (Itegeko ryo gusenyura ubuzima bw'ibara ry'umubiri)¶

Igikoko citwa sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) ntihagaze neza mu vy’imiti kandi buhoro buhoro irabora ikagira umunyu rusangi wo ku meza (\(\text{NaCl}\)) n’umwuka w’ikirere (\(\text{O}_2\)), cane cane iyo ibitswe hejuru . 21°C (70°F): - Amezi 0 gushika kuri 6 (Ububiko bukonje): 100% ubushobozi, rero ukoreshe ingano y’imeza iri hejuru. - Amezi 6 gushika kuri 12: Atakaza 20% to 30% potency, rero iracariko irakora ku rugero canke +25% urugero; genzura n'Ikigeragezo c'Iminota 30 yo Guhonya Chlorine (canke giciro gito $10 Ivyuma vy'Igerageza rya Chlorine DPD/Pool ku buntu bigamije 0.5 to 2.0 ppm inyuma y’iminota 30). - Amezi 12 gushika kuri 24: Atakaza 50% canke vyinshi muri klorine yayo ikora, rero incuro zibiri (2x) igiharuro c’amatotsi maze ugenzure ko hariho umunuko mutoyi wa klorine usigaye inyuma y’iminota 30. - Imaze amezi arenga 24 gushika kuri 36: Hafi yose irasenyuka ikaja mu mazi y’umunyu, rero ntiwizigire umuti w’amazi w’imyaka 3 utayigerageje n’igikoresho co gupima chlorine.

Igice ca 3: Igikoko citwa Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2 "Ikidengeri giteye ubwoba") Umuti w'Ibiharuro¶

Kubera ko umuti wo gusukura amazi ushobora gusenyuka mu mezi 12, amashirahamwe y’ivyago (OMS, Umusaraba Mutukura, CDC, na EPA) akoresha umuti wumye w’ubutare Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2, irimwo 65% to 78% chlorine iboneka, igurishwa mu maduka y’ibikoresho vy’ubuhinga n’ay’ibidengeri nk’ HTH Pool Shock) ku bijanye n’ugutegura ivyihutirwa vy’igihe kirekire. Bibitswe vyumye mu ndobo y’ipulasitike yugarijwe imbere mu kabati gakonje, ivyumye calcium hypochlorite biramara 10+ years n'umwe 454-gram (1-pound) umufuko utera imigera gushika kuri 38,000 liters (10,000 gallons) y’amazi yo kunywa.

1. IMBURIZO IKOMEYE: Ni ikihe Pool Shock Itekanye vs. Itera Ubumara ku Mazi yo Kunywa?¶

Igihe ugura 1-pound umufuko w'amazi yumye y'ibitoke vy'amazi ku iduka ry'ibikoresho, suzuma neza ikimenyetso c'ibirungo vy'imiti: - BITEKANYE GUKORESHA: Igikoresho gikora kigomba kuba Calcium Hypochlorite ... 65% to 78% (n'ibirungo bitagira ubushobozi ari umunyu woroshe gusa nk'umunyu wa sodium/hydroxyde de calcium) na ZERO algicides, ivy'ugusukura, umuringa ("Blue Shock"), canke ivy'ugutuma aside cyanurique idahungabana. - NTUKORESHE (Trichlor / Dichlor / "Igitero c'ubururu 4-mu-1"): Irinde igitero c'ibidengeri gikozwe mu Sodium Dichloro-s-Triazinetrione canke Trichloro-s-Triazinetrione irimwo Aside Cyanurique (stabilizer) canke Igikoko c'Umuringa (algicide) ku mazi yo kunywa yo mu rugo amara igihe kirekire.

2. Itegeko ryemewe rya EPA / WHO ry'Intambwe 2 "Umuti w'Ibikoko vy'Umuvyeyi"¶

Utegerezwa NTUKIGEZE ugerageza gutera intete zumye za 68% Calcium Hypochlorite ihita mu cupa ry’amazi ry’ilitiro 1 (akabuto kamwe gatoyi kari kure cane y’ilitiro 1 kandi gasiga ibisigazwa vya calcium bitavunitse). Ahubwo, wama ukoresha Uburyo bwo gutorera umuti ibibazo vy’intambwe zibiri za EPA:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  EPA / CDC 2-STEP CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE (65%-78% POOL SHOCK) PROTOCOL    |
|                                                                         |
|  STEP 1: MIX YOUR "LIQUID BLEACH STOCK SOLUTION" (500 mg/L / 0.05%):    |
|  - Add 1 HEAPING TEASPOON (5 to 7 grams / 1/4 ounce) of dry granular    |
|    Calcium Hypochlorite (65% to 78%) into 7.5 LITERS (2 US GALLONS)     |
|    of clean water inside a plastic jug (NEVER mix in a metal container).|
|    (Or for a smaller 1-Liter / 1-Quart Stock Bottle: dissolve a         |
|    LEVEL 1/8 TEASPOON [0.8 grams] of dry granules into 1 LITER [1 Qt]   |
|    of water).                                                           |
|  - Stir with a plastic/wood spoon for 2 minutes until dissolved, let    |
|    any white lime chalk settle, and label the jug:                      |
|    "DO NOT DRINK: CHLORINE STOCK SOLUTION".                             |
|                                                                         |
|  STEP 2: DOSE YOUR DRINKING WATER USING THE 1 : 100 DILUTION RATIO:     |
|  - Add 1 PART of that Liquid Stock Solution to 100 PARTS of raw         |
|    drinking water (this delivers an exact 5 ppm chlorine dose):         |
|    * For 1 LITER (1 Quart) of Raw Water -> Add 10 mL (2 Teaspoons)      |
|      of Stock Solution.                                                 |
|    * For 4 LITERS (1 US Gallon) of Raw Water -> Add 40 mL (8 Teaspoons  |
|      / 2.5 Tablespoons / 1.35 fl oz) of Stock Solution.                 |
|    * For 20 LITERS (5 US Gallons) of Raw Water -> Add 200 mL (scant     |
|      1 Cup) of Stock Solution.                                          |
|  - Stir and wait 30 minutes (60 minutes if cold) before drinking.       |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Igice ca 4: Guteka kubera uburebure (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes) n’Uburyo Bundi bwo Gutera Indwara (Iodine, NaDCC, ClO2, & SODIS)¶

1. Kubera iki uburebure burenze buhindura igihe co guteka (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes)¶

Ku rugero rw'ikiyaga (101.3 kPa / 14.7 psi umuvuduko w’ikirere), amazi meza arabika ku 100°C (212°F). Uko uzamuka hejuru cane mu misozi, umuvuduko w’ikirere ugenda ugabanuka utuma amazi ateka ku bushuhe buri hasi:

• Iciyumviro ca siyansi ku bijanye no gusukura amazi (65°C to 75°C / 149°F to 167°F): Ivyiyumviro vy'ubushuhe-igihe-urupfu vyerekana ko Cryptosporidium, Giardia, E. coli, Cholera, Rotavirus, na Hepatitis A mu vy’ukuri bicwa mu 1 to 6 minutes kuri 70°C (158°F) kandi mu amasegonda hejuru 85°C (185°F). Ibiro bisobanura "umunota 1 w'ugutemba (3 minutes hejuru 2,000 m)" kubera ko ingo zisanzwe zidatwara ibipimo vy’ubushuhe vyo muri laboratwari: kuraba ibibumbano bininibinini bigenda bizunguruka n’inkomezi ku butaka mu masegonda 60 biremeza ko amazi arenga . 85°C to 100°C ataco ukeneye igipimo c’ubushuhe.

2. Kugereranya Ibindi Bipande Vyo Gukuramwo Imigera n’Uburyo bwo Gukuramwo Amazi¶

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo¶

Mu gihe c’ingorane y’amazi ya komine canke impanuro y’amazi atetse, bwira igisata c’amazi co mu karere kawe canke igisata c’ubuzima bwa bose maze ukoreshe iyi mirongo y’ubuhinga:

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Ku bibazo vyihutirwa vyo gufata imiti canke imiti ivura indwara, hamagara US Poison Control kuri 1-800-222-1222 (canke 911). Ku bijanye n’ingingo ngenderwako z’amazi yo kunywa n’ibibazo bijanye no kuyasukura, raba Amakuru yerekeye amazi yo kunywa meza ya EPA (epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water) na Amazi meza ya CDC (cdc.gov/water-emergency). Rondera amayunguruzo yemejwe na NSF/ANSI Itegeko 53 canke 58 (Cyst Reduction) na Itegeko rya NSF P231 (Microbiological Purifiers).
• Canada: Hamagara Ikigo kijejwe kugenzura ubumara kuri 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669) canke 911. Kurikiza Impanuro za Health Canada ku bijanye no gutanga no gukuraho impanuro z’amazi ateka n’ibigo vy’ubuzima bwa bose vyo mu ntara.
• Ubwongereza: Hamagara NHS 111 kugira ngo ubone impanuro z’ubuvuzi zitari izo kwihutirwa canke 999 / 112 kugira ngo ubone ivyihutirwa. Ivyihutirwa bijanye n’uburyo bw’amazi bigenwa n’Ikigo kigenzura amazi yo kunywa (DWI, dwi.gov.uk), Ikigo c’Ubwongereza kijejwe umutekano w’ubuzima (UKHSA), n’ishirahamwe ry’amazi ryo mu karere kawe (risabwa n’amategeko gushikana amazi yo mu macupa ku bakiriya banditswe ku buntu Igitabo c’Ibikorwa vy’Imbere PSR mu gihe c’uguhagarara).
• Ubumwe bw'Uburayi: Hamagara 112 ku bibazo vyihutirwa. Ivyagezwe vyerekeye amazi yo kunywa bigenwa n'Itegeko ry'Ubumwe bw'Uburayi ryerekeye amazi yo kunywa (Directive (EU) 2020/2184) n’ibigo vy’igihugu vy’ubuzima rusangi.
• Ostraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande: Hamagara Amakuru y'ubumara kuri 13 11 26 (Ostraliya) canke 0800 764 766 (Nouvelle-Zélande); inomero z’ivyihutirwa ni 000 (AU) na 111 (NZ). Kurikiza Ingingo ngenderwako z’amazi yo kunywa za NHMRC muri Australiya na Taumata Arowai (Umugenzuzi w’Ibikorwa vy’Amazi, Nouvelle-Zélande).
• Ubuhinde na Aziya-Pasifike: Hamagara 112 (Ubuhinde) canke Ikigo c'Igihugu c'Amakuru y'Ubumara (1800-116-117), kandi ukurikize Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuzima kw’Isi (WHO SEARO / WPRO) amabwirizwa yerekeye gusukura amazi yo mu rugo. Raba urutonde rwacu rw'isi yose kuri inomero z'ivyihutirwa.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni kuki ntashobora gukoresha umuti wo gusukura amazi wo kunywa mu gihe c'ivyago?¶

**"Splashless," "No-Splash," na "Easy-Pour" bleaches ni amasabune yo gumesa, NTIYARI amasabune yo gukuramwo imigera mu mazi, kandi ni ubumara iyo umuntu ayinywa.** Kugira ngo ayo mazi agire amazi menshi adasuka, abayakora bongerako amasabune akora cane (`sodium xylene sulfonate` canke `amine oxides`), ibintu bitera uburemere, kandi akenshi bikaba bimota neza, mu gihe bigabanya sodium hypochlorite munsi y’urugero rwo gutera imigera (`1% to 4%` ata n’umwe yanditswe n’imiti yo gukuramwo imigera ya EPA). Amazi yo kunywa avuwe n’imiti y’ibara ry’agahama iyo azungurutswe kandi atera indwara y’ibihaha n’uguruka. Imisi yose ugenzure ko icupa ryawe rivuga ngo **Igikoresho co gusukura kitagira umunuko gisanzwe / gisanzwe**, urutonde **`Sodium Hypochlorite (5% to 8.25%)`** ku rupapuro rw’inyuma, kandi **ntiyigira ifu iyo inyiganyijwe**.

Mbega igikombe co muri frigo kirayungurura (Brita canke PUR activated carbon pitcher) gutuma amazi yanduye aba meza yo kunywa mu gihe c’Itangazo ry’Amazi Ateka?¶

**Oya.** Ivyunyuro vy'umuryango wa frigo n'ibibindi bikoreshwa n'umuyagankuba (`NSF/ANSI Standard 42` kandi `53`) zifise utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umuyagankuba dufise imirongo yemerera **100% y’imigera (`E. coli`, `Salmonella`) n’imigera (`Norovirus`, `Hepatitis A`) kugira ngo unyure ugororotse mu kirahuri cawe**. Gusuka amazi y’umwuzure y’imigera canke amazi yo mu ruzi y’itangazo ry’ibitoke biciye mu gitereko c’ivyuma vy’umuyagankuba na vyo nyene birahumanya igikoresho, bikaba bisaba ko gisubirwamwo iyo itangazo ry’ibitoke riheze. Igihe cose **banza uteke canke ushire ibara amazi yawe** (canke ukoreshe `0.1-micron` akayunguruzo k’insinga z’imyobo hamwe n’ivyo gusukura).

Iyo ntetse amazi iminota 10 canke 15 aho guteka umunota 1, ivyo ntivyoba mbere bitera umutekano?¶

Oya: amazi ahiye arenga **umunota 1 wuzuye** (`3 minutes` hejuru `2,000 meters / 6,562 feet`) itanga **inyungu y’inyongera yo kwica imigera** (100% y’imigera, amavirusi, `Giardia`, na `Cryptosporidium` gupfa inyuma y’amasegonda 60 y’uguteka) mu gihe bitera **ingorane zitatu**: bitakaza amavuta y’ibitoro canke inguvu za bateri, biteka amazi yo kunywa bikagira umwotsi, kandi bikaba bikoranya ibintu bihumanya bidashobora guhinduka nk’ibinyabuzima bita **nitrates (`dangerous for infants`)** na **uburongozi**. Zana amazi mu gitereko gikomeye, uyashireko umunota 1 (`3 minutes` ku kirere co hejuru cane), hanyuma ugaca uzima ubushuhe ubwo nyene.

None noshobora gute gukuraho uburyohe bukomeye bwa chlorine bwo mu bidengeri vyo kwogeramwo inyuma yo gutera imigera amazi nkoresheje umuti wo gukuramwo imigera?¶

Mbere, **ntiwigere ugerageza gukuraho uburyohe bwa klorine GUSHIKA igihe co gukorana n’amazi akanye c’iminota 30 (canke iminota 60) kirangiye**. Iminota 30 iheze kandi umaze kugenzura ko hari umunuko mutoyi wa chlorine: **(1) Ushire umwuka** mu gusuka amazi yasukuwe ugasubira inyuma hagati y’ibibindi bibiri bisukuye incuro nyinshi; **(2) Wongereko agace gatoyi (`10 to 25 mg` kuri litiro) y’ifu ya Vitamine C / Aside Ascorbique** (igabanya ubwo nyene hypochlorite irura ikaba umunyu wa chloride udafise akamoto); canke **(3) Suka amazi asanzwe asukuwe mu gitereko c’umuyagankuba gisukuye ca Brita** imbere gato y’uko unywa.

Noshobora gukoresha Peroxyde d'Idrogène (3% H2O2) canke Vinegar y’Ipome aho gukoresha umuti wo gukuramwo imigera mu mazi yo kunywa y’ivyihutirwa?¶

Inkarisha y'ipome n'umutobe w'indimu biragoyagoya cane ku buryo bidashobora kwica `Giardia`, `Cryptosporidium`, `Norovirus`, canke imizigo iremereye y’imigera. **3% y'iyidorojeni (`H2O2`)** ni umuti wica ibinyabuzima ugoyagoya cane kuruta umuti witwa sodium hypochlorite (`NaOCl`), bisaba ko umuntu afata imiti myinshi kandi akamara amasaha menshi arindiriye bituma umuntu agira ububabare mu nda, ni co gituma **EPA, CDC, canke OMS** zitemera ko umuntu akoresha urugo . `3%` peroxyde d’hydrogène nk’umuti w’intango wo gukuramwo imigera mu mazi yo kunywa y’ivyihutirwa. Gufata ku **gutera, `5% to 8.25%` irangi ritagira umunuko, `NaDCC` (`Aquatabs`), Umwuka w’ikirere (`ClO2`), canke `68%` Igisubizo c’ububiko bwa calcium Hypochlorite**.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Amatangazo yerekeye umutekano w'amazi n'amazi ateka
• Imibindi yo kubika amazi vyihutirwa, uguhinduranya HDPE y’ibifungurwa, n’ukuyungurura kw’uburemere bw’isi
• Guteka mu buryo bwihutirwa mu gihe umuyagankuba uzimye: Guteka amavuta y'ibinyabiziga, butane, n'umutekano wa CO
• Isuku ryihutirwa: Ubwiherero bw'amahasa n'isuku ata mazi
• Kubaka ibikoresho vy'ivyihutirwa vyo mu nzu
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (EPA): Gutera imigera mu mazi yo kunywa mu buryo bwihutirwa (epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/emergency-disinfection-drinking-water: Ku mugaragaro 5% to 6% kandi 8.25% Imeza z’amatonyanga y’ibara ry’umubiri n’imigereranyo y’imiti y’ibara ry’umubiri).
• Ibigo bijejwe kugenzura no kwirinda indwara (CDC, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Gutuma amazi aba meza mu gihe c’ivyihutirwa (cdc.gov/water-emergency): Guhindura Uburebure bw'Uguteka (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes Hejuru 6,500 Feet / 2,000 Meters), 1-Micron Absolute Kuyungurura Cryptosporidium, n’Ibimenyetso vy’Iyode.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho amagara y'abantu (OMS): Ingingo ngenderwako zijanye n'uburyo bw'amazi yo kunywa (Igitabo ca 4): Agaciro k'uguhagarika CT y'ibitera indwara kubera Chlorine y'ubuntu, Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2), Ivyuma vy’amazi (NaDCC), n’Igikoresho co Gukuramwo Imigera n’Amazi y’Izuba (SODIS).
• NSF mpuzamakungu / ANSI (NSF/ANSI Standards 53, 58, and P231): Ibice vyo gusukura amazi yo kunywa, Ingaruka ku buzima (Gugabanya ibisebe vy'umubiri ku mwaka w'2019). Cryptosporidium kandi Giardia kuri <= 1.0 Micron Nominal/Absolute).
• Ishirahamwe ry’ubuvuzi ryo mu bugaragwa (WMS): Ingingo ngenderwako z’ubuvuzi ku bijanye no gukuraho imigera mu mazi mu murima (Imigenderanire y’ibinyabuzima bishingiye ku bushuhe, ubushuhe bwo gutera amazi, n’ugukuraho aside ya ascorbic).