Ivyuma vy’ikirunga bita Lahars (Ivyatsi vy’Ivu), Ivyuka vy’Ivu ry’Ikirunga, n’Ivu Riremereye¶

Mu gihe amashusho yo kuri televiziyo y’ ibirunga biturika akenshi bibanda ku migezi y’amabuye y’agaciro atukura igenda buhoro abantu bashobora kuyivako bitagoranye, amakuru yerekeye impfu ziterwa n’ubutaka zakozwe n’ishirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi ku butaka ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USGS) be n’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ivy’ubuzima bw’ibirunga (IVHHN) yerekana ko ibice birenga 90 kw’ijana vy’impfu ziterwa n’ibirunga ziterwa n’ibirunga bitatu vyihuta cane canke bikomeye cane: (imivumba n’imipfunda y’ikirunga)**, imipfunda y’ikirunga (imipfunda y’ivu n’ibisigazwa vy’ibisigazwa vyihuta cane bimeze nk’ivya beton), na itephra n’ivu bikomeye bisenyura ibisenge vy’inyubakwa ku bilometero mirongo bimanuka mu muyaga bigatuma inzira z’impwemu z’ikirunga bipfuka impwemu zikoresheje glass microscopic.

Ivyo ushobora gukora kugira ngo ushobore kurokoka mu gihe c’ingorane y’ikirunga giturika ni uguhunga ubwo nyene ku bijanye n’imburi z’ubutegetsi imbere y’uko amazi y’umuriro canke lahars atera, **kuduga ugororotse ku biyaya vy’uruzi (ugororotse hejuru y’inkuta z’ikiyaya gushika ahantu h’agaciro, ntukigere uja hasi canke uja hejuru ku kiyaya cawe if you, mu nzu kandi wambare N95, P2, canke FFP2 igikoresho co guhumekeramwo ibice vy’umubiri gifise amataratara atagira umwuka mu gihe c’ivu, kandi ukurikirane neza ukuntu igisenge c’ivu kiringaniye canke kiri hasi kugira ngo ushobore guhunga imbere y’uko 10 centimeters (4 inches) y’ivu ry’ikirunga ry’umutwe w’ivu ry’ikirunga ry’umutwe risenyuka.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Uve mu bibanza vy’amabuye vy’umutuku ubwo nyene iyo havuzwe imburi y’ibiturika: Ntukigere urindira kubona ivu canke ibisigazwa vy’amabuye y’agaciro imbere y’uko uva mu karere k’ikirunga gashobora guturika. Imipfunda y’uburemere bw’ikirunga igenda imanuka ku mpande z’ikirunga ku muvuduko w’ibilometero 160 gushika ku 700 kw’isaha (ibilometero 100 gushika ku 435 kw’isaha) ku bushuhe bwa **300 gushika ku 800 degre Celsius (570 gushika ku 1.470 degrees Fahrenheit) baratanguza.
2. Nimba uri mu kiyaya c’uruzi wumva ijwi ry’uruzi ryinshi canke sirene ya lahar, uce ugenda ugororotse uja hejuru ku ruhande rw’ikiyaya ubwo nyene: Ivyuka vy’ikirunga lahars (ivu) bishobora gutera bimanuka mu biyaya vy’uruzi gushika ku bilometero 50 gushika ku 100 (ibilometero 30 gushika ku 60) ku ho 50 miles per hour), mbere no ku musi ugaragara neza canke amayinga inyuma y’aho igiturika kirangiriye iyo imvura iguye ku ivu ry’umuriro. Gutera imifuko iremereye maze wiruke canke utware imodoka uhagaze ku mugende w’uruzi uduge ku musozi, ku musozi, canke ku ruhome rw’umubande nibura metero 20 gushika kuri 30 (amafuti 65 gushika kuri 100) hejuru y’ivu ry’ikiyaya. Ntukigere ujabuka ikiraro igihe lahar iriko irakwegera.
3. Urinde amahaha yawe n’amaso yawe ivu ry’ikirunga ritera ivyatsi ubwo nyene: Ivu ry’ikirunga si umwotsi w’inkwi woroshe; ni urutare rufise amababa, amabuye y’agaciro yitwa silica be n’ibipande bitobito vy’ibirahuri vy’ikirunga vyuzuye aside y’ikibiriti n’iyi hydrochlorique ishobora gutera ubumara. Ambara NIOSH N95, RU 149 FFP2/FFP3, canke P2 mask yo guhumeka neza (canke igitambaro c’ipampa gitose gifise imirongo myinshi hejuru y’izuru n’akanwa kawe mu gihe c’ivyihutirwa), ukureho ama lens ubwo nyene, hanyuma wambare goggle-right canke **ai.rt.
4. Guma mu nzu, ufunge ivyuma vy’umuyaga n’ivy’umuyaga, kandi ufunge ivyuho vy’umuyaga mu gihe c’ivu ryinshi: Funga kandi ufunge amadirisho yose, inzugi, ibipfukisho vy’umuriro, n’ivyuho vy’umuyaga. Zima ivyuma bishushanya umuyaga wo hagati, ivyuma bikoresha umuyaga wo hagati, n’ibikoresho bikoresha umuyaga wo mu madirisha bikwegera umuyaga wo hanze mu nzu canke bikaturira amamoteri yavyo ku mfuruka z’ibirahuri.
5. Wumvirize ukuntu igisenge kiboroga maze uvemwo imbere y’uko ivu ry’amazi rirenga santimetero 10 (inci 4): Ivu ry’ikirunga ryumye ripima incuro 5 gushika ku 10 kuruta urubura, kandi ivu ry’ikirunga ryinjijwe n’imvura rihinduka igipande gikomeye gipima 1.200c kugera kuri 900. 125 z’amapawundi ku mfuruka y’ikirenge). Nimba uburebure bw’ivu ku gisenge gisanzwe canke gifise uburebure bwagutse bwegereye sentimetero 7,5 gushika kuri 10 (inci 3 gushika kuri 4), canke iyo inzugi z’imbere zipfutse, amadirisho agasaduka, canke imigozi yo mu gisenge igaca ivuza induru, nuce uva muri iyo nyubakwa ubwo nyene imbere y’uko igisenge kija mu binogo.
6. Irinde gutwara imodoka mu gihe c’ivu ryinshi kiretse iyo uhunze ahantu h’ivu ry’umuriro canke ry’umuriro: Ivu rigwa rituma umuntu abona ataco akora ku muhingamo, rikazibira amayunguruzo y’umuyaga wa moteri mu minota mikeyi (rigahagarika imodoka yawe ubudasiba), rikagabanya ama alternateur y’umuyagankuba, kandi rikahindura amabarabara akagira ibara ry’agahama, rikagira amabarabara y’ibara ry’agahama.

flowchart TD
    Start["Iturika ry’ikirunga, Lahar Siren, canke Imburi y’Ivu ry’Umuyaga Rikomeye"] --> ZoneCheck{"1. Ni mu karere akahe k’akaga k’ikirunga ubu uriko?"}
    ZoneCheck -->|Within 10 to 20 km of Crater / Pyroclastic Zone| EvacImmediate["Ubwo nyene uve kure y’ikirunga: Ivyuka vy’umuriro bigenda ku bilometero 160 gushika ku 700 kw’isaha ku bushuhe bwa 300 gushika ku 800 C"]
    ZoneCheck -->|In a River Valley Draining the Volcano (Up to 80 km Away)| LaharClimb["Akaga k’Ivu ry’Ivu rya Lahar: Ku Sirene ya Mbere, Ivu ry’Uguhungabana, canke Uguhungabana, Duga Uhagaze Hejuru Inkuta z’Ikiyaya zifise uburebure bwa metero 20 gushika kuri 30"]
    ZoneCheck -->|Downwind Town or City Receiving Falling Ash (Tephra)| AshShelter["Ivu ryinshi: Kwimukira mu nzu, Kuraho ama lens, kwambara Mask N95/FFP2 n'ama Goggles"]
    AshShelter --> SealHouse["2. Funga Amadirisho Yose/Ibipfukisho, Zima Ivyumba vy’Umuyaga vy’Ivyuma Vya HVAC/AC, Kura Imigende y’Amazi y’Imvura yo ku Gisenge n’Ibinogo"]
    SealHouse --> RoofCheck{"3. Mbega Ivu Rirundanijwe Ririko Ryegera 10 cm (4 in) Canke Imvura Iriko Iravanga N’Ivu Ku Gisenge?"}
    RoofCheck -->|Yes, or Roof Creaks / Doors Jam| RoofEvac["Igisenge Kigiye Gusenyuka: Shirako Inkofero/Inkofero Ikomeye, N95, n’Amataratara, Hanyuma Uhungire mu Buhungiro Buteye Amabuye Canke Bukomeye"]
    RoofCheck -->|No: Under 5 cm (2 in) Dry Ash| SafeCleanup["Rindira Gushika Ivu Rihagaritse Gugwa, Utobe Ivu Gatoyi N’Ikijuju c’Amazi Imbere Yo Gukubura, Ntukigere Woza Ivu Mu Migende"]

Kugereranya ingorane zitatu zishobora kwica ziterwa n’ikirunga: Ivyuka vy’ikirunga vyitwa Pyroclastic, lahars be n’ugutemba kw’ivu .¶

Gutahura inyifato y’umubiri, umuvuduko, ubushuhe be n’aho akaga k’ikirunga kose gashika, birasigura igituma ubuhinga bwo kurokoka butandukanye rwose bivanye n’uko uri ku ruhande rw’ikirunga, mu kiyaya c’uruzi kiri mu ruzi, canke mu gisagara kiri ku bilometero 100 uvuye mu muyaga.

Ivyuka vy'uburemere bw'amazi: kuki uturere two gukuraho tutashobora gusubirwamwo¶

Igikoresho c’uburemere bw’ibirunga (PDC) ni co kintu cica cane mu vy’ibirunga. Igizwe n’ibice bibiri bigendana ku muvuduko urengeye uw’ijwi canke hafi y’uw’ijwi: igicu gikomeye cane c’amabuye y’agaciro, amabuye y’agaciro n’ivu ry’imbere ry’ikiyaya, n’igicu gikomeye cane, giteye umuvurungano, kigenda kiragwira c’umuyagankuba ushushe cane n’ivu ryiza cane ryitwa **pyroclastic top. imisozi, kandi mbere irashobora guca mu bilometero vyinshi vy’amazi y’ikiyaga canke y’ikiyaga.

Uko imipfunda y'umuriro ihingura¶

1. Eruption column collapse (Fountain collapse): Mu gihe c’ikirunga giturika, iyo ikirunga kituritse kivanze n’urutare n’ivu vyinshi cane ku buryo umuyaga ushushe udashobora kuwujana hejuru mu gice c’imbere c’ikirunga, iyo nkingi ihagaze irasenyuka bukwi na bukwi igasubira hasi mu gihe c’uburemere bw’isi.
2. Igisenyuka c’amabuye y’agaciro (Merapi-type canke Peléan flow): Iyo igisenge c’amabuye y’agaciro gikomeye, gifatanye, gifise gaze nyinshi gisohotse mu mfuruka y’isonga ry’umusozi kugira ngo cubake ikirundo giteye igomwe kandi kidashikamye (igisenge c’amabuye y’agaciro), uruhande rw’ico gisenge rurashobora gusenyuka ata nturika y’imburi, kigatuma haba umuyaga w’agacerere
3. Igisasu co mu ruhande: Igisasu gisenyuka kirakuraho uruhande rw’ikirunga (nk’uko vyagenze ku musozi St. Helens muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1980), kigafungura igisasu gikomeye cane kija mu ruhande.

Iyo ifashwe hafi y'ikirunga igihe umuvuduko w'ikirunga utera .¶

Kubera ko amazi y’umuriro yica mu masegonda makeyi biciye mu guhumeka ubushuhe burengeje urugero (guhumeka mu muyaga umwe w’ubushuhe bwa degre 300 gushika kuri 600 n’ivu bituma umutsi w’impwemu n’umuhogo w’amatwi bifunga) be n’uguhumeka kw’ibiturika:

• Nimba uri mu modoka iri mu nzira yuguruye, hari igicu c’umwirabura kigaragara, gipfutse hasi, kigenda kimanuka ku musozi: Genda ku muvuduko munini cane kure y’ikirunga kandi uhagaze ku mwonga uwo ari wo wose ujana igicu. Zingira amadirisho yose neza, uhindure umwuka w’imodoka ushire kuri Recirculate OFF / closed burundu, kandi ukomeze gutera induru kugira ngo umenyeshe abandi.
• Nimba guhunga bidashoboka kandi ingaruka ziri kure y’amasegonda makeyi (Last-Resort Ditching Protocol): Injira mu nzu iri hasi cane, ikomeye cane y’amabuye y’agaciro yo munsi y’ubutaka (inzu yo munsi y’ubutaka iri munsi y’ubutaka, icumba c’amabuye c’imbere kitagira idirisha kiri ku ruhande rw’inyubakwa no fa). Funga inzugi zose n’amadirisho yose, utose igitambaro canke ishati nini ubwo nyene, uyishire ku zuru no ku munwa, ukwegere impuzu ku ruhu rwose rudafise ikintu, hanyuma wizingire nk’umupira ushitse hasi uhagaze hasi kugira ngo ukinge inzira y’impwemu yawe mu kiringo c’iminota 2 gushika kuri 5 igicu c’ivu gishushe kigenda.

Ivyuma vy’ikirunga biva mu biyaya vy’uruzi: birarokoka amazi y’ibitovu vyihuta cane mu biyaya vy’uruzi¶

Ijambo ry’Indoneziya lahar ridondora uruvange rw’ibisigazwa vy’ibitandara vy’ikirunga n’amazi biva ku mfuruka z’ikirunga bigenda vyihuta, bikoreshwa n’ububasha bw’isi. Abantu batigeze babona lahar akenshi biyumvira umwuzure w’amazi w’ibara ry’agahama. Mu vy’ukuri, lahar irafise ubudasa, uburemere, n’ububasha bw’umubiri nk’ubw’betoni itose itemba ku muvuduko munini wo mu nzira.

Kubera ko lahar irimwo ibitandara n’umusenyi bikomeye bishika ku 80 kw’ijana ku buremere, uburemere bwayo ni incuro zibiri z’amazi. Ubwo buremere burengeje urugero buratuma haba inguvu zikomeye cane ku buryo lahar ishobora gutoragura ata nkomanzi ikareremba amabuye y’agaciro y’amatoni menshi, amakamyo y’ibiti, amagariyamoshi, n’ibiraro vyose vy’ivyuma, ikabikoresha nk’ibisigazwa vy’intama bininibinini biri imbere y’uruzi kugira ngo bikemure, inzu yose. Ikibi kuruta, igihe lahar igenda buhoro maze igakwiragira mu gisagara gisanzwe kiri mu ntango y’ikiyaya, amazi arasohoka mu mfuruka y’amazi n’ivu agakura amazi agakomera nk’isima yasutswe mu minota mikeyi, agafata umuntu wese afashwe gushika mu rukenyerero gushika mu mafyinga cane ku buryo adashobora gukurwako ata mashini.

Inzira zitatu lahars zitangura (Harimwo n’imyaka ikirunga kimaze guceceka)¶

1. Urubura n’urubura birashonga mu gihe c’uguturika (Lahar y’intango): Igihe imigende y’amazi ashushe canke urubura ruturika ku kirunga gipfutse urubura canke gipfutse urubura (nk’umusozi Rainier, umusozi Hood, canke umusozi Baker muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; Nevado del Ruiz muri E Zeland), Mo del Ruiz muri E Zeland; amamiliyoni y’urubura rw’amametero kibe ruca runyonga ako kanya maze rugaca rumanuka mu kiyaya cose c’uruzi rw’urubura ruva ku musozi.
2. Ikiyaga ca Crater breach: Igisasu gica ku ruhande rw’ikiyaga c’isonga ry’amazi gifise aside, kigatera ikiyaga cose mu mwonga.
3. Ivyuma vy’ikirunga vyatewe n’imvura (Secondary Lahars): Mu kiringo c’amezi canke imyaka myinshi inyuma y’aho ivu rikomeye riturikiye**, imirongo yo hejuru y’ikirunga irahambwe munsi y’amametero y’ivu ry’amazi ryica ibimera vyose. Igihe cose imvura nyinshi isanzwe canke igihuhusi co mu karere k’ubushuhe biteye ku musozi, amazi y’imvura ntashobora kwinjira mu ivu ry’ibitoke; ahubwo, iraca ku nzira y’amabuye, ikavanga n’ivyo bita tephra bipfutse, maze igatera lahars zikomeye ziterwa n’imvura, zimanuka mu nzuzi ku misi ico kirunga ubwaco gicereje rwose.

Amategeko yo mu murima yo gukira lahar¶

• Menya ibimenyetso vy'imburi vy'amajwi n'ivy'amaso:
• Ivyemezo vyemewe Acoustic Flow Monitor (AFM) lahar sirens (bivuga ijwi ry’uguboroga canke ijwi ry’imburi ridahera mu biyaya bifise ingorane nyinshi nk’ikiyaya ca Puyallup kiri musi y’umusozi Rainier) canke imburi z’ivyihutirwa zikoreshwa n’amatelefone ngendanwa.
• Ijwi ry’igariyamoshi ry’ibicuruzwa canke ry’indege ry’indege ijwi ry’isi n’iry’ugunyiganyiga rivuye hejuru y’uruzi rigenda rirushiriza kuvuga cane buri segonda (bitandukanye n’umutingito, ushika ku mpera kandi ugazimangana mu munota umwe, ijwi ry’umutingito ry’i lahar ryubaka buhoro buhoro uko imbere y’urutare kwegera).
• Urugero rw’uruzi rugabanuka bukwi na bukwi canke rwuma (ruterwa n’ugusenyuka kw’ivu ry’amaja hejuru ry’uruzi ry’agahomerabunwa ry’agateganyo) CANKE uruzi ruca ruhinduka bukwi na bukwi, rukagira umwotsi, rukaba rufise ibiti bireremba n’akamoto k’ikibiriti.
• Duga HEJURU, ntukigere ugerageza gusumba lahar mu kiyaya:
• Nimba uri ku maguru canke uri mu murongo w’imiduga yuzuye abantu ku mfuruka y’ikiyaya, hindukira degre 90 uvuye ku ruzi maze ugende ugororotse uduga ku ruhome rw’ikiyaya ruri hafi, ku ruhande rw’umusozi, ku rutare rw’amabuye, canke ku kirundo cagenewe guhunga.
• Kuronka gusa metero 20 gushika kuri 30 (amafuti 65 gushika kuri 100) y’uburebure buhagaze hejuru y’umugende w’uruzi bigushira hejuru rwose y’aho ama lahars hafi yose ashobora gushika.
• Ntukigere ujabuka ikiraro iyo lahar iriko iraza canke iboneka hejuru y’uruzi: Lahars zikunda gutabura ibiraro ku bitanda vyazo vya beton canke zirundanya ibitandara bininibinini ku bitanda vy’ikiraro, zigakubura ikiraro cose n’imodoka yose iri kuri co mu masegonda makeyi.
• Ntukigere ugendera ku gipfukisho ca lahar gishasha: Naho lahar imaze guhagarika kwiruka, igipfukisho c’imvi gisa n’icumye kiraboneka hejuru mu masaha makeyi mu gihe imbere munsi haguma ata mfuruka, rimwe na rimwe umusenyi ushushe-ushushe imisi canke amayinga. Kurindira gushika abahinga b’ivy’ubuhinga bw’amazu bagerageje ubushobozi bwo kwikorera birabuza kurohama bishobora kwica no gusha.

Ivu ryinshi ry'ikirunga (Tephra): igisenge gisenyuka fizike n'ubuzima bw'imibumbe¶

Udakunze ivu ry’inkwi riva mu muriro w’inkambi canke umuriro w’ishamba (ari ryo ryoroshe, ry’amababa ry’ibinyabuzima ry’ibinyabuzima rishobora gusenyuka mu mazi rikagenda n’umuyaga), ivu ry’ikirunga rigizwe n’ibitandara vy’amabuye y’agaciro, vy’amabuye y’agaciro n’ibice vy’ibirahuri vy’amabuye y’agaciro (\(**ma blaste_d2\))

Kubera iki ivu ry’ikirunga risenya ibisenge vyihuta cane kuruta urubura¶

Amategeko agenga inyubakwa mu bihe vy’ubukonje akora ibisenge vy’amazu kugira ngo bifashe urubura, urwo rubura ahanini rukaba ari umuyaga ufunze kandi rupima gusa ibilo 100 gushika kuri 200 kuri metero kibe (amapawundi 6 gushika kuri 12,5 ku mfuruka kibe). Ivu ry'ikirunga ni urutare rukomeye rwavunitse:

Ibimenyetso vy'imburi y'ugusenyuka kw'igisenge n'amategeko yo gukuraho ivu¶

1. Gukurikirana uburebure bw'ivu n'ibimenyetso vy'imibabaro mu nzu:
2. Pima ivu ryirundaniye ahantu haringaniye, hakingiye umuyaga hanze y'idirisha. Ivu rimaze gushika kuri sentimetero 5 gushika kuri 7,5 (inci 2 gushika kuri 3) ku gisenge gisanzwe canke giteye hasi (canke iyo imvura itanguye kugwa ku ivu ririho), niwitegure gukura canke gukuraho igisenge iyo gusa ataco bihungabanya.
3. Ibimenyetso vyo guhunga ubwo nyene: Niwaba wumvise amajwi akomeye y’uguturika, ugusaduka, canke uguboroga bivuye mu nzu yo hejuru canke mu gisenge, raba ivyuma canke ivyuma vyumye biva ku bihimba vy’igorofa, ubone ibipande vyo mu gisenge bigenda birasenyuka, canke usanga **inzugi zo mu cumba co kuraramwo canke zo mu kabati zitazoba zipfutse ( ry’igisenge ririko ripfukamira inkuta zitwara umuzigo zija hasi), ntimugende ku gisenge, mwambare inkofero/inkofero zikomeye, amabarabara N95, n’amataratara, maze muve mu nzu umuntu wese ubwo nyene mu nyubakwa y’ibara ry’agahama, igiti gikomeye c’amabuye y’agaciro, imirongo.
4. Impfu ziterwa n’ugugwa kw’ibisenge mu gihe c’isuku: Ivyigwa vy’ubuvuzi vyakozwe inyuma y’uguturika kw’ibisenge (nk’inyuma y’uguturika kw’umusozi Pinatubo mu 1991 n’uguturika kwa Kelud mu 2014) vyerekana ko abantu benshi bapfa canke bakavunika umugongo kubera gusenyuka ku bisenge vy’ivu mu gihe c’isuku. Ivu ry’ikirunga riri ku bisenge vy’ivyuma, vy’amabuye canke vy’amabuye y’agaciro rikora nk’amamiliyoni y’ibikoresho vy’umupira bitobito cane, kandi rihinduka amavuta asongora iyo atose.
5. Nimba utegerezwa gukuraho igisenge kiri hasi kandi gikomeye kugira ngo ukizigame:
6. Ntukigere uja ku gisenge mu gihe c’ivu rikora (ukuboneka ni zero, imiravyo iratera ubudasiba imbere mu bipfunsi vy’ivu ry’ikirunga, kandi ibitandara/lapilli bigwa bituma igihanga kivunika) kandi ntiwigere uja ku gisenge gisanzwe kiriko kiravuza induru canke kivunika.
7. Koresha igikoresho co gukubita igisenge gifise amaboko maremare canke umukubuzo wo gusunika mu gihe uhagaze neza hasi canke ingazi ihamye kugira ngo ubanze ukure ivu ku bisenge vyo hasi.
8. Nimba gutera ku gisenge c’inzu giteye hasi bidashoboka, wambare umugozi wo kuduga ushizwe ku giti canke ku modoka ikomeye iri ku ruhande rumwe rw’inzu, wambare igikoresho co guhumeka N95/FFP2 n’amataratara y’amataratara apfutse, kandi ushire ivu ry’ivu mu **ven systemically not over you igice kimwe c’igisenge c’igisenge.
9. Uce uhagarika amazi amanuka mu bidengeri vy’amazi y’imvura n’imigende y’amazi y’Abafaransa ubwo nyene: Shira igitambaro hejuru y’amazi amanuka mu migende canke urukero/uce hasi mu muyoboro w’amazi amanuka imbere yo gukubura ivu ku gisenge; iyo ivu ry’ikirunga riyogeye mu miyoboro y’amazi y’imvura iri munsi y’ubutaka canke mu binogo vy’amazi y’ibitoke, riguma rimeze nk’ibetoni maze rigasenyura ubudasiba uburyo bwose bwo gukoresha amazi.

Gukingira amahaha, amaso n’amazi yo kunywa ivu ry’ikirunga be n’imiyaga y’aside¶

Ivyuma vy’ivu ry’ikirunga biherutse kugwa kenshi biba bitoyi kuruta mikrometero 10 (\(PM_{10}\)) na mikrometero 2,5 (\(PM_{2.5}\)), bikaba bituma bishobora kwinjira ibwina mu bihimba vy’amahaha vy’amahaha n’ivy’amahaha vy’amahaha, mu gihe amahaha yavyo mashasha ari nk’ibirahuri vy’amahaha. (\(H_2SO_4\)), aside y’amazi (\(HCl\)), n’aside y’amazi (\(HF\))**.

1. Ugukingira impwemu (Asthma, COPD, na silika y’amabuye y’agaciro)¶

• Igihe cose wambare igikoresho co guhumeka hanze canke igihe ukubura ivu: Amamasiki y’ugutwi asanzwe asiga ibihengeri binini ku matama bituma ibirahuri vyiza vy’ikirunga bishika mu nzira z’impwemu zawe. Koresha igipfukisho ca N95, N99, canke P100 (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika), igipfukisho ca EN 149 FFP2 canke FFP3 (Uburayi/Ubwongereza), canke igipfukisho ca P2 (Ostraliya/Nouvelle-Zélande), ushire umutwe w’ikiraro c’izuru c’icuma ukoresheje neza kandi ukoreshe vyose bibiri.
• Igipfukisho c'ivyihutirwa iyo ata N95 iriho: Zinga T-shirt y'ipampa, bandana, canke igitambaro co gusukura amasahani mu 4 gushika ku 8 layers, ugitobe gatoyi n'amazi meza (ntitunyoshe amazi, ivyo bikaba bibuza guhema, utobe bihagije kugira ngo ivu ryiza ribe ryiza imyuka y’aside nk’iyitwa sulfure dioxide), hanyuma ukayibohera neza hejuru y’izuru n’akanwa kawe.
• Indwara y'umusonga n'indwara y'ibihaha ishobora gutera: Mbere n'abantu bafise ubuto buto umusonga abamaze imyaka batakeneye igikoresho co guhumeka, barakunda gushikirwa n’indwara y’ibihaha ikaze cane mu minota mikeyi gusa bamaze guhema ivu ry’ikirunga canke gazi y’ikibiriti (\(SO_2\)). Gumana imiti yo guhumeka (albuterol/salbutamol) mu mufuko wawe ibihe vyose kandi ugume ushitse mu cumba gipfutse gushika ivu rishitse.

2. Ugukingira amaso: kuki ama lens atera ibisebe bikomeye vy’amaso¶

Ntukigere wambara ama lens mu gihe canke mu misi myinshi inyuma y’aho ivu ry’ikirunga riguye. Ibice bitobito vy’ibirahuri vy’ikirunga binyerera munsi y’amataratara yoroshe canke akomeye; igihe cose upfutse amaso, iyo lens irasya ivyo bipande vy’ibirahuri ku ruhu rw’ijisho nk’igipapuro c’umunyota, bigatuma ugira ububabare bwimbitse kandi bubabaza ibikomere vy'amaso n’ibiturika vy’aside y’imiti.

• Hindurira amataratara y’amaso maze wambare amataratara atagira umwuka hanze: Amataratara yo gukina ski, amataratara yo kwoga, canke amataratara y’umutekano w’inganda afise ikidodo aguma apfutse ivu mu maso.
• Nimba ivu ry’ikirunga ryinjiye mu maso yawe: NTUKUSANGIRE amaso yawe. Upfuke amaso ningoga mu gihe wihetse ku gitereko canke ku gikarabiro, ukwegere igipfukisho co hejuru buhoro buhoro ku bipfunsi vyo hasi, hanyuma ushire ijisho ryuguruye ubudasiba mu minota 10 gushika kuri 15 n’umugezi w’amazi y’umukara canke imfuruka y’imbere (hafi y’ikiraro c’izuru) hanze.

3. Gukingira amazi yo kunywa, amatungo, n’amashanyarazi¶

• Ubumara bw’amazi yo kunywa n’ubumara bw’aside hydrofluorique (\(HF\)): Iyo hatanguye guturika, uce uhagarika imigende y’amazi yo mu gisenge n’ibidengeri vy’amazi y’imvura. Naho ivu riringaniye mu bidengeri vy’amazi vy’ibisagara ahanini rituma haba ibicu (ugutukura) n’akamoto gatoyi k’aside bishobora gucungurwa n’ibigo bisukura amazi, ivu riva mu birunga bimwebimwe bifise fluore (nk’i Islande, Nouvelle-Zélande canke Amerika y’Epfo) rishobora gusohora ubumara pensonly tfluoride na rap kuragira amatungo n’ibikoko vyo mu nzu (fluorose) mu masaha makeyi. Bika vyose ibikoko n’ibitungwa biri mu nzu ku vyo kurya vyibitswe vyuzuye n’amazi meza yo mu ruzi/yo mu macupa.
• Ivu ry'amazi "flashover" blackouts ku nzira z'amashanyarazi: Ivu ry'ikirunga ryumye ni ikintu gikingira umuyagankuba, ariko igihe imvura ntoyi, igihu, canke ikime co mu gitondo bitose ivu ry'ivu ry'ivyuma vy'amashanyarazi vy'amashanyarazi ku bitandara vy'amashanyarazi n'ibihindura umuriro, umunyu w'aside uhinduka umuyagankuba utose. Amashanyarazi y’inguvu nyinshi aca mu ivu ry’amazi (insulator flashover), akazimya ama transformateur maze agatera ibisagara vyose mu bihe vy’amazi bimara igihe kirekire umuyagankuba warazimye igihe nyene amapompa y’amazi akenewe cane. Uzuza ibikarabiro, inkono, n’ibibindi vy’amazi amazi meza yo mu ruzi ukimara kwumva ko habaye igisasu, imbere y’uko igicu c’ivu gishika mu gisagara cawe kigakubita uruzitiro rw’amashanyarazi.

Amategeko yo gusukura ivu inyuma y'uguturika no gukingira imodoka¶

Igihe ivu rihagaze, gusukura bisaba ukwihangana no guhagarika inkungugu kugira ngo ntusubire mu mahaha yawe:

• Upfuke ivu n’amazi gatoyi imbere yo gukubura: Ntukigere ukubura canke ukoreshe igikoresho co gukubura amababi ku ivu ry’ikirunga; abafuha amababi bararema ibicu vy’amabuye y’agaciro bihuma amaso kandi vyonona amahaha. Koresha umupfundikizo w’amazi y’itongo canke icupa ry’imiti kugira ngo utose gatoyi ahantu h’ivu (ntuwusendereze mu rushanga), hanyuma uwushire mu masaho y’impuzu akomeye (wuzuze umufuko wose gusa igice cuzuye, nk’uko umufuko wuzuye w’ivu ry’ikirunga upima ibiro 40 gushika kuri 60 canke 30 pounds yawe. inyuma).
• Ntukigere woza ivu ry’ikirunga mu binogo vyo mu nzu, mu bwiherero, canke mu migende y’amazi y’imvura: Ivu riguma mu mitego y’imiyoboro no mu migende y’amazi y’imyanda y’ibisagara, rikaguma rihinduka beton.
• Sukura ibikoresho vyo mu nzu ukoresheje akayunguruzo ka HEPA canke umuyaga ufunze, ntukigere uhanagura ibirahuri vyumye n’igitambaro: Guhanagura ivu ryumye ku bitara vy’imodoka, ku bitara vy’amaso, ku bikoresho vy’izuba, canke ku bitara vy’amafoto ukoresheje igitambaro canke ibihanagura vyumye vy’ibirahuri bica ibikomere bihoraho. Ubanze uyisukure n’umuyoboro, canke uyisukure neza n’ibiponji bitose.
• Nimba vyari ngombwa ko utwara imodoka mu ivu: Subirizaho ubwo nyene icunguru c’umuyaga wa moteri n’icunguru ry’umuyaga wo mu nzu, uhindure amavuta ya moteri n’iyunguruzo ry’amavuta, hanyuma usabe umumekanishije w’umuvuduko wo kwoza ama frein, ama rotor, n’inzu ya alternateur imbere y’uko utwara imodoka mu buryo busanzwe.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ishirahamwe ry’Amerika ryitaho ivy’ubutaka (USGS) Porogarama y’Ivyago vy’Ikirunga: Kubaho n’Ikibazo c’Ikirunga: Lahars, Pyroclastic Flows, n’Ivu ry’Ikirunga (Tephra) Amabwirizwa yerekeye Ugutwara Gisenge n’Isuku.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ivyago vy’ubuzima bw’ibirunga (IVHHN), Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho amagara y’abantu (OMS), na Komisiyo y’ibisagara n’ibirunga: Ivyago vy’ubuzima vy’ivu ry’ikirunga: Inyobora ku bantu bose na Ingingo ngenderwako ku kwitegura imbere, mu gihe, n’inyuma y’ivu.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA) na Ready.gov (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ukwitegurira ikirunga, Gukura abantu mu bibanza vy’i Lahars, n’Umutekano w’Urubura/Ivu ry’Imibumbe.
• GNS Science (Te Pū Ao) n’Ikigo c’Igihugu kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (NEMA, Nouvelle-Zélande): Ingaruka z’ivu ry’ikirunga ku bikorwa remezo bihambaye, ku nzira z’ugusenyuka kw’igisenge, no ku mutekano w’amazi y’uburimyi.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ry’umusaraba utukura n’ukwezi kw’ukwezi gutukura (IFRC, International): Amasezerano yo guhangana n’ivyago vy’ibirunga biturika n’uguhunga abantu mu gisagara ca Lahar.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ibirunga n'ukwitegurira guturika kw'ibirunga
• Ivyuka vy'ikirunga n'ibicu vy'umuyaga w'ikirunga
• Ijisho ry'ikintu c'amahanga, ugushavura kw'ijisho, n'ugusudira umuco w'ubutabazi bwa mbere
• Igitero c'umusonga ubutabazi bwambere n'ubutabazi bwo guhumeka
• Ivyonona inyubakwa n'umutekano wo gusenyuka kw'inyubako
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa hakurikijwe igihugu