Tasuma-yɔrɔ Lahars (Bɔgɔji), Pyroclastic Density Currents ani Cɛsiriba¶

Hali ni telewisɔn ja minnu bɛ... tasuma-fanga-yɔrɔ-ko tuma caman na, u bɛ sinsin lava bilenmanw kan minnu bɛ taa dɔɔnin dɔɔnin, mɔgɔw bɛ se ka taama ka bɔ minnu na nɔgɔya la, dugukoloko saya sɛbɛnw minnu labɛnna Ameriki dugukoloko sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛla fɛ (USGS) ani diɲɛ tasumako kɛnɛyako faratiw ɲɛnabɔjɛkulu (IVHHN) fɛ, olu b’a jira ko tasuma-fanga-yɔrɔw ka saya kɛmɛsarada la 90 ni kɔ bɛ sɔrɔ farati saba fɛ minnu ka teliya walima minnu ka ca kosɛbɛ: pyroclastic density currents (pyroclastic flows and surges), volcanic lahars (bɔgɔjiw ni nɔgɔw bɛ woyo teliya la minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ bɛton), ani tephra girinmanw ni ciyɛnbɔ min bɛ sow sanfɛlanw bin kilomɛtɛrɛ tan ni tan fiɲɛ fɛ ani ka fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔw dabɔ ni tasuma-fanga-galasi mikroskɔpi ye.

Aw ka kisi teliya la tasumako gɛlɛya waati la, o ye ka bɔ yen o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ ni ofisi ye lasɔmini kɛ sani pyroclastic flows walima lahars ka wuli, aw bɛ yele ka ɲɛsin baji kɔw ma (aw bɛ wuli ka taa kɔdingɛ kogow kan ka taa yɔrɔ jan na, aw kana jigin abada duguma walima sanfɛ kɔdingɛ duguma) ni lahar mankan bɛ ka mankan bɔ aw fan fɛ, aw bɛ aw ka so kɔnɔ dogoyɔrɔ datugu ani ka an don N95, P2, walima FFP2 fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw ni lunɛti minnu tɛ fiɲɛbɔlan ye ciyɛn bin waati, ani ka so sanfɛla fla walima duguma dalajɛli kɔlɔsi kosɛbɛ walasa aw ka se ka bɔ yen sani santimɛtɛrɛ 10 (santimɛtɛrɛ 4) tasumamugu ciyɛn ɲiginnen ka jirisunba in bin a kun na.

Aw bɛ o kɛ sisan¶

1. Aw bɛ yɔrɔ bilenmanw kuluw labɔ joona ni binkannikɛlan bɔli lasɔmini kɛra: Aw kana kɔnɔni kɛ abada ka bɔgɔmugu walima bɔgɔmugu ye sani aw ka bɔ tasuma-fanga-yɔrɔ ofisiyali la. Pyroclastic density currents bɛ boli ka jigin tasuma-fanga kɛrɛfɛ ni 160 fo 700 kilomɛtɛrɛ ye lɛrɛ kɔnɔ (100 fo 435 miles lɛrɛ kɔnɔ) ni funteni ye 300 fo 800 degere Celsius (570 fo 1470 degere Fahrenheit), o b’a to boli ka tɛmɛ u kan senna walima mobili kɔnɔ, o tɛ se ka kɛ ni u y’a daminɛ.
2. Ni i bɛ bajida la, ka mankan jugumanba walima lahar siren mɛn, i bɛ wuli ka wuli ka taa kɔdingɛ fan fɛ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ: Tasuma-fanga lahars (bɔgɔjiw) bɛ se ka wuli ka jigin bajida la fo ka se kilomɛtɛrɛ 50 fo 100 ma (kilomɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 60) ka bɔ tasuma-fanga la ni 30 fo 80 kilomɛtɛrɛ ye lɛrɛ kelen kɔnɔ (20 ka se kilomɛtɛrɛ 50 ma lɛrɛ kelen kɔnɔ), hali don jɛlen na walima dɔgɔkun caman na, tasumabɔ bannen kɔfɛ ni sanji nana ciyɛn lafiyalen kan. Aw bɛ bɔrɔ girinmanw fili ka boli walima ka boli ka tilennen to bajida la ka wuli ka taa jirisunba, kulu walima kɔdingɛ kogo kan a dɔgɔyalenba la mɛtɛrɛ 20 fo 30 (sen 65 fo 100) kɔdingɛ duguma. Aw kana bɔrɔ tigɛ abada ni lahar bɛ ka surunya.
3. Aw bɛ aw fogonfogon ni ɲɛw tanga tasuma-fanga sɔgɔlen ma joona: Tasuma-fanga bɔgɔ tɛ jiri sisi nɔgɔlen ye; o ye farakurun sɔgɔlen mugulen ye, silika kristali, ani tasuma-fanga galasi yɔrɔ fitininw minnu datugulen don ni asidi sulfuriki ni asidi klorokini ye minnu bɛ fɛn tiɲɛ. Aw bɛ NIOSH N95, EN 149 FFP2/FFP3, walima P2 ninakililan fɛnɲɛnamafagalan dɔ don min ka ɲi (walima finimugu ɲiginnen dɔ don aw nu ni da kan kɔrɔtɔko la), aw bɛ lensɛriw bɔ joona, ani ka ɲɛgɛnw don minnu sirilen don walima fiɲɛbɔlanw.
4. Aw bɛ to so kɔnɔ, ka HVAC ni fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔw datugu, ani ka jibɔyɔrɔw datugu ni ciyɛn bɛ bin kosɛbɛ: Aw bɛ finɛtiriw, daaw, tasumabɔlanw, ani jibɔyɔrɔw bɛɛ datugu ani ka u datugu. Aw bɛ fiɲɛ fangama-minɛnw faga cɛmancɛ la, foro fiɲɛbɔlanw, ani finɛtiri fiɲɛbɔlanw minnu bɛ kɛnɛma fiɲɛ sama ka don so kɔnɔ walima k’u ka motɛriw jeni ni galasi ye.
5. Aw bɛ so sanfɛla sɔgɔsɔgɔ lamɛn ani ka a bɔ yen sani bɔgɔmugu ɲiginnen ka tɛmɛ santimɛtɛrɛ 10 kan: Tasumamugu jalen girinya ka ca ni nɛnɛ ye siɲɛ 5 fo siɲɛ 10, ani tasumamugu min sumana sanji fɛ, o bɛ wuli ka kɛ bɔgɔlan gɛlɛn ye min girinya bɛ se kilogaramu 1500 fo 2000 ma mɛtɛrɛ kubik kelen na (93 fo 125). kilo kelen sen kubik kelen na). Ni bɔgɔdaga jugumanba min bɛ so sanfɛla fla walima min janya ka bon, o bɛ gɛrɛ santimɛtɛrɛ 7,5 fo 10 (santimɛtɛrɛ 3 fo 4), walima ni kɔnɔna daaw sirilen don, ni finɛtiriw karilen don, walima ni sanfɛlanw bɛ kirin ka bɔ, aw bɛ boon bɔ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ sanni so sanfɛla ka don.
6. Aw kana bolifɛn boli ciyɛn bin waati la fo ni aw bolila lahar walima pyroclastic yɔrɔ la teliya la: Cɛmancɛ bintɔ bɛ zeru yecogo kɛ tilelafana fɛ, ka motɛri fiɲɛbɔlanw datugu miniti damadɔ kɔnɔ (a bɛ aw ka mobili jɔ kudayi), ka kuran alternatɛriw surunya, ka siraw tigɛli kɛ gilasi paste nɔgɔlen ye, min bɛ frein tiɲɛ.

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    ZoneCheck -->|Downwind Town or City Receiving Falling Ash (Tephra)| AshShelter["Heavy Ashfall Protocol: Aw bɛ taa so kɔnɔ, ka contact lenses bɔ, ka N95/FFP2 Mask ni Goggles don"]
    AshShelter --> SealHouse["2. Aw bɛ Fenɛtiriw/Dampɛriw bɛɛ datugu, ka HVAC/AC fiɲɛbɔlanw faga, ka So sanfɛ sanji jibɔyɔrɔw tigɛ ka bɔ jidagayɔrɔw la"]
    SealHouse --> RoofCheck{"3. Yala ciyɛn dalajɛli bɛ ka surunya santimɛtɛrɛ 10 la walima Sanji bɛ ɲagami ni ciyɛn ye so sanfɛ wa?"}
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Tasuma-fanga farati saba minnu bɛ mɔgɔ faga, n’an y’olu suma ɲɔgɔn na: Piroclastic flows, lahars ani ashfall¶

Tasuma-fanga farati kelen-kelen bɛɛ farikolo kɛcogo, u teliya, u funteni ani u seko faamuyali b’a ɲɛfɔ mun na ɲɛnamaya kɛcogo bɛ danfara pewu ka kɛɲɛ n’i bɛ tasuma-fanga kɛrɛfɛ, n’i bɛ baji jukɔrɔla kɔdingɛ kɔnɔ, walima n’i bɛ dugu kɔnɔ min bɛ kilomɛtɛrɛ 100 bɔ fiɲɛ fɛ.

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Piroclastic density currents: mun na exclusion zones tɛ se ka kumaɲɔgɔnya kɛ¶

pyroclastic density current (PDC) ye ko ye min bɛ mɔgɔ faga kosɛbɛ tasuma-fanga-ko la. A bɛ Kɛ yɔrɔ fla ye minnu bɛ Taa ɲɔgɔn fɛ teliya la min bɛ Tɛmɛ mankan kan walima teliya la min bɛ Tɛmɛ mankan kan: kabakurunw, pumice ani bɔgɔmugu pyroclastic flow basigilenba dɔ min bɛ kɔ̀w duguma-yɔrɔw Minɛ, ani gazi sumalenba ni bɔgɔmugu finman sankaba min bɛ tɛmɛn, min bɛ ɲagami, min bɛ bonya, n’o bɛ Weele ko pyroclastic surge min bɛ dugukolo cogoya jate Minɛ, ka Yɛlɛn kuluw kan kuluw kan, wa a bɛ Se hali skim ka kilomɛtɛrɛ caman kɛ kɔgɔji walima kɔji ji la.

Piroklasikiw bɛ Kɛ cogo min na¶

1. Fɔli-kolon binni (Fountain collapse): Bɔgɔbɔgɔ-bɔnba dɔ senfɛ, ni tasuma-fanga ye fara ni bɔgɔmugu ɲagaminen dɔ Bɔ min ka bon kojugu fo fiɲɛ sumalen min bɛ Se ka Taa san fɛ stratosphère (stratosphère) kɔnɔ, o kulu jɔlen sanfɛla in bɛ barika Dòn ka Segin ka Bìn ka Dòn duguma girinya kɔrɔ, ka Jigin kulu fan bɛɛ la waati kelen na.
2. Lava dome binni (Merapi-type walima Peléan flow): Ni magma belebeleba, nɔrɔlen, gazi bɛ min na, o bɔra kulu kuncɛ fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ la walasa ka kuluba dɔ jɔ min ka jan, min tɛ sabati (lava dome), dome kɛrɛ bɛ se ka tiɲɛ k’a sɔrɔ lasɔmini si ma kɛ, ka pyroclastic avalanche mankanba dɔ labɔ ka jigin kulu kan.
3. Kɛrɛfɛ-boli: Dugukolo-yɔrɔ-ko dɔ bɛ tasuma-fanga kɛrɛ fɛ (i n’a fɔ a kɛra cogo min na Mount St. Helens la Ameriki san 1980), ka tasuma-fanga dɔ dabɔ min ɲɛsinnen bɛ kɛrɛ fɛ ni mankanba ye.

Ni a minɛna tasuma-fanga kɛrɛfɛ ni jikuruba dɔ bɛ daminɛ¶

Sabula pyroclastic flows bɛ mɔgɔ faga segin kɔnɔ hyperacute thermal inhalation (ni ninakili gazi ni ciyɛn kelen na min bɛ se degere 300 fo 600 ma, o bɛ fiɲɛbɔlan ni ɲɛgɛnɛsira datugu) ani fiɲɛbɔli joginda fɛ:

• Ni i bɛ mobili kɔnɔ sira dafalen kan ni sankaba nɛrɛma yelen ye, min bɛ dugukolo minɛ, min bɛ boli ka jigin kulu kan: Aw bɛ bolifɛn boli ni teliya ye min tɛ mɔgɔ tɔɔrɔ ka yɔrɔ janya tasuma-fanga la ani ka jɔ ka ɲɛsin kɔji suguya bɛɛ ma min bɛ sankaba bila sira kan. Aw bɛ finɛtiriw bɛɛ kuru ka ɲɛ, ka mobili fiɲɛbɔlan wuli ka kɛ Recirculate OFF / completely closed, ani ka to ka pɛrɛn fɔ walasa ka mɔgɔ wɛrɛw lasɔmi.
• Ni boli tɛ se ka kɛ ani ni bɔgɔdaga bɛ sekɔndi damadɔ bɔ (Last-Resort Ditching Protocol): Aw bɛ don dugujukɔrɔla bɛton barikama na min ka dɔgɔn, min barika ka bon kosɛbɛ, min bɛ sɔrɔ (dugukolo jukɔrɔla sogo jugumanba, bɛton bunker, walima kɔnɔna kabakurunbɔyɔrɔ min tɛ finɛtiri ye boon kɛrɛ fɛ min ɲɛsinnen bɛ yɔrɔjan ka bɔ tasuma-fanga la). Aw bɛ da ni finɛtiriw bɛɛ datugu, ka bɔrɔ walima finimugumugu dɔ ɲigi o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ, ka a siri kosɛbɛ aw nu ni aw da la, ka finiw sama fari jɛlen bɛɛ kan, ka a kuru ka kɛ bolokuru sirilen ye duguma ka aw ɲɛda duguma walasa ka aw fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ lakana miniti 2 fo miniti 5 kɔnɔ, ciyɛn sumalen sankaba tɛmɛnen waati.

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Tasuma-fanga laharw : ka kisi bɔgɔdaga teliyaba ma bajida la¶

Indonezikan daɲɛ lahar bɛ tasuma-fanga farakurunw ni ji ɲagaminen dɔ ɲɛfɔ min bɛ woyo teliya la, min bɛ kɛ ni girinya ye, min bɛ bɔ tasuma-fanga dɔ kɛrɛfɛ. Mɔgɔ minnu ma deli ka lahar ye, olu ka teli ka jiba bɔgɔbɔgɔlen dɔ jateminɛ. Tiɲɛ na, lahar bɛ ni ɲɔgɔndan, a girinya ani farikolo fanga ye i n’a fɔ bɛton ɲiginnen min bɛ woyo siraba teliya la.

Ikomi farakurun gɛlɛn ni cɛncɛn bɛ se kɛmɛsarada la 80 ma ni a girinya ye, a girinya bɛ se ji ta siɲɛ fila ma. O camanba in bɛ fanga wulilenw lawuli minnu fanga ka bon fo lahar bɛ graniti kabakurun tɔni caman, yiritigɛ kamiyɔnw, nɛgɛso wotoroninw, ani nɛgɛso siraba bɔlɔnw bɛɛ ta k’u pan k’a sɔrɔ a ma cɛsiri kɛ, k’u kɛ i n’a fɔ saga belebelebaw minnu bɛ bugɔ jibɔ ɲɛfɛ walasa ka so, jiri, ani nafamafɛnw bɛɛ tigɛ dala duguma. Min ka jugu ni o bɛɛ ye, o ye ko lahar dɔ bɛ sumaya waati min na ka jɛnsɛn dugu fla kɔnɔ min bɛ kɔdingɛ kɔnɔ, ji bɛ bɔ bɔgɔdaga kɔnɔ ani bɔgɔ bɛ ji bɔ ka gɛlɛya i n’a fɔ siman bɔnna miniti damadɔ kɔnɔ, ka mɔgɔ o mɔgɔ minɛ ka se a cɛmancɛ ma, o tigi minɛ kosɛbɛ fo a tɛ se ka sama ka hɔrɔnya ni sɛgɛsɛgɛlikɛlan girinmanw tɛ.

Laharw bɛ daminɛ cogo saba (Sanw fana sen bɛ o la tasuma-fanga kɔfɛ)¶

1. Sɛnɛ ni jisigiyɔrɔw bɛ wuli tasumabɔ waati la (Lahar fɔlɔ): Ni jikuru funtenimanw walima jikuruw bɔra tasuma-fanga dɔ kan min datugulen don ni nɛnɛ ye walima nɛnɛ bɛ min datugu (i n’a fɔ Rainier kulu, Hood kulu, walima Baker kulu Ameriki; Nevado del Ruiz Kolonbi; Cotopaxi Ekuwatɔrɔ; walima Ruapehu kulu Nuwɛlika), jikuru miliyɔn caman bɛ wuli o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la ani ka boli ka jigin baji dala bɛɛ la min bɛ yeelen bɔ ka bɔ kulu kuncɛ la.
2. Crater lake breach: Binkanni dɔ ye asidi summit crater lake dɔ dawolo kari, ka kɔ bɛɛ fili ka jigin kɔdingɛ kɔnɔ.
3. Sanji-boli kɔfɛ lahar (Lahars filananw): Kalo kalo caman fo san damadɔ kɔnɔ, tasuma-fanga-yɔrɔba dɔ kɔfɛ, tasuma-yɔrɔ sanfɛla kuluw bɛ sutura mɛtɛrɛ caman ciyɛn lafiyalen jukɔrɔ, ji tɛ min na, o min ye jiriw bɛɛ faga. Tuma o tuma ni sanjiba walima sanjiba min bɛ kɛ cogoya la, o ye kulu gosi, sanji tɛ se ka don bɔgɔmugu kurulen kɔnɔ; o nɔ na, ​​a bɛ bɔgɔdaga bɔ kuluw kan, ka ɲagami tephra lafiyalen na, ka sanji-lahars farinyalenw ci ka jigin bajiw kɔnɔ don minnu na tasuma-fanga yɛrɛ bɛ lafiya pewu.

Foro sariyaw teliya la walasa ka kisi lahar dɔ ma¶

• Aw ye lasɔmini taamasiɲɛw dɔn minnu bɛ fɔ ni mankan ni yetaw ye:
• Official Acoustic Flow Monitor (AFM) lahar sirens (minnu bɛ kasikan walima kan lasɔmini kɛ min bɛ to senna faratiba bɛ kɔw la i n’a fɔ Puyallup Valley min bɛ Mount Rainier kulu jukɔrɔ) walima telefɔni selilɛriw ka lasɔmini kɔrɔtɔlenw.
• Doni-tɛrɛn walima jet-motɛri dugukolo mankan ni yɛrɛyɛrɛ min ka dun, min bɛ taa ɲɛ, min bɛ bɔ sanfɛ, min bɛ bonya ka taa a fɛ segin o segin (a tɛ i n’a fɔ dugukolo yɛrɛyɛrɛ, min bɛ se a dan na, ka ban miniti kelen kɔnɔ, lahar mankan bɛ bonya ka taa a fɛ ni kabakurun ɲɛfɛla surunyalen don).
• Baji hakɛ ka barika dɔgɔya walima ka ja (o bɛ sɔrɔ sanfɛ dugukolo yɛrɛyɛrɛ fɛ min bɛ kɔdingɛ datugu waati dɔ kɔnɔ) WAALIMA baji bɛ barika sɔrɔ ka kɛ fɛnba ye, ka wuli, ka kɛ bɔgɔ ye, ka kɛ bɔgɔ ye min ɲɛ ye bulama ye ni jiriw ye minnu bɛ panpan ani kisɛ kasa duman.
• Yɛlɛn UP, aw kana a ɲini abada ka boli lahar dɔ kan ka jigin kɔdingɛ kɔnɔ:
• N’i ​​bɛ senna walima n’i bɛ siraba kan min falen bɛ mɔgɔw la kɔdingɛ kɔnɔ, i ka i yɔrɔ janya baji la ni degere 90 ye, ka taa tilennen wuli kɔdingɛ kogo la min ka surun i la, kulu kɛrɛfɛ, bluff, walima yɔrɔ min latigɛra ka bɔ mɔgɔw la.
• Ni i ye mɛtɛrɛ 20 fo 30 dɔrɔn sɔrɔ (sen 65 fo 100) sanfɛyɔrɔ jɔlen bajida la, o b’i Blà lahar bɛɛ lajɛlen seko sanfɛ pewu.
• Aw kana bɔrɔ tigɛ abada ni lahar bɛ na walima ni a bɛ ye sanfɛ: Laharw bɛ to ka bɔrɔw tigɛ ka bɔ u ka bɛton jɔyɔrɔw la walima ka jirisunba belebelebaw dalajɛ bɔlɔnw kan, ka bɔrɔ bɛɛ ni mobili bɛɛ bɔ a kan segin kɔnɔ.
• Aw kana taama abada lahar kurukuru kura bilalen kan: Hali ni lahar ye a lamaga dabila, kuru jɛman jalen dɔ bɛ sɔrɔ a sanfɛ lɛrɛ damadɔ kɔnɔ ka sɔrɔ a jukɔrɔ kɔnɔna bɛ to duguma, tuma dɔw la cɛmancɛ ɲɛnama tobilen tile walima dɔgɔkun caman kɔnɔ. Ni aw ye makɔnɔni kɛ fo siwili injiniyɛriw ka a ka fɛnɲɛnamafagalanw kɔrɔbɔ, o bɛ jeninida minnu bɛ mɔgɔ faga ani minnu bɛ jeni, olu bali.

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Tasuma-fanga-yɔrɔ girinman (Tephra): so sanfɛla binni fizik ani jɔli ɲɛnamaya¶

A tɛ i n’a fɔ jirimugu min bɛ bɔ tasuma walima kungo tasuma na (o ye karɔbɔni fɛnɲɛnama nɔgɔlen ye, min bɛ kɛ ni wuluwulu ye, min bɛ wuli ji la ka fiyɛ fiɲɛ fɛ), tasuma ciyɛn bɛ kɛ farakurunw ye minnu bɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔ, minnu mugulen don ani silika gilasi (\(SiO_2\)) minnu bɛ fiyɛ ka bɔ ɲɔgɔn na ni magma gazi bonya ye.

Mun na tasuma-fanga bɔgɔ bɛ so sanfɛlanw bin joona ka tɛmɛ nɛnɛ kan¶

Sow jɔcogo sariyaw nɛnɛ waatiw la, u bɛ sigiyɔrɔw so sanfɛlanw dilan walasa ka nɛnɛ dɛmɛ, nɛnɛ min fanba ye fiɲɛ minɛlen ye, wa a girinya bɛ kilogaramu 100 fo 200 dɔrɔn bɔ mɛtɛrɛ kubik kelen na (kilo 6 fo 12,5 sen kubik kelen na)**. Tasuma-fanga-bɔgɔ ye farakurun gɛlɛn ye min mugulen don:

Critical roof collapse warning signs and safe ash-clearing rules¶

1. Monitor ash depth and structural stress signs indoors:
2. Measure ash accumulation on a flat, wind-sheltered surface outside a window. Once ash reaches 5 to 7.5 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) on a flat or low-pitched roof (or if rain begins falling on existing ash), prepare to evacuate or clear the roof only if safe.
3. Immediate evacuation signs: If you hear loud popping, cracking, or groaning sounds from the attic or ceiling, see plaster or drywall flaking off ceiling joints, notice sagging ceiling panels, or find that interior bedroom or closet doors suddenly jam and will not open or close (meaning the weight of the roof is bowing the load-bearing walls downward), do not go onto the roof, put on hard hats/helmets, N95 masks, and goggles, and evacuate everyone out of the house immediately to a steep-pitched A-frame building, reinforced concrete lower floor, or vehicle parked in the open away from trees and power lines.
4. Roof-fall deaths during cleanup: Post-eruption medical studies (such as after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo and 2014 Kelud eruptions) show that more people die or suffer paralyzing spinal fractures from slipping off ash-slick roofs during cleanup than from roofs collapsing on them indoors. Volcanic ash on metal, tile, or shingle roofs acts like millions of microscopic ball bearings, and turns into a slick grease when damp.
5. If you must clear a low, strong roof to save it:
6. Never go onto a roof during active ashfall (visibility is zero, lightning strikes regularly inside volcanic ash plumes, and falling rocks/lapilli cause skull fractures) and never go onto a roof that is already creaking or sagging.
7. Use a long-handled roof rake or push broom while standing safely on the ground or a stabilized ladder to pull ash off the lower eaves first.
8. If stepping onto a low-slope roof is unavoidable, wear a safety harness anchored with a climbing rope to a solid tree or vehicle on the opposite side of the house, wear an N95/FFP2 respirator and sealed goggles, and shovel ash off systematically from the peak downward in even strips so you do not overload one half of the roof truss.
9. Disconnect downspouts from rainwater cisterns and French drains immediately: Stuff a rag into the top of gutter downspouts or saw/disconnect the bottom of the downspout pipe before sweeping ash off the roof; if volcanic ash washes into underground stormwater pipes or septic drainfields, it sets like concrete and permanently ruins the entire plumbing system.

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Protecting lungs, eyes, and drinking water from volcanic ash and acid gases¶

Freshly fallen volcanic ash particles are frequently smaller than 10 micrometers (\(PM_{10}\)) and 2.5 micrometers (\(PM_{2.5}\)), allowing them to penetrate deep into the terminal bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs, while their fresh glassy surfaces carry condensed droplets of sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)), hydrochloric acid (\(HCl\)), and hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)).

1. Respiratory protection (Asthma, COPD, and crystalline silica)¶

• Always wear a rated particulate respirator outdoors or when sweeping ash: Standard surgical ear-loop masks leave wide gaps at the cheeks that let fine volcanic glass right into your airways. Use a NIOSH-approved N95, N99, or P100 mask (United States), an EN 149 FFP2 or FFP3 mask (Europe/UK), or a P2 mask (Australia/New Zealand), pinching the metal nose bridge tightly and using both head straps.
• Emergency improvised mask if no N95 is available: Fold a thick cotton T-shirt, bandana, or dish towel into 4 to 8 layers, dampen it lightly with clean water (not soaking wet, which blocks breathing, just damp enough that fine ash particles stick to the wet fibers and water neutralizes soluble acid gases like sulfur dioxide), and tie it snugly over your nose and mouth.
• High-risk asthma and bronchitis flares: Even people with mild childhood asthma who have not needed an inhaler in years routinely suffer severe acute bronchospasm within minutes of breathing volcanic ash or sulfur dioxide (\(SO_2\)) gas. Keep rescue inhalers (albuterol/salbutamol) in your pocket at all times and stay strictly inside a sealed room until ash settles.

2. Eye protection: why contact lenses cause severe corneal abrasions¶

Never wear contact lenses during or for several days after volcanic ashfall. Microscopic shards of volcanic glass slip underneath soft or rigid contact lenses; every time you blink, the contact lens grinds those glass shards across the cornea like sandpaper, causing deep, painful corneal abrasions and chemical acid burns.

• Switch to eyeglasses and wear non-vented goggles outdoors: Ski goggles, swim goggles, or sealed industrial safety goggles keep blowing ash out of the eyes.
• If volcanic ash gets in your eyes: Do NOT rub your eyes. Blink rapidly while leaning over a bowl or sink, pull the upper eyelid gently over the lower lashes, and flush the open eye continuously for 10 to 15 minutes with a gentle stream of sterile saline eyewash or clean bottled water poured from the inner corner (near the nose bridge) outward.

3. Protecting drinking water, livestock, and electrical grids¶

• Drinking water and hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)) toxicity: Disconnect roof catchment gutters from rainwater tanks immediately when an eruption begins. While moderate ash in municipal reservoirs mostly causes cloudiness (turbidity) and slightly acidic taste that water treatment plants can filter out, ash from certain fluorine-rich volcanoes (such as in Iceland, New Zealand, or South America) leaches toxic fluoride into open water troughs and puddles, which can rapidly poison grazing livestock and pets (fluorosis) within hours. Keep all pets and livestock indoors on covered stored feed and clean tap/bottled water.
• Wet ash "flashover" blackouts on power grids: Dry volcanic ash is an electrical insulator, but the moment light rain, mist, or morning dew wets the ash coating high-voltage ceramic insulators on utility poles and transformers, the dissolved acid salts turn the wet ash into a powerful electrical conductor. High-voltage electricity arcs across the wet ash (insulator flashover), blowing out transformers and plunging entire cities into prolonged power outages just when water pumps are needed most. Fill bathtubs, pots, and water jugs with clean tap water as soon as you hear an eruption has occurred, before the ash cloud reaches your town and knocks out the power grid.

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Safe post-eruption ash cleanup and vehicle protection rules¶

Once ashfall stops, cleanup requires patience and strict dust suppression so you do not aerosolize the settled glass shards back into your lungs:

• Mist ash lightly with water before sweeping: Never dry-sweep or use a leaf blower on volcanic ash; leaf blowers create blinding, lung-damaging silica clouds. Use a garden hose nozzle or spray bottle to lightly dampen the ash surface (do not flood it into mud), then shovel it into heavy-duty plastic bags (filling each bag only half full, as a full trash bag of volcanic ash weighs 40 to 60 kilograms / 90 to 130 pounds and will rip open or injure your back).
• Never wash volcanic ash down household sinks, toilets, or street storm drains: Ash settles in pipe traps and municipal sewer mains and hardens into concrete.
• Clean household appliances with a vacuum HEPA filter or compressed air, never wipe dry glass with a cloth: Wiping dry ash off car windshields, eyeglasses, solar panels, or camera lenses with a rag or dry windshield wipers grinds permanent scratches into the glass. Rinse generously with a hose first, or blot gently with wet sponges.
• If you had to drive in ash: Replace the engine air filter and cabin air filter immediately, change the engine oil and oil filter, and have a mechanic pressure-wash the brake pads, rotors, and alternator housing before normal driving.

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Ɲininkali minnu bɛ kɛ tuma caman na¶

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Sosow sɛgɛsɛgɛra¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program: Living with Volcanic Risk: Lahars, Pyroclastic Flows, and Volcanic Ash (Tephra) Roof Load and Cleanup Guidelines.
• International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN), World Health Organization (WHO), and Cities and Volcanoes Commission: The Health Hazards of Volcanic Ash: A Guide for the Public and Guidelines on Preparedness Before, During, and After an Ashfall.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and Ready.gov (United States): Volcano Preparedness, Vertical Evacuation for Lahars, and Structural Snow/Ash Load Safety.
• GNS dɔnniya (Te Pū Ao) ani jamana ka kɔrɔtɔko ɲɛnabɔli baarada (NEMA, Nuwɛlika): Tasuma-fanga-kɛnɛya nɔ minnu bɛ sɔrɔ fɛnsɔrɔko gɛlɛnw na, so sanfɛlanw binkanni dancɛw, ani sɛnɛ ji lakanani.
• Duniɲa ka Croix Rouge ni kalo bilenman tɔnw ka tɔnba (IFRC, Duniya): Baara kunbɛncogo sariyaw tasuma-fanga-bɔli ni Lahar bɔli la.

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Gafe minnu bɛ tali kɛ o ko la¶

• Tasuma-fanga-yɔrɔw ni tasuma-fanga-yɔrɔw labɛnni
• Limnic eruptions and volcanic carbon dioxide gas clouds
• Ɲɛ dunan fɛn, ɲɛda sɔgɔli, ani welding flash dɛmɛ fɔlɔ
• Asthma attack first aid and inhaler spacer rescue
• Structural damage and building collapse safety
• Kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔw ka kɛɲɛ ni jamana ye