Loess dugukolo binni, dugukolo jukɔrɔla pibilikiw, ani Vertical Bluff Slumping Sanjiba kɔfɛ¶

A bɛ Dugukolo dugukolo kɛmɛsarada la 10 ɲɔgɔn datugu, loess (a fɔcogo ye luss walima lers) ye fiɲɛ-fiyɛlen jisigiyɔrɔ ye min bɛ kɛ ni fɛnɲɛnamafagalan ye, min ɲɛ ye buff-yellow ye (\(20\text{ ka se }50\text{ micrometers}\) suman hakɛ la) min bɛ Amerika cɛmancɛ la (Loess Hills of western) marabaw datugu Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, ani Lower Mississippi Valley Bluffs ka bɔ Memphis ka taa Vicksburg ani Natchez, ka fara Palouse of Washington ani Idaho kan), China (kilomɛtɛrɛ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen 640.000 Loess Plateau Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi ani Henan cɛtigɛ), Erɔpu cɛmancɛ ni kɔrɔn fɛ (a janya Danube, Rhin ani Dnieper baganmarayɔrɔw ka bɔ Alimanjamana ni Ɔtirisi ka taa Hɔngiri, Rumani ani Ukraine), Argentine (Pampas), ani New Zealand (Canterbury/Banks Peninsula). Loess bɛ ni dugukoloko paradox tɔgɔba ye: n’a jalen don, a bɛ jɔ faraw jɔlenw na, minnu janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 90 ye (mɛtɛrɛ 100 fo 300) ani siraba tigɛlenw san tan caman kɔnɔ i n’a fɔ farakurun gɛlɛn, o bɛɛ n’a ta, ji min bɛ kɛ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la, o bɛ a ka bɔgɔ mikoroskɔpi ni kalisiyɔmu-karɔbɔnati bɔlɔnw fa, a bɛ bɔnɛ a ka kɛmɛsarada la 80 fo 90 na sɔgɔli fanga miniti damadɔ kɔnɔ. O jiko gɛlɛya in bɛ dugukoloko kɔrɔtɔko saba lawuli minnu bɛ barika sɔrɔ, minnu bɛ tiɲɛni kɛ: (1) jiko gɛlɛya (jisigiyɔrɔ binni min bɛ kɛ ni ji ye), jibolisira karilen, jibɔyɔrɔ min ma layini, walima so sanfɛla jigincogo datugulen bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka so jukɔrɔ dugukolo bɛ ɲɔgɔn minɛ ka jigin ka se santimɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 150 ma (1 ka se 5 ma senw) su fɛ, ka jusigilanw ni gazi siraw tigɛ tilayɔrɔ fila la; . ani (3) bluff slab vertical columnar slab collapse ani fluidized mudflows, yɔrɔ min na bluff ɲɛda kɔfɛ tension joints jɔlenw bɛ tigɛ k’a sɔrɔ u ma lasɔmi sanji jan walima dugukolo yɛrɛyɛrɛ kɔfɛ. Ni boon dɔ karilen don kosɛbɛ, ni bɔgɔdaga dɔ binna, walima ni mɔgɔ dɔ binna pibilikiw kɔnɔ, aw bɛ aw ka sigida kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔ wele joona (911 Ameriki ni Kanada, 112 Erɔpu tɔnba bɛɛ kɔnɔ, 999 Angletɛri) walima aw ka an ka kunnafonisɛbɛn lajɛ kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔw. Ni aw b’a fɛ ka dugukolo sabatili kɔrɔtɔko minnu bɛ tali kɛ o la, aw bɛ an ka gafew kalan minnu kan sinjiw ni dugukolo barikama binni, . dugukoloyɛrɛyɛrɛ, bɔgɔdaga, ani nɔgɔw woyo, . bɔgɔ bɔgɔdaga min bɛ bonya, ja jigincogo, ani jusigilanw kari, ani scaffolding binni, trench cave-in, ani jɔli binna.

Aw bɛ o kɛ sisan¶

1. Aw bɛ boon o boon bɔ dugukolo loess kan o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ ni da ni finɛtiriw barika banna, ni ɛrɛzɛnsunw karilenw bɛ boli ka wuli biriki/drywall kogow kan, walima ni aw ye structural popping mankanba mɛn sanjiba kɔfɛ walima ni pɔnpew bɔra: Ni loess collapsible beneath a foundation saturates (hydroconsolidation), boon kɔnɔna kelen bɛ se ka jigin santimɛtɛrɛ 15 fo 60 (santimɛtɛrɛ 6 fo 24) lɛrɛ kɔnɔ. Nin diferential sigili in bɛ gazi nafama baarakɛminɛnw gɛlɛnw tigɛ ka ɲɛsin jusigilan kogo doncogo ma. Aw bɛ kɛnɛma gazi jateminɛnanba faga ni kilisi ye ni aw ye gazi kasa mɛn walima ni aw ye sɔgɔsɔgɔkan mɛn, aw bɛ jidagayɔrɔba datugu (jibɔlan karilen ka teli ka kɛ min bɛ so jukɔrɔ bɔgɔ labɔ), ka bɛɛ bila kɛnɛma.
2. Aw kana taama abada ka tɛmɛn walima ka tigɛ kɛ "saucer depressions" lamininenw kan, dingɛ misɛnninw tigɛli kan, walima dugukolo da wulilenw kan minnu bɛ fiyɛ/wuli kɛ loess kulu dɔ kan ("Loess Piping Sinkholes"): Fɛn min bɛ i n'a fɔ baganw ka dingɛ santimɛtɛrɛ 30 (inch 12) walima dip min man dun bin kɔnɔ loess kulu kan, o ka teli ka kɛ sankolo yeelen dabɔyɔrɔ fitinin ye min bɛ a dugukolo jukɔrɔla pibiliki kɔba min bɛ i n’a fɔ bɛlɛki, a juguman bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 3 fo 10 (sen 10 fo 33) ani a bonya bɛ se mɛtɛrɛ 5 ma min jalen don dugujukɔrɔjiw fɛ. Bin jalen min sirilen bɛ jirisunw na, n’o bɛ kɔdingɛ sanfɛla cɛ, o bɛ bin o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la mɔgɔ, binkɛnɛ tigɛlan bolibaga walima baganw girinya kɔrɔ.
3. Ni mɔgɔ dɔ binna loess piping shaft walima sinkhole min binna, aw kana taama abada ka se dingɛ da la walasa ka duguma lajɛ walima k’u sama ka bɔ ni bolo ye: Ikomi loess piping shafts bɛ bonya kɛnɛma dugukolo jukɔrɔ i n’a fɔ funnel upside-down (bell pit), a lamini mɛtɛrɛ 2 fo 4 (6,5 fo 13 feet) surface turf min bɛ dingɛ lamini na, o ye an so sanfɛla min bɛ jɛngɛ, min tɛ dɛmɛ. Aw bɛ 911 / 112 / 999 wele o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ walasa ka Tasuma-Kisi Technical Trench / Confined-Space Rope Rescue Team sɔrɔ, ka kɛrɛfɛmɔgɔw bɛɛ bila kɔfɛ mɛtɛrɛ 6 (sen 20) la dɔgɔmannin, ani ka kisi juru dɔrɔn tɛmɛ ka bɔ yɔrɔ jan k’a sɔrɔ aw dalen bɛ lada walima plywood sɛbɛnw kan minnu sirilen bɛ sanfɛyɔrɔ sabatilen na.
4. Aw ka aw yɔrɔ janya loess bluffs jɔlenw basigilen na ANI sanfɛla da la ani "sinken road" holloways jugumanw na sanjiba waatiw la ani sanga 72 kɔnɔ sanjiba, nɛnɛ teliya, walima nɛnɛ-nɔgɔli cycles kɔfɛ: Loess bɛ ni nature vertical columnar jointing ye (vertical cleavage planes created by ancient plant roots and desiccation). Ni sanji donna tension verticale kariw kɔnɔ mɛtɛrɛ 1 fo 4 (sen 3,3 fo 13) blufu sanfɛla da kɔfɛ, ji tansiyɔn jilama bɛ tɔni 500 jɔlen jɔlen walima bɔgɔmugu dɔ gɛrɛ kɛnɛma, k’a fili sira walima so da la, segin 3 kɔnɔ.
5. Ni aw ye karikan mɛn, ka wuli, walima ka buguri/kɔgɔjiw ye minnu bɛ woyo ka jigin loess bluff ɲɛda jɔlen na, aw bɛ boli KƆRƆBƆLI la walima ka aw ɲɛsin ka bɔ senkɔni na (a ka dɔgɔn bluff janya siɲɛ 1,5 fo 2): Ni loess slab jan dɔ binna ka kari ni a gosira, pore fiɲɛ walima ji min sirilen don, o bɛ nɔgɔ kɛ buguri jalen ye min bɛ taa teliya la avalanche walima saturated mudflow lobe min bɛ tɛmɛn farakurun da la yɔrɔ jan.
6. Aw bɛ jibɔyɔrɔw bɛɛ datugu ani ka u bila sira wɛrɛ kan, a dɔgɔyalenba la mɛtɛrɛ 3 fo 5 (sen 10 fo 16) ka bɔ jusigilanw ni bɔgɔdaga sanfɛyɔrɔw la o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ: Ni so sanfɛla jibolisira dɔ falen don, ni jibɔyɔrɔ dɔ bɛ ji bɔ, ni nakɔjibɔlan dɔ tora ka boli, walima ni jibɔyɔrɔ dɔ bɔra so dɔ kɛrɛfɛ min jɔlen bɛ loess kan, aw bɛ jibolisira jɔ joona ani ka jibolisira gɛlɛnw janya yɔrɔ jan ka bɔ jɔli la ka jigin ka se bluff kulu o jirisunba jukɔrɔla la pibilikiw kɔnɔ minnu datugulen don.

Desizɔn jiri : loess jusigilan binni, pipe sinkhole, ani bluff dɛsɛ triage¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Loess Geotechnical Emergency: Dugukolo binni barikama, jusigilan kari, walima Bluff dɛsɛ"] --> HazardType{"1. Loess farati jumɛn bɛ ka kɛ sisan?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. BUILDING HYDROCONSOLIDATION: Daw bɛ datugu, kogow bɛ kari diagonal, walima ka duguma da"| BuildingAction["HYDROCONSOLIDATION & GAS-SHEAR PROTOCOL: 1. Aw bɛ dugudenw bɛɛ bɔ kɛnɛma ka yɔrɔ jan ni kabakurun kogow/siminiw ye 2. Aw bɛ kɛnɛma jibɔlanba datugu joona (A bɛ dugukolo wulicogo jɔ) 3. Aw bɛ Gazi nafama kasa/hissing lajɛ Aw bɛ kɛnɛma gazi jateminɛnan datugu ni a bɛ bɔn 4. Aw kana segin ka don a kɔnɔ fo Structural/Geotechnical Engineer ka a sɛgɛsɛgɛ"]

    HazardType -->|"2. SUBSURFACE PIPING TUNNEL OR PSEUDOKARST SINKHOLE: Yard dingɛ, Dugukolo kɔnɔna na, walima mɔgɔ min binna a kɔnɔ"| PipingCheck{"Yala mɔgɔ walima mobili dɔ sirilen bɛ jirisunba binna kɔnɔ wa?"}

    PipingCheck -->|"Ɔwɔ: Mɔgɔ min binna Piping Shaft kɔnɔ"| ShaftRescue["BELL-PIT EXTRICATION PROTOCOL: 1. Aw bɛ 911 / 112 / 999 wele ka ɲɛsin Technical Rope & Trench Rescue ma teliya la 2. Aw kana taama abada ka taa Rim (Bell Roof min bɛ sanfɛ, o bɛna don Jatigɛwalekɛla la) 3. Aw bɛ To ka mɔgɔw bɛɛ bila kɔfɛ >6 m (20 ft) Lad Ladders/Plywood Only From Uphill Side 4. Aw bɛ juru/Jɛkulu sirilen jigin ka bɔ Safe Standoff la"]

    PipingCheck -->|"Ayi: Dingɛ da wulilen walima Gurgling Vortex Sɔrɔla Yard/Road la"| CordonHole["PIPING CORDON PROTOCOL: 1. Ka kogo kɛ mɛtɛrɛ 10 (33 ft) Radius la ka a lamini depressions layini bɛɛ la 2. Aw kana a ɲini abada ka piping dingɛ baarakɛlen dɔ fa kɔfɛ ni nɔgɔ walima ji lafiyalen ye 3. Aw bɛ sanjiba jibɔyɔrɔ, Culvert walima Septic Pipe min bɛ a balo, o bɛɛ ɲini ani k’a datugu"]

    HazardType -->|"3. VERTICAL LOESS BLUFF SLAB COLLAPSE OR MUDFLOW: Farakurun ɲɛda karilen walima sanfɛla sɔgɔlenw paralɛli"| BluffWhere{"Yala aw bɛ bluff sanfɛla da la walima duguma senkɔni na wa?"}

    BluffWhere -->|"Bluff sanfɛ Edge kɛrɛfɛ"| RetreatInland["TOP-EDGE SLAB RETREAT: 1. Aw bɛ taa dugu kɔnɔ joona ni mɛtɛrɛ 15 ye a dɔgɔyalenba la, Parallel Tension Crack min ka jan kosɛbɛ, o kɔfɛ 2. Aw kana bolifɛnw boli abada walima ka so sanfɛla jibolisiraw bɔ Bluff Rim kɛrɛfɛ"]

    BluffWhere -->|"A bɛ Bluff duguma Base la"| SprintOut["BASE SLAB-FALL EVASION: 1. Aw bɛ boli ka bɔ farakurun basigilen na (a ka dɔgɔn 1,5x fo 2x Bluff Height) walima 90 Degrees Laterally 2. Aw ye aw janto Secondary Fluidized Mudflow Lobe la Following Initial Block Fall"]

Fiɲɛ fiyɛlen loess ka microstructure: mun na fara jalenw bɛ wuli ka kɛ bɔgɔ ye min bɛ bin¶

Walasa k’a faamu mun na loess bɛ a yɛrɛ minɛ i n’a fɔ dugukolo kan dugukolo tɔw, dugukoloko injiniyɛriw b’a ka aeolian (fiɲɛ bilalen) microstructure lajɛ ni scanning electron microscope ye.

1. Misi da wulilen kolosinsinnan ni bɔgɔ/karɔbɔni bɔgɔdaga¶

Pleistocene glacial waatiw la, katabatic fiɲɛ jugu minnu bɛ ci glacial outwash kɛnɛ jalenw kan, olu ye quartz ni feldspar silt grains (\(0.02\text{ ka se }0.05\text{ milimɛtɛrɛ}\) ta u cɛmancɛ la, o ye talcum mugu walima mugu cogoya ye) k’u bila bɔrɔw kɔnɔ minnu janya bɛ se mɛtɛrɛ 5 fo mɛtɛrɛ 200 ni kɔ ma (sen 16 fo 650) fiɲɛba min bɛ jigin ba kɔbaw la (Misuri, Mississippi, Yellow, Rhine ani Danube bajiw). - Porosi caman (kɛmɛsarada la 45 fo 55 yɔrɔ lankolon lankolon): Ikomi fiɲɛ ye bɔgɔkisɛ minnu bila, olu sigilen don nɔgɔya la ka bɔ fiɲɛ na binkɛnɛ lamini na sanni u ka kɛ ɲɔgɔn kan ji jukɔrɔ, npogotiginin jalen loess bɛ ni yɔrɔ lafiyalen ye, a dabɔlen don, a bɛ i n’a fɔ misiwolo. Tiɲɛ na, a ka fɛn jalenw hakɛ ka dɔgɔn kosɛbɛ (garamu 1,2 fo 1,4 santimɛtɛrɛ kubik kelen na) fo loess jalen hakɛ tilancɛ ɲɔgɔn ye fiɲɛbɔlan lankolonw ye minnu ka bon ka tɛmɛ bɔgɔmugu kisɛw yɛrɛ kan (macropores ani vertical fossilized root tubes). - Fɛn min bɛ misiwolo jalen minɛ san fɛ: Kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnenya la, kuran sɔgɔlen kisɛw tɛ maga ɲɔgɔn na kosɛbɛ tiɲɛ na. O nɔ na, ​​u bɛ jɔ ɲɔgɔn na ani ka yɔrɔ dɔw sɔgɔ u ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔyɔrɔw la ni menisci misɛnninw ye minnu bɛ bɔ montmorillonite/illite clay la ani calcium carbonate (caliche) jalenw fɛ, minnu barika bonyalen don ni pore-ji tansiyɔn juguba ye (matric suction) ni u jalen don. - Mun na Loess jɔlen bɛ jɔlen na ni a jalen don, nka a bɛ dɛsɛ degere 45 jiginni na: Ikomi sanji ji min bɛ jigin ka tɛmɛ jirisun jɔlenw fɛ, o bɛ loess ɲɛda jɛgɛlenw sɔgɔ joona ni sheet wash ye, ka siraba dɔ tigɛ loess kɔnɔ ni a jalen don degere 45 la, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka kɔji wuli teliya la. O kɔfɛ, ni losi jalen tigɛra ka kɛ kogo ye min bɛ jɔ kɛrɛfɛ (\(75°\text{ ka se }90°\))** o bɛ sanjiba yɔrɔ min bɛ se ka na, o dɔgɔya, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka losi fara jɔlenw jɔ san tan caman kɔnɔ fo ji ka don ka bɔ kɔfɛ walima duguma.

2. Dɛsɛcogo saba minnu bɛ se ka kɛ balawu ye jisigilen kɔfɛ¶

Ji min bɛ kɛ o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ la, o bɛ loess jalenw, minnu ma sɔgɔsɔgɔ, olu fa ka tɛmɛ a ka ji hakɛ kɔrɔlen kan (a ka c’a la ni fasa hakɛ wulila ka bɔ kɛmɛsarada la 30 na ka tɛmɛ kɛmɛsarada la 65 kan ka se kɛmɛsarada la 85 ma), dɛsɛ fɛɛrɛ saba danfaralenw bɛ baara kɛ: 1. Ji-yɔrɔ-ko (Collapse Settlement under Load): Ji bɛ karɔbɔni kɔgɔ minnu bɛ se ka wuli, olu labɔ ani ka bɔgɔdaga mikroskɔpiki minnu bɛ bɔgɔmugu kisɛw minɛ ɲɔgɔn na, olu ji/nɔgɔya. So jɔli girinya min bɛ duguma (walima hali dugukolo sanfɛla yɛrɛ girinya kɔrɔ, n’o bɛ wele ko self-weight collapsible loess n’a ka bon ni mɛtɛrɛ 10 fo 15 ye), bɔgɔdagaw bɛ tigɛ waati kelen na. Nɔgɔ kisɛw bɛ fili kɛnɛma yɔrɔ lakolonw na, wa dugukolo hakɛ ** bɛ dɔgɔya ka jɔ ni kɛmɛsarada la 5 fo 15 ye**, o bɛ so jusigilan, siraba dabɔlan, walima kanal dabɔlen jigin ni santimɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 150 ye (sen 1 fo 5) k’a sɔrɔ dugukolo si ma bɔ yɔrɔ la tiɲɛ na. 2. Subsurface Piping and Pseudokarst Tunneling (Internal Erosion): Ikomi loess kɔnɔ, jirisunw dingɛ jɔlen miliyɔn caman bɛ sɔrɔ, sosow ka dingɛw, ani jalenw karilenw, sanfɛ sanji bɛ jigin joona ka jigin fo ka se dugukolo suturalen dɔ ma min ka bon dɔɔnin (paleosol) walima farakurunw. O kɔ fɛ, ji bɛ Yɛlɛma kɛrɛ fɛ ka woyo duguma ka Taa kɔ̀gɔjida walima kuluda senkɔni kɛrɛfɛ min ka surun. Ikomi loess kisɛ falenw bɛ ni zero cohesion (dispersive silt) ye, dugujukɔrɔji min bɛ woyo, o bɛ bɔgɔkisɛw ko ka bɔ yen k’a sɔrɔ a ma cɛsiri kɛ, ka dugujukɔrɔ pipe (suffosion tunnel) dɔ ja min bɛ bonya ka kɛ dugujukɔrɔba ye min janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 5 ye k’a sɔrɔ bin jalen ni ju minnu bɛ sanfɛ, olu bɛ to u cogo la pewu, fo so sanfɛla ka don i n’a fɔ a loess pseudokarst sinkhole. 3. Kɔlɔn jɔlenw jiginni ni woyocogo: Ni ji ye jalen yɔrɔ jɔlen dɔ fa min bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 2 bɔ loess farakurun jɔlen kɔfɛ, ji tansiyɔn jilama bɛ gɛlɛya ka taa kɛnɛma ka ɲɛsin kolomayɔrɔ ma min bɔra ɲɔgɔn na ka sɔrɔ ka kolotuguda basigilen (senkɔni) fa ani k’a jilama kɛ. O jirisunba jɔlen bɛɛ min janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 20 ye, o bɛ bin ka taa ɲɛfɛ walima ka tigɛ ka taa duguma, ka kari ni a gosira ani ka ji kɛ ka kɛ bɔgɔbɔgɔ ye min bɛ teliya kosɛbɛ.

Loess geotechnical emergencies saba ninnu sangali¶

Dugukolo jukɔrɔla pibilikiw dɔnni ani u ka ɲɛnamaya ("Loess Pseudokarst") .¶

Mɔgɔ fanba b’a miiri ko jikuruw bɛ kɛ Floride walima Kentucky dɔrɔn de la, yɔrɔ minnu na kalkɛri faraw bɛ wuli (karst). Loess maraw la (Iowa tilebin fɛ, Nebraska, Mississippi, Washington mara, Danube basin, ani Sinuwa Loess Plateau, u bɛ wele yɔrɔ min na loess sinkholes walima luoshuidong), piping pseudokarst bɛ sinkholes da o cogo kelen na, ani u tɛ sabati kosɛbɛ, bɔgɔ saniyalen na.

1. Dugukolo jukɔrɔ pibilikiw dogolen dɔ ye cogo min na aw ka foro kɔnɔ walima baganmarayɔrɔ la¶

Aw bɛ aw ka yɔrɔ taama ka bɔ jirisunba jukɔrɔ ka taa sanfɛ (ka bɔ yɔrɔ la min tɛ mɔgɔ tɔɔrɔ) ani ka dugukolo sanfɛla taamasiyɛn saba ɲini minnu tɛ fili: 1. The "Beaded Necklace" of Aligned Depressions: Ikomi dugujukɔrɔ pibiliki jirisunba dɔ bɛ tugu dugujukɔrɔjibɔ sira kelen kɔ ka jigin ka taa kɔdingɛ walima sira tigɛlen dɔ la, jirisunba sanfɛla bɛ don yɔrɔ dɔw la a sira kan. N’i ​​ye dingɛ misɛnnin fila, saba walima naani ye minnu bɛ sɛrɛkili walima minnu ma dun, minnu bɛ i n’a fɔ minɛn, minnu labɛnna sira tilennen walima kurulen dɔ la minnu bɛ taa jirisunba dɔ fɛ, dugukolo jukɔrɔla kɔba dɔ bɛ yen min bɛ taa ɲɛ, min kɔnɔna bɛ u bɛɛ siri binkɛnɛba jukɔrɔ min bɛ i n’a fɔ a jɔlen don dingɛw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ. Aw kana taama abada dingɛ fila ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn kan. 2. The "Bell-Pit" Overhang Profile: Ni loess piping cave fɔlɔ karilen don ka taa sanfɛ, dingɛ min bɛ binkɛnɛ kɔnɔ, o bɛ se ka kɛ santimɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 60 dɔrɔn ye (sen 1 fo 2), ka minɛ ɲɔgɔn na ni binkɛnɛ matarafalenw ye, k'a sɔrɔ mɛtɛrɛ 1 (sen 3,3) bin jukɔrɔ, jirisunba bɛ bɛlɛ ka taa kɛnɛma ka don so kɔnɔna na ** mɛtɛrɛ 3 fo mɛtɛrɛ 6 (sen 10 fo 20) a cɛmancɛ ye**. 3. The Outflow Spring / Silt Fan at the Toe: Aw bɛ taama kɔdingɛ duguma, sira tigɛlen, walima kogo minɛlen mɛtɛrɛ 20 fo 100 jigin. N’i ​​ye tunɛri bɔyɔrɔ kura dɔ sɔrɔ min bɛ i n’a fɔ arc min bɛ bɔgɔji jɛman-bulu bɔgɔlen dɔ daji walima nɔgɔ jɛman kolen kulu dɔ min bɛ i n’a fɔ ventilateur, banki da la sanji kɔfɛ, pibiliki tunɛri min bɛ baara la, o bɛ ka kulu kɛrɛfɛla dingɛ a sanfɛ yɛrɛ.

2. Mun na aw man kan ka a ɲini abada ka pibiliki dingɛ dɔ labɛn ni nɔgɔ lafiyalenw filili ye sanfɛ¶

Ni dutigiw ye mɛtɛrɛ 1 jibɔyɔrɔ dɔ dabɔ loess foro dɔ kɔnɔ, u ka hakilina fɔlɔ ye ka sanfɛbɔgɔ walima kabakurun falen kamiyɔn dɔ fili dingɛ kɔnɔ k’a jigin. - Mun na o bɛ dɛsɛ ka kɔdingɛ bonya: Dugukolo jukɔrɔ jibolisira min bɛ pibiliki jirisunba jukɔrɔ (a ka c’a la, a juguman bɛ se mɛtɛrɛ 3 fo 8 ma) o dabɔlen don hali bi. Ni i ye nɔgɔ lafiyalenw fili sanfɛ k’a sɔrɔ i ma pibiliki bɔyɔrɔ jugumanba sɛgɛsɛgɛ ani k’a datugu, o bɛ nɔgɔ kura ko dɔrɔn ka jigin dugujukɔrɔla jirisunba la sanjiba nata waati la, ka sɔrɔ ji min farala a kan, o bɛ bɛlɛkisɛ kogow labɔ ani ka jidagayɔrɔ bonya siɲɛ fila. - Enjiniyɛri ka ɲɛnabɔli ɲuman: Jeyotɛkiniki baarakɛla ka kan ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ ka jigin fo ka se pibiliki da la jalen waati, ka geotextile/sand inverted filter sigi sen kan (o min b’a to dugujukɔrɔji bɛ bɔ ka bɔ ka sɔrɔ a ma a to bɔgɔmugu finmanw ka se ka ko), ani ka bɔgɔ-bɔgɔmugu finmanw fa minnu tɛ se ka don kosɛbɛ, minnu bɛ se ka kɛ santimɛtɛrɛ 15 ye (6-inch) bɛ kɔrɔta ni ji hakɛ ɲuman ye.

Surviving Hydroconsolidation sow ni sow kɔnɔ loess collapsible kan¶

Duguw ni dugubaw kɔnɔ minnu jɔlen bɛ loess (loess) falenfɛnw kan (i n’a fɔ Omaha, Council Bluffs, Sioux City, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Memphis, Vicksburg, Spokane/Pullman, Lanzhou, Xi’an, Belgrade, ani Bucarest), **jiko ** bɛ dɔrɔmɛ miliyɔn kɛmɛ caman kɛ ka tiɲɛni barikama kɛ jɔli la san o san.

1. So Plumbing & Drainage Audit min bɛ kɛ miniti 5 kɔnɔ Loess Foundations kama¶

Sigida loess jusigilan binni kɛmɛsarada la 70 ni kɔ tɛ sɔrɔ waati cogoya dɔrɔn fɛ, nka adamadenw ka ji caman doncogo fɛ mɛtɛrɛ 3 (sen 10) kɔnɔ jusigilan lamini na: - Aw ye #1 lajɛ (Ji jateminɛnan bɔli sɛgɛsɛgɛli): Aw bɛ pɔnpe, minɛnko, ani ɲɛgɛn bɛɛ faga aw ka so kɔnɔ ani ka jibɔlan jiralan fitinin min bɛ kɛ kɛrɛ saba walima dolow ye lajɛ aw ka ji jateminɛnan kan. Ni dilan bɛ ka wuli ka a sɔrɔ so kɔnɔ ji bɛɛ ma ban, dugujukɔrɔ baarakɛyɔrɔ dɔ bɛ ji bɔ ka taa loess min bɛ se ka bin i ka bɔgɔdaga walima duguma sen jukɔrɔ. Aw bɛ nbɛda kɛrɛfɛ siraba belebeleba datugu joona. - Sɛgɛsɛgɛli #2 (Roof Downspouts and Gutters): So min bonya ye mɛtɛrɛ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen 185 ye (2000 feet square feet) o bɛ ji 4700 litiri (galɔn 1250) lajɛ sanfiɲɛ kelen na, min janya ye milimɛtɛrɛ 25 ye. Ni kɔkili kelen min bɛ jigin, o binna ka o litiri 4700 fili bɔgɔ la so nɔngɔn kelen na, o bɛ loess kulu dɔ fa min juguya ye mɛtɛrɛ 5 ye ka tɛmɛ a bincogo kan su kelen kɔnɔ. Jiginyɔrɔ minnu bɛ loess dugukolow kan, olu bɛɛ ka kan ka bɔn ka don PVC pipe gɛlɛnw na, minnu tɛ sɔgɔsɔgɔ minnu bɛ ji ta ka bɔ so la ni mɛtɛrɛ 3 fo 5 ye a dɔgɔyalenba la** ka don nbɛda la jibolisira la walima sanjiba nɔgɔbɔlan kɔnɔ min dilalen don ni kabakurun ye. - Sɛgɛsɛgɛli #3 (Reverse Foundation Grading): Waati tɛmɛnen kɔfɛ, so kɛrɛfɛ dugukolo bɛ sigi dɔɔnin, ka jidaga dɔ da min bɛ jigin ka taa dugujukɔrɔ kogo la sanni ka yɔrɔ janya a la. Aw bɛ a to a ka dɔgɔn kɛmɛsarada la 5 ka se 10 ma (santimɛtɛrɛ 15 jigin mɛtɛrɛ 3 fɔlɔw kan [insi 6 ka tɛmɛ mɛtɛrɛ 10 kan]) min bɛ jate ni bɔgɔ ye min bɛ se ka don a la kosɛbɛ, ka a yɔrɔ janya jusigilan kogow bɛɛ la, ani aw kana falenfɛnw turu abada minnu bɛ ji caman bɔ walima ka binkɛnɛ jibɔlan otomatiki boli mɛtɛrɛ 2 (sen 6,5) kɔnɔ ka bɔ jusigilan kan loesw kan. - Aw ye #4 lajɛ (Septic Systems and Swimming Pools): Aw kana septic leach foro min tɛ layini ye, kɔlɔn jalen, sanji ji donyɔrɔ dingɛ, walima pisini jibɔlen sigi abada kulu kan walima mɛtɛrɛ 15 (sen 50) kɔnɔ boon walima bluff da la, loess terrain min bɛ se ka bin.

Sigidaw ka kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔw ani baaradaw ka sariyaw¶

• Amerika: Aw bɛ 911 wele joona ni trench/bluff sudon fɛn o fɛn ye, mɔgɔ min sirilen bɛ pipe sinkhole kɔnɔ, walima gazi tigɛlen sira. Aw bɛ 811 wele sani aw ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli si kɛ. Walasa ka dugukoloko faratiw jateminɛ U.S. loess cɛsirilan fɔlɔw la, aw ye Etazuni dugukoloko sɛgɛsɛgɛli (USGS) lajɛ, Iowa dugukoloko sɛgɛsɛgɛli / Iowa DOT (Western Iowa Loess Hills), Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division, Missouri Geological Survey (MoDNR), ani Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ Office of Geology) ka ɲɛsin Vicksburg/Natchez bluff sabatili sariyaw ma.
• Sina (Loess Plateau mara: Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Henan, Ningxia): Aw bɛ wele kɛ 119 (Tasuma ni seko ni dɔnko kisi), 110 (Polisi), walima 120 (Dɔgɔtɔrɔso Anpulu). Aw bɛ bluff tension cracks, cave-dwelling (yaodong) so sanfɛla ji bɔli, walima terasi piping sinkholes fɔ joona sigida duguw ka dugukoloko faratiw kɔlɔsibagaw ma ani Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Geological Hazard Early Warning Center ma.
• Erɔpu Kelenyatɔnba ani Angletɛri: Aw ye 112 wele EU jamanaw bɛɛ kɔnɔ (walima 999 Angletɛri, yɔrɔ min na biriki/loess finmanw bɛ sɔrɔ Kent, Essex ani Sussex). Danube ni Rhin loess cɛsirilan belebelebaw kɔnɔ (Alemaɲi, Ɔtirisi, Hɔngiri, Rumani, Sɛrɛbi, Bulgari), minisiriso siwili lakanani ni dugukoloko sɛgɛsɛgɛliw (BGR Alimanjamana na, GeoSphere Ɔtirisi, SZTFH Hɔngiri jamana na) bɛ bluff slumping ni tariku sunken-lane (Hohlwege) walima cellar (Kellergassen) ɲɛnabɔ bɛ bin.
• New Zealand (Canterbury / Banks Peninsula / Otago Loess Hills): Aw ye 111 wele walasa ka kisi kɔrɔtɔlen, ani ka tunnel-gully erosion walima faraw basigibaliya fɔ Environment Canterbury (ECan) / Christchurch City Council Geotechnical Teams ani EQC / Toka Tū Ake ye.

Ɲininkali minnu bɛ kɛ tuma caman na¶

Mun na fiɲɛ bɛ fiyɛ loess dugukolo min na, o bɛ se ka jɔ farakurun jɔlen na min janya ye mɛtɛrɛ 30 ye ni a jalen don, o bɛɛ n’a ta, a bɛ bin ka kɛ bɔgɔ jilama ye ni a ɲiginna?¶

Ni fiɲɛ ye quartz silt kisɛ finmanw bila Glace Age waati la, kisɛ minnu bɛ kɛ kɛrɛfɛ, olu sigilen bɛ misiwolo yɔrɔ la min lafiyalen don, min dabɔlen don, yɔrɔ min na dugukolo hakɛ kɛmɛsarada la 50 ɲɔgɔn ye fiɲɛbɔyɔrɔ lankolon ye. O sumanw bɛ Bɔ ɲɔgɔn na dɔrɔn ni bɔgɔ jalen ni kalisiyɔmu karɔbɔni kɔgɔw ye minnu bɛ Kɛ ‘yɔrɔ la minnu bɛ Kɛ ni mikroskɔpi ye u ka ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔyɔrɔw la. Ni loess tora jalen na, o minerali bridge misɛnninw bɛ fanga jɔlen kabakoma di a ma. Nka, ji ye dugukolo fa waati min na, ji bɛ karɔbɔni kɔgɔw labɔ ani ka bɔgɔdaga nɔgɔya ka kɛ tulu nɔgɔlen ye, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka misiwolo kolo da wulilen bin o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ ka kɛ bɔgɔmugu ye min ka bon, min tɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ.

"hydroconsolidation" ye mun ye, ani jibolisira karilen walima jibolisira datugulen bɛ se ka so tiɲɛ cogo di min jɔlen bɛ loess kan su kelen kɔnɔ?¶

Jiko (jibɔli min bɛ kɛ ni bin ye) bɛ kɛ ni ji ye jirisun jalenw fa, minnu ma sɔgɔ, boon jusigilan girinman dɔ jukɔrɔ. Ikomi loess jalen hakɛ tilancɛ bɛ kɛ fiɲɛ dabɔlenw ye minnu bɛ minɛ ka kɔrɔta ni bɔgɔdaga ye minnu bɛ se ka wuli ji la, ni dugukolo su don so nɔngɔn kelen jukɔrɔ, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka bɔgɔmuguw bin ka don o bɔgɔdaga lankolonw na boon girinya kɔrɔ. Ni nɔgɔ kilo kelen ma ko, dugukolo min bɛ nkɔni ɲiginnen jukɔrɔ, o bɛ se ka jigin ka jɔ santimɛtɛrɛ 15 fo 100 (santimɛtɛrɛ 6 fo 40) lɛrɛ kɔnɔ, ka kabakurun kogow kari ni degere 45 ye, ka daaw datugu, ka gazi nafama ni nɔgɔbɔlanw suturalenw tigɛ.

"Loess piping sinkhole" (pseudokarst) ye mun ye, ani mun na dingɛ lamini rim farati ka bon kosɛbɛ?¶

Ni sanjiba bɛ na ka jigin faraw jɔlenw kan walima sosow dingɛw kɔnɔ loess kulu dɔ la, a bɛ gosi dugukolo jukɔrɔla yɔrɔ dɔ la min ka bon, ka woyo ka taa kulu duguma, ka bɔgɔkisɛw ko minnu tɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ walasa ka dugujukɔrɔla jirisunba dɔ ja ("piping"). O dugujukɔrɔ-yɔrɔ in sanfɛla bɛ ka wuli ka taa san fɛ tuma min na, a bɛ dugujukɔrɔ-so dɔ Kɛ min bɛ i n’a fɔ bɛlɛkisɛ (belle dingɛ) min bonya ye mɛtɛrɛ 3 fo 8 ye dugujukɔrɔ min bɛ kari ka Taa bin na sanfɛ i n’a fɔ dingɛ fitinin min bɛ Taa santimɛtɛrɛ 30 fo 60 la. Ikomi bin min bɛ o da fitinin lamini na, o ye mɛtɛrɛ 2 fo 4 ye, o ye so ye min tɛ dɛmɛn, min kɔnɔna bɛ bɔgɔdaga kan, ka taama ka taa a da la walasa ka kɔnɔna lajɛ, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka binkɛnɛ sanfɛla bɛɛ bin i sanfɛ.

Mun na siraw ni sira minnu bɛ loess kuluw la, olu ka teli ka kɛ i n’a fɔ kɔdingɛ jugumanw, kogo jɔlen bɛ minnu na ("sira jiginnenw"), ani farati bɛ u la tuma jumɛn?¶

San kɛmɛ caman kɔnɔ, senna-tɛgɛrɛw, wotoro wotoroninw ani foro bolifɛnw ye bɔgɔdaga lafiyalen tiɲɛ siraw kan Sinuwa, Iowa, Misisipi ani Erɔpu (u bɛ wele yɔrɔ min na ko *Hohlwege* Alimanjamana/Ɔtirisi walima *wąwozy lessowe* Pologne jamana na), o kɛra sababu ye fiɲɛ ni sanji ka buguri jɔlen ko fo sira ka jigin fo mɛtɛrɛ 5 fo 25 (16 ka se mɛtɛrɛ 80 ma) ka tilennen jigin loess kogo jɔlenw ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ. Hali ni sira jalenw minnu jiginna, olu sabatilen don, ka taama walima ka bolifɛn boli ka tɛmɛ loess sira jugumanba dɔ fɛ min kogo jɔlen don, sanjiba waati walima o kɔfɛ dɔrɔn, samiyɛ nɛnɛ teliya la, walima dugukolo yɛrɛyɛrɛ, o bɛ mɔgɔ faga: ji min bɛ don jirisunw tigɛcogo jɔlenw na kogow sanfɛ, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka tɔni caman jɔlenw bin ka tɛmɛn kanjon duguma fitinin kan, ni yɔrɔ zeru tɛ yen walasa ka u yɛrɛ tanga.

Mun na sow jɔcogo sariya minnu bɛ loess zones kɔnɔ, olu bɛ kulu tigɛcogo bali ka kɛ degere 45 ye?¶

Bɔgɔ walima kabakurun dugukolo gansanw na, ɛntɛrinɛti injiniyɛriw bɛ siraba dawolo tigɛ ka kɛɲɛ ni degere 30 fo 45 ye walasa ka dugukolo yɛrɛyɛrɛ bali. Nka, loess (loess) yɔrɔ belebelebaw la, ni i ye jirisunba dɔ tigɛ min bɛ bɔ kɛnɛ kan, n’o ye degere 45 ye, o bɛ nɔgɔ jɛnsɛnnen ɲɛda bɛɛ bila sanjiba bintɔw ka bɔgɔbɔgɔli la ani sɛbɛnw jibɔ la, o min bɛ teliya ka kɔjiw ni pibilikiw bɛ kulu kɔnɔ minnu jugumanba don, minnu juguya ye mɛtɛrɛ 5 ye. O nɔ na, ​​dugukoloko injiniyɛri minnu bɛ Iowa, Misisipi ani Sinuwa jamana na, olu ye loess bluffs tigɛ ka kɛ **stepped vertical or near-vertical ($75°\text{ to }80°$) benches (terraces)** ye minnu faralen don ɲɔgɔn kan ni pave, lined horizontal drainage ditches ye sigilan kelen-kelen bɛɛ kɔfɛ walasa sanji ji kana boli abada ka jigin silt ɲɛda jɔlen na.

Dɛmɛ fɔlɔ jumɛnw ka kan ka kɛ ni mɔgɔ dɔ su donna loess banki walima bɔgɔdaga binna fɛ?¶

Loess nɔgɔ jalen walima min ɲiginnen don, o bɛ kari ka kɛ mugu finman ye min bɛ i n’a fɔ mugu, ni a bɛ a gosi, o bɛ pake ka ɲɛ disi lamini na ka nugu, da ani fiɲɛbɔlan fa, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka mɔgɔ sɔgɔsɔgɔ joona miniti 2 fo miniti 4 kɔnɔ. Aw bɛ 911 / 112 / 999 wele joona, aw ye aw jija ka a lajɛ ni jirisunba jɔlen filanan si tɛ bin yɔrɔ la sani aw ka don, ka mɔgɔ minɛlen kunkolo sɔgɔ ani ka **disi kogo bɛɛ** hɔrɔnya ni bolow ni dagaw ye (aw kana nɛgɛso fiyentɔw kɛ abada kunkolo kɛrɛfɛ), ka nɔgɔ jɛman finmanw bɔ da ni nuguw la ni fini ye, ka kisi ninakili daminɛ ani ka CPR kɛ joona ni u tɛ jaabi di. Ni aw ye dɛmɛ fɔlɔ ni CPR kalan min sɛgɛsɛgɛlen don Croix Rouge fɛ, St John Ambulance fɛ, walima sigida furakɛlikɛla dɔ fɛ, o bɛ aw labɛn ka ɲɛnamaya kisi lakununni kɛ.

Gafe minnu bɛ tali kɛ o ko la¶

• Sinkɔlɔw ni dugukolo binkanni barikamaw kisi
• Dugukolo jiginni, bɔgɔbɔgɔli ani nɔgɔw bɛ woyo ka bɔ mɔgɔw la
• Bɔgɔ bɔgɔ min bɛ bonya, ja bɛ jigin, ani a jusigilanw kari
• Scaffolding binna, trench cave-in, ani jɔli binna

Sosow ani ɲɛmɔgɔyaso ka bilasiralikan¶

• Etazuni jamana ka dugukoloko sɛgɛsɛgɛli (USGS) ani Iowa dugukoloko sɛgɛsɛgɛli: Jeyotɛkiniki nafolo, jiko gɛlɛya, ani kuluw sabatili Midcontinent Loess Deposits (Western Iowa Loess Hills ani Lower Mississippi Valley Bluffs).
• Etazuni ka Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) ani U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE Vicksburg District): Dɔgɔtɔrɔso dilanni ni a jɔli dugukolow kan minnu bɛ se ka bin loess: Sani u ka jigin, jibɔ kɔfɛ, ani dugukolo jukɔrɔla pibilikiw / Kɔnɔna bɔgɔbɔli kunbɛnni.
• Sina jamana ka nafolo sɔrɔcogo minisiriso (MNR) ani Sinuwa dugukoloko sɛgɛsɛgɛli (CGS): Loess Plateau dugukoloko faratiw kɔlɔsili, Cave-Dwelling (Yaodong) Saturation Collapse Prevention, ani Loess Sinkhole / Flowslide lasɔmini joona sariyaw.
• Lamini Kanterbury (ECan) ani GNS dɔnniya (New Zealand): Tunnel-Gully (Loess Piping) sɛnɛfɛnw sɛnɛcogo ani kuluw kan sanjiba ji ɲɛnabɔli Banks Peninsula ani South Island Loess Slopes kan.
• Baarakɛlaw ka lakana ni kɛnɛyako ɲɛnabɔli (OSHA, Etazuni, 29 CFR 1926 Subpart P): Sɛgɛsɛgɛli ni bɔgɔdaga lakanani sariyaw: Sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ/Loess minnu bɛ se ka bin, olu danfara iko dugukolo suguya B/C sabatibaliw ani Trench Box Shoring wajibiyalen.