Downed power lines on your car and step potential¶

When a live overhead utility wire drops onto your motor vehicle or touches the ground nearby after a crash, storm, or pole impact, the metal shell of your car and the surrounding roadway become charged with thousands of volts of lethal electricity. Stepping out of the vehicle normally creates an instant bridge for high-voltage electrical current to flow through your body into the earth, causing immediate fatal electrocution. Even after you are clear of the car, walking normally across energized pavement can send thousands of volts surging up one leg and down the other through a phenomenon called step potential.

Unless your vehicle is actively on fire, the safest place in the world during a downed power line emergency is sitting still inside the passenger cabin until utility crews shut off the power grid. This guide provides immediate survival actions, explains the physics of Faraday cages, touch potential, and step potential, details the exact jump-and-shuffle fire evacuation sequence, and covers electric vehicle and heavy equipment protocols based on guidance from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the United States, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the United Kingdom, and international electrical safety standards.

Aw bɛ o kɛ sisan¶

1. Stay inside your vehicle and keep your hands in your lap. Keep your seatbelt fastened or stay seated in the center of your seat. Do not touch any interior metal door frames, window pillars, metal latches, or exterior body panels.
2. Never step out of the vehicle normally. Touching any part of the car while your foot touches the ground creates touch potential, completing a high-voltage circuit straight through your heart into the earth.
3. Call your local emergency number immediately from inside the cabin. Dial 911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, 000 in Australia, or consult the directory of kɔrɔtɔko nimɔrɔw. Tell the dispatcher explicitly: "A downed power line is on or near my vehicle at [exact location]," so the electric utility company can de-energize and ground the circuit.
4. Warn approaching bystanders and first responders to stay far back. Honk your horn repeatedly and shout through a slightly cracked window to warn anyone walking toward your car to stop immediately and stay at least 10 to 15 meters (33 to 50 feet) away from the vehicle, the pole, and any sagging or fallen wires (and at least 30 to 50 meters [100 to 165 feet] away from high-voltage transmission towers).
5. Wait inside until electric utility crews confirm the line is dead and grounded. Do not attempt to exit the car just because the wire stopped sparking, and do not step out until utility linemen or firefighters physically verify that the line is de-energized and tell you it is safe.
6. Jump clear with both feet together and shuffle away ONLY if the car catches fire. If flames, heavy smoke, or leaking fuel force you to abandon the vehicle, push the door fully open using the plastic interior handle without touching outer metal, stand on the dry rubber floor or plastic sill, fold your arms tightly across your chest, jump completely clear so both feet land on the ground at the exact same instant without touching the car, and shuffle both feet pressed together for at least 15 meters (50 feet).

Downed power line and vehicle fire decision tree¶

flowchart TD
    Root["Downed Power Line on Vehicle, Across Roadway, or Near Crash Scene"]
    Where{"Are you inside the vehicle or an outside bystander?"}

    Outside["OUTSIDE BYSTANDER / APPROACHING DRIVER<br/>1. Stop at least 15 meters (50 feet) back; 30+ m (100+ ft) for transmission lines<br/>2. Never drive over a downed wire or touch metal guardrails/fences<br/>3. Shout to trapped occupants to STAY INSIDE their car<br/>4. Call 911 / 112 / 999 and request emergency utility dispatch"]

    Inside["INSIDE THE TRAPPED VEHICLE"]
    FireCheck{"Is the vehicle actively on fire, filling with smoke,<br/>or showing EV battery thermal runaway?"}

    SafeStay["NO FIRE: STAY INSIDE THE FARADAY CABIN<br/>1. Do NOT step out and do NOT try to drive away if tangled<br/>2. Keep hands in lap away from metal door frames and pillars<br/>3. Call 911 / 112 / 999 to report live wire on vehicle<br/>4. Honk horn and warn bystanders back 15 meters (50 feet)<br/>5. Wait until utility crew grounds the line and clears you"]

    FireEvac["ACTIVE FIRE: EMERGENCY JUMP-AND-SHUFFLE EVACUATION<br/>1. Push door wide open using plastic handle; do NOT touch outer metal<br/>2. Stand on interior plastic/rubber threshold and spot clear landing area<br/>3. Cross arms tightly over chest (hold small child/pet tightly to chest)<br/>4. JUMP completely clear with both feet together (never bridge car & ground)<br/>5. Land on BOTH feet simultaneously with knees slightly bent<br/>6. SHUFFLE both feet pressed together (slide soles 5 cm at a time)<br/>for at least 15 meters (50 feet) before walking normally"]

    Root --> Where
    Where -->|Outside Bystander| Outside
    Where -->|Inside Vehicle| Inside
    Inside --> FireCheck
    FireCheck -->|No Fire| SafeStay
    FireCheck -->|Yes: Fire or Smoke| FireEvac

The physics of survival: why staying inside keeps you alive¶

Understanding how high-voltage electricity behaves when a wire contacts a car and the earth explains why stepping out normally kills instantly, and why you must change how your feet move if forced to escape a fire.

1. The Faraday cage effect vs the rubber tire myth¶

A widespread public myth claims that a car is safe during a lightning strike or downed power line because its rubber tires insulate the vehicle from the ground. When dealing with high-voltage power lines, the rubber tire myth is false and dangerous: - Standard passenger car tires are manufactured with carbon black (for tread durability) and internal steel belts, making them partially conductive at high voltages. - Ni 7200 fo 34500 volt tilatilali sira binna mobili sanfɛla walima a ka wuluwulu kan, o bɔgɔdaga bɛ tigɛ nɔgɔya la ka tɛmɛ walima ka tɛmɛ lastikuw kɛrɛfɛla ɲiginnen fɛ ka don sira kɔnɔ, walima ka pankurunw sumaya kojugu fo u ka tasuma minɛ ka pɛrɛn, ka nɛgɛberew fili siraba kan k’a ɲɛsin u ma. - Fɛn min b’i tanga tiɲɛ na mobili kɔnɔ, o ye Faraday cage principle (equipotential bonding) ye: kuran bɛ woyo ka tɛmɛ nɛgɛ walima aliminiyɔmu mobili karamɔgɔ kɛnɛma fɛ ka taa dugukolo fan fɛ. Ni i sigilen bɛ kabini kɔnɔ pewu k’a sɔrɔ i ma maga kɛnɛma dugukolo la, i farikolo yɔrɔ bɛɛ bɛ kuran hakɛ (voltaji) kelen tigitigi la ni kɔnɔna kabini min bɛ i lamini. I n’a fɔ kɔnɔnin sigilen bɛ lafiya la sanfɛla nɛgɛ kan min fanga ye 13 800 ye, a sen fila bɛɛ bɛ kabali kelen kan, kuran zeru bɛ woyo i farikolo la ni tension zeru danfara (danfara min bɛ se ka kɛ) bɛ i farikolo yɔrɔw la.

2. Touch potential: mun na ka bɔ mobili kɔnɔ, o bɛ mɔgɔ faga¶

I mana mobili da wuli yɔrɔnin kelen k’i sen kelen bila asfalt kan k’a sɔrɔ i bolo, i kɔkili, walima i sen wɛrɛ bɛ maga nɛgɛ da la walima rocker panel la hali bi, i b’i ka equipotential protection tiɲɛ ani ka Touch Potential da: - I bolo min bɛ maga mobili chassis la, o bɛ layini dafalen wuli (misali la, 13.800 volts). - I sen min bɛ lafiɲɛ siraba kan min bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 0,6 (sen 2) bɔ, o bɛ dugukolo fanga dɔgɔyalenba la (misali la, 8000 volts). - Ka kɛɲɛ ni Ohm ka sariya ye (\(I = V / R\)), o 5800-volt danfara hadamaden farikolo ɲiginnen dɔ kan min bɛ se ohms 1000 ma, o bɛ **6 amperes ɲɔgɔnna wuli ka bɔ i bolo la, ka tɛmɛ i disi ni i dusukun kan, ka i sen bɔ duguma. Ni an y’a jateminɛ ko 0,05 fo 0,1 amperes (miliamper 50 fo 100) dɔrɔn de bɛ se ka kɛ sababu ye ka ventriculaire fibrillation fagalen lawuli, ka mobili ni dugukolo cɛtigɛ, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka dusukun jɔ yɔrɔnin kelen ani ka kɔnɔna funteni jugumanba bila mɔgɔ la.

3. Voltage gradients ani step potentiel ("The Ripple Effect") .¶

Hali n’i sera ka pan ka bɔ mobili la k’a sɔrɔ i ma maga a la, dugukolo yɛrɛ min bɛ mobili lamini ani nɛgɛ min binna, o ye kuran minɛn fagalen ye.

Ni nɛgɛ ɲɛnama walima mobili karamɔgɔ min fanga bɛ a la, o ye kuran pikiri kɛ dugukolo la, dugukolo, bɛton walima nɛgɛso tɛ kuran ta nɔgɔya la i n’a fɔ nɛgɛbere. Ikomi dugukolo ka kuran-kɛlɛ ka bon, a kuran bɛ jigin dɔɔni dɔɔni ni mɛtɛrɛ kelen-kelen bɛɛ yɔrɔ ka jan a yɔrɔ la, ka kɛ bololanɛgɛ cɛmancɛ yebaliw ye minnu fanga bɛ dɔgɔya minnu bɛ yeelen bɔ kɛnɛma dugukolo kan i n’a fɔ jirisunw bɛ kabakurun lamini min bɛ bin kɔ kɔnɔ:

• Ni fili walima mobili bɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ yɔrɔ la: 13.800 volts
• Ni a bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 1 (sen 3,3) bɔ: ~9500 volts
• Ni a bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 2 (sen 6,6) bɔ: ~6,800 volts
• Ni a bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 3 (sen 10) bɔ: ~4,900 volts
• Ni a bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 6 (sen 20) bɔ: ~2100 volts
• Ni a yɔrɔ ka jan mɛtɛrɛ 10 fo 15 la: A bɛ gɛrɛ 0 volt (ka kɛɲɛ ni voltage ni dugukolo nɔgɔ ye)

Sisan, i ka miiri min bɛ kɛ ni i panna ka bɔ mobili la mɛtɛrɛ 1 bololanɛgɛ la, ka tila ka taama walima boli taamacogo nɔgɔman dɔ ta min bɛ se mɛtɛrɛ 0,8 ma ka taa lakana sira fɛ: - Aw ka kɔ sen jɔlen bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 1 bololanɛgɛ kan ni 9500 volts ye. - Aw ka ** ɲɛfɛ sen** bɛ jigin mɛtɛrɛ 1,8 bololanɛgɛ kan ni 7200 volts ye. - Ikomi i senw ni joli siraw falen bɛ kɔgɔ la, min bɛ se ka kuran ta, n’a kuran bɛ se ka minɛ kosɛbɛ ka tɛmɛ asfalt jalen walima nɔgɔ kan, o la, danfara min bɛ i sen fila ni ɲɔgɔn cɛ 2300 volt (Step Potential) o bɛ sira ta min tɛ se ka kɛlɛ ka dɔgɔn: kuran bɛ wuli ka wuli i kɔ sen kan ka ɲɛ, ka tɛmɛ i kɔkolo ni i kɔnɔbara fɛ, ka jigin i ɲɛfɛ sen na. - O sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ bɛ i sen fasaw datugu o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ tetaniki sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ la (muscular freeze), k’i gosi ka kɛ i kɔnɔbara kan walima i bolow ni i gɛnɛgɛnɛw kan siraba kan, yɔrɔ min na sisan i bolow ni i senw bɛ mɛtɛrɛ 2 (sen 6,6) wuli ka bɔ i dusukun na, ka kuran don i la o yɔrɔ la.

Kɔrɔtɔko panni-ni-suffle kɛcogo ni mobili tasuma donna¶

Kuranba min bɛ tɛmɛ mobili chassis fɛ ka don pankurunw kɔnɔ, o bɛ teliya ka lastikuw ni wotoro biriki sumaya, tuma caman na, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka pankurunw sisi, ka tasuma minɛ, ka kari ni mankanba ye miniti damadɔ kɔnɔ. Aw k’a kɔlɔsi ko sigarɛtimin walima pankurunw wulilen dɔrɔn tɛ a jira tuma bɛɛ ko mɔbili kɔnɔmɔgɔw ka so bɛ tasuma don. Nka, ni tasuma donna wotoro kɔlɔnw kɔnɔ, ni dibi sisiba ye mɔbili kɔnɔmɔgɔw ka so fa, walima ni gazi / EV batiri lafiɲɛbɔ ye tasuma don, aw ka kan ka bɔ yen joona ni Jump-and-Shuffle Technique ye.

Tasuma bɔli protocole senfɛ-senfɛ¶

1. Aw bɛ aw ka jiginyɔrɔ da wuli ka a lajɛ sani aw ka da wuli: Aw bɛ fɔlɔ ka fan fila bɛɛ lajɛ. Aw bɛ a dɔn mobili fan min ka jan ni nɛgɛ jiginen ye, baarakɛminɛn karilen, ji jɔlen jidagayɔrɔw, walima nɛgɛ siraba kɔlɔsililanw. Ni bolifɛntigi ka da bɛ ni nɛgɛ ye min sirilen bɛ a la, i bɛ wuli ka tɛmɛn cɛmancɛ konsolɛ kan walasa ka bɔ mɔbili kɔnɔmɔgɔw ka da fɛ.
2. Aw bɛ da wuli ka da wuli ni plastiki dɔrɔn ye: Aw bɛ kɔnɔna plastiki da sɔgɔlan sama ka da wuli ka da a kan ka da a ka fɛnɲɛnɛma jɔli kan ni plastiki kɔnɔna bolokɔfɛfɛn walima panɛri ye. Aw kana aw bolokɔniw siri abada da nɛgɛda la min pentirilen don walima nɛgɛ B-pilari la.
3. Aw bɛ jɔ ka kɛɲɛ ni kɔnɔna da la: Aw bɛ aw jɔ dugumalan jalen kan min dilalen don ni lastikuw ye walima plastiki sɔgɔlan kan min bɛ da la. Aw bɛ jatigila kɔw, fulakɛw, waribɔlan sirilanw, walima fini janw bɛɛ lajɛlen lajɛ walasa foyi kana tugu aw ​​kɔfɛ ani ka nɛgɛ rocker panneau bruise ni aw bɛ pan.
4. Aw bɛ aw bolokɔniw datugu ka ɲɛ aw disi la: Aw bɛ aw bolokɔni fila bɛɛ tigɛ ka ɲɛ aw disi kan ka aw kamankunw minɛ minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn kɛrɛfɛ (walima aw bɛ aw kɔkiliw siri ka ɲɛ aw kɔkiliw la). Ni mɔgɔw bɛ pan ka taa ɲɛfɛ, u ka dacogo ye k’u bolow fili kɔfɛ walasa ka balansi sɔrɔ, n’i y’i bolow tigɛ, o b’a to i bolo kana nɛgɛ mobili da gosi i kɔfɛ bala la, n’i senw bɛ siraba kan.
5. Jump clear with both feet together: Spring outward away from the car so that your entire body is completely in the air before your feet touch the road. Focus on balance and clearance (0.5 to 1 meter / 2 to 3 feet out) rather than trying to set a long-jump record, which causes people to slip and fall backward onto the car.
6. Land on BOTH feet at the exact same instant: Keep your ankles and knees pressed side-by-side and bend your knees slightly like shock absorbers as the soles of both shoes hit the pavement simultaneously. Because both feet land in the exact same voltage ring at the exact same microsecond, there is zero voltage difference between your legs. (If you feel yourself losing balance on landing, curl into a ball and fall forward away from the car, never backward toward the vehicle.)
7. Shuffle (or hop) with both feet pressed together for at least 15 meters (50 feet):
8. The Shuffle (Recommended on pavement, gravel, ice, or uneven ground): Keep the insides of both shoes pressed tightly against each other so your feet never separate by more than a few centimeters. Slide one foot forward just 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) without lifting the sole off the ground, then slide the other foot up to meet it, moving like a penguin. Keeping your soles sliding on the ground with your ankles touching guarantees that both feet remain at the same voltage potential while giving you stable two-foot balance so you cannot trip and fall.
9. The Two-Foot Bunny Hop (Alternative): Hop forward with both feet locked tightly together so both shoes leave the ground and land together at the exact same time. Never hop on one foot (if you lose balance on one foot, your other foot or hand will slam down a meter away across a deadly voltage gradient).
10. Continue shuffling until you are at least 15 meters (50 feet) away from a neighborhood distribution line (or 30 to 50 meters [100 to 165 feet] away from a high-voltage transmission line).

Evacuating with infants, small children, or pets¶

If a vehicle fire forces you to evacuate with a baby, toddler, or dog inside the car: - Infants and small children you can carry: Unbuckle the child from their car seat inside the cabin. Do not carry the heavy plastic car seat carrier out of the car (which makes it nearly impossible to jump and land balanced on two feet without falling). Hold the child tightly against the center of your chest with both arms, stand on the threshold, jump clear together as a single unit, land on both feet, and shuffle 15 meters (50 feet) away while holding the child off the ground. - Older children: Instruct the child carefully before opening the door. Have the child cross their arms, jump clear on both feet, and shuffle away first while you watch from inside the cabin, and then follow them along the exact same path. - Dogs and pets: Never let a dog jump out of the car on a leash or walk across the ground near a downed power line, because a four-legged animal front paws and back paws are separated by 0.5 to 1 meter (1.5 to 3 feet) and their bare paw pads are moist, dogs are electrocuted almost instantly by step potential. Pick small or medium dogs up in your arms and jump and shuffle with them; if a large dog cannot be lifted, keep them inside until the fire department and utility crew de-energize the line.

Comparing power line classes, voltages, and safety perimeters¶

Sanfɛla filiw bɛɛ tɛ tension kelen ta walima u tɛ bɔli radius kelen de wajibiya. Aw bɛ baara kɛ ni nin tabali in ye walasa ka layini suguya dɔn ani ka lakana lamini ɲuman sigi:

Special vehicle scenarios: EVs, convertibles, motorcycles, and heavy trucks¶

Different vehicle designs alter how electricity flows through the chassis and what secondary hazards you must watch for:

Farati duuru minnu bɛ mɔgɔ faga, minnu bɛ kisibagaw ni kɛrɛfɛmɔgɔw minɛ¶

San o san, Samarikaw minnu ŋaniya ka ɲi, minnu bɛ bolifɛnw sama, ani hali mɔgɔ minnu bɛ dɛmɛ fɔlɔ kɛ, olu bɛ faga nɛgɛ binna yɔrɔ minnu na, bawo u bɛ kuran farati duuru yebaliw ye:

1. Automatic circuit reclosers (The "Dead Wire" Ambush): Sanfɛla tilali fili fanba bɛ sɔrɔ waati dɔɔnin jiribolow ka filiw bruise fiɲɛ fɛ. Walasa ka sigida bɛɛ ka kuran tigɛ bali ka bɔ jiriw ka pɔnpe misɛnninw na, utilité substations bɛ baara kɛ ni otomatiki ye min bɛ wele ko reclosers. Ni nɛgɛ dɔ binna ka surunya mobili walima sira kan, recloser bɛ kuran faga segin damadɔ kɔnɔ, o bɛ kɛ sababu ye ka nɛgɛ 13 800 wuli ka segin ka jigin layini kan siɲɛ 2, 3, walima 4 ka tugu ɲɔgɔn na** miniti damadɔ kɔnɔ (walima fo ka se fiɲɛbɔlan dɔ fiyɛli ma walima fɛɛrɛtigi dɔ ka switch da wuli). Aw kana gɛrɛ fili la abada dɔrɔn bawo a sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛw jɔra.
2. Siraba lakanani ni cakɛda kogo minnu bɛ fanga sɔrɔ: Nɛgɛ W-beam siraba kɔlɔsililanw, kabali barikalanw, nɛgɛso siraw, ani nɛgɛ cakɛda walima nɛgɛbere kogow ye nɛgɛdagalanw ye minnu bɛ to senna minnu bɛ taa mɛtɛrɛ kɛmɛ caman (yards). Ni kuran sira min binna, o binna nɛgɛdaga dɔ kan, mɛtɛrɛ 200 (sen 650) ka jigin sira kan, ka bɔ i ɲɛ na, n’i y’i jigi da o kɔlɔsililan kan walima ka wuli a kan i ka pankurun binna yɔrɔ min na, o bɛna kuran bila i la o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ. Aw kana maga abada kogo walima garadilan si la, min bɛ fɛnɲɛnamafagalan tiɲɛnen dɔ kɛrɛfɛ.
3. Asifalt ɲiginnenw, jidagayɔrɔw, ani sanjiba jibɔyɔrɔw: Ji min ɲagaminen don sira kɔgɔ ni nɔgɔ la, o bɛ kuran bila siraba kan ani ka jigin sirada la kɔw fɛ. Aw kana taama abada ji jɔlen walima bin ɲiginnenw fɛ layini jiginlen kɛrɛfɛ.
4. "Lɔgɔ bɔrɔ walima juru" kisi nsiirin: Aw kana a ɲini abada ka utilité wire jiginen gɛrɛntɛ walima k’a kɔrɔta ka bɔ mobili la walima mɔgɔ min hakili tɛ a la, ni jiri bɔrɔ ye, ni jiri 2x4 pankurun ye, ni jiribolo ye, ni PVC pipe ye, walima nilon juru ye. O du ladilikan sariyaw bɛ tali kɛ dɔrɔn du kɔnɔ minɛnw na minnu bɛ se 120 ma. Ni kuran bɛ se 7200 fo 34500 ma kɛnɛma, kuran min ka bon, o bɛ taa ɲɛfɛ ka tɛmɛ ji misɛnninw fɛ, jisuma, ani dugukolo sanfɛla nɔgɔw fɛ jiri, plastiki walima juru kan, ka bɔrɔ tigɛli kɛ ka kɛ fɛn ye min bɛ mɔgɔ faga, ka kisibaga faga o yɔrɔnin bɛɛ. Utility linemen minnu bɛ baara kɛ ni laboratuwari-sɛgɛsɛgɛli ye, fibreglasi hot sticks minnu hakɛ ye 100.000+ volts ye ani minnu bɛ dielectric rubber gloves ni butikiw don minnu bɛ tensionba don, olu dɔrɔn de bɛ se ka utilité line lamaga.
5. Nɛgɛw ka camouflage invisible su asphalt kan: Sanfiɲɛ walima sufɛla binkanni kɔfɛ, aliminiyɔmu dibiman ni nɛgɛbere minnu datugulen don ni waati ye, n’olu dalen bɛ asfalt ɲiginnen nɛrɛma kan, olu tɛ ye pewu ɲɛfɛlanw na minnu tɛ yeelen bɔ. Ni aw ye utilité pole dɔ tigɛlen ye, transformateur (transformateur) sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ yɔrɔjan, walima ni mobili dɔ binna sirada la su fɛ, aw bɛ aw ka mobili jɔ mɛtɛrɛ 15 fo 30 (sen 50 fo 100) la ka segin kɔfɛ ani ka sanfɛla jirisunw sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛw sɛgɛsɛgɛ ni aw ka biɲɛba ye sani aw ka bɔ aw yɛrɛ ka mobili kɔnɔ.

Ɲininkali minnu bɛ kɛ tuma caman na¶

Sosow sɛgɛsɛgɛra¶

• Baarakɛlaw ka lakana ni kɛnɛyako ɲɛnabɔli (OSHA, Etazuni): Kuran bɔli, a cili ani a tilali sariya (29 CFR 1910.269 ani 29 CFR 1926 Subpart V): Senna-tɛgɛrɛ ni magali farati minnu bɛ se ka sɔrɔ ani gɛrɛgɛrɛ yɔrɔ fitininw.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and U.S. Fire Administration (USFA, United States): * Emergency Vehicle and Roadway Operations Around Downed Electrical Distribution and Transmission Lines*.
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Avoiding Danger from Overhead Power Lines (Guidance Note GS6) and Electrical Safety in Vehicle Recovery and Emergency Response.
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace (NFPA 70E) and Alternative Fuel Vehicles (EV) Emergency Field Guide.
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, International): IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding (IEEE Std 80): Step and Touch Voltage Equations.
• Energy Networks Association (ENA, United Kingdom and Australia): Look Up Look Live: Downed Power Line Survival, Jump and Shuffle Protocols, and Heavy Machinery Clearance Guidelines.

Gafe minnu bɛ tali kɛ o ko la¶

• What to do after a car crash
• Electric shock first aid
• Electric, hybrid, and hydrogen vehicle emergencies
• Lithium-ion battery fires
• Power outage at home
• Emergency phone numbers by country