Mapiri a Volcanic Lahars (Mudflows), Pyroclastic Density Currents, ndi Heavy Ashfall¶

Pamene mawonedwe a pa TV kuphulika kwa mapiri Nthawi zambiri zimangoyang'ana pa mitsinje yofiira ya chiphalaphala chomwe chikuyenda pang'onopang'ono chomwe anthu amatha kuchokapo mosavuta, zolemba zakufa kwa geological zomwe zidapangidwa ndi United States Geological Survey (USGS) ndi International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN) zikuwonetsa kuti anthu opitilira 90 peresenti ya kufa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri kumachitika chifukwa cha zoopsa zitatu zomwe zachitika mwachangu kwambiri kapena zofalikira: ziphalaphala zamoto (mamatope othamanga kwambiri ngati konkire ndi zinyalala zimayenda), ndi tephra wolemera ndi phulusa zomwe zimagwa ndikumanga madenga a makilomita makumi kutsika ndi kuziziritsa mpweya ndi magalasi owoneka bwino ophulika.

Zomwe mukufunikira kuti mupulumuke panthawi yomwe chiphala chaphulika chiphulika ndi kuchoka nthawi yomweyo ** pazidziwitso zaboma pyroclastic isanayambike kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwa lahars, ** kukwera motsatana ndi zigwa za mitsinje (mmwamba makoma a zigwa mpaka pamalo okwera, osatsika kapena kumtunda kwa chigwa) ngati lahar ndikuvalira, 5 kapena 9 FFP2 particulate respirator** yokhala ndi magalasi osatulutsa mpweya pakagwa phulusa, ndikuyang'anira kuti denga lathyathyathya kapena lotsika kwambiri liwunjike kotero kuti mutha kuthawa musanagwe masentimita 10 (ma mainchesi 4) a phulusa lachiphalaphala chonyowa lisanagwetse nyumbayo.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

Chokani m'madera otsetsereka nthawi yomweyo chenjezo likaphulika: Osadikirira kuti muwone phulusa kapena ziphalaphala musanachoke kumalo otetezedwa ndi mapiri. Mafunde a pyroclastic density currents amatsika m'mbali mwa phirili pa 160 mpaka 700 kilomita pa ola (100 mpaka 435 miles pa ola) pa kutentha kwa 300 mpaka 800 digiri Celsius (570 mpaka 1,470 madigiri Fahrenheit), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisatheke kuwadutsa wapansi kapena kukwera galimoto.
Ngati muli m'chigwa cha mtsinje ndikumva phokoso lakuya kapena siren ya lahar, kwerani molunjika m'mbali mwa chigwa nthawi yomweyo: Chiphalaphala chamoto ** lahars (matope osefukira)** amatha kutsika m'zigwa za mitsinje mpaka 50 mpaka 100 kilomita (30 mpaka 60 miles) kutali ndi phirili pa 30 mpaka 500 mailosi 800 pa ola (makilomita 800) tsiku loyera kapena masabata pambuyo pa kuphulika kutha pamene mvula imagwa paphulusa lotayirira. Tsitsani matumba olemera ndikuthamanga kapena kuyendetsa ** molunjika kumtsinje wamtsinje ** kukwera pamtunda, phiri, kapena khoma la canyon osachepera ** 20 mpaka 30 mamita (65 mpaka 100 mapazi) ** pamwamba pa chigwa. Osawoloka mlatho pamene chinyanja chikuyandikira.
Tetezani mapapu anu ndi maso anu ku phulusa lotentha lamoto nthawi yomweyo: Phulusa lachiphalaphala si utsi wofewa wa nkhuni; ndi thanthwe lophwanyika, kristalo wa silica, ndi magalasi osawoneka bwino a galasi lamoto lomwe lakutidwa ndi sulfuric ndi hydrochloric acid. Valani snug NIOSH N95, EN 149 FFP2/FFP3, kapena P2 particulate respirator mask (kapena nsalu yonyowa ya thonje yamitundu ingapo pamphuno ndi pakamwa panu pakachitika ngozi), chotsani magalasi olumikizana nthawi yomweyo, ndi kuvala mozungulira kapena magalasi osatulutsa mpweya.
Khalani m’nyumba, muzitseka ma HVAC ndi mpweya wolowa, ndipo mumatsekera phulusa lalikulu: Tsekani ndi kukhoma mazenera onse, zitseko, zozimitsa moto, ndi polowera mpweya. Zimitsani zotenthetsera zapakati, zotenthetsera ng'anjo, ndi zoyatsira mawindo zomwe zimakokera mpweya wakunja m'nyumba kapena kuwotcha ma injini awo ndi galasi lagalasi.
Mverani denga likubuula ndikuchoka phulusa lisanathe kupitirira 10 centimita (4 mainchesi): Phulusa lowuma lachiphalaphala limalemera 5 mpaka 10 kuposa chipale chofewa, ndipo phulusa lachiphalaphala chonyowa ndi mvula limasanduka thabwa lolimba lolemera 1,500 mpaka 1,500 mpaka 1,500 mpaka 1,500 mpaka 2,000 kilometre 2,000 pa kilogalamu imodzi pa phazi la kiyubiki). Ngati kuya kwa phulusa padenga lathyathyathya kapena lalitali likuyandikira masentimita 7.5 mpaka 10 ( mainchesi 3 mpaka 4)**, kapena ngati zitseko zamkati zikuphwanyidwa, mazenera akung'ambika, kapena denga likuphwa, tulukani m'nyumbayo mwamsanga denga lisanagwe.
Pewani kuyendetsa galimoto pakagwa phulusa pokhapokha ngati mutathawa kudera lomwe lagwa phulusa: Phulusa likagwa limapangitsa kuti masana asamaoneke bwino, kumatseka zosefera za injini m'mphindi zochepa (kuimitsa galimoto yanu mpaka kalekale), kuchotsa ma alternators amagetsi, ndikusandutsa misewu kukhala magalasi oterera, owononga mabuleki.

flowchart TD
    Start["Kuphulika kwa Ziphalaphala Zophulika, Lahar Siren, kapena Chenjezo Lachiphuphu Chachimphepo Choopsa"] --> ZoneCheck{"1. Kodi Muli Malo Owopsa a Ziphalaphala Ziti Panopa?"}
    ZoneCheck -->|Within 10 to 20 km of Crater / Pyroclastic Zone| EvacImmediate["Chokani Pomwepo Kutali ndi Volcano: Pyroclastic Flows Imayenda 160 mpaka 700 km/h pa 300 mpaka 800 C"]
    ZoneCheck -->|In a River Valley Draining the Volcano (Up to 80 km Away)| LaharClimb["Ngozi ya Lahar Mudflow: Poyamba Siren, Ground Tremor, kapena Rumble, Kwerani Perpendicular Up Valley Walls 20 mpaka 30 m High"]
    ZoneCheck -->|Downwind Town or City Receiving Falling Ash (Tephra)| AshShelter["Protocol Yolemera ya Ashfall: Yendani M'nyumba, Chotsani Ma Lens, Valani N95/FFP2 Mask ndi Goggles"]
    AshShelter --> SealHouse["2. Tsekani Mawindo/Ma Damper Onse, Zimitsani Kulowa Kwapa Mpweya kwa HVAC/AC, Chotsani Gutters za Madzi a Mvula Padenga ku Zitsime"]
    SealHouse --> RoofCheck{"3. Kodi Phulusa Limafika Pamasentimita 10 (4 mkati) Kapena Kodi Mvula Imasakanikirana Ndi Phulusa Padenga?"}
    RoofCheck -->|Yes, or Roof Creaks / Doors Jam| RoofEvac["Kugwa Kwa Dongo Loyandikira: Valani Chipewa Cholimba / Chipewa, N95, ndi Ma Goggles, ndikusamutsira Pamalo Otsetsereka kapena Olimbitsa."]
    RoofCheck -->|No: Under 5 cm (2 in) Dry Ash| SafeCleanup["Dikirani Mpaka Phulusa Lisiya Kugwa, Dampeni Phulusa Mopepuka ndi Nkhungu Yamadzi Musanasese, Musamatsuke Phulusa M'matsuko."]

Kuyerekeza zoopsa zitatu zakupha za mapiri: Pyroclastic flows, lahars, ndi ashfall¶

Kumvetsetsa momwe thupi limakhalira, liwiro, kutentha, ndi kufika kwa chiwopsezo chilichonse cha phirili kumafotokoza chifukwa chake njira zopulumutsira zimasiyana malinga ndi momwe mulili m'mphepete mwa phirili, m'chigwa cha mtsinje wapansi, kapena mumzinda wa makilomita 100 kutsika ndi mphepo.

Zowopsa Mbali	Pyroclastic Density Currents (Kuyenda ndi Kuthamanga)	Zophulika za Volcano (Zinyalala Zimayenda ndi Kusefukira Kwamatope)	Volcanic Tephra ndi Heavy Ashfall
Maonekedwe athupi	Mphepo yamkuntho yotentha kwambiri ya gasi, phulusa, pumice, ndi zidutswa za miyala zopangidwa ndi phiri lophulika kapena dome la lava.	Dothi laling'ono la 60 mpaka 80 peresenti ya miyala, miyala, mchenga, ndi phulusa lamapiri osakanikirana ndi 20 mpaka 40 peresenti ya madzi , yofanana ndi konkire yonyowa yokonzeka.	Zidutswa zamiyala zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya (tephra): mabomba/mabomba* (> 64 mm), lapilli / cinders (2 mpaka 64 mm), ndi phulusa lachiphalaphala (<2 mm magalasi opunthidwa ndi mchere wamchere).
Forward Speed	160 mpaka 700 km/h (100 mpaka 435 mph): Mofulumira kuposa mkuntho kapena kunyamuka kwa ndege zamalonda; zosatheka kuthawa.	30 mpaka 80 km/h (20 mpaka 50 mph) m’zigwa zotsetsereka, kuchedwetsa ku 15 mpaka 30 km/h (10 mpaka 20 mph) kudutsa zigwa za m’mphepete mwa nyanja.	Kutengeka ndi mphepo yamkuntho yopita kumtunda kwa 40 mpaka 120 km/h (25 mpaka 75 mph)*, kukhazikika kuchokera mumlengalenga kwa maola ambiri mpaka masiku.
Kutentha	300 mpaka 800 digiri Celsius (570 mpaka 1,470 madigiri Seshasi): Imayatsa nthawi yomweyo zinthu zina ndi kuyambitsa mpweya woipa wa m'mapapo.	Kuyambira ku kuzizira / kozungulira (malo obwera chifukwa cha mvula) kufika ku kutentha kotentha, 40 mpaka 95 digiri Celsius (104 mpaka 203 madigiri Fahrenheit) ikasungunuka kuchokera pamwamba pa madzi oundana ndi thanthwe lotentha.	Nthawi zambiri imazizira mpaka kutentha kwa mpweya wozungulira panthawi yomwe phulusa labwino limagwa pamtunda wopitilira 10 mpaka 15 kilomita kuchokera potulukira (pafupi ndi pumice lapilli imatha kutentha mokwanira kuyambitsa moto padenga).
Njira ya Geographic ndi Kufikira	Imakhazikika m'zigwa zozungulira phirili mpaka ku 10 mpaka 30 kilomita (6 mpaka 19 miles), pomwe madzi otsika a pyroclastic surges amatha kudumpha m'zitunda ndikuwoloka madzi otseguka.	Imatsata ndendende ngalande za mitsinje, zigwa za mitsinje, ndi zigwa zamadzi kukhetsa phirili mpaka 50 mpaka 100+ kilomita (30 mpaka 62+ miles) kuchokera pamwamba.	Mabulangete ponseponse (mapiri, zitunda, zigwa, ndi mizinda mofanana) kutsika kwa phirili kudutsa mazana mpaka masauzande a masikweya kilomita.
Pamene Ngozi Yachitika	Panthawi ya kuphulika kwamphamvu kapena dome yosakhazikika ya viscous lava itagwa mwakachetechete popanda kuphulika.	Panthawi ya kuphulika (chipale chofewa chosungunuka/chipale chofewa kapena nyanja zong'ambika) KODI kwa miyezi kapena zaka kuphulikako kutatha nthawi iliyonse mvula yamkuntho ikatsuka phulusa lotayirira m'malo otsetsereka.	Pakati ndi maola mpaka masiku kuchokera kuphulika kwa Plinian kapena sub-Plinian kuphulika kumakwera mumlengalenga.
Chochita Choyambirira Chopulumuka	Kusamutsidwa kusanachitike kuphulika kuchoka kumalo owopsa; ngati mutagwidwa poyera ndikuthawa zero, fufuzani chipinda chapansi pa nthaka kapena chipinda chapansi cha konkire chopanda mpweya nthawi yomweyo.	Kutuluka moimirira: Kwerani molunjika m'mbali mwa chigwacho kukafika pamalo okwera 20 mpaka 30 metres (mamita 65 mpaka 100) pamwamba pa mtsinje pasanathe mphindi 10 mpaka 30 za chenjezo.	Pogona m'malo yokhala ndi chitetezo chopumira cha N95/FFP2 ndi zipinda zotsekedwa, ndikuwunika kuchuluka kwa denga kuti mutuluke phulusa lonyowa lisanagwe.

Mafunde a Pyroclastic density: chifukwa chiyani madera opatula sangakambirane¶

A pyroclastic density current (PDC) ndiye chinthu chakupha kwambiri pa volcanology. Zili ndi zigawo ziwiri zomwe zikuyenda limodzi pa liwiro lapamwamba kwambiri kapena lapamwamba kwambiri: tsinde lalikulu ** pyroclastic flow ** ya miyala, pumice, ndi phulusa lomwe limakumbatira pansi pa zigwa, ndi mtambo wokulirapo, wachipwirikiti, wokulirakulira wa mpweya wotentha kwambiri ndi phulusa labwino lotchedwa ** pyroclastic surge ** * kukwera mapiri, kukwera pamwamba pa mapiri, kukwera pamwamba pa mapiri ndi kim. makilomita a m’nyanja kapena m’nyanja.

Momwe mafunde a pyroclastic amapangidwira¶

Kuphulika kwa mduli (kugwa kwa kasupe): Pa nthawi ya kuphulika koopsa, phirili likaphulika, phirili likaphulika mosakanikirana ndi phulusa losakanikirana kuti mpweya wotentha upite ku stratosphere, nsanamira yoongokayo imagwa mwadzidzidzi pansi pansi pa mphamvu yokoka ndipo imatsika mbali zonse za phirilo.
Kugwa kwa lava dome (mtundu wa Merapi kapena kutuluka kwa Peléan): Pamene magma yokhuthala, yomata, yokhala ndi mpweya wochuluka ituluka panja kuti ipange chitunda chotsetsereka, chosakhazikika (lava dome), mbali ya domeyo imatha kuphwanyidwa popanda kuphulika kwa chenjezo, kumasula kamphepo kamene kali ndi phokoso.
Kuphulika kwapambuyo pake: Kugumuka kwa nthaka kunachotsa mbali ya phirili (monga kunachitika ku Mount St. Helens ku United States mu 1980), kuphulitsa kuphulika kwamphamvu kopita m'mbali.

Ngati agwidwa pafupi ndi phiri lophulika pamene kutuluka kwa pyroclastic kumayambitsa¶

Chifukwa mpweya wa pyroclastic umapha mkati mwa masekondi kudzera **kupuma pang'onopang'ono kwa mpweya wotentha wa 300-to-600-degree-Celsius ndi phulusa kumawononga trachea ndi larynx kutseka) ndi kuvulala koopsa:

Ngati muli m'galimoto mumsewu wotseguka ndi mtambo wowoneka wakuda, wowira pansi womwe ukuthamanga kutsika phirilo: Yendetsani pa liwiro lotetezeka kwambiri kuchokera kuphiri lophulika komanso molunjika ku canyon iliyonse yolowera mtambo. Pindani mazenera onse mwamphamvu, sinthani mpweya wolowera mgalimoto kuti **Kuzunguliranso WOZIMWA / kutsekedwa kwathunthu **, ndikuyimba mosalekeza kuti muchenjeze ena.
Ngati kuthawa sikutheka ndipo kutha kwa masekondi pang'ono chabe (Pulogalamu Yomaliza ya Malo Omaliza): Lowani mkati mwa konkire yotsika kwambiri, yolimba kwambiri pansi pa nthaka yomwe ilipo (chipinda chapansi pa nthaka, chipinda chapansi cha konkire, kapena chipinda chopanda mawindo chamkati chamkati cha nyumbayo moyang'anizana ndi kutali ndi phiri lophulika). Tsekani zitseko zonse ndi mazenera, nyowetsani chopukutira kapena malaya okhuthala nthawi yomweyo, gwirani mwamphamvu pamphuno ndi pakamwa panu, kokerani zovala pakhungu lopanda kanthu, ndipo pindani kukhala mpira wothina pansi moyang'ana pansi kuti muteteze njira yanu yolowera mpweya mkati mwa mphindi ziwiri mpaka 5 za mtambo wotentha wa phulusa.

Ziphalaphala zophulika: kupulumuka matope a konkriti othamanga kwambiri m'zigwa za mitsinje¶

Liwu lachiindoneziya lakuti lahar limafotokoza za kusakanikirana kothamanga, koyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yokoka kwa zinyalala za miyala ya chiphalaphala ndi madzi amene amachokera kumapiri a phiri lophulika. Anthu amene sanaonepo lahar nthawi zambiri amayerekezera madzi osefukira amatope. Zoona zake, lahar ili ndi kusasinthasintha, kulemera, ndi mphamvu ya thupi ya **konkire yonyowa yomwe ikuyenda pa liwiro la misewu yayikulu **.

Chifukwa chakuti lahar imakhala ndi **80 peresenti ya miyala yolimba ndi mchenga pa kulemera kwake **, kachulukidwe kake ndi ** kuwirikiza kawiri kwa madzi **. Kuchulukirachulukiraku kumapangitsa kuti chiwombankhanga chikhale champhamvu kwambiri kotero kuti lahar imanyamula ndikuyandama movutikira **miyala yambiri ya granite yolemera matani angapo, magalimoto odula mitengo, masitima apamtunda, ndi milatho yonse yazitsulo zamsewu **, kuzigwiritsa ntchito ngati zimphona zazikulu zomenya kutsogolo kwa msewu kukameta nyumba iliyonse, mitengo, ndi zida zapansi. Choipa kwambiri n’chakuti, nthaŵi imene lahar ikucheperachepera n’kufalikira m’tauni yafulati yomwe ili m’munsi mwa chigwacho, madziwo amatuluka m’matopewo ndipo matopewo amasefukira ndi kulimba ngati simenti yothiridwa m’mphindi zochepa chabe **, n’kumatsekera msampha aliyense amene wagwidwa mpaka m’chiuno molimba kwambiri moti sangakokedwe popanda makina ofukula olemera.

Njira zitatu zomwe ma lahar amayambira (Kuphatikiza zaka phirili litatha)¶

Chipale chofewa ndi madzi oundana zimasungunuka pakaphulika (Primary Lahar): Pamene kutentha kwa pyroclastic kumayenda kapena chiphalaphala chikaphulika paphiri lachipale chofewa kapena phiri lomwe lakutidwa ndi madzi oundana (monga Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, kapena Mount Baker ku United States; Nevado del Ruiz ku Ecuador; kapena Mount Rainier ku Ecuador Zealand), madzi oundana mamiliyoni ambiri amasungunuka nthawi yomweyo ndikuthamangira m'chigwa chilichonse cha madzi oundana chochokera pamwamba pake.
Kuphulika kwa nyanja ya Crater: Kuphulika kwaphulika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya acidic summit crater, ndikutaya nyanja yonse pansi pa canyon.
Milala yoyambitsa mvula pambuyo pa kuphulika (Lahars Yachiwiri): Kwa **miyezi mpaka zaka zingapo pambuyo pa kuphulika kwakukulu kwa phulusa **, mapiri otsetsereka a phirili ali okwiriridwa ndi phulusa lotayirira, lopanda madzi lomwe linapha zomera zonse. Nthaŵi zonse mvula yamkuntho yamphamvu yachibadwa kapena chimphepo chamkuntho chikawomba phirilo, madzi amvula sangalowe m’phulusalo; m'malo mwake, imatsika pamapiri, kusakaniza ndi tephra yotayirira, ndikuyambitsa ziwawa ** zoyambitsa mvula zam'mphepete mwa mitsinje pamasiku pamene phirili liri chete.

Malamulo am'munda omwe atsala pang'ono kupulumuka ku lahar¶

Zindikirani chenjezo loyimbidwa ndi zowoneka:
Official Acoustic Flow Monitor (AFM) sirens lahar (omwe amamveka kulira kosalekeza kapena chenjezo la mawu m'zigwa zowopsa ngati Puyallup Valley m'munsi mwa phiri la Rainier) kapena zidziwitso zamwadzidzidzi.
Sitima yakuya, yosalekeza, yonyamula katundu kapena injini ya jet ** kugunda kwapansi ndi kugwedezeka ** kumachokera kumtunda komwe kumakulirakulira pamphindi iliyonse (mosiyana ndi chivomezi, chomwe chimafika pachimake ndikuzimiririka mkati mwa mphindi imodzi, phokoso la lahar limamanga mosalekeza pomwe thanthwe likuyandikira).
Mulingo wa mtsinje kugwa kapena kuwuma mwadzidzidzi (chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa nthaka komwe kukuwononga kwakanthawi phompho) KAPENA mtsinjewo ukusanduka wokhuthala, nthunzi, matope otuwa ndi mitengo yoyandama komanso fungo loipa la sulufule.
Kwerani, musayese kuthamangira lahar pansi pa chigwachi:
Ngati mukuyenda wapansi kapena mumsewu wopanikizana wa magalimoto pansi pa chigwa, tembenuzirani madigiri 90 kuchokera kumtsinje ndikukwera molunjika mpanda wapafupi wa chigwa, phiri, bluff, kapena chitunda chomwe mwasamutsirako.
Kungopeza 20 mpaka 30 metres (mamita 65 mpaka 100) okwera molunjika pamwamba pa ngalande ya mtsinje kumakupangitsani kuti musamafike pafupifupi ma lahar onse.
Osawoloka mlatho pamene chimphepo chikubwera kapena kuwoneka kumtunda kwa mtsinje: Ma Lahar nthawi zambiri amang'amba milatho pazipi zawo za konkire kapena kuwunjika zipika zazikulu pamasinjiro a mlatho, ndikusesa mlatho wonse ndi galimoto iliyonse yomwe ili pamenepo m'masekondi.
Osayendanso pamtunda womwe wangoikidwa kumene: Ngakhale chinyama cha lahar chikasiya kusuntha, kutumphuka kotuwa kowoneka kowuma kamakhala pamwamba pakangotha maola ochepa pomwe mkati mwake mumakhala opanda polowera, nthawi zina mchenga wotentha wowira kwa masiku kapena milungu ingapo. Kudikirira mpaka akatswiri azamalamulo ayese mphamvu yonyamula kuletsa kumira koopsa komanso kuyaka.

Phulusa lalikulu la chiphalaphala (Tephra): fiziki yakugwa kwa denga ndi kupulumuka mwadongosolo¶

Mosiyana ndi phulusa la nkhuni lochokera pamoto kapena moto wolusa (womwe umakhala wofewa, wopangidwa ndi nthenga wa kaboni womwe umasungunuka m'madzi ndikuwomba ndi kamphepo), phulusa lachiphalaphala limapangidwa ndi miyala yonyezimira, yophwanyika komanso ming'alu yakuthwa yagalasi ya silika (\(SiO_2\)) yophulika motalikirana.

Chifukwa chiyani phulusa lamapiri limagwera madenga mwachangu kuposa matalala¶

Makhodi omanga kumalo ozizira amapangira madenga a nyumba kuti azitha kupirira chipale chofewa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mpweya ndipo chimalemera 100 mpaka 200 kilogalamu pa kiyubiki mita (6 mpaka 12.5 mapaundi pa kiyubiki futi). Phulusa lachiphalaphala ndi thanthwe lolimba lophwanyika:

Zinthu za Padenga	Kuchulukirachulukira Kodziwika Kwambiri (Kulemera pa Kiyubiki Meta)	Kukwezedwa Padenga Ndi 10 cm (4 mainchesi) Yakuya	Zomangamanga Pazomanga Zofanana
Chipale chofewa Chowuma	100kg/m³ (6.2 lb/ft³)	10 kg/m² (2 lb/ft²), Pafupifupi 1,500 kg (matani 1.6) padenga la nyumba ya 150 m² (1,600 sq ft).	Mosavuta mothandizidwa ndi pafupifupi onse muyezo madenga.
Phulusa Lowuma la Chiphalaphala	700 mpaka 1,200 kg/m³ (44 mpaka 75 lb/ft³)	70 mpaka 120 kg/m² (14 mpaka 25 lb/ft²), 10,500 mpaka 18,000 kg (matani 11.5 mpaka 20) padenga la 150 m².	Apyola malire a kugwa kwa madenga azitsulo, mabwalo amoto, makhonde, madenga akale amatabwa, ndi nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zazikulu kapena malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Phulusa la Volcano Lonyowa / Lonyowetsedwa ndi Mvula	1,500 mpaka 2,000 kg/m³ (93 mpaka 125 lb/ft³)	150 mpaka 200 kg/m² (31 mpaka 41 lb/ft²), 22,500 mpaka 30,000 kg (25 mpaka 33 matani) padenga la 150 m².	Kugwa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa madenga ambiri a matabwa athyathyathya kapena otsika, ma trusses, ndi ngalande zamvula.

Yang'anani mvula ikusakanikirana ndi phulusa padenga lanu

Phulusa lachiphalaphala louma lomwe limaphulika limakhala ngati chinkhupule chachikulu padenga lanu: mvula ikayamba kugwa pakagwa phulusa kapena pambuyo pake, phulusalo limayamwa ndikusunga dontho lililonse la madzi amvula m'malo mowalola kuthamangira m'ngalande. **Phulusa la masentimita 10 (mainchi 4) limatha kulemera kuwirikiza kawiri pakangotha mphindi 30 mvula itagwa **, ndipo phulusa lonyowa limakwera m'zigwa ndi kutseka ngalande za mvula mpaka mitsinjeyo ing'ambika m'mphepete mwake ndipo zingwe zapadenga zimathyoka popanda chenjezo.

Zizindikiro zochenjeza za kugwa kwa denga ndi malamulo otetezeka ochotsera phulusa¶

Yang'anirani kuya kwa phulusa ndi zizindikiro zakupsinjika m'nyumba:
Yezerani kuchuluka kwa phulusa pamalo athyathyathya, otetezedwa ndi mphepo kunja kwa zenera. Phulusa likafika 5 mpaka 7.5 centimita (2 mpaka 3 mainchesi) padenga lathyathyathya kapena lotsika (kapena ngati mvula iyamba kugwa paphulusa lomwe lilipo), konzekerani kuchoka kapena kuchotsa denga pokhapokha ngati kuli kotetezeka.
Zizindikiro zotuluka nthawi yomweyo: Mukamva mawu akuti kutuluka kwakukulu, kung'ung'udza, kapena kubuula kuchokera padenga kapena padenga, onani ** pulasitala kapena khoma lowuma likung'ambika pamwamba pa denga **, zindikirani **mapulaneti akugwa **, kapena kupeza kuti zitseko zamkati zogona kapena zitseko zachipinda mwadzidzidzi zikugwedezeka ndipo sizikutsegula kapena kutseka (kutanthauza kuti makoma akugwa) Padenga, valani zipewa zolimba / zipewa, masks a N95, ndi magalasi, ndikutulutsa aliyense mnyumbamo nthawi yomweyo ** kupita ku nyumba yotsetsereka ya A-frame, pansi konkire yolimba, kapena galimoto yoyimitsidwa poyera kutali ndi mitengo ndi zingwe zamagetsi.
Imfa zogwa padenga panthawi yoyeretsa: Maphunziro azachipatala ataphulika (monga pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa Mount Pinatubo mu 1991 ndi kuphulika kwa Kelud mu 2014) akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri amafa kapena amathyoka msana chifukwa chotsetsereka padenga la phulusa poyeretsa kusiyana ndi madenga akugwera m'nyumba zawo. Phulusa lachiphalaphala pazitsulo, matailosi, kapena madenga a shingle limakhala ngati mamiliyoni a timipira tating'ono ting'onoting'ono, ndipo amasanduka mafuta oterera akamanyowa.
Ngati mukuyenera kuchotsa denga lotsika, lolimba kuti mupulumutse:
Osakweranso padenga pakagwa phulusa (kuoneka ndi ziro, mphezi zimawomba nthawi zonse mkati mwa phulusa lamapiri, ndipo kugwa kwa miyala/lapilli kumayambitsa kusweka kwa chigaza) ndipo osakwera denga lomwe layamba kugwa kapena kugwa.
Gwiritsani ntchito chochobora padenga lachitali kapena kukankha tsache mutayimirira pansi bwino kapena makwerero okhazikika kuti muzule phulusa m'mphepete mwa m'munsi.
Ngati simungalepherepo kuponda padenga lotsetsereka, valani chingwe chotchinga chomangika ndi chingwe chokwerera kumtengo wolimba kapena galimoto yomwe ili mbali ina ya nyumbayo, valani chopumira chaN95/FFP2 ndi magalasi omata*, ndipo chotsani phulusa kuchokera pansonga kutsika pansi kuti musadutse denga.
Chotsani madzi otsikira m'zitsime za madzi a mvula ndi ngalande za ku France nthawi yomweyo: Ikani chiguduli pamwamba pa ngalande kapena macheka/dulani pansi pa chitoliro chotsikirapo musanasese phulusa padenga; ngati phulusa lachiphalaphala limatsuka m'mapaipi amadzi amkuntho apansi panthaka kapena mitsinje yamadzi, imakhala ngati konkriti ndikuwononga dongosolo lonse la mipope.

Kuteteza mapapu, maso, ndi madzi akumwa ku phulusa lamapiri ndi mpweya wa asidi¶

Phulusa lomwe langogwa kumene limakhala laling'ono kuposa 10 ma micrometer (\(PM_{10}\)) ndi 2.5 micrometers (\(PM_{2.5}\)), zomwe zimawalola kulowa mkati mwa materminal bronchioles ndi alveoli a m'mapapo, pomwe magalasi awo atsopano amakhala ndi condensed drops \(2\) SO hydrochloric acid (\(HCl\)), ndi hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)).

1. Chitetezo chopumira (Chifuwa, COPD, ndi silica ya crystalline)¶

Nthawi zonse muzivala makina opumira panja kapena posesa phulusa: Zovala zodzitetezera kumakutu zokhazikika zimasiya mipata ikuluikulu pamasaya zomwe zimalowetsa magalasi abwino kwambiri a chiphalaphala kulowa mumpweya wanu. Gwiritsani chigoba chovomerezedwa ndi NIOSH cha N95, N99, kapena P100 (United States), chigoba cha EN 149 FFP2 kapena FFP3 (Europe/UK), kapena P2 chigoba (Australia/New Zealand), kukanikiza mlatho wachitsulo mwamphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zonse zapamutu.
** Chigoba chokonzekera mwadzidzidzi ngati palibe N95 yomwe ikupezeka:** Pindani T-sheti ya thonje yokhuthala, bandana, kapena chopukutira mbale mu **4 mpaka 8 zigawo **, ** ichepetseni pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi oyera ** (osanyowa, omwe amalepheretsa kupuma, ingonyowa mokwanira kuti tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono timamatira ku ulusi wonyowa komanso kusungunula kwamadzimadzi), kumapangitsa kuti madzi asungunuke asungunuke ndi madzi osungunula. bwino pamphuno ndi pakamwa pako.
Mphumu yowopsa kwambiri ndi chiwopsezo cha bronchitis: Ngakhale anthu omwe ali ndi ubwana wochepa mphumu amene kwa zaka zambiri sanayambe kusowa chokozera mpweya amavutika kwambiri ndi bronchospasm mkati mwa mphindi zochepa kupuma phulusa lamoto kapena sulfure dioxide (\(SO_2\)) gasi. Sungani zopulumutsira zopulumutsira (albuterol/salbutamol) m'thumba mwanu nthawi zonse ndipo khalani m'chipinda chotsekedwa mpaka phulusa litakhazikika.

2. Chitetezo cha m'maso: chifukwa chiyani magalasi olumikizana amayambitsa zotupa zazikulu za cornea¶

Osavala magalasi mkati kapena kwa masiku angapo pambuyo pa phulusa lamapiri. Tizigawo tating'ono ta magalasi otuluka m'chiphala chamoto timagwera pansi pa magalasi ofewa kapena olimba; Nthawi zonse mukamayang'anira, mandala olumikizana nawo amagaya magalasiwo pa cornea ngati sandpaper, zomwe zimayambitsa zozama, zowawa cornea abrasions ndi ma acid amayaka.

Sinthani magalasi a maso ndi kuvala magalasi osatulutsa mpweya panja: Magalasi otsetsereka otsetsereka, magalasi osambira, kapena magalasi otchinga achitetezo aku mafakitale amangotulutsa phulusa m'maso.
Phulusa lachiphalaphala likakugwerani m'maso: OSATIKUTITSA m'maso. Kuphethira mwachangu mukutsamira mbale kapena sinki, kokerani chikope chakumtunda pang'onopang'ono ndi zingwe za m'munsi, ndipo tsegulani diso lotseguka mosalekeza kwa Mphindi 10 mpaka 15 ndikutsukira mmaso kosabala kapena kuthirira madzi otuluka m'mabotolo.

3. Kuteteza madzi akumwa, ziweto, ndi magetsi¶

Kuopsa kwamadzi akumwa ndi hydrofluoric acid (\(HF\)): Chotsani ngalande zotsekera padenga m'mathanki amadzi amvula nthawi yomweyo kuphulika kukayamba. Ngakhale kuti phulusa laling'ono m'malo osungiramo madzi nthawi zambiri limayambitsa mtambo (turbidity) ndi kukoma kwa acidic pang'ono komwe malo oyeretsera madzi amatha kusefa, phulusa lochokera kumapiri ena ophulika omwe ali ndi fluorine (monga ku Iceland, New Zealand, kapena South America) limatulutsa poizoni fluoride m'madambo amadzi otseguka, omwe amatha kuwononga ziweto m'maola ochepa* kapena kuwononga ziweto* mwachangu. Sungani zonse ziweto ndi ziweto m'nyumba pa chakudya chophimbidwa ndi madzi apampopi/botolo aukhondo.
Phulusa lonyowa la "flashover" likuzimitsidwa pamagetsi amagetsi: Phulusa lowuma la chiphalaphala ndi chotchingira magetsi, koma pomwe mvula, nkhungu, kapena mame am'mawa amanyowetsa phulusa lomwe limakutira zotchingira zotentha kwambiri pamitengo ndi zosinthira, mchere wa asidi wosungunukawo umasintha phulusa lonyowa kukhala cholumikizira champhamvu chamagetsi. Magetsi okwera kwambiri amadutsa phulusa lonyowa (** insulator flashover **), kuphulitsa zosinthira ndikugwetsa mizinda yonse mu nthawi yayitali. kuzima kwa magetsi pomwe mapampu amadzi amafunikira kwambiri. Dzazani mabafa, miphika, ndi mitsuko yamadzi ndi madzi apampopi aukhondo mutangomva kuti kuphulika kwachitika, mtambo wa phulusa usanafike m'tauni yanu ndikugwetsa gridi yamagetsi.

Kuyeretsa phulusa pambuyo pa kuphulika ndi malamulo oteteza magalimoto¶

Phulusa likangoyima, kuyeretsa kumafuna kuleza mtima komanso kuletsa fumbi mwamphamvu kuti musamatsitsimutse magalasi okhazikika m'mapapu anu:

Phulusani phulusa pang'ono ndi madzi musanasese: Osaumitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chowuzira masamba paphulusa lamoto; zowombera masamba zimapanga mitambo ya silica yochititsa khungu, yowononga mapapo. Gwiritsani ntchito botolo la payipi kapena botolo lopopera kuti muchepetse phulusa (musasefukire m'matope), kenaka muyike mumatumba apulasitiki olemera (kudzaza thumba lililonse ** theka lathunthu **, ngati thumba lathunthu la phulusa lamapiri likulemera 40 mpaka 60 kilogalamu / 90 mpaka 130 mapaundi otsegula msana wanu).
Musamatsuke phulusa lachiphalaphala m'sinki zapakhomo, zimbudzi, kapena ngalande zamphepo yamkuntho: Phulusa limakhazikika mu misampha ya mapaipi ndi ngalande za ngalande za tauni ndikuuma kukhala konkire.
Chotsani zipangizo zapakhomo ndi vacuum HEPA fyuluta kapena mpweya woponderezedwa, osapukuta galasi louma ndi nsalu: Kupukuta phulusa louma pamagalasi amoto, magalasi a maso, solar panel, kapena magalasi a kamera ndi chiguduli kapena zopukuta zouma zouma zimakukuta zotsalira mugalasi. Muzimutsuka mowolowa manja ndi payipi poyamba, kapena pukutani pang'ono ndi masiponji onyowa.
Mukadayendetsa phulusa: Bwezerani m'malo mwake fyuluta ya mpweya wa injini ndi fyuluta ya mpweya wa kanyumba nthawi yomweyo, sinthani mafuta a injini ndi zosefera zamafuta, ndipo tsukani ma brake pads, rotor, ndi alternator housing musanayendetse bwino.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

What is a volcanic lahar, and how do you survive one if you are in a river valley?

A lahar is a high-speed volcanic mudflow composed of up to 80 percent rock, boulders, and ash mixed with water from melted summit snow/glaciers or heavy rain, giving it the density and destructive power of wet concrete moving at 30 to 80 kilometers per hour (20 to 50 miles per hour). If you hear a lahar siren or a deep freight-train rumble in a river valley draining a volcano, never try to outrun it downstream or cross a bridge; immediately run or drive perpendicular to the river straight up the nearest valley wall or hill to at least 20 to 30 meters (65 to 100 feet) above the valley floor.

How much volcanic ash on a roof can cause the roof to collapse?

Because volcanic ash is pulverized solid rock and glass rather than fluffy snow, it weighs 5 to 10 times more than snow when dry and up to 1,500 to 2,000 kilograms per cubic meter (93 to 125 pounds per cubic foot) when wet. Just 10 centimeters (4 inches) of rain-soaked volcanic ash adds 25 to 33 tons of weight to an average house roof, which is enough to collapse flat roofs, wide-span buildings, carports, and standard timber trusses. Evacuate immediately if ash approaches 10 centimeters or if you hear ceiling beams creaking or doors jamming.

Why must you never wear contact lenses or use windshield wipers without water during volcanic ashfall?

Volcanic ash consists of microscopic, razor-sharp shards of silica glass and hard mineral crystals. If ash slips under a contact lens, blinking grinds those glass shards directly into your cornea, causing severe corneal abrasions. Similarly, running windshield wipers over dry ash on a car windshield grinds the glass into permanent, opaque scratches; always wear eyeglasses and sealed goggles, and flush surfaces with copious water before wiping.

Can a dangerous volcanic mudflow (lahar) happen weeks or months after the eruption is over?

Yes, secondary (rain-triggered) lahars frequently occur months or even years after an explosive eruption ends. Because thick layers of loose volcanic ash kill vegetation and form a water-repellent crust on the mountain slopes, any heavy rainstorm or tropical cyclone can rapidly wash millions of tons of ash into river canyons, triggering deadly concrete-like mudflows on days when the volcano itself is completely dormant.

Why should you never wash volcanic ash down the sink or into street storm drains during cleanup?

When volcanic ash mixes with water and settles inside slow-moving plumbing P-traps, septic tanks, or municipal stormwater pipes, the dense rock and silica particles pack together and harden like poured cement, permanently blocking the entire drainage system. Always dampen ash lightly, shovel it into heavy-duty plastic bags filled only halfway (due to extreme weight), and dispose of it at designated municipal collection points.

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

Dongosolo la United States Geological Survey (USGS) la Volcano Hazards Program: Living with Volcanic Risk: Lahars, Pyroclastic Flows, and Volcanic Ash (Tephra) Roof Load and Cleanup Guidelines.
International Volcanic Health Hazard Network (IVHHN), World Health Organization (WHO), ndi Cities and Volcanoes Commission: The Health Hazards of Volcanic Phulusa: A Guide for the Public ndi *Malangizo Okonzekera Kusanachitike, Panthawi, ndi Pambuyo pa Phulusa *.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ndi Ready.gov (United States): *Kukonzekera kwa Volcano, Kuthamangitsidwa Patsiku kwa Lahars, ndi Chitetezo cha Chipale Chofewa / Phulusa *.
Sayansi ya GNS (Te Pū Ao) ndi National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA, New Zealand): Kuwonongeka kwa Phulusa la Volcanic Impacts on Critical Infrastructure, Roof Collapse Thresholds, and Agricultural Water Safety.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC, International): Malodi Oyankhira Masoka Okhudza Kuphulika kwa Ziphalaphala Zophulika ndi Kutuluka kwa Lahar.