ATV, UTV Rollover, ndi Go-Kart Drive Axle Tsitsi kapena Zovala Entanglement¶

Magalimoto a Off-road All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs), Utility Task Vehicles (UTVs kapena mbali-ndi-mbali), ndi zosangalatsa kapena zololeza go-karts zimapanga zochitika ziwiri zapadera, zowopsa zadzidzidzi zomwe zimachitika nthawi yayitali: klzzwxh:0000 puma), kuyatsa kwamoto wa petulo kutulutsa mutu wa 500-degree-Celsius (930-degree-Fahrenheit), ndi crush syndrome ngati yapanikizidwa kwa mphindi zopitilira 15 mpaka 60.

Panjira zogulitsira komanso makati osangalatsa akumbuyo, chowopsa choyika moyo pachiwopsezo chimakhala mainchesi kuseri kwa chotsogola cha dalaivala: pini yozungulira yakumbuyo, sprocket, ndi tcheni kapena lamba . Kutembenukira ku 1,500 mpaka 4,000 kuzungulira pamphindi (RPM) kumbuyo kwa mpando, axle ya kart yosatetezedwa kapena yotetezedwa pang'ono imapangitsa tsitsi lalitali lotayirira, masilofu, kapena zokoka ** zosakwana masekondi 0.2. Chifukwa tsitsi la munthu limakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba yofanana ndi waya wachitsulo ikapindidwa mu chingwe, kachipangizo kozungulira kamene kamamangirira mutu wa wokwerayo kumbuyo kwa injini ya injini ndi zikwi za Newtons zamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ** kuthyoka kwa msana wa khomo lachiberekero ndikuzimitsidwa ** kapena ** kugwedezeka kwathunthu kwa scalp (scalping) kuchokera kumphuno. Podziwa kupha injini nthawi yomweyo, khazikitsani chiguduli popanda kugwetsera chimango pa wovulalayo, ndi kusunga khungu lophwanyidwa muzitsulo zoziziritsa kukhosi pa ayezi zimapulumutsa miyoyo ndi zotsatira zokonzanso.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

Ngati mukuwona kugubuduza kwa ATV kapena UTV kapena kutsekeka kwa tsitsi / zovala pakali pano, chitani izi:

1. Iphani injini nthawi yomweyo (kanikizani chogwirizira chofiyira Thumb Kill Switch, ZImitsani kiyi yoyatsira, kapena kukoka waya wa spark plug): Pa ATV yogubuduzika kapena UTV, mafuta amatuluka mu carburetor kapena chitoliro cha tanki molunjika pa chitoliro chamoto wofiyira pomwe matayala ozungulira amatha kugwira opulumutsa. Pakumangika kwa kart, kachigawo kakang'ono kalikonse ka sekondi yakumbuyo imapitilira kupota imalimbitsa kunyonga kapena kung'amba minofu yambiri. Menyani choyimitsa choyimitsa injini chofiyira pa chogwirizira chakumanzere, tembenuzani chosinthira cha injini yakumbuyo kuti ZIMIMIRE, kapena tulutsani jombo la labala pamwamba pa pulagi ya injini.
2. Mukamangirira tsitsi kapena zovala, thandizirani kulemera kwa mutu wa wovulalayo nthawi yomweyo ndikumeta chovalacho kapena tsitsi POKHALA poyimitsa ekseli: Ngati mpango kapena chingwe cha hoodie chazunguliridwa mozungulira ekseli ndikutsamwitsa wokwerayo, tsitsani tsamba limodzi lazitsulo zopweteka kwambiri kapena chodula lamba pakati pa khosi ndi bandeji nthawi yomweyo. Ngati tsitsi lalitali lavulazidwa mwamphamvu kukokera khosi molimbana ndi mlondayo, gwirani mwamphamvu mutu ndi mapewa a wovulalayo kuti kulemera kwa thupi lawo lisalende pakhosi pake, ndipo dulani zingwe zatsitsi zosongoka pakati pa ekseli ndi scalp pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka kwa khosi kapena kumasula njira yodutsa mpweya.
3. Ngati wovulalayo wapanikizidwa pachifuwa cha ATV kapena UTV yogubuduzika, kwezani galimotoyo ndikuichotsa pachifuwa pamasekondi pang'ono kuti muyimitse asphyxia yowopsa: ATV yolemera 350-kilogram (770-pound) ATV yomwe ili panthiti ya wokwerayo imalepheretsa kukula kwa diaphragm ndi chifuwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kupuma kwa mphindi zitatu. Sonkhanitsani akuluakulu awiri kapena anayi (kapena gwiritsani ntchito winch, jack famu, kapena nthambi yamtengo wautali wautali ngati lever) kuti mukweze chimango cha ATV kuchokera pamphuno pamene munthu wina ** amatsitsa miyala, mitengo, matayala, kapena mabokosi pansi pa chimango ** kotero sichikhoza kutsika ndi kubwereranso kwa wozunzidwayo.
4. Ngati chiwalo kapena chiuno chakhomedwa pansi pa UTV wolemera kwa mphindi zoposa 15 mpaka 60, gwirizanitsani kukweza ndi chithandizo chadzidzidzi (Crush Syndrome risk): Ngati chifuwa cha wovulalayo chili chomasuka ndipo amatha kupuma mosavuta, koma mwendo wawo kapena chiuno chake chaphwanyidwa kwambiri pansi pa UTV yokhala ndi mipando yambiri kwa ** kupitirira 15 * , kuthamanga kwa mphindi 60, potassium , kutsika kwa mphindi 60 , kutsika kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 60. lactic acid kuchokera ku minofu yophwanyidwa kulowa mu mtima, zomwe zimayambitsa kumangidwa kwa mtima mwadzidzidzi ("kufa momwetulira"). Imbani thandizo ladzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo kuti othandizira athe kupereka madzi amtsempha ndi chitetezo chamtima chimango chisananyamulidwe (onani kuphwanya kuwonongeka ndi compartment syndrome).
5. Yesetsani kukha magazi kwambiri m'mutu mwachindunji ndipo sungani minofu yapakhungu yonyowa yopyapyala yoyikidwa mkati mwa thumba la pulasitiki pa ayezi: Pamutu pamunthu pali magazi ochuluka kwambiri m'thupi; kugwedezeka kwathunthu kwa scalp kungayambitse moyo wowopsa wa hemorrhagic mumphindi. Manga chigaza chomwe chikutuluka magazi mwamphamvu ndi mabandeji kapena matawulo aukhondo ndipo panikizani chikhatho cholunjika (modekha ngati mukukayikira kuti chigaza chathyoka). **Osataya tsitsi / minyewa yapamutu ndipo osayika minofu pa ayezi wopanda kanthu kapena kuimiza m'madzi **; Manga nsonga yovunduka ndi yopyapyala yonyowa ndi mchere, isindikize m'thumba lapulasitiki losalowa madzi, ndikuyika thumbalo m'chidebe cha ayezi ndi madzi kuti mubzalanso maopaleshoni ang'onoang'ono.
6. Imbani ntchito zadzidzidzi ndikupereka zolumikizira za GPS kapena zolembera: Imbani foni kwanuko manambala angozi (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom). Pamalo akutali, tsegulani kampasi yanu ya foni yam'manja kapena pulogalamu yamapu kuti muwerenge ndendende matali ndi kutalika komwe mumagwirizanitsa* kwa dispatcher, ndikutumiza munthu m'modzi pamzere wapafupi wapafupi kuti akatsitse ambulansi kapena ogwira ntchito pa helikopita.

Mtengo wosankha mwanzeru wa ATV/UTV rollover ndi go-kart axle zadzidzidzi¶

Gwiritsani ntchito mtengo wachigamulochi kuti muyese ndikuyankha nthawi yomweyo ku rollover yapamsewu kapena kupindika kozungulira.

flowchart TD
    Start["ATV, UTV, kapena Go-Kart Ngozi"] --> IncidentType{"1. Kodi njira yoyamba ndi yotani?"}
    IncidentType -->|"A. Go-Kart Rear Rear Axle Tsitsi kapena Zovala Entanglement"| KillKart["1. Hit engine kill switch / kukoka spark pulagi jombo / atolankhani concession track E-stop<br/>2. Thandizani wovulalayo mutu ndi torso kuti kulemera si kukoka pa khomo lachiberekero msana"]
    KillKart --> AirwayCheck{"Kodi zovala kapena mpango wakupha khosi?"}
    AirwayCheck -->|"Inde: kukomoka"| CutFabric["Tsegulani masiketi osavala-nsonga pansi pa gulu la khosi ndikudula nsalu nthawi yomweyo; yang'anani kupuma ndikuyamba CPR ngati simunayankhe"]
    AirwayCheck -->|"Ayi: Kuphulika kwa Tsitsi/M'mutu"| ScalpCare["1. Ikani mavalidwe olimba kuti asatuluke pakutuluka magazi<br/>2. Manga pakhungu lonyowa ndi yopyapyala yopyapyala -> chisindikizo mu thumba la pulasitiki -> ikani pamadzi oundana opangira ma microsurgery"]
    IncidentType -->|"B. ATV kapena UTV Rollover"| PinnedCheck{"Kodi wovulazidwayo amapanikizidwa pansi pa galimotoyo?"}
    PinnedCheck -->|"Ayi: Kuponyedwa Momveka kapena Mkati mwa Khola"| SpineCare["ZImitsani kuyatsa, yang'anani kuti mafuta akutuluka pautsi wotentha, khazikitsani C-msana pamanja, osachotsa chisoti pokhapokha ngati simukupuma."]
    PinnedCheck -->|"Inde: Chifuwa/Chifuwa Chopindidwa KAPENA Chapanikizidwa <15 min"| LiftFast["Kwezerani chimango pa munthu amene wavulalayo nthawi yomweyo (gwiritsani ntchito anthu 3-4, ndodo, kapena winchi) ndi bedi pansi ndi matabwa/miyala kuti isagwe."]
    PinnedCheck -->|"Inde: Chiwalo / Chifuwa Chopinidwa> 15 mpaka 60 mins (Kupuma Bwino)"| CrushProtocol["Zimitsani injini, sungani chozimitsira moto chokonzeka, khazikitsani C-msana, imbani 911/112/999 kuti mupeze ALS pre-lift fluid resuscitation (Crush Syndrome)"]

Matrix oyerekeza: straddle ATV vs. ROPS UTV vs. go-kart kuvulala biomechanics¶

Chifukwa ma ATV oyenda, ma UTV okhala ndi khola, ndi ma go-karts otsika amakhala ndi ma geometries osiyana kotheratu, zopulumutsira okwera ndi njira zopulumutsira zimasiyana kwambiri pamagalimoto atatuwa.

Kusambira mozama 1: Go-kart kumbuyo koyendetsa axle tsitsi scalping ndi kukanika zovala¶

Chaka chilichonse, malo opangira maopaleshoni aang'ono a ana ndi okonzanso amathandizira kuvulala koopsa kuchokera ku ma go-karts, mini-bikes, ndi ngolo zapamsewu pomwe wokwera tsitsi lalitali, mpango, hijab, mpango wa dzinja, kapena zovala zokulirapo zimakodwa mumayendedwe ozungulira kumbuyo.

1. The mechanical physics of 3,000 RPM axle entanglement¶

Pama kartti osangalatsa a petulo akuseri (oyendetsedwa ndi ASTM F2011) ndi kart zamalonda (zoyendetsedwa ndi ASTM F2007), injini imakhala kumbuyo kwa mpando wa dalaivala kapena pambali pa chiuno chakumanja, kusamutsa mphamvu kudzera pa clutch centrifugal ndi unyolo/lamba* 150 kupita ku chitsulo cholimba 50 kupota chitsulo cholimba. 4,000 RPM (25 mpaka 66 kutembenuka kwathunthu pa sekondi iliyonse): - Kuyika kwa Vacuum Kumbuyo kwa Mpando: Pamene ngolo ikupita patsogolo pa 30 mpaka 50 makilomita pa ola (19 mpaka 31 mailosi pa ola), kutsika kwa mpweya kuseri kwa mpando wa dalaivala kumayamwa ma ponytails omasuka, zomangira, ndi zovala zolendewera chammbuyo molunjika kolowera injini ndikuzungulira kumbuyo. - Chifukwa Chake Tsitsi Silimangoduka: Tsitsi la munthu mmodzi limasweka ndi mphamvu ya magalamu 50 mpaka 100, zomwe zimapangitsa okwera kuganiza kuti mchira wa ponytail umang'ambika ngati utagwidwa. Komabe, ponytail yokhala ndi tsitsi 50,000 mpaka 100,000 yopindika pamodzi ndi shaft yopota imapanga chingwe cholimba kwambiri chomwe chimatha kupirira ma Newtons opitilira 4,000 mpaka 8,000 (chikoka chokwana mapaundi 900 mpaka 1,800), champhamvu kwambiri kuposa kukhazikika kwa khosi la khosi kapena kulimba kwa khosi. - The Loose Subgaleal Cleavage Plane: Anatomically, khungu la munthu lili ndi zigawo zisanu (S-C-A-L-P: Khungu, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis/galea, Loose areolar tissue, ndi Pericranium). Chifukwa chosanjikiza chachinayi (minofu yotayirira) ndi yoterera, ngati utawaleza ngati ndege yoyenda pomwe gawo lachitatu (galea aponeurotica) ndi pepala lolimba la ulusi lomwe limaphimba mutu wonse, kugwedezeka kwambiri pa ponytail kumapangitsa kuti khungu lonse liduke papepala limodzi m'mphepete mwa diso lotayirira, nthawi zambiri limatulutsa nsonga mpaka kumtunda. kumbuyo kwa khosi, nthawi zina kutenga makutu amodzi kapena onse awiri.

2. Njira yopulumutsira pang'onopang'ono ndi microvascular scalp preservation protocol¶

Ngati tsitsi kapena zovala za wina zigwira mu ekisi ya kart kapena lamba wa injini:

   [AVULSED SCALP MICROVASCULAR PRESERVATION ("BAG-IN-BAG" METHOD)]

   +---------------------------------------------------------------+
   |  OUTER CONTAINER: Cooler, bucket, or outer bag filled with    |
   |  a 50/50 slurry of CRUSHED ICE and COLD WATER (4°C / 39°F)    |
   |   +-------------------------------------------------------+   |
   |   |  INNER SEALED WATERPROOF PLASTIC BAG (Ziploc / Dry)   |   |
   |   |   +-----------------------------------------------+   |   |
   |   |   |  AVULSED SCALP TISSUE wrapped gently in       |   |   |
   |   |   |  sterile gauze moistened with normal saline   |   |   |
   |   |   |  (NEVER touch bare ice; NEVER soak in water)  |   |   |
   |   |   +-----------------------------------------------+   |   |
   |   +-------------------------------------------------------+   |
   +---------------------------------------------------------------+

1. Masekondi 0 mpaka 5 (Kill Engine & Relieve Neck Traction):
2. Imani nyimbo yotsitsa **kuyimitsa kwa injini yakutali / E-Stop ** kapena fikirani kuseri kwa mpando ndikutembenuza chosinthira injini kuti ZIMZIMA (kapena tsegulani waya wa spark plug pamutu wa silinda).
3. **Thandizani mutu ndi kumtunda kwa wozunzidwayo ndi manja onse awiri nthawi yomweyo ** kuti khosi lawo lisapotozedwe kapena kuyimitsidwa pazitsulo.
4. Ngati scarf, lanyard, kapena hoodie drawstring yakulungidwa pakhosi, kutsamwitsa njira yolowera mpweya kapena kukanikiza mitsempha ya carotid, tsitsani masiketi ang'onoang'ono pansi pa bande yotsekera m'mphepete mwa khosi ndikudula nthawi yomweyo.
5. Masekondi 5 mpaka 30 (Unikani Kutuluka magazi M'mutu ndi Pakhungu):
6. Ngati tsitsilo lapindika mu ekisilo koma nsongayo ikadali yolumikizidwa (kapena yong’ambika pang’ono): Dulani zingwe zatsitsizo bwinobwino pakati pa mutu wa wovulalayo ndi nkhwangwa yachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito lumo lakuthwa kapena mpeni pamene wopulumutsa wachiwiri akugwira mutu wa wovulalayo n’kukhalabe m’malo a msana wa khomo lachiberekero.
7. Ngati khungu lathyoledwa pang'ono kapena kwathunthu (kuchotsedwa pa chigaza):
   • Yambani kaye magazi omwe angawononge moyo wanu: Mitsempha ya temporal, occipital, ndi supraorbital yozungulira m'mphepete mwa mutu imatuluka magazi kwambiri.kutuluka magazi). Phimbani cranium yowonekera ndi zoyala zokhuthala zosabala (zonyowa ndi saline wosabala ngati zilipo, kapena nsalu yowuma yoyera) ndipo ikani zolimba, ngakhale kukakamiza kwamanja m'mphepete mwa chilonda chotuluka magazi. Manga bandeji yozungulira mozungulira mutu.
   • Ngati nsonga yapamutu yalumikizidwa pang'ono ndi mlatho wapakhungu (pedicle): Yang'anani chopiringizicho pamalo ake achibadwa pamwamba pa wosanjikiza wonyezimira wosabala yopyapyala popanda kupotoza kapena kupotoza mlatho wotsalawo, kenaka kulungani mopepuka.
8. Mphindi 1 mpaka 5 (Sungani Khumbo Lotutumuka Kwambiri Kuti Mubzalenso):
9. Madokotala amakono opangira opaleshoni amatha kubzalanso bwino khungu lomwe lagwedezeka kwathunthu mwa kusoka pamodzi 1-millimeter yowoneka bwino komanso mitsempha ya occipital ndi mitsempha pansi pa maikulosikopu, kubwezeretsa kukula kwa tsitsi lachilengedwe ndi chivundikiro cha khungu, ** bola ngati minofuyo ikuzizira (nthawi ya ischemia mpaka maola 12 mpaka 18 ngati itakhazikika) * (osati chisanu) kudulidwa mopwetekedwa mtima: kusunga chala, dzanja, ndi miyendo):
10. Bweretsani nsonga yovunduka pa ekisi ya go-kart (dulani kapena masulani cholondera kapena masulani tsinde loyimitsidwa mosamala osang'amba m'mphepete mwa khungu; musachite OSATI kuyesa kupesa mafuta kapena kumeta tsitsi pamalopo).
11. Muzitsuka dothi pang'onopang'ono pokhapokha ngati saline wosabala kapena madzi akumwa aukhondo ali pafupi (osati kutsuka pansi pomwe timisempha tating'onoting'ono ta magazi).
12. Manga minofu yapamutu momasuka ndi yopyapyala wosabala wothira saline wosabala (kapena nsalu yoyera yonyowa ndi madzi a m'botolo).
13. Tsekani minofu yokulungidwa mkati mwa **chikwama chapulasitiki chouma, chopanda madzi **.
14. Ikani thumba la pulasitiki losindikizidwa mkati mwa ** chidebe chachiwiri kapena thumba lodzaza ndi madzi oundana ndi madzi ozizira **. Musamayike khungu lopanda kanthu pa ayezi kapena madzi oundana owuma, omwe amaundana ndi kuphulika mitsempha yaying'ono yamagazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kubzalanso zisachitike.

Kuzama 2: ATV ndi UTV rollover physics, kukweza ozunzidwa, ndi chisoti¶

Ma ATV amtundu wa Off-road ndi UTV rollovers amachititsa kuti anthu mazanamazana amafa komanso makumi masauzande a anthu omwe amaloledwa kuvulala koopsa chaka chilichonse ku North America, Europe, ndi Australia.

1. Momwe munganyamulire mosamala ATV kapena UTV yomwe yagubuduza pa wokwera wokhomedwa¶

Pamene wokwera amakhomedwa pansi pa 350-kilogram (770-pounds) quad ATV kapena 900-kilogram (2,000-mapaundi) mbali ndi mbali UTV: 1. Petserani Moto Woyamba: Choyang'ana cham'mwamba cha ATV chimataya mafuta kuchokera m'thanki yake yamafuta kapena chubu chosefukira cha carburetor pomwe mainjini amafuta a injini ali pamutu wa silinda. Tsekani kiyi yoyatsira kuti ZIMIMI, tembenuzani chogwiriracho kuti ZIMZIMA, ndipo ngati galimotoyo ili ndi valavu yamoto pansi pa thanki, itembenuzireni ku ZIMIMA. Musagwiritse ntchito lawi lotseguka kapena utsi pafupi ndi makina ogubuduzika. 2. Pewani Msampha wa "Secondary Drop": Kulakwitsa koipitsitsa komwe anthu omwe amangoyimilira amachita ndikukhala ndi anthu awiri omwe alimbika ndi mphamvu zawo zonse kuti anyamule mbali imodzi ya ATV yolemera, yamatope masentimita 30 (mainchesi 12) kupita mlengalenga, kungokhala ndi zotchingira zolimba zapulasitiki, kugwetsa makilogalamu atatu kumbuyo kwa wovulalayo. kapena khosi**. - Nyamulani Nthawi Zonse pa Frame ya Chitsulo, Osati Zopangira Pulasitiki: Tengani chitsulo cholimba chakutsogolo/chotchinga chakumbuyo, chimango chachitsulo, kapena khola la ROPS. Oteteza matope a pulasitiki amadumpha kapena kupindika pansi ponyamula katundu. - ** Tsatirani Lamulo la "Kwezani Inchi, Crib Inchi"**: Perekani munthu m'modzi yemwe ntchito yake yokha ikugwira chipika chochindikala, tayala, mwala, kapena matabwa okonzeka. Pamene zonyamulirazo zimakweza chimangocho masentimita 10 mpaka 20 ( mainchesi 4 mpaka 8 ), chomangiracho chimakangirira chinthu cholimbacho pansi pa chitsulo kapena tayala kuti galimoto isagwerenso pachifuwa cha wokwerayo.kulephera kwa hydraulic jack, jack stand kugwa, ndikumangidwa pansi pagalimoto). - Musamagubuduze Galimoto Pa Wozunzidwayo: Mukatsitsa ATV mozondoka kwa wokwera, yang'anani mosamala kuti ndodo, zomangira, ndi mawilo zidzazungulira kuti makinawo amazungulira ** kutali ndi ** thupi la wovulalayo m'malo moyendetsa chogwirizira m'mimba mwake.

2. Nthawi yosiya chisoti cha ATV chokhala ndi nkhope yonse ON ON vs¶

Wokwera wotulutsidwa pa ATV pa mtunda wa makilomita 50 pa ola (makilomita 31 pa ola) nthawi zonse amayenera kuganiziridwa kuti ali ndi vuto losakhazikika la mtsempha wa khomo lachiberekero limodzi ndi kuthekera kwake. kuvulala pamutu ndi mafupa osweka ndi sprains: - Siyani chisoti CHOKHALA ngati wokwerayo akupuma: Njinga yamoto yodzaza bwino ndi nkhope yonse/chipewa cha ATV chimagwira mutu wake mokhazikika. Ingotembenuzani kapena kumasula chishango chowonekera bwino cha pulasitiki (kapena chotsani magalasi a motocross) kuti wokwerayo azipuma momasuka ndipo mutha kuyang'ana pakamwa pawo ndi mphuno, mukugwada kumbuyo kwa mutu wawo ndikugwira mbali zonse ziwiri za chisoti mwamphamvu ndi manja anu kuti muteteze kusuntha kwa khosi mpaka azachipatala afika. - Chotsani chisoti CHOKHA ngati wokwerayo sakupuma, akusanza mu chisoti ndi kutsamwitsidwa, kapena akudwala mtima wofuna CPR: - Kuchotsa chisoti kumafuna ** opulumutsa awiri ** kuti apewe kusinthasintha khosi: - Wopulumutsa 1 amagwada pamwamba pa mutu wa wovulalayo ndikuyika manja onse m'mbali mwa chisoti ndi zala zogwira nsagwada za m'munsi mwa wovulalayo kuti mutu ukhale wozungulira. - Rescuer 2 amadula kapena kumasula lamba wachibwano, kenaka amalowetsa dzanja limodzi kuseri kwa chigaza/khosi la wovulalayo ndipo dzanja linalo kumatsina nsagwada za m'munsi pachibwano kuti msana ukhale wolimba. - ** Wopulumutsa 1** amakoka zipewa za pansi za chisoti kunja pang'ono kuti achotse makutu, amapendeketsa chisoti pang'ono kuti asunthire chibwano kupitirira mphuno, ndikukokera chisoticho pomwe Wopulumutsa 2 amalepheretsa mutu kugwa cham'mbuyo pansi (ikani jekete lopindika mtunda wa 2 mpaka 1 centimita pansi pa 3 centimita. kuchotsa chisoti chochuluka kuti khosi likhale lopanda tsankho).

3. Zowawa zobisika zapamsewu: Kuphulika kwa chiwindi / ndulu ndi "chingwe" chawaya¶

Njira ziwiri zovulala zapamsewu nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa kutuluka magazi pang'ono mkati mwa mphindi 10 zoyambirira: - Blunt Handlebar Impact (Internal Hemorrhage & Pancreatic/Liver Injury): ATV ikagunda chitsa kapena dzenje lobisika, pamimba kapena pachifuwa cha wokwerayo chimagunda chapakati pa ndodo kapena chiwongolero. Ngakhale pakhungu pamimba pamakhala chilonda chaching'ono chozungulira, chiwopsezocho chimatha kusweka ** ndulu, chiwindi, kapamba, kapena duodenum**, zomwe zimayambitsa kutaya magazi mkati.mantha). Wokwera aliyense amene ali ndi ululu wa m'mimba, kupweteka m'mapewa (chizindikiro cha Kehr chochokera m'magazi okwiyitsa diaphragm), chizungulire, kapena khungu lotumbululuka pambuyo pomenyedwa ndi chogwirira chimafunika kuti atulutsidwe mwachangu. - Waya / Chingwe "Chovala" Chimagunda Pakhosi: Okwera omwe akuyenda m'njira zachilendo kapena m'minda yafamu nthawi zina amagunda mpanda wawaya waminga wopanda chizindikiro, chingwe pachipata chachitsulo, kapena unyolo wotambasulidwa pakhosi. Ngakhale kugunda pang'onopang'ono kutsogolo kwa mmero kumatha kuthyola ** larynx (bokosi la mawu) kapena trachea (pamphepo)**. Ngati wokwera yemwe wagunda khosi ali ndi mawu otuwa kapena otuwa, kuyimba mluzu/kuphokosera pamene akukoka mpweya (stridor), kutsokomola magazi, kapena kuphulika kwa mpweya pansi pa khungu la khosi (subcutaneous emphysema), asungeni mowongoka pamalo osavuta kuti apume ndikuyitanitsa mpweya wodzidzimutsa mkati mwa mphindi zochepa zachipatala.

Ingoyendetsani ATV, UTV, ndi mndandanda wachitetezo cha go-kart¶

Musanayambe galimoto iliyonse yapamsewu kapena kulowa m'kart pamalo osangalalira, tsimikizirani zotchinga zisanu ndi chimodzi zofunika kwambiri izi:

• Tetezani 100 peresenti ya tsitsi pamwamba pa kolala ndikuletsa masikhavu, lanyards, ndi zingwe zonse pa kart: Aliyense yemwe ali ndi tsitsi lomwe limafika kumunsi kwa khosi ayenera kuliluka kapena kulipotola kukhala buni yolimba yomangika mkati chisoti kapena kulowetsa mkati mwa jekete yozipidwa. Osavala mpango, mpango womasuka, shawl, lanyard, kapena malaya osasunthika pa kart kapena mini-bike.
• Yang'anani ekseli yakumbuyo ya kart ndi wolondera injini musanakhale pansi: Yang'anani kumbuyo kwa mpando wa dalaivala. Tsimikizirani kuti cholimba, chosasweka 360-degree chitsulo kapena heavy composite guard chimatsekereza ekseli yakumbuyo yoyendetsa, sprocket, tcheni, ndi clutch, ndi kuti mpando wakumbuyo utalikirana kwambiri kutsekereza tsitsi kuti lisawuluke pamwamba.
• **Valani chisoti chotsimikizika cha DOT / ECE / Snell ndi chitetezo chamaso paulendo uliwonse wa ATV ndi UTV **: Ngakhale mkati mwa UTV yokhala ndi khola lachitsulo, mitu ya okwera imakwapula cham'mbali kupita kuzitsulo zazitsulo za ROPS zosaphimbidwa panthawi yogubuduka kapena njira yovuta. Valani chisoti chovomerezeka ndi magalasi osasunthika paulendo uliwonse.
• Limbikitsani kukula kwa injini za ATV malinga ndi msinkhu wake komanso anthu okwera ziro pa ma single-rider quads: Ma ATV ambiri oyenda pang'onopang'ono amapangidwira ogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi yekha; kunyamula wokwera masinthidwe kulemera kumbuyo kwa ekseli yakumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapiri azitembenukira mmbuyo. Musalole mwana wosakwana zaka 16 kuti agwiritse ntchito ATV yachikulire (yoposa 90cc).
• Mangirirani ma hani a UTV, maukonde am'mbali / zitseko, ndikubwereza kubowola kwa "Grab Bar / Arms Crossed": Musanasunthire mbali ndi mbali ya UTV, onetsetsani kuti aliyense wokhalamo ali ndi lamba, maukonde a zenera amadulidwa, ndipo wokwera aliyense amadziwa kugwira chogwirizira chamkati kapena kuwoloka manja awo pachifuwa chake ngati chotchinga chafika panja*
• ** Khalani kutali ndi misewu yapagulu yokhala ndi ma ATV apanjira ndikunyamula foni yokhala ndi mamapu a GPS osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti**: Zoposa theka la ngozi zonse zakupha za ATV zimachitika m'misewu yamoto, pomwe matayala otsika kwambiri komanso ma axle akumbuyo olimba amatenga phula pokhotakhota ndikutembenuza galimotoyo kuti ilowe mumsewu.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi tsitsi limagwidwa bwanji mu kart, ndipo chithandizo choyenera choyamba ndi chiyani ngati khungu la munthu lang'ambika?¶

Pama kart ambiri, injini ndi ekseli yakumbuyo yolimba imazungulira 1,500 mpaka 4,000 pa mphindi imodzi chabe masentimita kuseri kwa mpando wa dalaivala. Mphepo zokokera kuseri kwa mpando wosuntha zimayamwa ma ponytails omasuka, zoluka, kapena masikhafu mu tsinde lozungulira, ndikumangirira pang'onopang'ono sekondi imodzi ndi ma Newtons amphamvu. Nthawi yomweyo gundani chosinthira injini kapena kuyimitsa mwadzidzidzi, thandizirani mutu wa wozunzidwayo kuti khosi lawo lisakokedwe, ndikudula nsalu iliyonse yotsamwitsa. Ngati scalp wang'ambika kapena avulsed, akanikizire wandiweyani wosabala yopyapyala kapena matawulo oyera mwamphamvu pa chigaza kusiya kwambiri mtsempha wamagazi magazi, ndi kusunga avulsed scalp ndi kukulunga mu saline wothira yopyapyala losindikizidwa mu thumba la pulasitiki youma, ndikuyika thumba mu chidebe cha ayezi ndi madzi (osati) kwa microvascular replant.

Chifukwa chiyani simuyenera kufikira dzanja lanu kapena phazi lanu kuti mudziyang'anire nokha UTV yambali ndi mbali yatha?¶

UTV ya mbali ndi mbali imalemera ma kilogalamu 700 mpaka 1,100 (mapaundi 1,500 mpaka 2,400), ndipo chitsulo chake chotchedwa Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS) chapangidwa kuti chizigwira ntchito yonse pansi ndikusunga anthu okhala ndi malamba otetezedwa mkati mwa cab zone. Wokwerayo mwachibadwa akatulutsa mkono, dzanja, kapena mwendo kunja kwa zenera lotseguka kuti ayese kudzigwira pamene akugubuduza, chitsulocho chimagwedezeka pa mwendo wake ngati guillotine, kuvulaza kwambiri kapena kudulidwa ziwalo. Nthawi zonse khalani ndi maukonde am'mbali kapena zitseko zomangika, valani lamba, ndipo gwirani chiwongolero, chotengera okwera, kapena pachifuwa chanu ngati galimoto ili yolunjika.

Ndi njira iti yotetezeka kwambiri yonyamulira ATV yopindika kuchoka kwa munthu yemwe wapanikizidwa pansi?¶

Choyamba, tembenuzirani kiyi yoyatsira moto ndi chogwirizira kuti ZIMZIMU kuti mafuta akutuluka asayatse chitoliro chotulutsa moto. Ngati ATV ikukankhira pachifuwa, mimba, kapena khosi la wozunzidwayo, ikwezeni nthawi yomweyo pogwira chitsulo cholimba kapena zitsulo zonyamula katundu (zopanda pulasitiki) pamene woyimilira akugwedeza miyala, mitengo, kapena tayala pansi pa chimango pamene mukukweza kuti asagwedezeke ndi kubwereranso kwa wozunzidwayo. Pereka kapena kukweza makinawo kutali ndi thupi la wozunzidwayo pamene mutu ndi khosi lawo silikuyenda. Komabe, ngati UTV yolemera yapachika mwendo kapena chiuno chokha kwa mphindi zoposa 15 mpaka 60 ndipo munthuyo akupuma bwino, gwirizanitsani ndi opereka chithandizo chamankhwala kuti muteteze matenda a fatal crush syndrome kumangidwa kwa mtima.

Kodi muyenera kuvula chisoti cha wokwera pambuyo pa ngozi ya ATV yothamanga kwambiri?¶

Ngati wokwerayo akupumira yekha, siyani chisoti cha nkhope yonse pamutu pake chifukwa kuyesa kukoka chisoti cholimba nokha kumatha kupindika msana wosweka ndikuwononga msana. Ingotsegulani kapena chotsani chishango chowoneka bwino cha kumaso kapena magalasi kuti athe kupuma mosavuta, ndikugwada kumbuyo kwa mutu wawo atagwira mbali zonse za chisoti mpaka azachipatala afika. Chotsani chisoti chokhacho ngati wokwerayo sakupuma, ali mu kumangidwa kwa mtima kumafuna CPR, kapena akusanza mwamphamvu mu chisoti ndi kutsamwitsidwa, pogwiritsa ntchito anthu awiri kuti wopulumutsira mmodzi akhazikitse khosi ndi nsagwada pansi pamene wachiwiri akukulitsa pang'onopang'ono ndikuchotsa chisoti.

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, United States): Off-Highway Vehicle (ATV ndi ROV/UTV) Annual Fatality and Rollover Injury Reports ndi Go-Kart Hair and Clothing Entanglement Safety Alerts.
• ASTM International (United States): ASTM F2007 Standard Practice for Design, Production, and Operation of Concession Go-Karts and Facilities ndi ASTM F2011 Standard Specification for Safety and Performance of Fun-Karts.
• American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) ndi American College of Surgeons (ACS) Committee on Trauma: *ATLS Helmet Removal Guidelines, Pediatric ATV Trauma Policy Statements, ndi Microvascular Scalp Replantation Cold-Ischemia Preservation Protocols *.
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Kugwiritsa Ntchito Motetezedwa Magalimoto Onse Ozungulira (ATVs) mu Agriculture and Forestry (AIS33 Rollover and Slope Safety Guidance).
• Recreational Off-Highway Vehicle Association (ROHVA) ndi ATV Safety Institute (ASI): * ROPS Occupant Retention Standards, Side-Net Latch Rules, ndi Active Riding Biomechanics *.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Kudulidwa koopsa: kusungidwa kwa chala, dzanja, ndi miyendo
• Crush injury and compartment syndrome
• Kuvulala kwa msana: kusasunthika ndi chisamaliro
• Paki yosangalatsa komanso zochitika zadzidzidzi
• Kuwonongeka kwa njinga zamoto ndi njinga zamoto
• Chikwatu cha manambala angozi