Kusunga Kuphulika Kwakhoma, Kugwa kwa Yard Slope, ndi Driveway Washout¶

Khoma lomangira nyumba lomwe limayamba kutsamira panja, kutukumuka pakati, kapena kutsegulira ming'alu yofanana ndi kapinga kumbuyo kwake ndizochitika zadzidzidzi zomwe zimalepheretsa dothi lodzaza ndi makumi kapena mazana a matani. Dothi lowuma la kiyubiki mita imodzi limalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 1,400 mpaka 1,600 (mapaundi 2,400 mpaka 2,700 pa kiyubiki imodzi), ndipo pamene mvula yamkuntho, kusungunuka kofulumira kwa chipale chofewa, kapena chitoliro chothirira chapansi panthaka chidzaza nthakayo, kulemera kwake kumakwera kupitirira 2,000 pa kiyubiki pa kilogalamu imodzi. bwalo) pomwe madzi otsekeka amawonjezera opingasa ** hydrostatic pressure ** kukankhira kumbuyo kwa khoma. Ngakhale nyumba yomangidwa ndi matabwa yotalika mamita 1.5 (mamita 5) kapena khoma lomangira matabwa lotalika mamita 10 mumsewu wopita kumtunda likulimbana ndi nthaka yomwe ili m'mbali mwake komanso madzi ochuluka opitirira makilogramu 25,000 (mapaundi 55,000).

Eni nyumba nthawi zambiri samaganiza molakwika momwe khoma lotsekera lomwe lawonongeka, kugwa kwa bwalo la phiri, kapena kusintha kwanjira yothamangitsidwa kuchokera pakuyenda pang'onopang'ono kupita kugwa nthawi yomweyo. Kuyenda m'munsi mwa mwala wotsamira kapena khoma la konkire kuti mukankhire, kuyimitsa galimoto pamalo okwera pafupi ndi mpanda wokhotakhota, kapena kuyendetsa panjira yolowera m'njira yomwe miyala yake yakumbuyo idachotsedwa ndi kusefukira kwamadzi kwapha kapena kutsekereza anthu masauzande ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchitapo kanthu mwanzeru mphindi khumi zoyambirira, kukhazikitsa malo otsekeka a ** 1.5-times-wall-wall-height zone **, kupatutsa madzi kutali ndi ming'alu yamtunda, kuchotsa kulemera kwa galimoto pamwamba pa bwalo lamtunda, ndikuyang'ana zida zometa pansi pa nthaka kapena madzi, kuteteza banja lanu ku maziko adzidzidzi ndi nyumba.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Chotsani aliyense pa "1.5x Height" yomwe ili pansi pa khoma ndi kuchoka pamwamba pa khomalo. Yezerani kapena yerekezerani kutalika kwa khoma lotchinga kapena malo otsetsereka (\(H\)). Chotsekereza chitetezo chokhazikika chomwe chimatalikirana osachepera ** 1.5 kuwirikiza ka 1.5 kutalika kwa khoma ($ 1.5 nthawi H $) kunja kuchokera chala chakumunsi cha khoma ** NDI ** 1.5 nthawi 1.5 kutalika kwa khoma kumbuyo kuchokera pamwamba pa khoma **. Pakhoma la utali wa mita 2 (6.5-foot), sungani anthu onse, ana, ndi ziweto zosachepera mamita 3 (mamita 10) kutali ndi nkhope ya pansi ndi m'mphepete mwamtunda.
2. *Sungani magalimoto, ma trailer, ndi zida zolemera kuchokera pamalo okwera kapena njira yodutsamo nthawi yomweyo (pokhapo ngati ili yabwino). Galimoto yoyimilira kapena yonyamula anthu yomwe yakhala pamphepete mwadothi kuseri kwa khoma lotchinga imawonjezera ma kilogalamu 1,800 mpaka 3,500 (makilogalamu 4,000 mpaka 7,700) kukankhira khoma * lopanda mphamvu. Ngati msewu sunaphwanyike kapena kumira pansi pamiyendo yanu, sunthani magalimoto pamalo okwera ndikutuluka pansi pakhoma nthawi yomweyo. Osayendetsa mlatho wodutsa kapena chitoliro cha culvert ngati madzi akudutsa mumsewu kapena ngati m'mphepete mwa asphalt akulowera mkati.
3. Zimitsani njira zothirira, mizere yochapira m'madziwe osambira, ndi mapaipi akudutsitsa a pabwalo. Yendani kwa wolamulira wanu wothirira ndikuzimitsa zothirira kapinga ndi madera akudontha ZIZIMA. Ngati dziwe losambira, thabu yotentha, kapena dziwe lokongola likhala pamalo otsetsereka pamwamba pa khoma kapena malo otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa phiri, fufuzani ngati chitoliro chobwerera chapadziwe chomwe chikutha kapena payipi yochotsera kumbuyo ikupopa madzi masauzande ambiri a malita m'dothi lamapiri.
4. *Patutsa madzi akugwetsa denga ndi madzi osefukira kuchoka pamwamba pa khoma ndi kutuluka pansi. Njira yachangu kwambiri yoletsa kugwa kwa khoma kapena kugwa kwa bwalo kuti zisagwe pa nthawi ya mvula ndiyo kuletsa madzi owonjezera a pamwamba kuti asatsanulire m'nthaka kuseri kwa khoma. Gwirizanitsani 3- mpaka 6-mita (10- mpaka 20-mapazi) zomangira zamalata zosunthika pamiyala iliyonse ya padenga yomwe imatuluka pafupi ndi mtunda wotsetsereka kotero kuti madzi a padenga atuluke kutali ndi phiri.
5. *Vundani ming'alu yooneka ngati kanyenyezi pamwamba pa otsetsereka ndi phula lapulasitiki losalowa madzi. Yang'anani kapinga, dothi, kapena pansi pamtunda wa mamita 0.5 mpaka 3 (mamita 1.5 mpaka 10) kuseri kwa mpanda wosongoka kapena phiri lotsika. Ngati muwona ming'alu yopindika, yooneka ngati kanyenyezi ikutseguka mudothi kapena phula (**mutu kung'ung'udza kwamutu **), ikani pepala lolemera la 6-mil polyethylene kapena phula losalowa madzi pamalo ong'ambika ndikumangirira m'mphepete mwake ndi matumba a mchenga kapena njerwa kotero kuti madzi amvula amatsetsereka mopanda vuto pa ming'alu ya hydrlip m'malo mothira ming'alu.
6. Yang'anani maziko a nyumba yanu ndi kununkhiza kwa gasi ngati malo otsetsereka akukhala pafupi ndi nyumba yanu. Ngati kugwa kwakhoma kapena kugwa kwa bwalo kuli mkati mwa mamita 6 kuchokera pa nyumba yanu, yang'anani makoma anu apansi, galaja, ndi njerwa zakunja za ming'alu ya masitepe atsopano, zitseko zomata, kapena masitepe olekanitsidwa a khonde potsatira masitepe athu. structural kuwonongeka ndi kugwa kalozera. Ngati mukumva fungo lovunda la dzira la mercaptan kapena mukumva dothi lofuulira pafupi ndi malo otsetsereka, chokani nthawi yomweyo ndikutsatira zathu. gasi kutayikira mwadzidzidzi kalozera.

Tchati chosungira khoma ndi otsetsereka mwadzidzidzi¶

Gwiritsani ntchito mtengo wosankha wa geotechnical triage uwu kuti muwunikire kuopsa kwa khoma lotsekereza, kutsetsereka kwa bwalo la phiri, kapena kugezera pa driveway culvert ndi kusankha yankho lokhazikika lokhazikika.

flowchart TD
    Start["Kusunga Wall Bulge, Hillside Yard Slump, <br/>kapena Driveway Culvert Washout Wapezeka"] --> Zone["1. Khazikitsani 1.5x Wall/Slope Height Kupatula Malo<br/>Pamwamba ndi Pansi Pamalo Olephereka"]
    Zone --> Surcharge["2. Chotsani Magalimoto Oyimitsidwa ku Top Terrace<br/>ndi Chotsani Anthu/Magalimoto Pansi pa Khoma"]
    Surcharge --> HazardType{"3. Ndi ngozi yanji ya geotechnical yomwe ikuchitika?"}

    HazardType -->|"A. Kusunga khoma motsamira >2 mpaka 5 madigiri,<br/>kutupa kwamimba, kapena mabowo olira pamene mvula"| WallBranch{"Kodi kusuntha kwakhoma kumagwira/kung'ambika<br/>kapena kuopseza nyumba?"}
    HazardType -->|"B. Mng'alu wapabwalo wooneka ngati kamvuluvulu<br/>ndi mitengo yopendekeka/mipanda paphiri"| SlumpBranch{"Kodi madzi amatope akutuluka<br/>pa chala chakumunsi cha phirilo?"}
    HazardType -->|"C. Driveway culvert paipi yomangika,<br/>msewu wodutsa madzi, kapena phula wawonongeka"| CulvertBranch["Barricade Driveway Nthawi Yomweyo:<br/>OSATIKUYENDA PAKATI PA phula lophwanyidwa<br/>kapena lowetsani njira yolowera pansi pamadzi"]

    WallBranch -->|"Kusweka kogwira, >5cm (2 mu) kupendekeka,<br/>kapena maziko a nyumba"| EvacWall["Kugwa Kwakhoma Koyandikira:<br/>Khalani kunja kwa malo ogwetsera; imbani injiniya wa geotechnical/structural;<br/>dziwitsani dipatimenti yomanga mzinda ngati ili pafupi ndi msewu/oyandikana nawo"]
    WallBranch -->|"Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono, mabowo olira,<br/>palibe midadada yogwa"| DrainWall["Chepetsani Kupanikizika kwa Hydrostatic Motetezeka:<br/>Patulani mathithi a denga, dothi la phula kuseri kwa khoma,<br/>mabowo olira otsekeka kuchokera mmbali ndi ndodo yayitali"]

    SlumpBranch -->|"Inde: Kuphulika kwa zala ndi akasupe amatope,<br/>kapena phokoso lakuthwa kwa mizu"| ActiveSlide["Kusefukira kwa Malo Oyandikira / Zinyalala: <br/> Chotsani zotsika nthawi yomweyo; <br/>imbani 911 / 112 / 999 ndikuwona zofunikira"]
    SlumpBranch -->|"Ayi: Mng'alu wowuma pamtunda"| TarpSlump["Tarp Headscarp Tension Ming'alu:<br/>Mapulasitiki osalowa madzi 6-mil pamwamba pa ming'alu;"]

    CulvertBranch --> CulvertFix["Yembekezerani Kuti Madzi Achepe:<br/>Chotsani choyikamo zinyalala kumtunda kokha kuchokera ku banki yowuma kwambiri;<br/>yang'anani mapaipi opaka zoyala musanayendetse"]

Makina a Geotechnical: chifukwa chiyani kusunga makoma ndi malo otsetsereka kumalephera¶

Khoma losungirako si mpanda wokongoletsera; ndi dambo la mphamvu yokoka lomwe linapangidwa kuti lisagwirizane ndi dothi lopita pansi ndi lakunja kumbuyo kwake (** mphamvu ya nthaka yogwira ntchito **). Pafupifupi ** 90 peresenti ya nyumba zonse zosungira khoma zikugwa ndi kulephera kwa malo otsetsereka kumabwera chifukwa cha madzi **, osati chifukwa cha kulemera kwa dothi louma lokha.

Njira 4 zolephereka zamapangidwe a khoma losunga¶

Akatswiri opanga ma geotechnical amawunika khoma losungika losautsika pozindikira kuti ndi njira ziti mwazinthu zinayi zolephera zomwe zikuchitika:

1. Kugubuduza (Kuzungulira kozungulira chala chakutsogolo):
2. Kuthamanga kwapambuyo kuchokera ku dothi ladongo kapena chisanu chokwera kumbuyo kwa khoma kumakankhira pamwamba pa khoma kunja, zomwe zimapangitsa khoma lonse kutsamira kutsogolo ndikuzungulira kutsogolo kwake ( ** chala **).
3. **Pofunikira kwambiri : Makoma ambiri a konkire ndi makoma a matabwa amamangidwa ndi cholinga chakumbuyo chakumtunda ( batter **) wa madigiri 2 mpaka 7. Khoma loyimirira likangopendekeka **kutsogolo kupitirira ofukula **, mphamvu yokoka yapakati imasuntha kunja kwapakati pa magawo atatu a malo ake oyambira, ndipo kugubuduzika kumathamanga kwambiri.
4. Kutsetsereka (Kumeta ubweya wopingasa m'munsi):
5. Khoma limakhala loyima, koma pansi pa midadada, matabwa, kapena kutsanulira konkriti kumadutsa dothi lonyowa pansi pake chifukwa dothi lomwe lili pansi pake lasanduka loterera ndi madzi ndikutaya mphamvu.
6. Mudzawona mpata wotseguka kuseri kwa khoma ndi mzere wa sod kapena miyala yomangidwa kutsogolo kwa njira yapansi.
7. Kumeta Kwamkati / Kuphulika kwa Mimba (Kuphulika kwapakati):
8. Zofala m'makoma amiyala owuma, makoma a konkriti osalimba (CMU), midadada yolumikizana yopanda nsalu yolimba ya geogrid, komanso makoma amatabwa a njanji.
9. Kumwamba ndi pansi kumakhala kofanana, koma **pakati pazigawo zitatu za khomalo zimaweramira kunja ngati mimba yapakati **, mfundo zamatope zimang'ambika mozungulira, matabwa amatabwa, kapena miyala imayamba kutuluka kumaso. Kuphulika kwamimba kwapakati ndi njira yowopsa kwambiri yolephera chifukwa khoma limaphulika kunja osagwedezeka pang'onopang'ono.
10. Kulephera kwa Malo Otsetsereka Padziko Lonse (Kutsetsereka kozungulira pansi pa khoma):
11. Nthawi zina khoma lomangirira lokha limamangidwa molimba, koma phiri lonse * pansi ndi kuseri kwa khomalo limameta ubweya wopindika wopindika ngati spoon 2 mpaka 6 mita (6.5 mpaka 20 mapazi) pansi pa nthaka.
12. Zizindikiro zimaphatikizapo kupindika ** mng'alu wopindika (chipewa chamutu)** kutseguka pabwalo kuseri kwa khoma, kuphatikiza ndi pansi kutsogolo kwa khoma kukwezera m'mwamba pomwe silinda ya nthaka yakuzama imazungulira.

Chifukwa chiyani mabowo olira amasintha mvula kukhala nkhokwe yamagetsi¶

Kuseri kwa konkire iliyonse yomangidwa bwino, njerwa, miyala, kapena matabwa omangira matabwa pamakhala chipilala cha ngalande yophwanyidwa ndi chitoliro choponderezedwa (French drain / footing drain), pamodzi ndi mizere ya mabowo ang'onoang'ono kapena mipata yolunjika yotalikirana pakati pa 1.2 mpaka 2.4 metres (mamita 4 mpaka 8) m'mbali yakutsogolo ya khoma yotchedwa *mabowo

• Pamene mabowo akulira ndi miyala ikugwira ntchito bwino, madzi amvula omwe amalowa m'nthaka kuseri kwa khoma amatuluka nthawi yomweyo kudzera m'mabowo opita kutsogolo, kotero kuti madzi sachulukana kuseri kwa khoma.
• Mabowo akulira akatsekeredwa ndi matope, mizu yamitengo, nsalu yosefera ya geotextile yotsekedwa ndi dongo, mavu kapena zisa za mbewa, kapena mwini nyumba atabowola molakwika mabowo akulira kuti awoneke, **malo obisika amadzi amadzadza kuseri kwa khoma pa nthawi ya mvula yamvula **.
• Hydrostatic pressure physics: Madzi amakankhira mopingasa kumbuyo kwa khoma mbali zonse ndi kukakamiza kofanana ndi \(\gamma_w \times h\) (pafupifupi **9.8 kilopascals pa mita ya kuya, kapena mapaundi 62.4 pa phazi lililonse lalikulu pa phazi lililonse la kuya kwa madzi **). Khoma lomangidwa lokhala ndi madzi otsekeka mamita 1.8 kumbuyo kwake limakumana ndi **kuposa kuwirikiza katatu kukankhira kopingasa kopingasa ** kwa nthaka youma, pomwe madzi omwewo amapaka matope ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yakumeta ubweya wamkati kukhala matope.

Gome lofanizira lazidziwitso: kuwunika kuuma kwa khoma, malo otsetsereka, ndi kulephera kwa msewu¶

Gwiritsani ntchito matrix owunikira awa kuchokera pamalo otetezeka kunja kwa malo ogwa kuti muwone ngati mukuyang'ana kasunthidwe kakang'ono ka nyengo kapena kulephera kowopsa komwe kukubwera.

Kukhazikika kwapang'onopang'ono kwadzidzidzi kwa khoma lolephera kusunga khoma kapena kugwa kwabwalo¶

Khoma lotsekera likakang'ambika kapena udzu wapaphiri utang'ambika mozungulira, simungakankhire khomalo m'malo mwake, ndipo musayime patsogolo pake. Komabe, mutha kuchita mosamala njira zitatu zokhazikika zokhazikika kuchokera kunja kwa malo owopsa zomwe zimalepheretsa madzi kuyendetsa kulephera kugwa kwathunthu.

Khwerero 1: Khazikitsani chowunikira cha "Tell-Tale" (Kuti mudziwe ngati chikuyenda pompano)¶

Pa mkuntho wopitirira, diso la munthu silingadziŵe mosavuta ngati khoma linang'ambika kapena kugwa kwa kapinga kunasuntha mamilimita 6 (¼ inchi) mu ola lapitalo kapena wakhala ali kwa miyezi ingapo. Konzani ma geji awiri osavuta amakina kuchokera pamalo otetezeka:

1. Magawo Awiri a Udzu Wothithira (Pa ming'alu ya mapiri ndi pamwamba pa khoma):
2. Imani pa khola, malo okwera osang'ambika kuseri kwa ming'alu yomangika (osapondapo chipilala chotsetsereka pakati pa ming'alu ndi m'mphepete mwa khoma).
3. Konzani mtengo umodzi pamalo okwera masentimita 60 (mamita awiri) kuseri kwa ming'aluyo, ndi kuwoloka kuti mukhometsenso chipika china munthambi yomwe ikusunthaku kutsetsereka kwa ming'aluyo.
4. Tambasulani chingwe cholimba kapena tepi yoyezera pakati pa zikhomo ziwirizo, lembani mtunda womwewo ndi cholembera chokhazikika (mwachitsanzo, 100.0 centimeters), ndipo yang’anani ndi tochi mphindi 30 mpaka 60 zilizonse kuchokera pamalo okwera otetezeka. Ngati mtunda wapakati pa zipikezo ukukula ndi mamilimita 6 (¼ inchi) kapena kupitilira apo pa ola pamene mvula ikugwa, kutsetserekako sikukuyenda bwino ndipo kugwa kwayandikira.
5. The Tape-Bridge kapena Glass-Slide Crack Monitor (Kumapeto kwa khoma la konkire/zamiyala):
6. Kuchokera kumbali yotetezeka ya khoma la konkire (osayima kutsogolo kwa malo otsekemera), ikani ma dabs awiri a epoxy yokhazikika kapena tepi yakunja yodutsa pamtunda wowongoka ndikujambula mzere wolunjika pa tepiyo ndi wolamulira ndi chikhomo. Kupatukana kulikonse kopingasa kapena kumeta moyima kumadula mzerewo mowonekera.

Khwerero 2: Zosalowa madzi ndi zida zankhondo zong'ambika (The Tarp Shingle Technique)¶

Khoma lotsekereza likatsamira kutsogolo kapena phiri likugwa pang'ono, mng'alu wozama kwambiri umatseguka pansi kumbuyo kwake. Ngati madzi a mvula kapena chipale chofewa atuluka pabwalo lanu ndikutsanulira mng'alu yotsegukayo, ming'aluyo imadzadza ndi madzi ngati payipi yopapatiza, kuchulukitsa mphamvu yakunja ya hydraulic pakhoma ndi 300 mpaka 500 peresenti.

1. Kugwira ntchito mosamalitsa kuchokera mbali yotsetsereka (kukhala osachepera 1.5 metres / 5 mapazi kumbuyo kuchokera m'mphepete mwa khoma), masulani zolemera 6-mil (0.15-millimeter) polyethylene mapulasitiki apulasitiki kapena phula lopanda madzi kudera lonse losweka ndi kupitilira osachepera 2 mita (mamita 6.5) kukwera kupyola ming'alu yayikulu kwambiri.
2. Sungani mipiringidzoyo kutsetsereka: Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito tarp angapo, nthawi zonse pindani tarp yakumtunda pamwamba pamwamba pa phula lakumunsi (monga ma shingles) kuti madzi aziyenda bwino msoko popanda kudontha pansi.
3. Dulani ngalande ya V-centimita 10 (4-inchi) m'mphepete mwa phula, ikani m'mphepete mwa pulasitiki mu ngalandeyo, ndikuyiyika ndi matumba a mchenga kapena dothi kuti madzi asalowe pansi * pansi pa mapiri apulasitiki.
4. Yang'anani m'mphepete mwa phula la phula m'mbali mwa udzu wokhazikika kapena mphepo yamkuntho kuchoka pagawo lomwe lawonongeka.

Khwerero 3: Chotsani mabowo olira kuchokera m'mbali pogwiritsa ntchito ndodo yayitali¶

Ngati khoma lomangirira lili lokhazikika kotero kuti palibe midadada ikugwa ndipo palibe kung'amba komwe kumachitika, koma mukuwona kuti pansi pake **mabowo olira ** ndi owuma kapena otsekedwa ndi zisa zamatope ndi mavu pamene nthaka kuseri kwa khoma ili ndi madzi:

1. **Imani kunja kwa 1.5x Height kugwera m'mbali mwa khoma kapena fikirani mozungulira ndi 2.4- mpaka 3-mita (8- mpaka 10-foot) chitoliro cholimba cha PVC, chitsulo chachitsulo, kapena mtengo wansungwi.
2. Poke the rod gently into the mouth of each bottom weep hole to break through mud crusts, insect mud dauber plugs, or root mats, or direct a gentle stream from a garden hose nozzle taped to a long pole into the weep hole for 5 seconds to flush out silt.
3. If dark muddy water begins gushing out of the cleared weep hole, step back and let the trapped water table drain down naturally. (Note: If clearing a weep hole washes out large quantities of clean backfill sand or gravel continuously, a filter cloth behind the wall has torn, creating an underground cave; stop probing and call an engineer.)

Driveway washouts, undermined pavement, and plugged culvert emergencies¶

Rural, suburban, and hillside homes frequently cross a drainage ditch, seasonal creek, or ravine via a corrugated metal, HDPE plastic, or concrete culvert pipe buried underneath the driveway. During intense rainstorms or flash floods (see our flash floods guide ndi landslides guide), driveway culverts fail in three deadly ways:

1. The Hidden Asphalt Bridge Trap (Undermined pavement)¶

Asphalt and concrete driveways are rigid crust slabs 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) thick that rely entirely on the compacted crushed stone base underneath them to support the 2,000-kilogram (4,400-pound) weight of an automobile.

• How piping and scour hollow out a driveway: When tree branches and leaves plug the uphill entrance of a driveway culvert pipe, water backs up into a deep pond on the uphill side of the driveway. Forced by hydraulic pressure, water begins seeping around the outside of the metal or plastic culvert pipe through the gravel bedding (hydraulic piping). Within 30 minutes, the rushing water washes away all the gravel and dirt underneath the driveway while leaving the top 5-centimeter (2-inch) shell of black asphalt hanging in mid-air like an unsupported eggshell bridge.
• Why you must never drive or walk across it: From the driver's seat, the blacktop driveway looks completely flat and intact (or covered by only 2 centimeters of running water). The instant a car's front tires roll onto the unsupported asphalt crust, the pavement punches through into a 1.5-meter-deep (5-foot) washed-out chasm, flipping the vehicle nose-first into rushing floodwater.
• Immediate action:
• Barricade both ends of the driveway immediately using orange cones, trash cans, bright flagging tape, or parked vehicles parked well back on solid ground so delivery trucks, family members, or emergency vehicles cannot accidentally drive onto the undermined span.
• Probe the edges of the pavement from safe, dry ground using a long wooden pole or shovel handle to check whether the gravel shoulder underneath the asphalt edge has washed away.

2. The Culvert Inlet Suction Vortex (Never clear a submerged culvert during a storm)¶

Madzi akabwerera m'mwamba mamita 1 mpaka 2 (mamita 3 mpaka 6.5) kuseri kwa chitoliro chotsekera, eni nyumba nthawi zambiri amayesedwa kuti alowe mu dzenje ndi chotengera kuti azule nthambi zomwe zatsekedwa.

Kuteteza zida ndi maziko pamene otsetsereka pabwalo kapena khoma likusuntha¶

Kusuntha kwa nthaka sikumangosuntha dothi ndi miyala; Kusuntha kwapafupi masentimita 5 ( mainchesi 2) m'mphepete mwa bwalo kapena m'mphepete mwa msewu kumameta mapaipi olimba apansi panthaka ndi ngalande zodutsa malo otsetsereka.

1. Mizere yokwiriridwa gasi wachilengedwe ndi mizere ya propane:
2. Yang'anani komwe gasi wolowera mumsewu wanu amalowa mnyumba mwanu kapena pomwe mzere wamkuwa / polyethylene wokwiriridwa kuchokera ku thanki yakuseri ya propane umalowera kunyumba kwanu.
3. Ngati nthaka yomwe ili m'mphepete mwa njirayo yang'ambika, itagwa, kapena ikuphulika kumbuyo kwa khoma lolephera, tsegulani valavu ya propane tank (kapena tulukani ndikuyitanira nambala yadzidzidzi ya gasi ngati mukumva fungo la gasi kapena dothi likuchoka panyumba).
4. Mizere yoperekera madzi amtawuni ndi makina achinsinsi achinsinsi:
5. Malo otsetsereka nthawi zambiri amadula PVC pansi panthaka kapena mizere yamadzi yamkuwa pakati pa mita yamsewu ndi nyumba, ndikupopera madzi opanikizidwa molunjika mundege ndikufulumizitsa kugumuka kwa nthaka. Yang'anani kapindika kakang'ono ** katatu kosonyeza kutayikira** pa mita yanu yamadzi mumsewu pomwe matepi onse amkati azimitsidwa; ngati ikuzungulira, tsekani valavu yotsekera msewu nthawi yomweyo.
6. Ngati septic tank kapena leach drainfield yanu ikhala potsetsereka, siyani kugwiritsa ntchito madzi onse m'nyumba nthawi yomweyo kuti zimbudzi zisamatenthetse phirilo (onani tsamba lathu. kalozera wolephera wa septic system).
7. **Kutsika kwa oyandikana nawo ndi zidziwitso zakumanja kwa masepala **:
8. Ngati khoma lanu losakhazikika kapena kutsetsereka kwa phiri kumadutsana ndi msewu wapagulu, msewu wa mzinda, kanjira, kapena nyumba yoyandikana nayo, msewu wolowera, kapena khoma logona, ** dziwitsani mnzako wotsikira pamaso panu kapena patelefoni nthawi yomweyo ** kuti athe kutulutsa achibale m'zipinda zoyang'ana khoma ndikusuntha magalimoto awo oyimitsidwa.
9. Imbani dipatimenti yanu yomanga ma tauni kapena ntchito zozimitsa moto / ntchito za anthu kuti mupemphe woyang'anira zomanga mzinda kapena kuunika kwa mainjiniya a tauni ngati khomalo likuwopseza njira yapagulu kapena yoyandikana nayo.

Permanent engineering repairs: what works and why DIY "band-aids" fail¶

Once the emergency has stabilized and the soil dries, a retaining wall that has tilted past vertical, bulged in the middle, or lost its base friction cannot be fixed by patching cracks with mortar or propping angled timbers against the face.

• Why patching cracks in a concrete retaining wall makes collapse worse: Filling open cracks in a concrete or block retaining wall with hydraulic cement seals the only remaining escape vents where trapped water was bleeding out, increasing hydrostatic pressure behind the wall.
• Approved geotechnical repair methods (Designed by a licensed Professional Engineer [PE] for walls over 1 to 1.2 meters / 3 to 4 feet tall):
• Complete tear-down and rebuild with geogrid soil reinforcement and drainage: Excavating the failed wall, installing a perforated PVC footing drain encased in washed angular #57 crushed stone wrapped in non-woven geotextile filter fabric (to stop clay silt from fouling the gravel), and embedding horizontal layers of high-strength polymer geogrid mesh extending 1.5 to 3 meters (5 to 10 feet) back into compacted gravel backfill so the entire soil mass acts as a single monolithic gravity block.
• Helical tieback anchors or soil nails: For poured concrete or heavy timber walls that are structurally intact but beginning to lean, specialized foundation contractors drill long steel helical tieback rods through the face of the wall at a downward angle 4 to 9 meters (13 to 30 feet) back into stable bedrock or undisturbed earth beyond the slip plane, securing the face with heavy steel bearing plates.
• Gabion basket or riprap toe buttressing: For slumping hillside banks without a formal wall, excavating the unstable toe and stacking heavy galvanized wire cages filled with 10- to 20-centimeter (4- to 8-inch) angular quarry rock (gabion baskets) that allow groundwater to flow freely out of the hill while anchoring the toe with massive dead weight.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

How far away should I stay from a leaning or bulging retaining wall?¶

Geotechnical engineers and rescue agencies enforce a minimum collapse exclusion zone equal to 1.5 times the vertical height of the retaining wall, measured both outward from the bottom front toe of the wall and backward from the top crest of the wall. For example, if a stone or concrete block wall is 2 meters (6.5 feet) tall, you must keep all people, pets, and parked cars at least 3 meters (10 feet) away from the front of the wall and 3 meters (10 feet) back from the top edge, because a failing wall and the wedge of saturated earth behind it slide outward across that entire footprint in less than two seconds.

Can I brace a leaning masonry or timber retaining wall with wooden 2x4 posts or jacks?¶

No, never attempt to prop up a leaning stone, concrete block, or railroad-tie retaining wall from the front using wooden lumber braces or residential screw jacks. Even a small 1.2-meter-tall (4-foot) section of saturated hillside soil exerts 5,000 to 15,000 kilograms (11,000 to 33,000 pounds) of lateral force that will snap dimensional wooden two-by-fours like toothpicks and launch splintered wood and concrete blocks onto anyone standing near the wall; the only safe emergency actions are clearing the collapse zone, removing vehicles from the upper terrace, and diverting surface water away from the soil behind the wall.

Why did my retaining wall suddenly bulge or collapse during a rainstorm after standing fine for 15 years?¶

Retaining walls almost always fail suddenly after years of stability because the buried gravel drainage column and bottom weep holes behind the wall gradually clog over a decade with fine clay silt, tree roots, and decaying organic matter. Once the hidden drainage path seals shut, the next heavy rainstorm or spring snowmelt fills the soil behind the wall with trapped groundwater, which simultaneously doubles the weight of the soil, adds massive horizontal hydrostatic water pressure against the back of the wall, and turns the soil beneath the bottom footing into slick mud that loses frictional grip.

Does homeowners insurance cover a collapsed retaining wall or driveway washout?¶

Standard homeowners insurance policies almost universally exclude damage caused by earth movement, landslides, soil subsidence, hydrostatic underground water pressure, and surface flood runoff, meaning a retaining wall that collapses from rain-saturated soil or a driveway culvert washed out by a storm is rarely covered unless the wall was struck by a fallen tree or vehicle, or you carry a separate flood or earth-movement endorsement. However, if a sudden burst pressurized domestic plumbing pipe inside your yard caused the washout, some policies cover the resulting access repairs; always photograph the site thoroughly and check your policy declarations before beginning excavation.

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS): The Landslide Handbook: A Guide to Understanding Landslides (rotational slumps, headscarp tension crack tarping, surface water diversion, and warning signs of imminent slope failure).
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, United States Department of Transportation): Design and Construction of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes (FHWA-NHI-10-024) and Culvert Scour and Hydraulic Piping Failure Guidelines.
• International Code Council (ICC): International Building Code (IBC) Section 1807 (Retaining Walls) and International Residential Code (IRC) Section R404.4 (overturning and sliding safety factors, drainage requirements, and engineering permit thresholds for walls over 1.2 meters / 4 feet).
• National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA): Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls (hydrostatic pressure effects, weep hole and geotextile clogging mechanics, and live surcharge loads from parked vehicles).
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom) and Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE): Stability of Masonry Retaining Walls: Inspection, Public Exclusion Zones, and Collapse Prevention.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Homeowner's Guide to Landslide and Slope Failure Mitigation and flood culvert overtopping safety rules.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Landslides and mudslides: warning signs and evacuation
• Expansive clay soil heave, drought subsidence, and foundation cracking
• Structural damage and collapse warning signs
• Flash floods: immediate survival and road hazards
• Kuzindikira kutuluka kwa gasi ndikuzimitsa mwadzidzidzi
• Chikwatu cha manambala angozi