Retaining Wall Bulging, Yard Slope a Ɛhwe ase, ne Driveway Washout¶

Ɔfasu a wɔde siw atrae ano a efi ase gyina akyi, ɛbɔ wɔ mfinimfini, anaasɛ ebue mpaapaemu a ɛte sɛ ɔsram a ɛyɛ den wɔ sare a ɛwɔ n’akyi no mu no yɛ asase ho mfiridwuma mu tebea a egye ntɛmpɛ a ɛyɛ nnam a esiw asase a ayɛ ma metric tɔn du du anaa ɔhaha pii ano. Asase a ɛyɛ nwunu cubic mita biako mu duru bɛyɛ kilogram 1,400 kosi 1,600 (kubik yard biara mu nkaribo 2,400 kosi 2,700), na sɛ osu kɛse tɔ, ahohuru bere mu sukyerɛmma tɔ ntɛmntɛm, anaasɛ nsu a wɔde gugu nnɔbae so wɔ asase ase a ɛretu ma saa asase no yɛ ma a, emu duru no kɔ soro boro kilogram 2,000 wɔ cubic mita biara mu (3,400 pounds per cubic yard) bere a pore nsu a wɔakyere no de hydrostatic pressure kɛse a ɛkɔ soro a ɛpia kɔ ɔfasu no akyi ka ho. Akyi abansoro a wɔde abo anaa nnua a wɔde sie a ɛtrɛw mita 10 (anammɔn 33) wɔ kar kwan so mpo reko atia asase ne nsu a ɛwɔ nkyɛnkyɛn a ɛboro kilogram 25,000 (nkaribo 55,000).

Afiewuranom taa mmu sɛnea ɔfasu a wɔde siw nneɛma ano a asɛe, nkoko so gyaade a ahwe ase, anaasɛ kar kwan so nsu a wɔde fa nsu mu a wɔahohoro no dan ntɛmntɛm fi nea ɛwea brɛoo so kɔ nea ɛhwe ase ntɛm ara no ho atɛn wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so. Ɔbo anaa kɔnkrit ɔfasu a ɛda fam ase a wobɛfa so apia so, kar a wode besi soro abrannaa a ɛbɛn ɔfasu a ayɛ kɛse ano, anaasɛ kar a wode bɛfa kar kwan so nsu a ɛkɔ fam a nsu a ɛsen ntɛmntɛm aprapra abotan a ɛwɔ ase no akunkum nnipa mpempem pii anaasɛ wɔakyere wɔn wɔ wiase nyinaa. Sɛ woyɛ ade wɔ nteɛso mu wɔ simma du a edi kan no mu, wode beae a ɛyɛ katee a wɔde fasu no sorokɔ mpɛn 1.5 besi hɔ a wɔayi afi hɔ, wobɛdan nsu a ɛwɔ soro no afi atifi fam tension tension mpaapaemu no ho, ayi kar mu duru a wɔde tua ho ka no afi soro abrannaa no so, na woahwɛ sɛ asase ase gas anaa nsu a wɔde di dwuma a wɔatwitwa no, bɔ w’abusua ne fie fapem ho ban fi asase a ɛbɛhwe ase mpofirim ho.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Popa obiara firi "1.5x Height" collapse zone a ɛwɔ ɔfasuo no ase na fi soro ano a ɛwɔ soro no. Sua anaa bu akontaa fasuo a ɛkora so anaa ɔkwan a ɛso yɛ toro (\(H\)) no sorokɔ a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ. Siw ahobammɔ ho kwan a ɛyɛ katee a anyɛ yiye koraa no ɛtrɛw **ɔfasu no sorokɔ mmɔho 1.5 \mpye H$) kɔ abɔnten fi ɔfasu no ase nansoaa NA ɔfasu no sorokɔ mmɔho 1.5 san fi ɔfasu no atifi atifi. Sɛ wopɛ ɔfasu a ne tenten yɛ mita 2 (anammɔn 6.5) a, ma nnipa, mmofra, ne afieboa nyinaa nware anyɛ yiye koraa no mita 3 (anammɔn 10) fi ase anim ne soro abrannaa no ano nyinaa.
2. Fa kar, kar a wɔde fa nnipa, ne nnwinnade a emu yɛ duru fi soro abrannaa anaa kar kwan a asɛe no so ntɛm ara (sɛ ahobammɔ wɔ nkutoo a). Kar a wɔde fa nnipa a esi hɔ anaa lɔre a wɔde fa nnipa a ɛte asase no so wɔ ɔfasu a wɔde siw ano akyi no de **nnesoa a wɔde tua ho ka a ɛboro so no kilogram 1,800 kosi 3,500 (nkaribo 4,000 kosi 7,700) a ɛpia tẽẽ ka ho akyi kɔ ɔfasu no anim a ɛredi nkogu no so. Sɛ ɔkwan a wɔde fa so no ntumi mpaapae anaasɛ ɛrekɔ fam denneennen wɔ wo nan ase a, yi kar ahorow fi soro abrannaa no so na fi ɔfasu no ase ntɛm ara. Mfa kar ntwa kar kwan so bridge anaa culvert paipu da sɛ nsuo boro akwan no so anaasɛ sɛ asphalt anoano no rekɔ mu a.
3. Dum nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so, asuguarebea akyi nsuo nhama, ne gyaade nsuo afiri a ɛretu. Nante kɔ wo nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so no nkyɛn na dane nsuo a wɔde petepete sare so ne mmeaeɛ a nsuo gu mu nyinaa OFF. Sɛ asuguarebea, ɔdan a ɛyɛ hyew, anaa ɔtare a wɔde siesie nneɛma te ɔtare a ɛwɔ ɔfasu a wɔde siw ano anaasɛ bepɔw so ahwease no atifi a, hwɛ sɛ ebia ɔtare no sanba paipu anaa filter backwash hose a ɛretu no rebɔ nsu lita mpempem pii akɔ bepɔw no so dɔte no mu anaa.
4. Dan dan atifi nsuo a ɛkɔ fam ne nsuo a ɛkɔ soro no kɔ akyirikyiri fi ɔfasuo no atifi na ɛfiri asase mu mpaapaemu mu. Ɔkwan a ɛyɛ ntɛm a wobɛfa so asiw ɔfasuo a ɛwea anaa gyaade a ɛrehwe ase no kwan sɛ ɛrenhwe ase wɔ osuo a ɛretɔ mu ne sɛ wobɛma nsuo a ɛwɔ soro no foforɔ anhwie agu asase a ɛwɔ ɔfasuo no akyi no mu. Fa plastic ntrɛwmu a ɛyɛ mita 3 kosi 6 (anammɔn 10 kosi 20) a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde ayɛ nsu a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no bata ɔdan atifi nsu a ɛkɔ fam a ɛtwetwe nsu a ɛbɛn ɔkwan a ɛkɔ fam no atifi no ho sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɔdan atifi nsu bɛkɔ akyirikyiri afi koko no so.
5. Fa plastic tarps a nsu ntumi nkɔ mu kata asase mu mpaapaemu a ɛte sɛ ɔsram a ɛbue wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ fam no atifi so. Hwɛ sare, asase, anaa ɔkwan a wɔde fa so a ɛwɔ mita 0.5 kosi 3 (anammɔn 1.5 kosi 10) wɔ ɔfasu a ayɛ kɛse anaa koko a ahwe ase no atifi. Sɛ wuhu mpaapaemu a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛte sɛ ɔsram a ɛyɛ ɔsram a ɛrebue wɔ dɔte anaa asphalt mu (headscarp tension cracks), fa 6-mil polyethylene plastic sheeting anaa tarps a emu yɛ duru a nsu ntumi nkɔ mu no to asase a apaapae no so petee na fa anhwea nkotoku anaa birikisi hyɛ bepɔw no ano sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a osu nsu bɛtwetwe a ɛnyɛ asiane biara wɔ mpaapaemu no so sen sɛ ɛbɛhwie agu tẽẽ akɔ slip plane no mu te sɛ a hydraulic jack a wɔde yɛ adwuma.
6. Hwɛ wo fie fapem na te hua sɛ abɔde mu mframa bi wɔ hɔ sɛ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ fam no te bɛn wo fie a. Sɛ ɔfasu a ɛkora so anaa gyaade a ɛrehwe ase a adi nkogu no wɔ mita 6 (anammɔn 20) fi wo fie no ho a, hwɛ wo dan ase afasu, kar dan mu slab, ne abɔnten birikisi a wɔayɛ no sɛ ebia antweri-anammɔn mu mpaapaemu foforo a ɛyɛ diagonal, apon a ɛbata ho, anaasɛ abrannaa anammɔn a ɛtetew mu a edi yɛn structural damage and collapse guide. Sɛ wote mercaptan hua a ɛyɛ nkesua a aporɔw hua anaasɛ wote asase a ɛrebɔ denneennen wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn baabi a ɛkɔ fam a, tu fi hɔ ntɛm ara na di yɛn de no akyi gas leak ntɛmpɛ akwankyerɛ.

--- .

Retaining ɔfasu ne slope ntɛm triage flowchart¶

Fa saa geotechnical triage gyinaesi dua yi hwɛ sɛnea ɔfasu a ɛkora so no mu ayɛ den, nkoko so gyaade a ahwe ase, anaasɛ kar kwan so culvert washout na paw mmuae a ahobammɔ wom sen biara a wɔde bɛma ntɛm ara.

flowchart TD
    Start["Wɔahu sɛ Ɔfasu a Wɔde Siesie Nneɛma a Ɛbɔ, Bepɔw so Gyaadɔm a Ɛhwe ase,<br/>anaasɛ Driveway Culvert Washout"] --> Zone["1. Fa 1.5x Ɔfasu/Slope Height Exclusion Zone<br/>Atifi ne Ase Failure Area si hɔ"]
    Zone --> Surcharge["2. Yi Kar a Wɔde Sisi So Fi Top Terrace<br/>na Popa Nnipa/Kar a Ɛwɔ Ɔfasu Ase"]
    Surcharge --> HazardType{"3. Geotechnical ntɛmpɛ bɛn na ɛrekɔ so?"}

    HazardType -->|"A. Ɔfasu a ɛkora so a ɛsensɛn >2 kosi 5 degrees,<br/>yafunu a ɛpae, anaasɛ osu ntokuru a ɛyɛ dry bere a osu tɔ"| WallBranch{"So ɔfasu a wɔde tu no yɛ adwuma/ɛpaapae<br/>anaasɛ ɛde ofie bi to asiane mu?"}
    HazardType -->|"B. Nhyɛso mpaapaemu a ɛte sɛ ɔsram a ɛwɔ gyaade<br/>ne nnua/ban a ɛdannan wɔ koko so"| SlumpBranch{"So nsu a atɛkyɛ wom retu akɔ<br/>wɔ bepɔw no ase nansoaa so?"}
    HazardType -->|"C. Wɔato kar kwan so culvert paipu mu,<br/>nsu a ɛboro kwan so, anaasɛ asphalt asɛe"| CulvertBranch["Barricade Driveway Ntɛm ara:<br/>MMFA kar ntwa asphalt a asɛe<br/>anaasɛ hyɛn nsu ase culvert inlet mu"]

    WallBranch -->|"Mpaapaemu a ɛyɛ nnam, >5 cm (2 in) tilt,<br/>anaasɛ ofie fapem a ɛboa"| EvacWall["Ɔfasu a Ɛrebɛbubu:<br/>Tɔ baabi a ɛbɛtɔ fam; frɛ geotechnical/structural engineer;<br/>bɔ city building dept amanneɛ sɛ ɛbɛn abɔnten/afipamfo a"]
    WallBranch -->|"Slow creep, su ntokuru a wɔatoto mu,<br/>no active falling blocks"| DrainWall["Gye Hydrostatic Pressure Dwoodwoo:<br/>Dandan ɔdan atifi nsuo a ɛkɔ fam no, fa tarp dɔte a ɛwɔ ɔfasuo akyi,<br/>fa poma tenten tew osu ntokuru a wɔato mu fi nkyɛn"]

    SlumpBranch -->|"Yiw: Toe a ɛrehuruhuruw ne nsuten a atɛkyɛ ayɛ,<br/>anaasɛ ntini a ɛrebɔ denneennen"| ActiveSlide["Asase a Ɛwosow / Nneɛma a Asɛe a Ɛrebɛn:<br/>Tu fi adan a ɛkɔ fam no mu ntɛm ara;<br/>frɛ 911 / 112 / 999 na hwɛ utilities"]
    SlumpBranch -->|"Dabi: Dry tension crack wɔ crest so"| TarpSlump["Tarp Headscarp Tension Cracks:<br/>Lap nsuo a ɛtumi nkɔ mu 6-mil plastic so mpaapaemu;<br/>MMFA fill efĩ ngu slump so DA"]

    CulvertBranch --> CulvertFix["Twɛn ma Nsuo Nkɔ Akyi:<br/>Popa nwura a ɛwɔ nsuo no atifi no fi bankye a ɛkorɔn a ɛyɛ dry nko ara;<br/>hwɛ paipu mpa so scour ansa na woaka kar"]

--- .

Geotechnical mechanics: nea enti a afasu a wɔde siw ano ne gyaade a ɛkɔ fam no di nkogu¶

Ɔfasu a wɔde siw ano nyɛ ban a wɔde asiesie; ɛyɛ gravity dam a wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛko atia asase a ɛwɔ n’akyi a ɛkɔ fam ne akyi (active earth pressure). Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 90 wɔ atrae a wɔde siw afasu a ɛhwe ase ne akyi hɔ a ɛkɔ fam a ɛyɛ huammɔdi nyinaa mu no fi nsu, na ɛnyɛ efĩ a ayow no mu duru nkutoo.

4 structure failure modes a ɛwɔ ɔfasu a ɛkora so¶

Asase ho mfiridwumayɛfo hwehwɛ ɔfasu a wɔde siw ano a ɛhaw adwene mu denam akwan anan a mfiri di huammɔ no mu nea ɛrekɔ so a wohu so:

1. Overturning (Rotational tilt twa anim nansoaa no ho hyia):
2. Nhyɛso a ɛwɔ nkyɛnkyɛn a efi dɔte dɔte a ɛyɛ ma anaasɛ awɔw a ɛkɔ soro wɔ ɔfasu no akyi no pia ɔfasu no atifi kɔ abɔnten, na ɛma ɔfasu no nyinaa dan kɔ n’anim wɔ anim bere a ɛdannan ne ho twa n’anim ano a ɛwɔ ase (nansoaa) ho hyia no.
3. Critical tipping point: Wɔde atirimpɔw akyi a ɛkɔ koko no mu (batter) a ɛyɛ digrii 2 kosi 7 na esi kɔnkrit block ne nnua afasu a wɔakyekyɛ mu dodow no ara. Sɛ ɔfasu a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ dan kɔ n’anim twa gyina hɔ pɛ a, ne tumi a ɛtwe ade ba fam no dan kɔ ne nnyinaso no mfinimfini nkyem abiɛsa mu biako akyi, na ɛdannan ntɛmntɛm.
4. Sliding (Horizontal shear wɔ ase):
5. Ɔfasu no tra hɔ gyina hɔ kakra, nanso nnua, nnua, anaa kɔnkrit nan a wɔahwie agu ase no nyinaa twetwe kɔ n’anim fa dɔte dɔte a ɛyɛ nsu a ɛwɔ n’ase no so efisɛ dɔte a ɛwɔ nnyinaso no ase no adan ayɛ mmerɛw wɔ nsu mu na ayera sɛnea ɛtumi kura mu.
6. Wubehu ɔkwan bi a ɛda ɔfasu no akyi ne sod anaa abotan a ɛyɛ den a ayɛ akuwakuw wɔ ase kwan no anim.
7. Mfinimfini Shear / Yafunu Bulging (Mfinimfini sorokɔ blowout):
8. Ɛtaa ba wɔ abo afasu a ɛyɛ dry-stacked, concrete cinder-block (CMU) afasu a ɛnyɛ den, asase a wɔde yɛ adwuma a ɛka bom a enni geogrid reinforcement fabric, ne keteke kwan a wɔde kyekyere nnua afasu a ɛporɔw mu.
9. Atifi ne ase kwan no tra hɔ bɛyɛ sɛ nea ɛwɔ hɔ, nanso ɔfasu no mfinimfini nkyem abiɛsa mu biako kotow kɔ abɔnten te sɛ yafunu a onyinsɛn, atɛkyɛ nkwaa mu paapae tẽẽ, nnua nnua mu paapae, anaasɛ abo mmiako mmiako fi ase puw fi anim. Yafunu a ɛkɔ soro a ɛwɔ mfinimfini no ne huammɔdi kwan a asiane wom sen biara efisɛ ɔfasu no pae kɔ abɔnten a enhinhim nkakrankakra.
10. Deep-Seated Global Slope Failure (Wɔde ɛkyinkyini a ɛkɔ fam wɔ ɔfasu no ase):
11. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wɔkyekye ɔfasu a ɛkora so no ankasa denneennen, nanso koko a ɛwɔ ɔfasu no ase ne akyi* no nyinaa twitwa fa wimhyɛn a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛte sɛ nsenia a ɛkɔ fam a ɛyɛ mita 2 kosi 6 (anammɔn 6.5 kosi 20) wɔ asase ase.
12. Nsɛnkyerɛnne bi ne crescent crack (headscarp) a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛbue wɔ gyaade no mu akyirikyiri wɔ ɔfasuo no akyi, a ɛne asase a ɛwɔ ɔfasuo no ase anim a ɛkɔ soro bere a asase a emu dɔ no cylinder no di akɔneaba no.

Nea enti a osu ntokuru a asiw no dan osu ma ɛbɛyɛ odwennini a wɔde nsu di dwuma¶

Wɔ kɔnkrit, birikisi, ɔbo, anaa nnua a wɔasisi no yiye a wɔde sie ɔfasu biara akyi no, ɔbo a wɔabubu a wɔde yi nsuo a wɔabubu ne nsuo afiri a wɔato mu (French drain / footing drain) adum bi te, ne ntokuru nketewa a ɛtoatoa soɔ anaasɛ ntokuru a ɛda hɔ a ɛda ntam mita 1.2 kɔsi 2.4 (anammɔn 4 kɔsi 8) biara wɔ ɔfasuo a wɔfrɛ no weep no ase anim anim ntokuru.

• Sɛ osu ntokuru ne abotan a wɔde fa nsu mu no yɛ adwuma yiye a, osu nsu a ɛsen kɔ dɔte a ɛwɔ ɔfasu no akyi no fa su ntokuru no mu kɔ anim gyaade hɔ ntɛm ara, enti nsu ntumi nkɔ ɔfasu no akyi da.
• Sɛ atɛkyɛ, nnua ntini, geotextile filter ntama a dɔte a ɛyɛ fĩ, wasp anaa mmoadabi berebuw ahyɛ mu ma, anaasɛ ofie wura bi dii mfomso de atɛkyɛ tow osu ntokuru no mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛda adi a, nsu akorae bi a ahintaw wɔ asase ase hyɛ ɔfasu no akyi bere a osu retɔ.
• Hydrostatic pressure physics: Nsuo piapia ɔfasuo akyi kɔ baabiara a nhyɛsoɔ yɛ pɛ \(\gamma_w \times h\) (bɛyɛ 9.8 kilopascals wɔ mita biara a emu dɔ mu, anaa 62.4 pounds wɔ anammɔn ahinanan biara mu wɔ anammɔn biara a emu dɔ mu). Ɔfasu a wɔatoto mu a ɛkura nsuo a wɔakyere no mita 1.8 (anammɔn 6) wɔ n’akyi no nya aduru a ɛpia asase a ɛyɛ nwunu a ɛkɔ soro no bɛboro mmɔho mmienu kɔsi mmɔho mmiɛnsa, berɛ a nsuo korɔ no ara sra dɔteɛ mu nneɛma nketenkete na ɛtew asase no mu ahoɔden a ɛtwetwe no so ma ɛbɛyɛ atɛkyɛ.

--- .

Diagnostic comparison table: sɛnea ɔfasu, ɔkwan a ɛkɔ fam, ne kar kwan a adi huammɔ no mu yɛ den ho nhwehwɛmu¶

Fa saa afuw mu nhwehwɛmu matrix yi fi beae a ahobammɔ wɔ a ɛwɔ beae a ɛhwe ase no akyi de hwɛ sɛ ebia worehwɛ mmere mu nneɛma nketenkete a ɛkɔ so anaasɛ huammɔdi kɛse bi a ɛreba.

--- .

Anamɔn biara ntɛmpɛ a wɔde gyina pintinn ma ɔfasu a wɔde siw ano anaa gyaade a ɛhwe ase a ɛredi nkogu¶

Sɛ ɔfasu a ɛkora so no ayɛ kɛse anaasɛ bepɔw so sare bi mu apaapae wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkyinkyini mu a, worentumi npia ɔfasu no nsan nkɔ ne gyinabea, na ɛnsɛ sɛ wugyina n’anim da. Nanso, wubetumi ayɛ nneɛma abiɛsa a ɛma nneɛma gyina hɔ pintinn a ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse dwoodwoo fi beae a asiane wɔ no akyi a ɛmma nsu ntumi mma huammɔdi no nkɔ fam koraa.

Anamɔn 1: Set up "Tell-Tale" movement monitor (Enti wunim sɛ ɛretu mprempren ara) .¶

Wɔ ahum a ɛretu mu no, ɛnyɛ den sɛ onipa aniwa ntumi nhu sɛ ebia ɔfasu mu mpaapaemu anaa sare a ahwe ase no tu milimita 6 (nsateakwaa ¼) wɔ dɔnhwerew a etwaam no mu anaasɛ atra hɔ asram pii. Fa mfiri a wɔde susuw nneɛma a ɛnyɛ den abien si hɔ fi baabi a ahobammɔ wɔ:

1. The Two-Stake Lawn Slump Gauge (Ma bepɔw so ne ɔfasu atifi mpaapaemu):
2. Gyina asase a ɛyɛ pintinn, a mpaapaemu wɔ bepɔw so akyi tension mpaapaemu no so (ntiatia downhill sliding block a ɛda mpaapaemu no ne ɔfasu no ano ntam no so da).
3. Fa dua dua biako kɔ asase a ɛso yɛ den a ɛwɔ mpaapaemu no akyi a ɛyɛ sɛntimita 60 (anammɔn 2) no mu, na fa wo nsa kɔ soro na fa dua a ɛto so abien kɔ dɔte a ɛretu a ɛwɔ mpaapaemu no ase pɛɛ no ​​mu.
4. Teɛ hama a ɛyɛ den anaa susuw teyp wɔ nnua abien no ntam, fa agyiraehyɛde a ɛtra hɔ daa hyɛ kwan pɔtee no agyirae (sɛ nhwɛso no, . 100.0 centimeters), na fa kanea a wɔde tow kanea hwɛ mu simma 30 kosi 60 biara fi baabi a ahobammɔ wɔ a ɛforo bepɔw no. Sɛ kwan a ɛda nnua no ntam no renya nkɔanim milimita 6 (nsateakwaa ¼) anaa nea ɛboro saa dɔnhwerew biara bere a osu retɔ a, ɔkwan a ɛkɔ fam no di huammɔ denneennen na ɛrenkyɛ.
5. Tape-Bridge anaa Glass-Slide Crack Monitor (Ma kɔnkrit/abo a wɔde ayɛ ɔfasu awiei):
6. Fi kɔnkrit ɔfasu bi afã a ahobammɔ wom (ennyina mfinimfini a ɛrehuruhuruw no anim da) no, fa epoxy anaa abɔnten duct tape a ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm a ɛyɛ dab abien fa mpaapaemu a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ so na fa sodifo ne agyiraehyɛde twetwe nsensanee tẽẽ a ɛda fam wɔ teapɔn no so. Ntetewmu biara a ɛkɔ soro anaasɛ twitwa a ɛda fam no mu paapae nhama no mu ma wotumi hu.

Anamɔn 2: Nsu ntumi nkɔ mu na fa akode hyɛ soro nhyɛso mu mpaapaemu (The Tarp Shingle Technique) .¶

Sɛ ɔfasu bi a wɔde siw ano kɔ n’anim anaasɛ koko bi hwe ase kakra a, mpaapaemu bi a emu dɔ a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ bue wɔ asase a ɛwɔ n’akyi no mu. Sɛ osutɔ nsu anaa sukyerɛmma a ɛreworo so fi wo gyaade na ɛhwie gu saa mpaapaemu a ɛda hɔ no mu a, mpaapaemu no bɛhyɛ nsu ma te sɛ paipu teateaa a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ, na ɛma nsu tumi a ɛkɔ abɔnten wɔ ɔfasu no so no dɔɔso ɔha biara mu nkyem 300 kosi 500.

1. Sɛ woyɛ adwuma katee fi bepɔw no fã a ɛyɛ den (anyɛ yiye koraa no, wotra akyi mita 1.5 / anammɔn 5 fi ɔfasu no ano), bue 6-mil (0.15-millimeter) polyethylene plastic sheeting anaa tarps a emu yɛ duru wɔ beae a apaapae no nyinaa so na anyɛ yiye koraa no trɛw mita 2 (anammɔn 6.5) kɔ soro twa mpaapaemu a ɛkorɔn sen biara no.
2. Shingle the overlaps downhill: Sɛ wode tarps pii redi dwuma a, bere nyinaa fa soro tarp no fa ase tarp no atifi (te sɛ ɔdan atifi shingles) sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu bɛtu mmirika akɔ seam no so yiye a ɛrentu wɔ ase.
3. Twitwa V-trench a ɛnyɛ den a ne tenten yɛ sɛntimita 10 (inch 4) wɔ tarp no ano a ɛforo kɔ soro no so, fa plastic no atifi ano no hyɛ amena no mu, na fa anhwea nkotoku anaa dɔte hyehyɛ mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nsu a ɛwɔ soro no ntumi awia wɔ plastic no ano a ɛforo no ase.
4. Kyerɛ tarp no ano a ɛsiane no kwan kɔ nkyɛnkyɛn kɔ swale a sare anaa ahum nsuo a ɛyɛ den a ɛkɔ akyirikyiri fi ɔfasuo no fã a ayɛ basaa no so.

Anamɔn 3: Fa poma tenten bi yi su ntokuru a wɔatoto mu no fi nkyɛn¶

Sɛ ɔfasu a ɛkora so no gyina hɔ pintinn araa ma block biara nhwe ase na mpaapaemu a ɛyɛ nnam biara mma, nanso wohyɛ no nsow sɛ n’ase su ntokuru no ayow anaasɛ atɛkyɛ ne wasp berebuw ahyɛ mu bere a asase a ɛwɔ ɔfasu no akyi no ayɛ nsu ma a:

1. Gyina 1.5x Height collapse zone akyi kɔ ɔfasuo no nkyɛn anaa fa PVC paipu a ɛyɛ den a ne tenten yɛ mita 2.4 kɔsi 3 (anammɔn 8 kɔsi 10), dadeɛ rebar, anaa bamboo dua no kɔ diagonally.
2. Fa poma no hyɛ ase su tokuru biara ano brɛoo na fa atɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, nkoekoemmoa atɛkyɛ dauber plugs, anaa ntini a wɔde hyɛ mu no mu, anaasɛ fa asuten a ɛyɛ brɛoo a efi turo mu hose nozzle a wɔde teyp abɔ dua tenten bi so no kɔ osu tokuru no mu sikɔne 5 na ama nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ no afi mu.
3. Sɛ atɛkyɛ nsu a ɛyɛ tumm fi ase pue fi tokuru a wɔaprapra mu no mu a, san w’akyi na ma nsu a akyea no nkɔ fam sɛnea ɛte biara. (Hyɛ no nsow: Sɛ osu tokuru a woyi fi hɔ no hohoro anhwea anaa abotan a ɛho tew pii a ɛwɔ akyi no mu bere nyinaa a, ntama bi a wɔde yiyi nneɛma mu wɔ ɔfasu no akyi atetew, na ama ɔbodan a ɛwɔ asase ase aba; gyae nhwehwɛmu na frɛ mfiridwumayɛfo.)

--- .

Kar akwan a wɔhohoro, akwan a wɔsɛe no, ne nsu a wɔde fa nsu mu a wɔatoto mu ntɛmpɛ¶

Nkuraase, nkurow akyi, ne nkoko so afie taa fa dade a wɔayɛ no akuturuku, HDPE plastic, anaa kɔnkrit culvert paipu a wɔasie wɔ kar kwan no ase so twa abura a nsu fa mu, asubɔnten a ɛwɔ bere mu, anaa ɔtare bi mu. Wɔ osutɔ a ano yɛ den anaa nsuyiri a ɛba ntɛmntɛm mu (hwɛ yɛn... flash floods akwankyerɛ na asasewosow ho akwankyerɛ), kar kwan so nsu a wɔde fa nsu mu no di huammɔ wɔ akwan abiɛsa a edi awu so:

1. Asphalt Bridge Trap a Ahintaw (Abɔnten a wɔasɛe no) .¶

Asphalt ne kɔnkrit akwan a wɔde fa kar mu yɛ abon a ɛyɛ den a ne kɛse yɛ sɛntimita 5 kosi 10 (nsateakwaa 2 kosi 4) a ɛde ne ho to abo a wɔabubu a wɔabɔ no akuturuku a ɛwɔ ase no so koraa na ama kar mu duru a ɛyɛ kilogram 2,000 (nkaribo 4,400) no agyina.

• How ​​piping and scour hollow out a driveway: Sɛ nnua nkorabata ne nhaban siw kar kwan so culvert pipe a ɛkɔ soro no ano a, nsu no san kɔ soro kɔ ɔtare a emu dɔ mu wɔ kar kwan no fã a ɛforo kɔ soro no mu. Esiane sɛ nsuo nhyɛsoɔ hyɛ no nti, nsuo firi aseɛ sene twa abɔnten ho hyia wɔ dadeɛ anaa plastic culvert paipu no mu fa gravel bedding (hydraulic piping) no mu. Wɔ simma 30 mu no, nsu a ɛrehuruhuruw no hohoro abotan ne efĩ a ɛwɔ kar kwan no ase nyinaa bere a ɛma asphalt tuntum a ɛwɔ soro a ne kɛse yɛ sɛntimita 5 (nsateakwaa 2) no sɛn wim te sɛ nkesua a wɔde ayɛ abon a wɔmfa nnyina akyi no.
• Nea enti a ɛnsɛ sɛ woka kar anaasɛ wofa so da: Sɛ wufi ofirikafo no nkongua so a, kar kwan a ɛwɔ blacktop no so no te sɛ nea ɛyɛ petee koraa na enni dɛm (anaasɛ nsu a ɛreworo so a ɛyɛ sɛntimita 2 pɛ na ɛkata so). Bere a kar bi anim tae bɛbɔ akɔ asphalt a enni nnyinaso no so ara pɛ no, ɔkwan a wɔde fa so no bɔ mu kɔ ɔkwan a wɔahohoro a emu dɔ yɛ mita 1.5 (anammɔn 5) mu, na ɛdannan kar no hwene kan kɔ nsuyiri a ɛrehuruhuruw mu.
• Immediate action:
• Fa kar kwan no ano abien no nyinaa siw kwan ntɛm ara denam orange cones, nwura kotoku, frankaa a ɛhyerɛn teyp, anaa kar a esi hɔ a wɔde asi hɔ yiye wɔ asase a ɛyɛ den so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a lɔre ahorow a wɔde nneɛma kɔ, abusua mufo, anaa kar ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ ntumi nka kar nkɔ span a asɛe no so wɔ akwanhyia mu.
• Fa dua dua tenten anaa sɔw nsa hwehwɛ akwan no anoano fi baabi a ahobammɔ wɔ na ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu na hwɛ sɛ ebia abotan mmati a ɛwɔ asphalt ano ase no ahohoro anaa.

2. The Culvert Inlet Suction Vortex (Mma nsuo a ɛwɔ nsu ase no mfi nsuo ase da bere a ahum retu) .¶

Sɛ nsu san kɔ soro mita 1 kosi 2 (anammɔn 3 kosi 6.5) wɔ kar kwan so culvert paipu a wɔato mu akyi a, wɔtaa sɔ afiewuranom hwɛ sɛ wɔde rake bɛtwe nkorabata afi paipu a ɛwɔ nsu ase no mu.

--- .

Nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma ne fapem a wɔbɛbɔ ho ban bere a gyaade bi a ɛkɔ fam anaa ɔfasu bi sesa no¶

Ɛnyɛ dɔte ne abo nko na asase no tu kɔ baabiara; sɛ wɔdannan kɔ akyi a ɛyɛ sentimita 5 (nsateakwaa 2) pɛ wɔ gyaade a ɛkɔ fam anaa kar kwan ano a, ɛbɛtwitwa asase ase nsuo afiri a ɛyɛ den ne nsuo a ɛfa baabi a wɔde nsuo a ɛtwetwe no.

1. Abɔdeɛ mu mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma nhama ne propane nhama a wɔasie:
2. Hwɛ baabi a wo mmɔnten so gas main no hyɛn w’agyapade mu anaa baabi a kɔbere/polyethylene nhama a wɔasie a efi w’akyi propane tank mu no kɔ wo fie.
3. Sɛ asase a ɛwɔ saa kwan no so no mu apaapae, ahwe ase, anaasɛ ayɛ kɛse wɔ ɔfasu a ɛkora so a asɛe akyi a, dum propane tank service valve no (anaasɛ tu fi hɔ na frɛ gas utility no ntɛmpɛ nɔma no sɛ wote gas hua anaa wuhu sɛ dɔte retwe afi ofie gas mita riser no ho a).
4. Kurow akɛse mu nsuo ho nhama ne ankorankoro nsuo a wɔde gu nsuo mu:
5. Mpɛn pii no, ɔkwan a ɛkɔ fam a ɛsakrasakra no bubu PVC anaa kɔbere nsu ho nhama a ɛwɔ asase ase a ɛda abɔnten mita ne ofie no ntam, na ɛde nsu a wɔahyɛ no den kɔ wimhyɛn a ɛtwetwe no mu tẽẽ na ɛma asase a ɛwosow kɛse no yɛ ntɛmntɛm. Hwɛ leak-indicator triangle ketewa a ɛretwintwam wɔ wo abɔnten so nsu mita so bere a dan mu tap nyinaa adum; sɛ ɛrekyinkyin a, dum abɔnten so kwan a ɛda abɔnten so kwan no gyinabea no ntɛm ara.
6. Sɛ wo septic tank anaa leach drainfield te bepɔw a ɛso yɛ toro so a, gyae nsuo a wɔde di dwuma wɔ dan mu nyinaa ntɛm ara sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a efĩ a ɛfiri mu no remfa sradeɛ nhyɛ kokoɔ no so (hwɛ yɛn septic system no huammɔdi ho akwankyerɛ).
7. Downhill afipamfo asodi ne kurow no mu hokwan a wɔde fa kwan so amanneɛbɔ:
8. Sɛ wo retaining wall anaa bepɔw so a ɛrehwe ase a adi nkogu no ne ɔmanfo kwan a ɛda fam, kurow no abɔnten, abɔnten so, anaa ofipamfo bi a ɔsiane fie, kar kwan, anaa mpa fasu hye so a, bɔ wo fipamfo a ɔsiane fam no amanneɛ ankasa anaa telefon so ntɛm ara sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi atu abusua mufo afi adan a ɛhwɛ ɔfasu no so no mu na wɔatu wɔn kar a esi hɔ no.
9. Frɛ wo kuropɔn mu adansi dwumadibea anaa ogya/ɔmanfo adwumayɛbea a ɛnyɛ ntɛmpɛ a wɔde kɔma no na bisa kurow no mu adansi ho ɔhwɛfo anaa kurow no mu mfiridwumayɛfo nhwehwɛmu sɛ ɔfasu no de ɔmanfo hokwan a ɛwɔ kwan so anaa ɔdan a ɛbɛn hɔ bi to asiane mu a.

--- .

Mfiridwuma mu nsiesie a ɛtra hɔ daa: nea ɛyɛ adwuma ne nea enti a DIY "band-aids" di nkogu¶

Sɛ ntɛmpɛ no gyina hɔ pintinn na asase no wow wie a, ɔfasu a ɛkora so a ɛdannan atwam gyina hɔ, ayɛ kurukuruwa wɔ mfinimfini, anaasɛ ayera ne nnyinaso friction worentumi nsiesie denam atɛkyɛ a wɔde bɛkata mpaapaemu so anaasɛ wɔde nnua a ɛyɛ ahinanan a wɔde besi anim no so.

• Nea enti a mpaapaemu a wɔde bɛkata kɔnkrit fasu a wɔde siw so mu no ma ɛhwe ase yɛ kɛse: Sɛ wode hydraulic cement hyɛ mpaapaemu a abue wɔ kɔnkrit anaa ɔfasu a wɔde siw ano mu ma a, ɛkata mframa a wɔde guan nkutoo a aka a na nsu a akyea no mogya retu no, na ɛma nsu a ɛwɔ ɔfasu no akyi no nhyɛso kɔ soro.
• Akwan a wɔapene so a wɔfa so siesie asase ho mfiridwuma (Adwumayɛfo a ɔwɔ tumi krataa [PE] na ɔyɛɛ no ​​maa afasu a ne tenten boro mita 1 kosi 1.2 / anammɔn 3 kosi 4):
• Complete tear-down and rebuild with geogrid soil reinforcement and drainage: Excavating the failed wall, installing a perforated PVC footing drain encased in washed angular #57 crushed stone wrapped in non-woven geotextile filter fabric (to stop clay silt from fouling the gravel), and embedding horizontal layers of high-strength polymer geogrid mesh extending 1.5 to 3 meters (5 to 10 feet) back into compacted gravel backfill so the entire soil mass acts as a single monolithic gravity block.
• Helical tieback anchors anaa asase nnadewa: Wɔ kɔnkrit a wɔahwie agu anaa nnua a emu yɛ duru afasu a ne nhyehyɛe no mu yɛ den nanso afi ase reyɛ mmerɛw ho no, fapem adwumayɛfo titiriw tu dade atenten helical tieback rods fa ɔfasu no anim wɔ fam mita 4 kosi 9 (anammɔn 13 kosi 30) san kɔ abotan a ɛyɛ den anaasɛ asase a enhaw adwene mu wɔ slip plane no akyi, na wɔde dade a emu yɛ duru bearing mprɛte abɔ anim no ho ban.
• Gabion basket or riprap toe buttressing: For slumping hillside banks without a formal wall, excavating the unstable toe and stacking heavy galvanized wire cages filled with 10- to 20-centimeter (4- to 8-inch) angular quarry rock (gabion baskets) that allow groundwater to flow freely out of the hill while anchoring the toe with massive dead weight.

--- .

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

How far away should I stay from a leaning or bulging retaining wall?¶

Geotechnical engineers and rescue agencies enforce a minimum collapse exclusion zone equal to 1.5 times the vertical height of the retaining wall, measured both outward from the bottom front toe of the wall and backward from the top crest of the wall. For example, if a stone or concrete block wall is 2 meters (6.5 feet) tall, you must keep all people, pets, and parked cars at least 3 meters (10 feet) away from the front of the wall and 3 meters (10 feet) back from the top edge, because a failing wall and the wedge of saturated earth behind it slide outward across that entire footprint in less than two seconds.

Can I brace a leaning masonry or timber retaining wall with wooden 2x4 posts or jacks?¶

No, never attempt to prop up a leaning stone, concrete block, or railroad-tie retaining wall from the front using wooden lumber braces or residential screw jacks. Even a small 1.2-meter-tall (4-foot) section of saturated hillside soil exerts 5,000 to 15,000 kilograms (11,000 to 33,000 pounds) of lateral force that will snap dimensional wooden two-by-fours like toothpicks and launch splintered wood and concrete blocks onto anyone standing near the wall; the only safe emergency actions are clearing the collapse zone, removing vehicles from the upper terrace, and diverting surface water away from the soil behind the wall.

Why did my retaining wall suddenly bulge or collapse during a rainstorm after standing fine for 15 years?¶

Retaining walls almost always fail suddenly after years of stability because the buried gravel drainage column and bottom weep holes behind the wall gradually clog over a decade with fine clay silt, tree roots, and decaying organic matter. Once the hidden drainage path seals shut, the next heavy rainstorm or spring snowmelt fills the soil behind the wall with trapped groundwater, which simultaneously doubles the weight of the soil, adds massive horizontal hydrostatic water pressure against the back of the wall, and turns the soil beneath the bottom footing into slick mud that loses frictional grip.

Does homeowners insurance cover a collapsed retaining wall or driveway washout?¶

Standard homeowners insurance policies almost universally exclude damage caused by earth movement, landslides, soil subsidence, hydrostatic underground water pressure, and surface flood runoff, meaning a retaining wall that collapses from rain-saturated soil or a driveway culvert washed out by a storm is rarely covered unless the wall was struck by a fallen tree or vehicle, or you carry a separate flood or earth-movement endorsement. However, if a sudden burst pressurized domestic plumbing pipe inside your yard caused the washout, some policies cover the resulting access repairs; always photograph the site thoroughly and check your policy declarations before beginning excavation.

--- .

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS): The Landslide Handbook: A Guide to Understanding Landslides (rotational slumps, headscarp tension crack tarping, surface water diversion, and warning signs of imminent slope failure).
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, United States Department of Transportation): Design and Construction of Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes (FHWA-NHI-10-024) and Culvert Scour and Hydraulic Piping Failure Guidelines.
• International Code Council (ICC): International Building Code (IBC) Section 1807 (Retaining Walls) and International Residential Code (IRC) Section R404.4 (overturning and sliding safety factors, drainage requirements, and engineering permit thresholds for walls over 1.2 meters / 4 feet).
• National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA): Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls (hydrostatic pressure effects, weep hole and geotextile clogging mechanics, and live surcharge loads from parked vehicles).
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom) and Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE): Stability of Masonry Retaining Walls: Inspection, Public Exclusion Zones, and Collapse Prevention.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Homeowner's Guide to Landslide and Slope Failure Mitigation and flood culvert overtopping safety rules.

--- .

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Landslides and mudslides: warning signs and evacuation
• Expansive clay soil heave, drought subsidence, and foundation cracking
• Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɔdan no asɛe ne sɛnea ɛbɛhwe ase
• Flash floods: immediate survival and road hazards
• Gas a ɛretu a wohu ne ntɛmpɛ a wɔde to mu
• Emergency nɔma ahorow ho kyerɛwtohɔ