Lithium Cell Spot-Welding Shorts, Acid Flux a Ɛhwie Hwie, ne Soldering Dade a Ɛhyew¶

Lithium-ion batere a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ, printed circuit board (PCB) a wosiesie, ne nsu ho nhama anaa ahwehwɛ a wɔde solder a wɔyɛ no ka anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde sie a ahoɔden kɛse wom, nnuru a ɛporɔw, ne ɔhyew a ano yɛ den a ɛwɔ baabiara bom wɔ adwumayɛbea a ɛyɛ ketewaa bi so. Wɔ lithium-ion nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa te sɛ 18650, 21700, ne 26650 nkwammoaa so no, dade akyi toa no nyinaa (a soro mmati a wɔabɔ no crimped atwa mfinimfini positive button no ho ahyia pɛɛ ka ho) ne negative terminal, a wɔde plastic insulating gasket a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ne tɛtrɛtɛ nnu 1 milimita (0.04 inches) atew ne ho afi positive cap a wɔama so no ho. Sɛ spot-welder probe, nickel busbar strip, anaa dade caliper bridge fa mmati wrapper a atetew so anaasɛ ɛtow heat-shrink tubing a ɛyɛ tratraa a, cell no hu amane ntɛm ara dead short circuit a ɛde 50 kosi bɛboro 150 amperes ma. Wɔ sekan fã mu no, nikel a wɔde abɔ mu no hyerɛn fitaa na ɛde weld ne ho kɔ nea ɔde di dwuma no nsateaa so, anaasɛ emu mpaapaemu no nwene na ɛkanyan basabasayɛ lithium-ion thermal runaway, na ɛma mframa a awuduru wom hydrogen fluoride (\(\text{HF}\)) mframa na ɛma ogyaframa a ɛboro 800 degrees Celsius (1,470 degrees) ba Fahrenheit) na ɛwɔ hɔ.

Asiane saa ara ne nnwinnade a ɛma ɔhyew ne nnuru a ɛsen fa ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri anaa dade benkyi so no. Soldering iron tip a wɔahyɛ no hyew a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no yɛ adwuma wɔ 315 ne 450 degrees Celsius (600 ne 840 degrees Fahrenheit), bere a mframa a ɛyɛ hyew SMD rework nozzles du 500 degrees Celsius (930 degrees Fahrenheit), a etumi ma ntɛm ara ne full-thickness (digrii a ɛto so abiɛsa) contact burns anaasɛ solder a wɔabɔ no bɔɔl nketenkete a wɔde piapia ne acid a ɛrenoa tẽẽ kɔ aniwa a wɔmmɔ ho ban mu. Bere a ɛlɛtrɔnik rosin ne nsu a ɛho tew a ɛho tew no ma wusiw a ɛma ahurututu mu yɛ mmerɛw (colophony) a ɛkanyan adwuma mu ayamtu a emu yɛ den no, zinc chloride a ɛyɛ den (\(\text{ZnCl}_2\)), hydrochloric acid (\(\text{HCl}\)), anaa ammonium chloride a wɔde nnuru a emu yɛ den ba no wɔ dade a wɔde yɛ adwuma a emu yɛ duru ne ahwehwɛ a wɔde ayɛ mu ani a ɛhyew ne mframa kwan a ɛwɔ soro no a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa sɛ wɔde petepete anaasɛ wɔhome a. Nim a wunim sɛnea wobetwa nikel a ayɛ tiaa afi batere a aguan mu dwoodwoo a ɛrenhyew, hohoro acid flux anaa solder a wɔabɔ no apete afi aniwa no mu, soldering deep contact burns a ɛyɛ nwini, na woadi acute flux-fume bronchospasm ho dwuma no siw nsa a ɛyɛ dɛmdi a ɛtra hɔ daa, aniwa a ɛyera, ne adwumayɛbea ogya ano.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Bɔ spot-welder probe a ayɛ tiawa anaa nickel strip a ɛhyerɛn a enni mu denam dua dua a ɛnyɛ nea ɛde nsu kɔ mu, plastic adwinnade, anaa flush cutters a wɔde siw ano so Ntɛm ara, na MMFA nsa a ɛda hɔ nnye battery pack a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ tiaa a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ DA. Sɛ cylindrical 18650 anaa 21700 cell fi ase yɛ hissing, popping at its top crimp vent, or wusiw fitaa a ɛyɛ nwini a wobɛma, tow nkwammoaa no anaa nneɛma a wɔde ahyɛ mu no gu dade bokiti a anhwea ahyɛ mu ma mu anaa abɔnten kɔ kɔnkrit so, tu dan no mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a worenhome hydrogen fluoride mframa a awuduru wom, na frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a egye ntɛmpɛ (911 wɔ United States ne Canada, 112 wɔ Europa Aman Nkabom no nyinaa mu, 999 wɔ United Kingdom) hwɛ nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ na hwɛ lithium-ion batere a ɛyɛ hyew.
2. Fa soldering dade a ɛhyew biara, solder a ayɛ apetepete, anaa nickel strip a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyew no nwini wɔ tap nsu a ɛretu a ɛyɛ nwini ase simma 20 a edi mũ ntɛm ara. Yi nkaa, dɔn, ne nkapo fi nsa a ahyew no mu ntɛm ara ansa na ɛho ahonhon afi ase. Sɛ solder a ayɛ den ketewaa bi bata honam ani brɛoo a, ma nsuo a ɛreworo so no hohoro, nanso nhwehwɛ anaa ntwitwa dadeɛ anaa plastic a ayow a wɔde afra honam ani a ɛyɛ hyew a emu dɔ mu da; hwɛ ɔhyew.
3. Fhohoro aniwa biara a wode nsuo soldering flux, acid paste, anaa isopropyl alcohol apetepete so wɔ nsuo a ɛyɛ brɛoo a ɛreworo so ase anyɛ yie koraa no simma 15 kɔsi 30 a ɛkɔ so. Fa wo nsateaa kura aniwa no anim berɛ a worebobɔw aniwa no akɔ afã nyinaa. Sɛ solder a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ den bi si aniwa no mu a, fa nkyene anaa nsu a ɛnyɛ sterile hohoro ho brɛoo, mmmɔ mmɔden sɛ wode tweezers bɛtetew solder a ayɛ den afi ani no so, na kɔ dan a wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ yare a egye ntɛmpɛ anaa aniwa ho oduruyɛfo nkyɛn ntɛm ara; hwɛ aniwa mu apirakuru.
4. Tu obiara a ɔrebɔ ahurututu, ɔfe, anaa ne home tiawa fi soldering flux wusiw mu kɔ abɔnten mframa pa mu ntɛm ara. Rosin (colophony) solder wusiw ne vaporized zinc chloride acid flux yɛ mframa kwan mu nneɛma a ɛhyɛ abufuw a ano yɛ den a ebetumi akanyan ahurututu mu yare a emu yɛ den ne ayamtu ntua boa onipa no denam wɔn afiri a wɔde home a ɛma ahurututu mu trɛw ntɛmntɛm (te sɛ albuterol/salbutamol) a wɔakyerɛw ama no no so na sɛ ɔhome no nyɛ mmerɛw ntɛmntɛm a, frɛ wɔn a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so; hwɛ ayamtu ntua.
5. Sɛ abofra anaa afieboa mene nsuo a ɛyɛ acid soldering flux anaa plumbing paste a, MMFA nsuo nfe. Fa nsuo hohoro n’ano, ma nsuo anaa nufusuo kakra sɛ onipa no ani da hɔ koraa na ɔtumi mene a ɔfefe nko ara, na frɛ wo man mu awuduru sohwɛbea (1-800-222-1222 wɔ United States) anaa mpɔtam hɔ nɔma a ɛhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so ntɛm ara; hwɛ awuduru a wɔde ma.
6. Discharge high-voltage power supply or microwave-transformer spot-welder capacitors safely and disconnect mains power if a builder suffers an electric shock. Cheap DIY spot welders built from modified microwave oven transformers (MOTs) can leak lethal 2,000-volt AC primary-to-secondary faults if insulation breaks down; never touch a shocked person until the wall plug or breaker is off; see anyinam ahoɔden a wɔde bɔ obi.

flowchart TD
    Start["Soldering, Flux, or Battery Bench Emergency"] --> Incident{"Bench so ntɛmpɛ bɛn na esii?"}
    Incident -->|"Battery Spot-Welding Tiatiaa, Hissing Cell, anaa Red-Hot Nickel Strip"| SpotShort["1. Knock probe or cut glowing nickel strip with insulated cutters<br/>2. NEVER grab shorted cells or glowing metal with bare hands<br/>3. If cell hisses or smokes, move pack to metal sand bucket or outdoors<br/>4. Evacuate room to avoid toxic HF fumes and cool hand burns 20 min"]
    Incident -->|"Soldering Iron Contact, Hot Air Gun, or Molten Solder Burn"| IronBurn["1. Unplug iron or place securely in metal stand<br/>2. Cool burn under cool running tap water for 20 full minutes<br/>3. Remove rings/watches; do not pry off deeply fused solder<br/>4. Cover with sterile non-stick dressing"]
    Incident -->|"Liquid Acid Flux, Rosin Spatter, or Solder Pop into Eye"| EyeSplash["1. Flush eye immediately under gentle running water for 15 to 30 min<br/>2. Remove contact lenses during irrigation<br/>3. NEVER scrape solidified solder off the cornea with tweezers<br/>4. Seek immediate emergency ophthalmology care"]
    Incident -->|"Flux Fume Wheezing or Acid Flux Ingestion"| FumeIngest["Inhalation: Fresh air + upright posture + rescue inhaler<br/>Ingestion: DO NOT induce vomiting; rinse mouth and call Poison Control / EMS"]

Lithium-ion cell spot-welding shorts and battery pack assembly emergencies¶

Why cylindrical 18650 and 21700 cells short-circuit so easily during spot welding¶

When assembling custom lithium-ion or lithium-iron-phosphate (\(\text{LiFePO}_4\)) battery packs for e-bikes, drones, power tools, or solar storage, builders use capacitive-discharge, transformer, or lipo-powered pulse spot welders to fuse thin 0.15-to-0.30-millimeter pure nickel or nickel-plated steel strips onto the ends of cylindrical cells.

Three anatomical features of cylindrical cells (18650, 21700, 26650) create an extreme short-circuit trap at the positive end of the cell:

1. The entire steel cell casing is negative, right up to the top positive crimp: Unlike a household AA alkaline battery where the outer steel jacket is positive, a cylindrical lithium-ion cell's entire deep-drawn steel cylinder, including the flat folded top rim (shoulder) surrounding the central positive button, is connected directly to the negative anode. Only a thin plastic insulating gasket and a fragile PVC wrap plus an adhesive fish-paper insulator ring separate the positive center button from the negative outer shoulder less than 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) away.
2. Probe pressure and arc blow-through: If the operator presses two copper spot-welding electrodes down crookedly so one probe slips off the raised positive cap onto the cell's top shoulder crimp, or if excessive weld pulse energy burns through the thin PVC wrapper and fish-paper ring under the nickel strip, the positive cap is shorted directly to the negative can.
3. Parallel pack cascade shorts: In a large multi-cell battery pack (such as a 13S5P or 20S10P e-bike pack), once a parallel group of 5 to 10 cells is bridged by a nickel busbar, dropping a metal ruler, Allen wrench, or loose nickel strip across two adjacent parallel groups dumps hundreds of amperes through the thin strip instantly.

Anamɔn biara mmuae a wɔde ma wɔ battery spot-welding short circuit anaa cell venting ho¶

1. Twa anaa bɔ short circuit no mu a womfa wo nsa nka dade a ɛyɛ hyew a wo honam ani da hɔ:
2. Fa sharp, VDE-insulated diagonal flush cutters (anaasɛ heavy trauma/tin shears a insulated nsa) abien bi sie baabi a wo nsa betumi adu wɔ benkyi no so bere nyinaa bere a woreyɛ spot welding no.
3. Sɛ nickel strip bi yɛ tiaa kɔ cell mmati so na efi ase hyerɛn a ɛyɛ borɔdɔma anaasɛ ɛnom sigaret a, mfa wo nsateaa nkyere strip no. Ntɛm ara fa wo cutters a insulated no twa nickel strip no fã a ɛyɛ teateaa sen biara no mu na ama anyinam ahoɔden no abubu, anaasɛ fa nnua dowel anaa plastic spudger bɔ strip a ayɛ hare no.
4. Hwɛ shorted cell no hyew na tie sɛ mframa a ɛwɔ mu no:
5. Sɛ wotwaa tiawa no wɔ sikɔne 1 kosi 2 mu na nkwammoaa no yɛ hyew kakra pɛ (<45 °C / 113 °F) a ɛnyɛ hissing: Fa cell no to nkyɛn wɔ abɔnten anaasɛ fa dade ammo toa/anhwea bokiti a ogya ntumi nkɔ mu mu nnɔnhwerew 24 ma ɛnnwo na hwɛ so. Nkwammoaa pii a ɛyɛ cylindrical a ɛyɛ papa wɔ Current Interrupt Device (CID) ne Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) ring a ɛwɔ mu a ɛma ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ positive cap no ase a ɛbɔ daa bere a wɔabɔ no tiaa no, na ɛma cell no awu dwoodwoo wɔ 0.0 volts. Mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wobɛsan de CID a abubu no asi hɔ denam skrudraiver a wobɛpia akɔ mframa a ɛwɔ soro no ntokuru mu no so.
6. Sɛ nkwammoaa no reyɛ hyew ntɛmntɛm (>60 °C / 140 °F), ɛrehuruhuruw, ɛrebɔ, ɛrebɔ, ɛrebɔ, anaasɛ ɛretu wusiw fitaa/akuturuku: Thermal runaway afi ase wɔ jelly-roll electrode winding no mu. Wɔ sikɔne 5 kosi 30 mu no, nkwammoaa no tumi tow ogyaframa a ɛyɛ digrii Celsius 800 kosi 1,000 (digrii Fahrenheit 1,470 kosi 1,830) anaasɛ ɛpae ne soro crimp no na ɛtow emu ntini no fa dan no mu te sɛ rɔke.
7. Twe cell anaa pack a aguan no fi mu na yi wusiw a awuduru wom no fi hɔ ntɛm ara:
8. Fa dade tongs atenten, sɔw, anaa aboa nhoma welding gauntlets a emu yɛ duru (ansa na ogyaframa apae nkutoo) di dwuma, tow sigaret dan no gu anaasɛ fa gu dade bokiti a anhwea a ayow anaa vermiculite ahyɛ mu ma fã mu na fa anaa fa hyɛ abɔnten kɔ baabi a nneɛma a ɛyɛ hyew ntumi nkɔ, anaasɛ bɔ kɔ kɔnkrit fam a ɛda hɔ kwa na fi dan no mu ntɛm ara, to ɔpon no mu wɔ w’akyi.
9. Nhome mununkum fitaa anaa fitaa a ɛyɛ nsuo a ɛyɛ hyew no: Lithium-ion electrolyte no kura lithium hexafluorophosphate (\(\text{LiPF}_6\)) a wɔapete wɔ organic carbonate solvents mu. Sɛ ɛyɛ hyew anaasɛ ɛda nsuo a ɛwɔ mframa mu (anaasɛ w’ahurututu mu) mu a, ɛporɔw yɛ hydrogen fluoride (\(\text{HF}\)) gas ne phosphoryl fluoride (\(\text{POF}_3\)), ne carbon monoxide ne hydrogen cyanide. Batere mframa a ɛyɛ den a wɔhome kakraa bi mpo wɔ mpa ketewa bi anaa baabi a wɔde kar sisi mu no betumi ama woapira ahurututu mu nnuru a ɛkyɛ kɛse na fluoride awuduru a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu no aba; hwɛ lithium-ion batere a ɛyɛ hyew na hydrofluoric acid, nea wɔde yi nkannare fi hɔ, ne nnuru a ɛma ɔhyew no yɛ nea ɛnyɛ adwuma.
10. Dum na fa nsu pii dum multi-cell pack a ɛrehyew (bere a wɔatwa anyinam ahoɔden nhama no mu pɛ no):
11. Nea ɛnte sɛ solid metallic lithium primary batteries no, lithium-ion nkwammoaa a wotumi de hyɛ mu bio no kura metallic lithium kakraa bi pɛ na ɛhyew titiriw esiane ɔhyew a guan ne organic solvent hyew nti. Ogya adwuma sɔhwɛ (NFPA ne UL FSRI) si so dua sɛ nsu a ɛnyɛ den pii a wɔde fi akyirikyiri a ahobammɔ wom di dwuma no ne ɔkwan a etu mpɔn sen biara a wɔfa so ma nkwammoaa a ɛbɛn wɔn ho no dwo wɔ nkwammoaa pii pack mu wɔ wɔn ɔhyew a woguan fi ase (-130 kosi 150 °C / 265 kosi 300 °F) na wogyae cascade trɛw fi nkwammoaa biako mu kɔ foforo mu. (ABC afiri a wɔde dum gya anaa anhwea a ɛyɛ dry powder no mie ogyaframa a ɛwɔ akyi no bere tiaa bi nkutoo; sɛ nkwammoaa no kɔ so yɛ hyew wɔ anhwea no mu a, wɔbɛkɔ so ayɛ exothermic guanway na wɔasan asɔ.)

Soldering iron, mframa a ɛyɛ hyew a wɔsan yɛ adwuma, ne nikel a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛhyew¶

Nea enti a ɛlɛtrɔnik benkyi a ɛhyew no mu dɔ sen sɛnea ɛte¶

Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri ne batere a wɔyɛ no hu amane wɔ ɔhyew mu hyew a ɛsono emu biara wɔ nsa ne wɔn nsateaa so:

1. Direct soldering iron barrel anaa tip contact (315 to 450 °C / 600 to 840 °F): Esiane sɛ soldering iron wɔ high-wattage ceramic anaa inductive heating element a wɔahyɛ no tẽẽ wɔ kɔbere-core tip so, sɛ wode wo nsa ka barrel anaa tip no 0.5 seconds mpo a, ɛde ɔhyew ahoɔden a ɛdɔɔso kɔ baabi foforo a ɛbɛma epidermal proteins ayɛ coagulate ntɛm ara, dannan honam ani a ɛyɛ linear strip a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛte sɛ chalky, ɛyɛ aboa nhoma, na ɛnyɛ yaw wɔ mfinimfini (ɔhyew a emu dɔ a ne fã bi yɛ kɛse anaasɛ ne kɛse yɛ nea ɛkɔ akyiri koraa).
2. Incandescent shorted nickel strip branding burns (600 to 1,000 °C / 1,100 to 1,830 °F): Sɛ ɔdansifo bi fi awosu mu bɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔde ne nsateaa kɛse ne ne nsateaa a wɔde kyerɛ ade a ɛyɛ tiaa a ne tenten yɛ milimita 0.2 bɛtwetwe na wɔatwe afi so a, strip no hyɛ amena a emu dɔ agyirae wɔ nsateaa ntama ne dijitaal ntini ahorow no so, mpɛn pii no ɛma honam ani hwɛbea a carbon ayɛ no afrafra dade a wɔde abɔ so no.
3. Molten solder droplets ne boiling flux spatter (183 to 400 °C / 361 to 750 °F): Sɛ wet flux a wɔakyere wɔ desoldering braid mu, plated through-hole, anaa tinned stranded wire no bow ma ɛpae a, ɛteɛteɛ nkuruwankuruwa a wɔde tin-lead anaa lead-free (tin-silver-copper) solder ayɛ no kurukuruwa gu akyi nsa, nsateaa, asen, anaa anim ho.

Mmoa a edi kan a wɔde ma anammɔn anammɔn ma soldering ne spot-welding hyew¶

1. Fa adwinnade a ɛyɛ hyew no bɔ ho ban sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a entumi nhyɛ benkyi so gya: Tow soldering iron no san kɔ ne dade a emu duru yɛ den no mu anaa twe anyinam ahoɔden hama no ansa na woayɛ wo nsa yare; dade a ahwe ase a ne kɛse yɛ 400 °C a wɔagyaw a ɛda mpa a wɔde twa ade, krataa schematic, anaa isopropyl nsa toa so no bɛhyew adwumayɛbea no bere a wowɔ sink no so no.
2. Fagugu ɔhyew no so gu tap nsu a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛretu ase simma 20 a edi mũ:
3. Fa nsateaa, nsa, anaa nsateaa a ahyew no kura tap nsu a ɛsen brɛoo na ɛyɛ nwini (bɛyɛ digrii Celsius 15 / digrii Fahrenheit 59) ase simma 20 a ɛkɔ so; hwɛ ɔhyew.
4. Simma 20 a ɛyɛ nwini ntɛm ara no ma ɔhyew a aka no fi honam ani, ɛma nkwammoaa a ɛrekɔ so no gyae wɔ beae a ɛyɛ stasis no, na ɛtew akisikuru, ɛyaw, ne akuru a ɛtwetwe wɔ nsateaa nkwaa so no so kɛse.
5. Mfa nsukyenee, nsukyenee nsu, freeze spray (circuit chiller aerosol), bɔta, toothpaste, anaa thermal heatsink paste (Arctic Silver / silicone grease) nhyɛ ɔhyew so da. Sɛ wode compressed difluoroethane circuit-chiller spray petepete soldering burn so a, ɛde awɔw ba ntɛm ara wɔ thermal burn no atifi, bere a heatsink paste no kyere ɔhyew na ɛde dade oxide gu kuru no ho fĩ.
6. Di solidified solder droplets a ɛwɔ honam ani no ho dwuma yiye:
7. Esiane sɛ honam ani nsu ma nsu a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ ketewaa bi (Leidenfrost nkɛntɛnso no) ba na honam ani ngo mma solder nnyɛ nwini a nsu ntumi nkɔ mu nti, solder a ayɛ nwini nketenkete a ɛpetepete honam ani a enni dɛm so no taa yɛ den wɔ sekan fã ketewaa bi mu na ɛbobɔw anaasɛ ɛtra honam ani a ɛyɛ akisikuru no so. Ma nsu a ɛsen brɛoo no hohoro solder nhwiren a ayɛ mmerɛw no nkɔ.
8. Sɛ ɔtare kɛse bi a solder a ayɛ hyew anaa plastic/ɔhyew-shrink tubing a ayɛ hyew ahyɛ honam ani a emu dɔ a ayɛ hyew mu denneennen a, mfa tweezers ntwe anaa ntutu mfi mu. Fa nsu a ɛreworo so nwini wɔ ade a ayɛ den no so pɛɛ simma 20 na ma oduruyɛfo bi nyi mfi hɔ wɔ aduru a wɔde kum nipadua no mu a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa ase.
9. Bɔ akisikuru ho ban na fa aduru a ɛnyɛ nea ɛbata ho a ɛnyɛ nea ɛbata ho kata so:
10. Mfa hobby knife anaa sewing needle pop, lance, anaa peel burn blisters wɔ nsateaa anaa nsateaa so da. Honam ani akisikuru a enni dɛm ne nipadua no mu abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔde kyekyere honam ani a ɛnyɛ den a eye sen biara wɔ honam ani a ɛyɛ raw no so.
11. Fa ade a ɛnyɛ den a ɛnyɛ nnam (te sɛ petrolatum gauze anaa silicone/film pad a ɛnyɛ nea ɛbata ho) a wɔde roller gauze a ɛyɛ mmerɛw abɔ ho kata ɔhyew a ayɛ nwini no so yiye.
12. Hu bere a nsa anaa nsateaa a ɛhyew hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu ntɛm ara:
13. Ɔhyew biara a ɛte sɛ chalky fitaa, waxy, charred, anaa leathery, anaasɛ ɛte nka sɛ ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ mfinimfini bere a wɔde wo nsa ka no kakra (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ hyew a emu dɔ a ne fã bi yɛ kɛse anaasɛ ne kɛse nyinaa yɛ pɛ).
14. Ɔhyew biara a ɛkyekyere twa ho hyia wɔ nsateaa bi ho (te sɛ ring hyehye a ɛyɛ tiaa) anaasɛ ɛtwa nsateaa nkwaa, nsateaa ntaban, anaa nsateaa no flexor creases, baabi a akuru a ɛtwetwe no betumi asɛe nsa dwumadi daa.
15. Ɔhyew biara a efi electrolyte venting a efi lithium-ion cell mu (a ebia hydrofluoric acid a ɛporɔw a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔde calcium gluconate gel sa yare wɔ ayaresabea; hydrofluoric acid, nea wɔde yi nkannare fi hɔ, ne nnuru a ɛma ɔhyew no yɛ nea ɛnyɛ adwuma).

Acid soldering flux a ɛhwie gu, rosin wusiw, ne aniwa a ɛpetepete¶

Nsonsonoe a ɛda ɛlɛtrɔnik rosin flux ne corrosive acid metalworking flux ntam¶

Ɛnyɛ soldering fluxes nyinaa na ɛde nnuru mu asiane koro no ara ba. Sɛ biribi si ntɛm a, hwɛ flux toa, syringe, anaa paste tin a wɔakyerɛw so ntɛm ara na woahu nnuru kuw a woredi ho dwuma:

Anamɔn biara mmoa a edi kan ma flux anaa molten solder a wɔde petepete aniwa no mu¶

1. Nsuo acid flux, flux paste, anaa boiling flux petepete aniwa no mu¶

1. Fi ase gugu aniwa so nsu a ɛkɔ so wɔ sikɔne 10 mu: Kɔ baabi a wɔde aniwa hohoro, adididan mu sink, anaa aguaree ntɛm ara na hohoro aniwa a ayɛ no ma no wɔ tap nsu a ɛyɛ hyew anaa nkyene a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛyɛ brɛoo ase anyɛ yiye koraa no simma 15 kosi 30 a ɛkɔ so (anyɛ yiye koraa no simma 30 ma zinc chloride, hydrochloric acid, anaa fluoride a ɛsen); hwɛ aniwa mu apirakuru na ɔhyew a emu yɛ den ne nnuru a wɔde hohoro nipadua no.
2. Fa ti no si hɔ sɛnea nsu a efĩ wom no bɛguan afi aniwa a enpira no ho: Dan ti no kɔ nkyɛnkyɛn na aniwa a apira no kɔ fam kɔ ​​nsu a ɛkɔ nsu no mu no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a zinc chloride a ɛyɛ mmerɛw anaa acid renhohoro hwene no bridge no so nkɔ aniwa pa no mu.
3. Kura aniwa no mu kɛse na bobɔ aniwa no kɔ afã horow nyinaa: Nnuru mu ɛyaw ma aniwa no mu ntini a ɛyɛ den a ɛnyɛ wo pɛ (blepharospasm) a ɛkyere acid a ɛkɔ soro ne ase conjunctival fornices (kotoku a emu dɔ a ɛwɔ aniwa no ase) no mu. Fa wo nsateaa kɛse ne wo nsateaa a wode kyerɛ ade no kura nkataso no mu bere a worehwɛ soro, fam, benkum, ne nifa wɔ nsu asuten no ase no.
4. Yi contact lenses wɔ simma 1 kosi 2 akyi a woahohoro no mfiase no: Ntwentwɛn nsuo a wode gugu so no ase da na yi contact lens adi kan, na mmom yi lens no bere a worehohoro no pɛn no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a acid renkɔhyɛ ani no so.
5. Hwehwɛ aniwa ho aduruyɛ a egye ntɛmpɛ anaa ayaresabea hwɛ ntɛm ara bere a woahohoro no: Fa flux container anaa Safety Data Sheet (SDS) no bra dwumadibea a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ayaresabea adwumayɛfo betumi de litmus krataa ahwɛ aniwa no ani pH na wɔakɔ so agugu aniwa no so nsu a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa kosi sɛ aniwa no pH bɛsan ayɛ nea ɛfata (7.0 kosi 7.4).

2. Solidified molten solder droplet wɔ aniwa no mu¶

Sɛ solder joint a ɛyɛ nsu popa na ɛtow tin-lead a wɔabɔ anaa SAC305 lead-free solder (183 kosi 220+ °C) a ɛtɔ gu aniwa a wɔmmɔ ho ban mu a:

1. Fa nkyene a ɛnyɛ den a ɛyɛ nwini anaa tap nsu a ɛho tew gugu so ntɛm ara simma pii: Nusu a ɛwɔ ani no so no dum dade ketewaa no ntɛm ara na ɛma ɛyɛ den ma ɛbɛyɛ krataa a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a wɔayɛ no sɛnea aniwa no te anaasɛ wɔde ahyɛ aniwa no ase. Onwini a ɛba ntɛm ara no ma ɔhyew a ɛsɛe ani a ɛwɔ soro no ano hye.
2. MMƆ mmɔden DA sɛ wode tweezers, nsateaa nnadewa, anaa cotton swabs bɛtetew solder a ayɛ den afi aniwa no so, abɔ wo ho ban, anaasɛ wobɛpepa so: Sɛ wobɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛfa solder a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛbata ani no ho wɔ fie a, ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobɛtetew ani no mu ntini no nyinaa anaasɛ ɛbɛtetew stroma no mu.
3. Ma w’ani mmienu no nyinaa mu wɔ kanea kyɛm ase na kɔ dan a wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ yare a egye ntɛmpɛ anaa aniwa ho oduruyɛfo nkyɛn: Aniwa ho ɔbenfo de aduru a wɔde kum nipadua no a ɛnyɛ ɔyare mmoawa bɛhyɛ mu, ama solder flake a ayɛ den no so yiye wɔ slit-lamp microscope ase, de fluorescein ayɛ ani no ho fĩ, na wakyerɛw nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde gu mu. Nea ɛyɛ nwonwa no, sɛ wɔma solder a wɔde petepete soro no dwo ntɛm ara na oduruyɛfo titiriw bi yi fi hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ hu so a ɔmfa ne ho ntwitwiw fie a, mpɛn pii no, ani no mu ntini no sa koraa wɔ nnɔnhwerew 48 kosi 72 mu.

Mmoa a edi kan ma soldering flux wusiw a wɔhome ne nea wɔnom¶

• Rosin (colophony) anaa acid flux wusiw a wɔhome: Sɛ obi a ɔyɛ anigyede anaa mfiridwumayɛfo nya ɔfe, ne menewa hyew, ne koko mu yɛ den, anaasɛ ɔbɔ ahurututu bere a ɔreyɛ solder wɔ benkyi a wusiw afiri nni mu so a, dum soldering station no ntɛm ara, fa onipa no kɔ abɔnten mframa pa mu, sansan ntade a ɛyɛ den, na ma ɔntra ase tẽẽ. Sɛ wɔwɔ ayamtu anaasɛ wɔde aduru a wɔakyerɛw ama wɔn a wɔde gye wɔn ahurututu mu nkwaadɔm (albuterol/salbutamol) kɔ a, boa wɔn ma wɔmfa; hwɛ ayamtu ntua. Sɛ ahurututu, stridor (dede a ɛkɔ soro a wɔde home), anaa ahome a ɛyɛ tiaa kɔ so, titiriw bere a woahome zinc chloride, hydrochloric acid, anaa fluoride flux wusiw akyi a, frɛ adwumayɛfo a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so (911 / 112 / 999) ntɛm ara.
• Nsuo a ɛkɔ mu a wɔnom wɔ akwanhyia mu (wɔtaa de sie wɔ dropper nkotokuo anaa nkuruwa a wɔankyerɛw so): Nsuo a wɔde ahwehwɛ ayɛ anaa nsuo a wɔde fa nsuo mu no te sɛ nsuo a emu da hɔ anaa nsuo kɔkɔɔ na mmofra anaa mpaninfoɔ a wɔdi mfomsoɔ sɛ flux kuruwa a ɛwɔ benkyi so no mene no wɔ akwanhyia mu sɛ ɛyɛ anonneɛ. Mma obi nfe da na mma baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) da mfa nsɛe acid a wɔanom (a ɛma exothermic gas reaction a ebetumi ato yafunu a ahyew no mu). Fa nsuo hohoro na teɛteɛ w’ano yie, ma nsuo anaa nufusuo kakraa bi ma ɔnom sɛ ɔyarefoɔ no adwene mu da hɔ, n’ani da hɔ, na ɔtumi mene a ɛyaw anaa nsuo ntɔ mu nkutoo a, na frɛ Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 wɔ United States) anaa 911 / 112 / 999 ntɛm ara; hwɛ awuduru a wɔde ma.

Kɔbere awuduru a wosiw ano ne ɛlɛtrɔnik benkyi ahobammɔ nhwehwɛmu kratasin¶

Bere a awuduru a emu yɛ den kɔbere mfi soldering wusiw a wɔhome wɔ soldering iron hyew a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ mu (efisɛ dade kɔbere ma nsu a ɛyɛ hyew kɛse boro 480 kosi 500 degrees Celsius / 900 degrees Fahrenheit nkutoo ba, a ɛboro soldering hyew a ɛfata 350 °C so koraa), kɔbere awuduru a enni sabea nam soldering oxide a wɔde nsa kɔ anom a wɔnom so mfutuma, solder dross, ne flux nkae a efĩ wɔ nsateaa so:

• ANSI Z87.1 ahobammɔ ahwehwɛ anaa splash ahwehwɛ a ɛyɛ ahyɛde bere a wɔreyɛ soldering ne spot welding nyinaa: Out-of-the-blue solder pops, clipped resistor leads a ɛtu wɔ ahoɔhare kɛse mu, ne spot-welder sparks ba a wɔmfa kɔkɔbɔ biara mma.
• Barley-paper (fish-paper) insulator rings wɔ cylindrical lithium-ion cell biara so: Mfa spot-weld 18650 anaa 21700 battery pack da a wunni kan mfa adhesive insulator rings nhyɛ cell biara atifi mmati a ɛyɛ papa no so na wohwɛ PVC cell wraps nyinaa mu sɛ ebia nicks anaa.
• Dade anhwea bokiti ne VDE-insulated flush cutters wɔ battery bench no so: Fa insulated flush cutters abien a wɔatu ho ama ne dade ade a anhwea a ɛyɛ dry ahyɛ mu ma fã sie wo spot welder no nkyɛn pɛɛ.
• Fa isopropyl alcohol (IPA) a ɛtumi hyew (IPA) no to nkyɛn na ɛnware dadeɛ a ɛyɛ hyeɛ ne spot welders: Nnyaw kuruwa anaa tub a ɛbue a 91% anaa 99% isopropyl alcohol PCB cleaner wom da wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn hot-air rework station anaa battery spot welder; ogyaframa biako sɔ nsa bruu ogyaframa a aniwa nhu wɔ benkyi no so.
• Active benchtop fume extraction: Fa ESD-safe solder fume extractor a HEPA + deep-bed activated carbon filter (anaasɛ mframa a ɛkɔ abɔnten) a ɛwɔ sɛntimita 15 kosi 25 (nsateakwaa 6 kosi 10) fi dade no ano di dwuma. Standard thin black carbon-foam pads nkutoo ntumi nkyere sub-micron rosin asinasin anaa acid nsu a ɛyɛ hyew.
• Nsa hohoro denneennen na aduan anaa anonne biara nni soldering bench no so: Nnidi, nnom, nnom sigaret, anaa nnsu wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik benkyi so da, na fa samina ne nsu (anaa D-Lead samina) hohoro nsa bere a woadi solder a ɛwɔ kɔbere (60/40 anaa 63/37 SnPb) anaa kɔbere sponge tip cleaners ho dwuma awie no.

Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

So wubetumi anya kɔbere awuduru a emu yɛ den afi wusiw a ɛforo fi ɛlɛtrɔnik solder a kɔbere 60/40 wom mu a wohome no mu?¶

Wɔ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔde solder a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ digrii Celsius 315 kosi 380 (digrii Fahrenheit 600 kosi 715) mu no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wusiw fitaa a wotumi hu a ɛforo fi nkwaa no mu no yɛ rosin a wɔayɛ no hyew anaasɛ organic flux ɔha biara mu nkyem 100, na ɛnyɛ kɔbere a ɛyɛ hyew, efisɛ dade kɔbere ntumi mma mframa a ɛyɛ hyew kɛse kosi sɛ ɛbɛyɛ hyew a ɛboro bɛyɛ digrii Celsius 480 kosi 500 (digrii 900). Fahrenheit a ɛyɛ fɛ). Nanso, saa wusiw a ɛsen a wotumi hu no da so ara yɛ asiane sɛ wobɛhome efisɛ resin acid ne aldehydes a ɛma mframa kwan no yɛ mmerɛw na ɛkanyan adwuma mu ayamtu wɔ pine rosin a wɔayɛ no hyew (colophony) mu. Kɔbere a wɔtwe fi soldering mu no nam nsa a wɔde kɔ ano so titiriw bere a wode wo nsa ka solder waya, dross, anaa kɔbere ano a wɔde tew ho a kɔbere wom na afei wode wo nsa ka aduan, anonne, anaa w’ano a wunhohoro wo nsa no.

Dɛn nti na me 18650 batere no sɔ gya denneennen na ɛde weld yɛɛ nikel a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ bere a mede me nsa kaa nkwammoaa no atifi nkutoo no?¶

Nea ɛnte sɛ ofie AA batere a dade akyi abon no yɛ papa no, dade cylinder a ɛwɔ 18650 anaa 21700 lithium-ion cell no nyinaa yɛ negative terminal, a dade rim (mmati) a ɛyɛ tratraa a wɔabɔ no atwa cell no atifi ano pɛɛ ka ho. Wɔde plastic a ɛyɛ tratraa a wɔde siw ano ne PVC a wɔde kyekyere ɔhyew a ɛtwetwe nneɛma ho a ennu milimita 1 (nsateakwaa 0.04) na ɛtetew mfinimfini positive button a wɔama so no fi saa akyi mmati a enye no ho. Sɛ wo spot-welding probe anaa nickel strip no mia fam wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ kronkron so, ɛtwetwe fi mfinimfini bɔtn no so, anaasɛ ɛwosow fa nicked wrapper a ɛwɔ soro rim no so a, wobɛma kwan tiawa a awu tẽẽ aba positive cap no ne negative can no ntam a ebetumi atow current bɛboro amperes 100 agu ntɛm ara.

Sɛ solder a wɔabɔ no bɔɔl ketewaa bi ba m’ani so bere a mereyɛ solder no a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ meyɛ?¶

Ntɛm ara fa nkyene a ɛnyɛ den a ɛyɛ nwini anaa tap mu nsu a ɛho tew a ɛyɛ hyew hohoro w’ani brɛoo simma pii, yi ahwehwɛ biara a wɔde hwɛ ade no sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ a, na mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wode tweezers anaa cotton swab bɛtetew dade a ayɛ den no afi w’aniwa so anaasɛ wobɛprapra mu. Esiane sɛ nusu a ɛwɔ w’ani so no ma nsu ketewaa no dwo wɔ sekan fã ketewaa bi mu nti, solder no yɛ den ma ɛbɛyɛ dade a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa a ɛda ani so anaa aniwa no so. Sɛ wobɔ mmɔden sɛ w’ankasa wubeyi afi so a, ebetumi ayi aniwa no ani anaasɛ apaapae aniwa no mu, bere a aniwa ho oduruyɛfo anaa oduruyɛfo a ɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so betumi ama aniwa no ayɛ mmerɛw na ama ahwehwɛ a ayɛ den no so tew wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete ase.

Why is stained-glass or plumbing soldering flux so much more dangerous to the eyes and lungs than electronics flux?¶

Standard electronics solder de rosin a ɛyɛ mmerɛw (pine sap) anaasɛ mmerɛw organic no-clean fluxes a wɔayɛ sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkwati sɛ ɛbɛsɛe kɔbere circuit traces a ɛyɛ mmerɛw di dwuma. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, nsu ne aduru a emu yɛ duru a wɔde yɛ ahwehwɛ a wɔde ayɛ, kɔbere nsu afiri, dade a wɔde ayɛ ntama, anaa dade a ɛnyɛ den no kura acid a ɛnyɛ nkwaboaa a wɔahyɛ no den (titiriw zinc chloride a ɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem 20 kosi 50, ammonium chloride, ne hydrochloric acid) anaa fluoride a ɛporɔw. Sɛ wɔde zinc chloride acid a ɛkɔ aniwa no mu petepete aniwa no mu a, ɛde nnuru hyew ntɛmntɛm na emu dɔ a ebetumi ama ani no ayɛ mununkum daa wɔ simma kakraa bi mu gye sɛ wɔde nsu a ɛreworo so hohoro no ntɛm ara simma 15 kosi 30, na sɛ wɔhome ne acid a ɛrefɔw no a, ebetumi ama obi apira mframa kwan kɛse.

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Saa akwankyerɛ yi de ahosiesie a egye ntɛmpɛ ne mmoa a edi kan ho nsɛm ma wɔ battery pack a wɔboaboa ano, soldering, ne chemical flux akwanhyia ho na ɛnsi anyinam ahoɔden mfiridwuma ho ntetee anaa ayaresabea ayaresa ananmu. Susuw ho sɛ wobɛfa mmoa a edi kan ne CPR adesua a wɔagye atom afi Red Cross, St John Ambulance, anaa wo man ahobammɔ ahyehyɛde hɔ.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Lithium-ion battery ogya, e-bike a ɛpae, ne ɔhyew a guan
• Ɔhyew, nnuru, ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛhyew
• Ɔhyew a emu yɛ den ne nnuru a wɔde hohoro no
• Hydrofluoric acid, nea ɛma nkannare fi hɔ, ne nnuru a ɛma ɔhyew no yɛ nea ɛnyɛ adwuma
• Aniwa a wɔapirapira ne nnuru a wɔde petepete so
• Mmoa a edi kan a anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɔ ne anyinam ahoɔden a ɛbɔ

Sources a wɔhwɛɛ mu¶

• Akwahosan ne Ahobammɔ Sohwɛfo (HSE, United Kingdom): Akwahosan mu Asiane a efi Rosin (Colophony) Based Solder Flux Fumes (INDG249 / EH40 Adwumam Anohyeto a Ɛma Nnipa Nnua) Mu a Wɔbɛhyɛ So
• Ɔman Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Adwumayɛ mu Ahobammɔ ne Akwahosan So (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Kotoku mu Akwankyerɛ a Ɛfa Nnuru mu Asiane a Ɛwɔ Zinc Chloride Wusiw, Hydrogen Chloride, ne Rosin Core Solder Pyrolysis Nneɛma Ho
• Ɔman Ogya Ho Banbɔ Fekuw (NFPA, United States) ne UL Ogya Ahobammɔ Nhwehwɛmu Asoɛe (UL FSRI): Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway, Vent Gas Toxicity (Hydrogen Fluoride), ne Ogya a Wɔde Siw Ano Akwankyerɛ
• Amerika Aniwa Ho Adesuabea (AAO, United States): Aniwa mu Nnuru a Ɛhyew (Zinc Chloride / Acid Fluxes) ne Aniwa mu/Aniwa mu Dade a Wɔabɔ no Ahɔho a Wɔayɛ no Ntɛmntɛm
• Adwumayɛ mu Ahobammɔ ne Akwahosan Dwumadibea (OSHA, United States): Di Kan wɔ Adansi ne Nnwuma a Wɔyɛ no Kɛse mu (29 CFR 1910.1025) ne Ankorankoro Ahobammɔ Nneɛma a Wɔde Bɔ Aniwa ne Anim Ho Ban (29 CFR 1910.133)