Lithium Cell Spot-alxanka gaaban, Asiidh daadanaya, iyo Alxanka birta gubtay¶

Dhisida xirmooyinka baytariyada lithium-ion, hagaajinta looxyada wareegyada daabacan (PCBs), iyo samaynta alxanka tuubooyinka ama muraayadaha wasakhaysan waxay isku daraan kaydinta tamarta sare ee tamarta, dareeraha kiimikaad daxalka ah, iyo kulaylka deegaanka ee xad dhaafka ah ee kursiga fadhiga. On unugyada lithium-ion cylindrical sida ** 18650, 21700, iyo 26650 unug ***, birta oo dhan dibadda kara (oo ay ku jiraan garabka sare crimped midig agagaarka badhanka togan dhexe) waa ** terminal taban , ka soocay cap togan kor u kacay by a caag ah insulating gasket jilicsan jilicsan (0 millimeter ka yar ** 0.0 inch). Haddii baaraha bar-alxanka, xariijimaha busbar nikkel, ama biraha caliper buundooyinka ku dul duuban garabka jeexan ama ay ka daloolaan tuubo kulayl-yar, unuggu waxa soo gaadhay wareeg gaaban oo degdeg ah oo keenaysa 50 ilaa 150 amperes oo hadda ah. Nus ilbiriqsi gudihiis, xariijinta nikkelku waxay dhalaalaysaa-kulul oo waxay isku xidhaysaa faraha isticmaalaha, ama kala-soocida guduhu way dhalaalisaa oo kicisaa ** lithium-ion kulaylka kuleyliyaha ah, soona saara sun HFloraydh (\(\text{HF}\)) gaaska iyo ololka dabka ee ka sarreeya **8040 darajo Celsius

Sidoo kale khatarta ayaa ah qalabka kulaylka iyo qulqulka kiimikaad ee ku fadhiya qalabka elektiroonigga ah ama kursiga biraha. Caarada birta heerkulka lagu xakameeyo ee caadiga ah waxay shaqeysaa inta u dhaxaysa ** 315 iyo 450 darajo Celsius (600 iyo 840 darajo Fahrenheit) ***, halka hawada kulul ee SMD dib-u-soo-celinta nozzles ay gaarto ** 500 darajo Celsius (930 darajo Fahrenheit) ***, awood u leh in ay keento dhumucda degdegga ah ee dhumucda heerka saddexaad karkarinta aashitada si toos ah isha aan la ilaalin. Halka rosinka elektiroonigga ah iyo dareeraha aan nadiifka ahayn ay sii daayaan qiiqa dareenka sambabada (colophony) ee keena neefta shaqada ee degdega ah, shaqada culus ee birta shaqada iyo dareeraha galaasku waxay ka kooban yihiin **zinc chloride (\(\text{ZnCl}_2\)), hydrochloric acid (\(\text{HCl}\)) kiimikaad gubanaysa ama gubasho daran bararka marin-haweedka haddii lagu firdhiyo ama la nuugo. Ogaanshaha sida si badbaado leh loogu gooyo xadhigga nikkel ee gaaban ee baakidhka batteriga ee cararaya iyada oo aan la gubin, ka daadi qulqulka aashitada ama dhalaalidda alxanka isha, qaboojiso xidhiidhka birta ee qoto dheer ee gubanaya, iyo maaraynta qulqulka-qiiqa bronchospasm ba'an waxay ka hortagtaa naafonimada joogtada ah ee gacanta, luminta aragga, iyo dabka aqoon-is-weydaarsiga.

Hadda samee tan¶

1. **Ku garaac shay-alxanle bar-gaaban ama xariijin nikkel dhalaalaysa oo xor ah adigoo isticmaalaya ul alwaax ah oo aan shaqaynayn, qalab caag ah, ama gooyayaasha nadiifinta dahaadhka leh isla markiiba, oo waligaa ha ku qaban baakidh gaaban oo kulul gacmo qaawan. unug ama ku xidh baaldi bir ah oo ay ka buuxaan ciid ama bannaanka sibidhka, ka bax qolka si aanad u neefsan gaaska hydrogen fluoride ee sunta ah, oo wac lambarka degdega ah ee degaankaaga (911 gudaha Maraykanka iyo Kanada, 112 guud ahaan Midowga Yurub, 999 gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska); hubi nambarada degdega ah oo arag baytari lithium-ion gubanaya.
2. ** Qabooji wax kasta oo gubta birta, dhalaalka dhalaalaysa, ama xariijimaha nikkel-kuleylka ah ee kulul hoostooda ku gub biyo qabow hoostooda 20 daqiiqo oo buuxa isla markiiba. Haddii dhibic yar oo alxan adag ah ay si fudud ugu dhegto maqaarka dushiisa, biyaha socda ha iska dhaqeen, laakiin ** waligaa ha xoqin ama ha xoqin bir ama caag dhalaalay oo ku dhex milmay maqaar dhuxul qoto dheer leh**; eeg gubasho.
3. **Ku daadi il kasta oo lagu rusheeyey dareeraha alxanka, koollada aashitada, ama alkolada isopropyl hoos biyo socda oo diirran ugu yaraan 15 ilaa 30 daqiiqo oo xidhiidh ah. Haddii saxarada adag ee alxanka kululi ay ku soo degto isha, si tartiib ah ugu dhaq milix ama biyo nadiif ah, ha isku dayin in aad ka soo saarto alxan adag oo ka mid ah xudunta maroojisyada, isla markiiba u tag qolka degdega ah ama dhakhtarka indhaha; eeg dhaawacyada isha.
4. **Qof kasta oo hiinraagaya, qufacaya, ama neefta oo gaaban ka soo kaxee qiiqa qulqulaya ee hawada bannaanka ah isla markiiba. ku kaalmee qofka neef-fududeeyaha degdega ah ee bronchodilator-ka (sida albuterol/salbutamol) oo wac adeegyada degdegga ah haddii neefsashadu aanay si degdeg ah u fududayn; eeg xanuunka neefta.
5. **Haddii ilmo ama xayawaan gurigu uu liqo dareeraha alxanka aashitada ama koollada tuubooyinka, HA keenin matag. eeg sumayn.
6. ** Si badbaado leh u daadi sahayda korantada sare ama microwave-transformer spot-welder capacitors si badbaado leh oo ka saar korontada dhexe haddii wax-dhisuhu uu ku dhaco shoog koronto. Weligaa ha taaban qof naxsan ilaa uu damiyo gidaarka ama jabiyaha; eeg shoog koronto.

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    Incident -->|"Barta baytari-alxanka Gaaban, Unug Hising ah, ama Xarigga Nikkel-kulul-guduudan"| SpotShort["1. Garaac baaraha ama googooyaa xariijinta nikkel ee dhalaalaysa oo leh gooyooyin dahaaran<br/>2. Marna ha ku qabsan unugyo gaagaaban ama bir dhalaalaysa gacmo qaawan<br/>3. Haddii unuggu xiiqyo ama uu sigaar cabbo, baaldi ciid bir ah u wareeji ama bannaanka<br/>4. Ka bax qolka si aad uga fogaato qiiqa HF ee sunta ah iyo gacanta qabow oo gubata 20 daqiiqo"]
    Incident -->|"Alxanka Xidhiidhka Birta, Qoryaha Hawada Kulul, ama Gubasho Alxan"| IronBurn["1. Ka saar birta ama si ammaan ah u dhig meesha birta ah<br/>2. Ku qabooji gubo biyo qabow oo socda hoostooda 20 daqiiqo oo buuxa<br/>3. Ka saar faraantiyada / saacadaha; ha ka bixin alxanka si qoto dheer isku qasan<br/>4. Ku dabool dhaymo aan dhejisnayn oo nadiif ah"]
    Incident -->|"Flux Acid dareere ah, Rosin Spatter, ama Alxanka Isha"| EyeSplash["1. Isla markiiba isha ku dhaq biyo fudud hoostooda 15 ilaa 30 daqiiqo<br/>2. Ka saar muraayadaha indhaha inta lagu jiro waraabka<br/>3. WALIGAA haku xoqin alxanka adag ee korneega leh maroojiyeyaal<br/>4. Raadso daryeelka degdegga ah ee indhaha"]
    Incident -->|"Flux Fume Hiigsi ama Qulqulka Asiidhka"| FumeIngest["Neefsashada: hawo nadiif ah + toosan toosan + neef-qaadiyaha samatabbixinta<br/>Neefsashada: HA keenin matag; Biyo raaci oo wac Xakamaynta Sunta / EMS"]

Lithium-ion cell spot-alxanka gaaban gaaban iyo xirmo baytari oo degdeg ah¶

Waa maxay sababta cylindrical 18650 iyo 21700 unuggu si fudud ugu wareegaan wareegga alxanka¶

Marka la isu keeno lithium-ion ama lithium-iron-fosfate (\(\text{LiFePO}_4\)) xidhmooyinka baytariyada e-baaskiiladaha, drones-ka, qalabka korontada, ama kaydinta cadceedda, waxdhisayaashu waxay adeegsadaan dareere awood leh, transformer, ama lipo-ku shaqeeya alxanayaasha meelaha garaaca wadnaha si ay u dhuuban khafiif **0.15-to-0.30-nickel nickel-platimitter. oo ku yaal darafyada unugyada cylindrical.

Saddex astaamood oo anatomical ah oo ah unugyada cylindrical (18650, 21700, 26650) waxay abuuraan dabin-wareeg-gaaban oo aad u daran oo ku yaal dhammaadka togan ee unugga:

1. Dhammaan daboolka unugga birta waa taban, ilaa heerka sare ee togan: Si ka duwan batari AA alkaline guriga ah halkaasoo jaakada birta dibadda ay tahay mid togan, unugga cylindrical lithium-ion unugga oo dhan dhululubo bir ah oo qoto-dheer, oo ay ku jiraan ** fidsan laalaabsan dusha sare (garabka) *** ku wareegsan badhanka dhexe ee togan, wuxuu si toos ah ugu xiran yahay ** anode anode. Keliya bac khafiif ah oo caag ah iyo duub PVC jilicsan oo ay weheliso giraanta dahaarka warqadda kalluunka ee koolo leh ayaa ka sooca badhanka dhexe ee togan garabka bannaanka ee in ka yar **1 milimitir (0.04 inji) fog ***.
2. ** Cadaadiska baaritaanka iyo garaaca balaastigga ah:** Haddii hawlwadeenku uu si qalloocan u cadaadiyo laba goobood oo alxanka ah oo naxaas ah si hal baari ay uga baxdo furka togan ee kor loo qaaday ee garabka sare ee unugga, ama haddii tamarta garaaca wadnaha ee xad-dhaafka ah ay ku gubato duubka PVC ee khafiifka ah iyo giraanta warqadda kalluunka ee hoosteeda xariijinta nikkel, koofiyadda togan ayaa si toos ah loogu soo gaabiyaa qasaca xun.
3. ** Xirmado gaaban oo isbarbar socda:** Baakidh weyn oo unugyo badan ah (sida 13S5P ama 20S10P e-bike pack), mar koox barbar socota 5 ilaa 10 unug ayaa lagu xidhaa baska nikkel, tuuraya birta birta ah, Allen wrench, ama nikkel dabacsan oo barbar socda laba kooxood. dhuuban isla markiiba.

Jawaab-tallaabo-tallaabo ah oo ku aaddan bar-batteri-alxanka wareegga gaaban ama hawo-qaadista unugga¶

1. ** Kala goo ama garaac wareegga gaaban adigoon taaban biraha kulul ee maqaarka qaawan:**
2. Ku hay labo ka mid ah ** fiiqan, gooyayaasha dahaarka leh ee VDE** (ama dhaawac culus/xiirid daasado ah oo leh gacmo goglan) meel ay cududdu gaari karto kursiga keydka mar walba marka la eego alxanka.
3. Haddii xadhigga nikkelku uu gaabsan yahay garabka gacanta oo uu bilaabo inuu dhalaalayo liin ama sigaar, ha ku qaban falinka farahaaga. Isla markiiba ka dhex jeex qaybta ugu cidhiidhi ee xariijimaha nikelka adiga oo isticmaalaya gooyayaashaada dahaaran si aad u jebiso wareegga korantada, ama ku garaac furka dabacsan ee ka samaysan alwaax ama caag caag ah.
4. ** Hubi heerkulka unugga gaaban oo dhegayso hawo-mareen gudaha ah:**
5. Haddii aad gooyso gaabnida 1 ilaa 2 ilbidhiqsi gudahood unuguna uu yara diirran yahay (<45°C/113°F) iyada oo aan wax xiiq ah lahayn:** Unuga dhig meel bannaanka ah ama baaldi bir ah ama baaldi ciid/cammuud ah oo aan dabci karin ilaa 24 saacadood si aad u qaboojiso oo aad ula socoto. Unugyo cylindrical tayo leh oo badan ayaa leh cadaadis gudaha ah oo shaqeynaya Aaladda Joogtada ah ee Joogtada ah (CID) iyo ** Heerkulka Wanaagsan ee Isku-xirka (PTC)** giraanta ka hooseysa furka togan ee si joogto ah dhagta u furma marka la gaabiyo, taasoo ka dhigaysa unuggu si badbaado leh u dhintay 0.0 volts. Weligaa ha isku dayin inaad dib u dajin CID jabtay adigoo ku riixaya kaashawiito godad hawo-mareenka sare.
6. ** Haddii unuggu si degdeg ah u kululaado (>60 °C/140 °F), barar, hindhis, gujin, ama qiiqa cad-cawlan:** Kulaylka orodka ayaa ka bilaabmay gudaha dabaysha jelly-roll electrode. 5 ilaa 30 ilbiriqsi gudahood, unuggu waxa uu holac ku qaadi karaa ** 800 ilaa 1,000 darajo Celsius (1,470 ilaa 1,830 darajo Fahrenheit)** ama waxa uu dilaaci karaa baraftiisa sare oo waxa uu gudaha gudaha qolka ku dhex tuuraa sida gantaal.
7. Go'doom unugga baxsadka ah ama xirxiro oo daad-gureeyo qiiqa sunta ah isla markiiba:
8. Isticmaalka biraha dhaadheer, majarafad, ama maqaar culus oo alxanka alxanka ah (kaliya ka hor inta aanu ololku qarxin), ku rid unugga sigaarka ama ku xidh ** baaldi bir ah oo ay ka buuxaan ciid qallalan ama vermiculite** oo ka qaad ama ka jiid bannaanka ka fog waxyaalaha guban, ama ku garaac sagxad qaawan oo shub ah ka bax qolka isla markiiba, xidhid albaabka.
9. Ha neefsanin daruuraha uumiga cad ama cawlan: Lithium-ion electrolyte waxa ku jira lithium hexafluorophosphate (\(\text{LiPF}_6\)) oo lagu milmo dareerayaasha karbontayt organic. Marka la kululeeyo ama uu soo gaadho qoyaanka hawada (ama sambabadaada), waxa ay u kala baxdaa hydrogen fluoride (\(\text{HF}\)) gaas iyo phosphoryl fluoride (\(\text{POF}_3\)), oo ay weheliso carbon monoxide iyo hydrogen cyanide. Neefsashada xitaa dhawr neefsasho oo gaasta hawo-mareenka batari cufan gudaha qol jiif yar ama aqoon-is-weydaarsiga garaashka waxay sababi kartaa dib u dhac daran dhaawac sambabada kiimikaad ah iyo sunta fluoride habaysan; eeg baytari lithium-ion gubanaya iyo hydrofluoric acid, ka saara miridhku, iyo ka takhalusida gubasho kiimikaad.
10. Dami oo qabooji baakad unugyo badan ka kooban oo gubanaya oo biyo badan wata (mar alla markii taabka korontada la gooyo):
11. Si ka duwan baytariyada aasaasiga ah ee macdan adag, lithium-ion *** unugyadu waxay ka kooban yihiin lithium macdan ah oo aad u yar waxayna gubaan ugu horrayn iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay kuleylka kuleylka iyo gubashada dareeraha organic. Tijaabada adeegga dab-demiska (NFPA iyo UL FSRI) waxay xaqiijinaysaa in ** xaddi badan oo biyo caadi ah ** laga codsado fogaan nabdoon ay yihiin habka ugu waxtarka badan ee lagu qaboojin karo unugyada ku xiga ee xirmo unugyo badan oo ka hooseeya heerkooda kulaylka ah ( - 130 illaa 150 ° C / 265 ilaa 300 ° F ***) lagana joojiyo faafinta unugga. (Bakhtiiyaha budada ah ee ABC ama cammuudda ayaa si ku meel gaar ah u qiiqaysa ololka dibadeed; haddii unugyadu ay ku sii kululaadaan gudaha ciidda, waxay sii wadi doonaan inay maraan baxsad ka baxsan oo dib u shidi doona.)

Birta wax lagu iibiyo, dib u habeynta hawada kulul, iyo xariijimaha nikkel-ka-kulul ee gubanaya¶

Waa maxay sababta gubashada keydka elektiroonigga ah ay uga qoto dheer yihiin sida ay u egyihiin¶

Qalabka elektiroonigga ah iyo kuwa dhisa baytarigu waxay la kulmaan saddex qaab oo gubasho kulayl ah oo gacmaha iyo cududyada hore ah:

1. Fustada tooska ah ee birta ah ama xidhiidhka caarada (315 ilaa 450 °C / 600 ilaa 840 °F): Sababtoo ah birta alxanta waxay leedahay dhoobo wattageed sare ah ama walxo kuleyliyaha inductive oo si toos ah loogu riixay caarada naxaasta ah, taabashada foosto ama caarada xitaa ** 0.5 ilbiriqsi** waxay u wareejisaa tamar ku filan maqaarka borotiinka si degdeg ah caddaan dhalaalaysa, maqaar leh, iyo xanuun la'aan dhexda dhexdeeda ah (qadh-dhuun qoto dheer ama dhumuc buuxda oo xudun ah).
2. ** Summaynta xariijinta nikkel-gaaban ee gubanaysa (600 ilaa 1,000 °C / 1,100 ilaa 1,830 °F):** Marka wax dhisuhu si dareen leh isku dayo inuu qanjaruufo oo uu ka soo saaro 0.2-millimitir nikkel oo gaaban oo suul iyo farta mudiska leh, kaarboonku wuxuu ku dhejiyaa maqaarka oo qoto dheer oo qoto dheer xadhig.
3. ** Dhibcaha dhalaalka ah ee dhalaalay iyo karkarinta qulqulka qulqulka (183 ilaa 400 ° C / 361 ilaa 750 ° F):** Marka qulqulka qoyan uu ku dhex xannibmo tidcaal alxanka ah, dalool la dahaadhay, ama silig daloolan oo dahaadhsan ayaa si ba'an u karkariya, waxay ku tufisaa qaybo ka mid ah daasad dhalaalaysa, gacma-toor-ka-free curcurada, bowdada, ama wejiga.

Gargaarka degdega ah ee tillaabo-tallaabo ah ee alxanka iyo gubashada bar-xajinta¶

1. ** Hubi qalabka kulul si uusan u shidin dabka kursiga keydka:** birta alxanka dib ugu soo celi birta miisaankeeda leh ama jiid xadhigga korontada ka hor inta aanad daawayn gacantaada; bir 400 °C ah oo la soo tuuray oo ku dul jiifta gogosha goynta, qaabaynta warqadda, ama dhalada aalkolada ee isopropyl ayaa shidi doonta goobta shaqada intaad ku jirto saxanka.
2. Ku waraabi gubashada hoostooda biyo qabow oo socda biyaha tuubada ilaa 20 daqiiqo oo buuxa:
3. Ku qabo faraha, gacanta, ama cududda gubtay hoostooda si tartiib ah, biyo qabow oo socda biyaha tuubada (** qiyaastii 15 darajo Celsius / 59 darajo Fahrenheit ***) 20 daqiiqo oo joogto ah; eeg gubasho.
4. Qaboojin 20-daqiiqo ah oo degdeg ah waxay qabataa kulaylka haraaga ah ee maqaarka, waxay joojisaa necrosis-ka unugga ee aagga stasis-ka, waxayna si weyn u yareysaa nabarrada, xanuunka, iyo nabarrada ka soo baxa kala goysyada faraha.
5. Waligaa ha marin baraf, biyo baraf ah, buufinta barafka (circuit chiller aerosol), subagga, daawada cadayga, ama koollada kulaylka (Arctic Silver / Silicone dufan) gubasho.*
6. Si sax ah ugu qabo dhibcaha alxanka adag ee maqaarka:
7. Sababtoo ah qoyaanka maqaarku wuxuu abuuraa lakabka uumiga microscopic (saamaynta Leidenfrost) iyo saliidaha maqaarku waxay ka hortagaan alxanka qoynta iyada oo aan qulqulin, dhibco yaryar oo dhalada ah oo ku firdhiya maqaarka aan qummanayn ayaa inta badan ku adkeeya jajab ilbidhiqsi ah oo iska rogaan ama si dabacsan u fadhiista epidermis. Biyaha yari ee socda u ogolow inay iska dhaqdaan tusbaxyada alxanka ee dabacsan.
8. **Haddii barkad weyn oo alxanka dhalaalaysa ama bac dhalaalaysa/tubo kulayl-yaraysa ay si adag ugu guntanto maqaar dhuxul leh, ha jiidin, hana ku qodin maroojiyeyaal
9. Ka ilaali finanka oo ku dabool dhaymo aan nadiif ahayn oo nadiif ah:
10. **Weligaa ha ku gubin nabaro faraha ama calaacalaha ah ee finanka leh, ha ku gubin mindi hiwaayad ah ama irbad tolida. Maqaarka finan yaryar ayaa ah labiska nafleyda ee ugu nadiifsan ee jirka ugu fiican marka loo eego maqaarka ceeriin.
11. Dabool gubashada la qaboojiyey si dabacsan dhaymo aan nadiif ahayn (sida faashad batroolka ama suufka silikoon/filimka ah) oo lagu xidhay faashad jilicsan.
12. Ogow marka gacanta ama farta gubatay ay u baahan tahay qiimayn caafimaad oo degdeg ah:
13. Gubasho kasta oo u eg cadaan dhalaalaysa, dhumay, dhuxul leh, ama maqaar leh, ama dareemaya kabuubyo bartamaha marka si khafiif ah loo taabto (oo muujinaysa qayb qoto dheer oo dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay gubasho buuxda).
14. Gubasho kasta oo ku duuduubta ** si wareeg ah *** farta ku wareegsan (sida gubashada giraanta gaaban) ama ka gudubta jeexjeexyada kala goysyada farta, meel bannaan suulka, ama curcurka, halkaasoo qanjidhada nabartu ay si joogto ah u wiiqi karto shaqada gacanta.
15. Gubasho kasta oo ay keento ** electrolyte oo ka soo baxa unugga lithium-ion ** (kaas oo laga yaabo inuu ku jiro aashitada hydrofluoric acid xun ee u baahan in la mariyo ** calcium gluconate gel ** daawaynta isbitaalka; eeg hydrofluoric acid, ka saara miridhku, iyo ka takhalusida gubasho kiimikaad).

Daadinta qulqulka aashitada, qiiqa rosinka, iyo qulqulka indhaha¶

Kala soocida qulqulka rosin ee elektiroonigga ah ee qulqulka birta ka shaqaynaysa aashitada¶

Dhammaan qulqulatooyinka wax iibinta ma keenaan khatar isku mid ah kiimikaad. Xaalad degdeg ah, hubi dhalada qulqulka leh, saliingaha, ama summada daasadaha ku dheji isla markiiba si aad u go'aamiso nooca kiimikaad ee aad la macaamilayso:

Tallaabo-tallaabo Gargaarka koowaad ee qulqulka ama alxanka dhalaalay ayaa lagu rusheeyaa isha¶

1. Dareeraha aashitada, koollada qulqulaya, ama qulqulaya qulqulaya isha¶

1. ** Bilow waraabka indhaha oo joogto ah 10 ilbiriqsi gudahood:** Isla markiiba u tag goobta indhaha lagu dhaqo, saxanka jikada, ama qubeyska oo ku dhaq isha ay saameysay hoostiisa si tartiib ah, qulqul joogto ah oo biyo qafiif ah ama milix caadi ah oo nadiif ah ** ugu yaraan 15 ilaa 30 daqiiqo oo joogto ah** (30 daqiiqo ugu yaraan zinc chloride, hydrochloric acid, ama fluoride fluoride); eeg dhaawacyada isha iyo gubasho daran iyo dareere kiimiko.
2. Madaxa meel dhig si ay biyaha wasakhaysan uga cararaan isha aan dhaawacan: Madaxa dhinac u leexi iyadoo isha dhaawacan ay hoos ugu sii jeeddo dhanka biya-mareenka si aanay chloride zinc chloride ama aashitada wasakhaysan ugu maydhin buundada sanka isha wanaagsan.
3. Indhaha daboolka u fur oo isha dhinac walba u rog: Xanuunka kiimikaad wuxuu keenaa xoqid xoog leh oo aan ikhtiyaari ahayn oo daboolka indhaha ku haya (blepharospasm) taasoo dabinaysa qulqulka aashitada gudaha gudaha sinada conjunctival ee sare iyo hoose (jeebabka qoto dheer ee daboolka indhaha). Isticmaal suulkaaga iyo farta murdisada si aad u kala fogayso daboolka markaad kor, hoos, bidix, iyo midig ka eegayso qulqulka biyaha hoostooda.
4. Ka saar muraayadaha indhaha ka dib 1 ilaa 2 daqiiqo ee biyo raacida hore: Waligaa ha daahin bilawga waraabka biyaha si aad marka hore u soo saarto lensiska,laakin ka saar muraayada marka biyo shubashadu socoto si aashitada aanu ugu xidhin xuubabka.
5. ** Raadso dhakhtarka indhaha ama daryeelka degdegga ah isla markiiba ka dib markaad biyo raaciso:** Keen weelka qulqulka ama xaashida xogta Badbaadada (SDS) ee waaxda xaaladaha degdega ah si takhaatiirta ay u hubiyaan pH dusha indhaha warqad litmus oo ay sii wadaan waraabka nadiifka ah ilaa pH-ga isha uu ku soo noqdo caadi (7.0 ilaa 7.4).

2. Dhibic alxan oo adag oo isha ku jirta¶

Marka kala-goysyada alxanka qoyan ay soo boodaan oo ay ku shubaan dhibco ah rasaasta rasaasta dhalaalaysa ama SAC305 alxanka rasaasta ka xorta ah (183 ilaa 220+°C) oo gala il aan la ilaalin:

1. ** Isla markiiba ku waraabi milix nadiif ah oo nadiif ah ama biyo nadiif ah oo nadiif ah dhowr daqiiqo:** Filimka jeexjeexa ee kornea wuxuu isla markiiba demiyaa oo adkeynayaa dhibicda birta yar ee khafiifka ah, bireed qalloocan oo la shubay qaab qaabeedka cornea ama lagu daboolay daboolka isha hoosteeda. Qaboojinta degdega ah waxay xaddidaysaa waxyeelada kulaylka ee epithelium korka sare.
2. ** Weligaa ha isku dayin in aad ka soo saarto, ka soo bixin, ama ka diirin alxanka adag ee kubbadda isha adiga oo isticmaalaya maroojisyo, ciddiyihii faraha, ama suufka:*
3. Labada indhood ku xidh gaashaan iftiin hoosti oo aad qolka degdega ah ama dhakhtarka indhaha: Takhasuslaha isha ayaa ku ridi doona dhibco suuxin oo nadiif ah, waxa uu si nadiif ah uga soo qaadayaa caleenka adag ee alxanka hoostiisa muraayada laydhka ee jeexan, waxa uu ku wasakheeyaa cornea fluorescein, waxana uu qori doonaa dhibcaha antibiyootiga. Waxa cajiib ah, marka firirka alxanka ee dusha sare ah isla markiiba la qaboojiyo oo uu si naxdin leh uga saaro takhasusle iyada oo aan guriga la xoqin, epithelium-ka corneal inta badan si buuxda ayuu u bogsadaa 48 ilaa 72 saacadood gudahood.

Gargaarka degdegga ah ee alxanka neefsashada qiiqa qulqulka iyo nuugista¶

• ** Rosin (colophony) ama qiiqa qulqulka aashitada ee neefsashada:** Haddii hiwaayad-yaqaan ama farsamo-yaqaan ay yeeshaan qufac, cunaha gubanaya, laabta oo adkaata, ama hiinraag marka uu ku alxanayo kursiga keydka iyada oo aan lahayn qiiqa soo saara, dami rugta wax lagu iibiyo isla markiiba, qofka u wareeji hawo bannaanka cusub, ka fur dharka adag, oo si toosan u fadhiiso. Haddii ay qabaan neef ama ay sitaan daaweeyaha samatabbixinta bronchodilator ee loo qoray (albuterol/salbutamol), ka caawi inay qaataan; eeg xanuunka neefta. Haddii hinaaso, stridor (sanqadh neefsasho sare leh), ama neefta oo gaaban ay sii socoto, gaar ahaan ka dib marka la neefsado ** zinc chloride, hydrochloric acid, ama fluoride flux qiiqa**, wac adeegyada degdegga ah (911/112/999) isla markaaba.
• ** Liqitaanka dareeraha shilka ah (badanaa waxaa lagu kaydiyaa dhalooyinka dhibcaha ama koobabka aan calaamadda lahayn):** Dhalada dareeraha leh ama qulqulka biyaha waxay u egyihiin biyo saafi ah ama casiir huruud ah waxaana badanaa si lama filaan ah u liqa carruurta ama dadka waaweyn ee ku khalda koob dareere ah oo kursiga keydka u ah cabitaan. Weligaa ha keenin matag *** iyo ** waligaa ha siin baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) si aad uga takhalusto aashitada la seexday (taas oo abuurta fal-celin gaas ka baxsan oo daloolin karta caloosha gubatay). Ku luqluq oo si fiican afka uga tufo biyo, sii in yar oo biyo ama caano ah si uu u cabbo kaliya haddii bukaanku miyir qabo, feejigan, oo uu awoodo inuu wax liqo xanuun la'aan ama qulqulaya, wac Xakamaynta Sunta (1-800-222-1222 gudaha Maraykanka) ama 911/112/999 isla markiiba; eeg sumayn.

Kahortagga sunta rasaasta iyo liiska hubinta badbaadada kursiga elektiroonigga ah¶

In kasta oo sunta rasaasta degdega ahi aanay ka iman neefsashada qiiqa alxanka caadiga ah ee heerkulka birta caadiga ah (sababtoo ah macdanta rasaastu waxa ay abuurtaa uumi weyn oo ka sarreeya **480 ilaa 500 darajo Celsius / 900 darajo Fahrenheit ***, heer ka sarreeya heerka caadiga ah 350 °C) haraaga qulqulka faraha:

• ** Muraayadaha badbaadada ee ANSI Z87.1 ee qasabka ah ama muraayadaha firidhka inta lagu jiro dhammaan alxanka alxanka iyo barta buluuga ah:** Alxanka buluugga ah ee ka baxsan, iska caabiyaha gooyay wuxuu ku duulayaa xawaare sare, iyo dhinbiil alxanle ah ayaa dhaca digniin la'aan.
• ** Waraaqo shaciir ah (warqad-kalluun) dahaarka unug kasta oo lithium-ion unug ah:** Waligaa ha ku alxan baakidh 18650 ama 21700 ah adiga oo aan marka hore ku dhejin dahaarka koollada ee garabka sare ee unug kasta oo kormeeraya dhammaan xirmooyinka unugyada PVC ee nicks.
• ** Baaldi ciid bir ah iyo gooyayaasha daadinta dahaaran ee VDE ee kursiga batteriga:** Ku hay labo go'an oo gooyayaasha nadiifinta dahaaran iyo weel bir ah oo kala badh ka buuxo ciid qallalan oo ku xigta alxanleha booskaaga.
• Ka ilaali aalkolada isopropyl ee gubanaysa oo ka fog birta kulul iyo alxanayaasha barta: Weligaa ha ka tagin koob furan ama tub ah 91% ama 99% isopropyl aalkolada PCB ee nadiifiyaha meel u dhow xarun dib-u-hawo kulul ama alxanle barta baytariga; dhinbiil keliya ayaa shida holac aan la arki karin oo buluuga ah oo fadhiya kursiga.
• ** Soo saarista qiiqa dushiisa ee firfircoon:** Adeegso qiiqa alxanka badbaadada leh ee ESD leh HEPA + shaandhada kaarboonka ee sariirta qoto dheer (ama hawo bannaanka) oo u dhexaysa 15 ilaa 25 sentimitir (6 ilaa 10 inji) caarada birta. Caadiyan suufka kaarboon-xumbada madow ee khafiifka ah keligood ma qabtaan qaybo rosin-hoosaad ah ama uumiga aashitada.
• ** Gacmo-dhaqid adag oo aan lahayn cunto ama cabitaan kursiga kaydka alxanka:** Weligaa ha cunin, cabbin, sigaar, ama ha ku daaqin kursiga elektiroonigga ah, oo ku dhaq gacmaha saabuun iyo biyo (ama saabuun D-lead) ka dib markaad qabato alxanka rasaasta (60/40 ama 63/37 SnPb) ama nadiifiyeyaasha caarada isbuunyada.

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda¶

Ma ka heli kartaa sunta rasaasta degdega ah neefsashada qiiqa ka kaca 60/40 alxanka rasaasta?¶

Heerkulka caadiga ah ee qalabka elektiroonigga ah ee 315 ilaa 380 darajo Celsius (600 ilaa 715 darajo Fahrenheit), qiiqa cad ee muuqda ee ka soo baxa wadajirku wuxuu ku dhow yahay 100 boqolkiiba rosin ama qulqulka organic, ma aha uumiga rasaasta, sababtoo ah rasaasta macdanta ah ma soo saarto uumiga hawada ee muhiimka ah ilaa kulaylka ka sarreeya 480 ilaa 500 darajo Celsius. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiiqa qulqulka leh ee muuqda ayaa weli halis u ah in la neefsado sababtoo ah uumiga geed rosin (colophony) wuxuu ka kooban yahay asiidhyada resin iyo aldehydes kuwaas oo dareensiiya marinnada hawo-mareenka oo kicinaya neefta shaqada. Nuugista rasaasta alxanka waxay ugu horayn ku dhacdaa gacan-ka-afka marka aad taabato siliga sunta rasaasta, wasakhda, ama nadiifiyaha caarada naxaasta ah ka dibna taabato cuntada, cabitaannada, ama afkaaga adigoon dhaqin gacmahaaga.

Muxuu batarigeyga 18650 si xoog leh u iftiimay oo u koolkooliyey xariijimaha nikelku casaan-kulul markii aan taabtay oo keliya qaybta sare ee unugga?¶

Si ka duwan sida batteriga AA guriga halkaasoo qolofka bannaanka birta uu togan yahay, dhammaan dhululubada birta ee unugga 18650 ama 21700 lithium-ion waa terminalka taban, oo ay ku jiraan cidhifka birta ah ee fidsan (garabka) ee ku wareegsan cidhifka sare ee unugga. Badhanka togan ee dhexe ee kor loo qaaday waxa uu ka soocay garabkaa bannaanka taban wax ka yar 1 milimitir (0.04 inji) ee dahaarka caagga ah ee khafiifka ah iyo duub kulaylka PVC. Haddii baaritaankaaga bar-alxanka ama nikkel-ku uu si qalloocan hoos ugu riixo, uu ka siibo badhanka dhexe, ama uu ku dhalaaliyo duubka niiqsan ee cirifka sare, waxaad abuurtaa wareeg gaaban oo gaaban oo toos ah oo u dhexeeya daboolka togan iyo taban ayaa awood u leh inay daadiyaan in ka badan 100 amperes oo hadda ah isla markiiba.

Maxaan sameeyaa haddii kubad yar oo alxanka dhalaalaysa ay ishayda kaga soo baxdo markii aan alxanayo?¶

Isla markiiba ishaada si tartiib ah ugu nadiifi milix nadiif ah oo nadiif ah ama biyo tuubo oo diirran oo nadiif ah dhowr daqiiqo, ka saar muraayadda indhaha haddii ay jirto, waligaa ha isku dayin in aad ka soo qaado ama ka xoqdo jeexjeexyada birta adag ee kubbadda ishaada adigoo isticmaalaya tuwo ama suuf suuf ah. Sababtoo ah filimka jeexjeexa ee ishaada ayaa ku qaboojiya dhibicda yar yar qayb ka mid ah ilbiriqsiyo ah, alxanka wuxuu ku adkeeyaa jajab bir ah oo dhuuban oo ku dul taagan cornea ama conjunctiva. Isku dayga in aad iska saarto waxa ay ka xayuubin kartaa dusha sare ee lafaha ama waxa ay jeexjeexi kartaa isha, halka dhakhtarka indhaha ama takhtarka degdega ah uu kabuubin karo isha oo ka qaadi kara tuska adag ee si nadiif ah marka la eego mikroskoob.

Waa maxay sababta muraayadda wasakhaysan ama qulqulka alxanka tuubooyinka aad uga khatar badan yahay indhaha iyo sambabada marka loo eego qulqulka elektiroonigga ah?¶

Alxanka caadiga ah ee elektiroonigga ah wuxuu isticmaalaa rosin khafiif ah (sap geed) ama dareereyaal aan nadiif ahayn oo daciif ah oo dabiici ah oo loogu talagalay in laga fogaado in ay daxaliyaan raadadka wareegga naxaasta ee jilicsan. Taa bedelkeeda, dareeraha culus ee dareeraha ah iyo dareeraha dhejiska ah ee loo sameeyay dhalooyinka wasakhaysan, tuubooyinka tuubooyinka naxaasta, biraha xaashida ah, ama birta aan-ka-baxa waxay ka kooban yihiin asiidhyo inorganic ah oo uruursan (badanaa chloride zinc 20 ilaa 50 boqolkiiba, ammonium chloride, iyo hydrochloric acid) ama fluoride daxalaysa. Ku shubashada aashitada zinc chloride ee isha waxay sababtaa gubasho kiimiko ah oo degdeg ah, taas oo si joogto ah u daruuri karta kornea daqiiqado gudahood haddii aan isla markiiba lagu nadiifin biyo socda 15 ilaa 30 daqiiqo, iyo nuugista uumiga acidic ee karkaraya waxay sababi kartaa dhaawac halis ah marin-haweedka.

Hagahan waxa uu bixiyaa u diyaar garowga degdega ah iyo macluumaadka gargaarka degdega ah ee isu imaatinka batteriga, alxanka, iyo shilalka qulqulka kiimikaad mana bedelayo tababarka injineernimada korantada ee xirfada leh ama daryeelka caafimaadka kiliinikada. Tixgeli inaad ka qaadato gargaarka degdega ah ee la aqoonsan yahay iyo koorsada CPR ee Laanqayrta Cas, St John Ambulance, ama ururkaaga badbaadada qaranka.

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha¶

• Dabka baytariyada lithium-ion, qaraxyada elektaroonigga ah, iyo kulaylka cararka
• Kuleyl, kiimiko, iyo gubasho koronto
• Gubashada daran iyo dareeraha kiimikaad
• Hydrofluoric acid, ka saara miridhku, iyo ka takhalusida gubashada kiimikada
• Dhaawaca indhaha iyo kimikalka firdhinta
• Gargaarka degdega ah ee korontada iyo korontadu

Ilaha la hubiyay¶

• Maamulka Caafimaadka iyo Badbaadada (HSE, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska): Xakamaynta Khatarta Caafimaadka ee ka imanaysa Rosin (Colophony) Ku-salaysan qiiqa dareeraha ah ee Alxanka (INDG249 / EH40 Xadka Soo-gaadhista Goobta Shaqada)
• Machadka Qaranka ee Badbaadada Shaqada iyo Caafimaadka (NIOSH / CDC, Mareykanka): Hagaha Jeebka Khatarta Kiimikada ee Shiicada Zinc Chloride, Hydrogen Chloride, iyo Rosin Core Solder Pyrolysis Products
• Ururka Ilaalinta Dabka ee Qaranka (NFPA, Maraykanka) iyo Machadka Cilmi-baarista Badbaadada Dabka UL (UL FSRI): Lithium-ion Battery Heermal Runnaway, Sumowga Gaaska Vent (Hydrogen Fluoride), iyo Tilmaamaha Xakamaynta Dabka
• Akadeemiyada Maraykanka ee Cilmiga Indhaha (AAO, United States): Maareynta Degdegga ah ee Gubashada Kiimikada Indhaha (Zinc Chloride / Fluxes Acid) iyo Jirrada Shisheeye ee Biraha ee Intocular/Corneal Molten
• Maamulka Badbaadada Shaqada iyo Caafimaadka (OSHA, United States): Hogaaminta Dhismaha iyo Warshadaha Guud (29 CFR 1910.1025) iyo Qalabka Ilaalinta Shakhsi ahaaneed ee Ilaalinta Indhaha iyo Wajiga (29 CFR 1910.133)