Duufaannada Barafka ee Masiibada ah: Dhisidda Taawarrada Dulmi, Dhuxul Geedaha Dhumucda, iyo Madoobaad-madoobaad-Toddobaad-badan¶

Halka dabaylaha jiilaalka ee daadinaya 60 sentimitir (24 inji) oo baraf budo ah lagu xaaqi karo waddooyinka 24 saacadood gudahood, ** roob baraf leh iyo duufaan baraf ah** (oo lagu qeexay ** 25 ilaa 100+ milimitir [1.0 ilaa 4.0+ inch] oo ah radial koronto ah * baraf casri ah kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, kaymaha magaalada, iyo badbaadada qoyska. Waxa sameeyay "san diiran" heerkulka jawiga rogan kaas oo baraf ka soo daadanaya daruuro sare uu ku dhalaaliyo roob dareere ah gudaha lakabka hawo diiran oo heer dhexe ah (\(+1\text{ to }+5\text{°C}\) \(1,500\text{meter}\)) ka hor inta aanu ku dhicin hawo hoosaysa oo barafaysan -text ($ 6) ** Dhibcaha roobka ee aadka loo qaboojiyey** isla markiiba ku qabooji marka la taabto silig kasta oo qabow, munaaradda shalash birta ah, laanta geedaha, iyo sagxadda buundada. Sababtoo ah barafka glaze ee adag ayaa culeyskiisu yahay ** 900 kiiloogaraam mitir kuyuubik ah (56 rodol halkii cag cubic)** wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ku dhawaad eber xumbo hawo ah, 25 milimitir (1 inch) oo baraf dhalaalaysa ah wuxuu ku darayaa 250 ilaa 500+ kiiloogaraam (550 ilaa 1,100+ rodol) ee miisaanka silig kasta bedka dusha sare ee dabaylaha isdhaafsan ( conductor galloping ***), oo ku dara 5 ilaa 15 metric ton oo miisaan baraf ah taajka geed adag oo bislaaday. Marka barafka shucaaca ahi uu dhaafo 30 ilaa 50 milimitir (1.2 ilaa 2 inji), sida dhacay inta lagu guda jiro Janaayo 1998 duufaantii Barafka ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ee Quebec, Ontario, New York, iyo New England (kaas oo dumiyey 1,300 bir ah oo koronto-sare ah iyo 120,000 tamar ah oo koronto ah ilaa 3 milyan oo qof), taasoo ka tagey ilaa 3 malyan oo koronto ah ilaa 5 maalmood. **2008 Duufaan Jiilaal oo Shiineys ah ***, Dabeysha Kentucky/Arkansas ee **2009 ***, **2014 Slovenia Ice Storm **, iyo **2021 Oregon/Texas Ice Storms ***, munaaradaha gudbinta birta-sare-sare waxay isku laablaaban yihiin saqafyada guryaha badan ee kaarboonka ee domino-kaarboonka, qoryo-guriga sunta ah. koronto-dhaliyeyaasha iyo shiilaalka dhuxusha ayaa galaafanaya nolosha dad ka badan qabowga laftiisa. Haddii qof uu ku xayiran yahay geed hoostiis, uu ku dhaawacmo silig nool oo soo dhacay, ama ka jawaabi waayaan kaarboon monoxide ama hypothermia, wac lambarka degdega ah ee degaankaaga isla markiiba (911 gudaha Maraykanka iyo Kanada, 112 guud ahaan Midowga Yurub, 999 gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska) ama hubi buuggayaga tusaha nambarada degdega ah. Xaaladaha degdega ah ee jiilaalka iyo xadhkaha goosashada, akhri hagayaashayada duufaano baraf ah, roob qabaw, iyo xadhkaha korontada oo dumay, Korontada jiilaalka oo go'a, mad madowga oo daba dheeraada, iyo xidhidhku way barafoobaan, Xadhkaha korontadu hoos u dhacay iyo korontadii baabuurtaiyo badbaadada koronto-dhaliye iyo ka-hortagga carbon monoxide.

Hadda samee tan¶

1. ** Si adag uga joog gudaha gudaha kana fogaw dhammaan geedaha, xadhkaha korantada, iyo marinada gudbinta korantada sare marka uu baraf dhalaalayo radial ahi gaadho 6 ilaa 12 milimitir (0.25 ilaa 0.5 inji):* shil ku dhaca waddooyinka, baabuurta la dhigto, iyo saqafyada. Weligaa ha u socon bannaanka geedaha hoostooda si aad u hubiso dayrkaada, u socotid ey, ama ha ka jarin barafka muraayada hore inta lagu jiro roobka qabow ee firfircoon ama duufaanka dabayl-galka ah.
2. ** Hurdo oo hoy dabaqa ugu hooseeya ee gurigaaga (ama qolka sagxada dhulka ah ee ka fog geedaha adag ee bislaaday) haddii ururinta barafka ay dhaafto 15 ilaa 25 milimitir (0.6 ilaa 1.0 inji):* Ciidda roobka jilcan ee ka hooseeya 10 tan oo baraf ah, si toos ah u garaac saqafka saqafka dabaqa labaad ah iyo saqafka jiifka habeenkii. Sariiraha iyo sariiraha ka soo saar qolalka sagxada sare ee hoostooda geedaha ka laadlaadsan isla markaaba.
3. ** daaw silig kasta oo hoos u laalaada ama hoos loo dhigo, iyo xayndaab kasta oo silsilad isku xidha, biraha ilaaliya, ama laanta geed baraf daboolan oo taabata silig, sida tamartoodu tahay 7,200 ilaa 500,000 volts:* Ka joog ugu yaraan 10 mitir (33 cagood) dib uga soo noqo khadadka qaybinta iyo 30 mitir (100 cagood) dib uga soo noqo khadadka munaaradda gudbinta korantada ee burburay, hana isku dayin inaad baraf ka garaacdo khadka korontada ama gooyn laanta baraf go'an ee u dhow siliga.
4. ** Haddii masaafada adeegga gurigaaga (madaxa cimiladu) uu ka jeexjeexo saqafka ama gidaarka xubin geed oo soo dhacaysa, ka fogow sanduuqa mitirka ee dibadda oo wac utility koronto isla markiiba:** Marka laanta soo dhacaysa ay hoos u dhigto fiilooyinka adeegga-hoos u dhaca, waxay si joogto ah u jeexjeexaysaa birta ** mastada adeegga iyo godka mitirka** ka baxsan gurigaaga iyadoo fiilooyinka korontada ay ku nool yihiin. **ha taaban dhinaca aluminiumka ee bannaanka, biyo-mareennada birta ah, ama sanduuqa mitirka, oo ogow in laymanka tamarta ** aysan dib ugu xidhi karin korontada gurigaaga ilaa uu koronto haystan uu dayac-tiro xayndaabka adeegga ee macmiilku leeyahay ***.
5. ** U diyaari 7-ilaa-21-maalmood madoobaad wakhtiga roobka qaboojinayo uu bilaabmayo: ka hor kuleyl gurigaaga ilaa 23 darajo Celsius (74 darajo Fahrenheit), ku buuxi saxannada biyaha, oo samee hal xarun dhexe "Qolka Diiran":* 1 ilaa 4 todobaad. Isku dhafka qof walba hal qol gudaha ah oo koonfur u jeeda oo bustayaal suran albaabbada, oo ogow sida loo ** shubo tuubooyinka biyaha gurigaaga *** ka hor inta heerkulka gudaha uusan hoos uga dhicin 4 darajo Celsius (40 darajo Fahrenheit).
6. Weligaa ha ku shaqayin dab-dhaliye la qaadan karo, shiilan dhuxul ah, kariyaha xerada propane, ama kuleyliyaha kerosene gudaha guriga, qaybta hoose, garaash ku lifaaqan, ama balbalada, xitaa iyadoo albaabka garaashka uu furan yahay: Intii lagu guda jiray 1998kii Waqooyiga Ameerika sunta kaarboon monoksaydh (CO).**. Dhig koronto-dhaliyeyaasha la qaadi karo ugu yaraan **6 mitir (20 cagood) bannaanka ** ka fog daaqadaha, albaabada, iyo dabada foornada baraf-xiran.

Geedka go'aanka: masiibo baraf leh oo dhalaalaysa iyo badbaadada burburka xadhkaha toddobaadyada badan¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Severe Freezing Rain / Glaze Ice Storm Warning (SPIA Index 3 to 5: >12 to 25+ mm [0.5 to 1+ in] Ice)"] --> PhaseCheck{"1. Degdegdee ayaa hadda dhacaya?"}

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    PhaseCheck -->|"2. Fiilooyinka HOOS U DHEXEEYA, GURIGA BEDELAYAASHA, AMA ADEEGGA GURI jeexan"| WireSafety["TALLAABADA SARE EE SHARCIGA AH IYO BOQORASHADA MAST: 1. Joog>10 m (33 ft) Xargaha Waddada iyo>30m (100 ft) Daaraha Gudbinta Birta ee Burburtay Ha taaban dhinaca dhinaceeda/mitirka; Wac Utility + Koronto yaqaan"]

    PhaseCheck -->|"3. XOGTA XIRIIRKA TODOBAAD BADAN & KULUL KUULKA GUDAHA"| HeatCheck{"Ma ku ilaalin kartaa ugu yaraan 10 C (50 F) gudaha 1-Qol Hooyga-yar ee si badbaado leh?"}

    HeatCheck -->|"Haa: Foorno alwaax ah oo badbaado leh, Meesha dabka lagu shido ee gaasta hawada laga saaro, ama koronto-dhaliyaha dibadda>6 m (20 ft) Ka fog"| MicroRoom["HABKA MICRO-QOLKA & KA-hortagga Wada-jirka: 1. Ku xidh 1 Gudaha Qolka Koonfur- Wajahaya Bustayaal/Damugyo Dusha Albaabada"]

    HeatCheck -->|"Maya: Heerkulka Gudaha oo Hoos ugu Dhacaya 4 C (40 F) Iyada oo aan lahayn kulayl badbaado leh"| DrainAndEvac["Tuubbooyinka-qaboojiye & daadgureynta Hoyga Diirinta: 1. Kahor intaysan dhicin Heer kulka Gudaha 4 C (40 F): Xir Valve-ka Weyn ee Waddada/Basement 2. Fur dhammaan tuubooyinka ugu sarreeya iyo kuwa ugu hooseeya si ay tuubooyinka u miiraan; Ku Shub RV-Baraf-Baraf-Barafeedka-ka-hortagga ee RV gudaha Dabinnada Musqusha/Waaskada 3. Ka bax inta dharaarta lagu jiro Hoyga kuleylka ee degmada"]

Saadaasha hawada iyo fiisigiska qaab-dhismeedka ee barafka dhaldhalaalka masiibada ah¶

Waa maxay sababta roobka qaboojintu uu u sameeyo dahaar cad, dhagax adag oo ah ** glaze baraf *** (* verglas * ee Faransiiska, * Glatteis * / * Eisregen * ee Jarmalka) halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen pellets cad cad ama baraf budada ah, iyo maxay sababta lakabka 25-milimitir (1-inch) uu u dumay munaaradaha gudbinta birta ee loogu talagalay inay ka badbaadaan duufaannada?

1. "Sanka Diirimaad" Heerkulka Gelitaanka Profile¶

Dabaylaha jiilaalka ee caadiga ah, guud ahaan tiirka hawada ee daruuraha oo dhan 5,000 mitir (16,400 cagood) ilaa dhulka waxa ay ka hooseeyaan 0 darajo Celsius (32 darajo Fahrenheit), markaa barafka ayaa si qumman ugu soo dhacaya dhulka. - ** Sida Sandwich-ka Roobka Qabowga ah u Sameeyo:** Kahor diirimaad diirran oo xooggan, gaar ahaan marka qabow, hawada cufan ee Arctic ay ku xayiran tahay dooxada gacmeed ama bannaanka xeebta iyadoo loo eegayo muuqaal-muuqaal (** qabow-hawo-qaboojin**, sida hareeraha St. Lawrence iyo dooxooyinka Ottawa, jiirada bari ee Appalachians, Columbia/Wabiga Wabi ee Appalachians, the Columbia/Wabiga Wabiga Gorgeington gudaha Slovenia), diirran, hawo qoyan oo qoyan ayaa dulmarta qubbad-gacmeedka hawada sare ee barafka hoosaysa. - Sawijka Sadexda lakab ee jawiga: 1. Lakabka sare (Ka sarreeya 2,000 m): Daruuraha barafka ee -10 ilaa -20 °C waxay soo daadiyaan flakes baraf ah. 2. Lakabka Dhexe ("Sanka Diirimaad" oo ah 800 ilaa 2,000 m): Heerkulka hawadu waa +1 ilaa +6 °C (+34 ilaa +43 °F). Burburka barafka dhacaya ayaa dhalaa 100 boqolkiiba dhibicda roobka dareeraha ah oo ay ku jiraan nuclei barafka eber. 3. Lakabka Hoose (Sarkaalka Qabow dhuuban laga bilaabo 0 ilaa 500 m): Heerkulka hawada ee ka sarreeya dhulka waa -0.5 ilaa -5 °C (+31 ilaa +23 °F). Sababtoo ah lakabka hoose ee qabow aad buu u hooseeyaa si uu u qaboojiyo dhibco roobaadka oo si adag u gala barafka (** sleet *) ka hor intaanay dhulka ku dhicin, dhibicda roobka dareeraha ah waxay noqotaa ** qaboojiye *** (biyo dareere ah oo lagu qaboojiyo wax ka hooseeya 0 ° C). - Waa maxay sababta qaboojinta qunyar-socodku ay u abuurto cufan, baraf glaze-la'aan ah: Marka dhibicda roobka ee aadka u qaboojiso ay ku dhufato silig hoosaya, laan, ama oogada wadada, qayb ka mid ah dhibicdu way barafaysaa saamaynta marka ay sii daynayso ** kulaylka qarsoon ee fiyuuska (334 Joules halkii garaam). Kuleylkaas la sii daayay wuxuu hayaa filim khafiif ah oo biyo dareere ah oo si habsami leh ugu qulqulaya xagga sare iyo hoose ee siliga ama laanta ka hor inta uusan si tartiib tartiib ah u gelin ** baraf cad, xumbo-la'aan, cufnaanta sare ee barafka (0.90 garaam halkii senti mitir cubic)

2. Farsamoyaqaanka Dhismaha ee Xamuulka Siligga, "Galloping," iyo Burburinta Tower-ka Cascading¶

Xadhkaha korontadu waxay u qaybsan yihiin kuwo korantada hoose ah ** khadadka qaybinta maxalliga ah ** (ku rakiban tiirarka alwaax ama la taaban karo ee 4 ilaa 35 kilovolt) iyo koronto-sare ** xadhkaha gudbinta tirada badan ** (oo ku dhex yaal munaaradaha shabagga ah ee birta ama H-frames ee 115 ilaa 765 kilovolt). Inta lagu jiro duufaan baraf ah oo masiibo ah, saddex awoodood oo farsamo oo isku dhafan ayaa burburiya labada nidaam: 1. ** Kobaca Miisaanka Barafka Quadratic:** Miisaanka qaybta isdhaafka ah ee dhululubada barafka ee ku duuban silig dhuuban waxay la koraan ** labajibbaaran ee raadiyaha dibadda . - ** 6 mm (0.25 in) baraf shucaac ah: Wuxuu ku daraa qiyaastii 1.5 kiiloogaraam mitirkiiba (1 rodol cagtiiba) oo silig ah, oo lagu maarayn karo fiilooyinka, in kasta oo laamaha geedaha yaryar ee qudhunku ay dhuftaan. - 13 mm (0.5 in) baraf shucaac ah: Wuxuu ku daraa qiyaas ahaan 4 kiiloogaraam mitirkiiba (2.7 rodol cagtii), ama 400 kiiloogaraam (880 rodol) 100-mitir taako, isagoo jajabinaya laamo jilicsan oo jilicsan oo dulsaaraya khadadka qaybinta waddooyinka. - 25 mm (1.0 in) baraf shucaac ah: Wuxuu ku daraa 8 ilaa 11 kiiloogaraam mitirkiiba (5.5 ilaa 7.5 rodol cagtii), ama 1,000 kiiloogaraam (2,200 rodol) 100-mitir taako kasta oo silig kasta. Dusha sare ee 6-silig koronto gudbinta korantada sare oo leh 300 mitir taako, taas oo ah 18 ilaa 25 metrik ton oo miisaan baraf toosan ku dheggan munaarad kasta. - 50 ilaa 75+ mm (2.0 ilaa 3.0+ in) radial baraf (laga soo duubay 1998 Quebec/Ontario baraf duufaantii iyo duufaantii Slovenia 2014): Waxay ku daraysaa 25 ilaa 45 kiiloogaraam mitirkiiba (17 ilaa 30 rodol cagtiiba) sida qasacadaha. 2. ** Isku-dhufashada dabaysha-korka-Barafka iyo Korjoogaha Galloping:* Marka lakabka 25-milimitir (1-inji) ee baraf dhalaalka ah uu dahaadho silig dhumucdiisu tahay 25-milimitir, dhexroorka guud ee siligu wuxuu saddex laabmaa 75 millimitir (3 inji). Sababtoo ah xoogga dabayshu waxay la mid tahay aagga dusha sare ee dhululubada, ** dabaysha 50 km/h (31 mph) oo ka soo horjeeda siligga barafku dahaaran yahay waxay 3 jeer ka dhigtaa xoogga dhinaca toosan *** waxay ku dhaqmi doontaa silig qaawan. Waxaa taa ka sii daran, soo kicinta barafka u qaabaysan jeexjeexa ayaa siligga u beddesha garabka hawada sare. Dabaylo-dabaysha waxay sababtaa in dhammaan dhererka 300-mitir ee siligga barafku dahaaran yahay ay kor iyo hoos ugu boodaan hirarka 3-mitir ee rabshada wata 3. ** The Longitudinal "Domino Cascade" ee Towers Gudbinta Birta: *** High-voltage birta lattice hakadka ah ayaa la farsameeyay si xiisadda toosan ee fiilooyinka ka soo jiidaya ** taako bidix ** dheellitiro xiisadda fiilooyinka ka jiidaya ** taako midig *. Haddii hal taako oo silig ah uu ku dhaco baraf culus hoostiisa (ama haddii hal taawar lugaha ku xidho), munaaradda ku xigta waxay la kulmeysaa ** 20-tan oo muusiko toosan ah oo aan dheeli tirnayn oo hal dhinac kaliya ah. Waxay u laalaabtaa kala badh dhinaca dhinaceeda ah, iyada oo ku foorarsata munaaradda soo socota ee gadaasheeda, taasoo keenaysa ** 10 ilaa 80 munaaradaha gudbinta birta isku xigta oo isku xigta inay u burburaan sida dominoes oo ku yaal marin 20-km ah in ka yar 2 daqiiqo ** (haddii aan xoojin culus "anti-cascade dhintay-dhamaadka munaaradaha" joojin falcelinta silsiladda).

Tusaha Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation (SPIA): sida loo akhriyo digniinaha duufaanta barafka ee rasmiga ah¶

Wakaaladaha saadaasha hawada ee Waqooyiga Ameerika (Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka ee NOAA) iyo tas-hiilaadka adduunka oo dhan waxay isticmaalaan Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation (SPIA) Index si ay isugu daraan ** dhumucdiisuna tahay shucaaca baraf *** iyo ** xawaaraha dabaysha** ilaa lix heerar dhaawac (0 ilaa 5):

Biomechanics geed ee duufaan baraf: sababta geedaha qaarkood u qarxiyaan oo u jajabiyaan saqafyada¶

Inta lagu jiro heerka 4 ama heerka 5 duufaan baraf ah, geedo qaan-gaar ah ayaa urura ** 5,000 ilaa 15,000 kiiloogaraam (11,000 ilaa 33,000 rodol) oo baraf adag ah** oo dhan malaayiin laamo iyo irbado qurxoon, oo kordhinaya miisaanka saqafka **10 ilaa 30 jeer miisaankiisa caadiga ah ee qalalan ***.

1. Geedo kee ah ayaa marka hore fashilma (iyo sida ay u fashilmaan)¶

Daraasadaha beeraha ee beeraha ka dib 1998, 2009, iyo 2014 duufaannada barafka waxay muujinayaan in noocyada geedku ay ku fashilmaan laba hab oo kala duwan: - Brittle Crown Snapping ("Bistoolad-Shot" Laanta Guul-darrida): Noocyo caleen ballaadhan oo daciif ah oo daciif ah oo leh xaglo V-qaabaysan oo ballaaran Waxaad maqli doontaa dildilaac fiiqan, oo dhawaaqa qori ah sida 1-tan oo addin ah oo xiiraya oo si toos ah hoos ugu dhacaya sida waran oo ka dhex jira saqafka saqafka, muraayadaha hore, ama dadka lugeynaya. - ** Geed-Dhammaan Root-Plate Plate Root iyo Laabicida Jirrada:** Dhirta xididaysan (** geed cad, geed cas, kedar, cidhifyada, iyo spruce ***) iyo geedaha ka baxa dhoobada roobka-dherersan ama gogosha gogosha leh waxay ilaalinayaan laamahooda dabacsan ilaa inta barafku asymmetric ka soo jiido ** - 15-mitir ballaciisa. duminta jirridda oo dhan guryaha iyo waddooyinka oo jeexjeexa gaaska duugan iyo fiilooyinka biyaha ee xididada hoos mara.

2. Waa maxay sababta ay tahay inaadan waligaa isku dayin inaad ruxdo, garaacdo, ama laamo baraf ku raran oo silsilad ah inta duufaantu socoto¶

1. ** Dabin-ka-soo-celinta Gu'ga:** Laan geed baraf-daboolan ama geedo qaloocsan ilaa dhulka ayaa kaydinaya kumanyaal Newtons ah oo kacsanaanta gu'ga (** tiir-guga-raray**). Haddii aad ku garaacdo baraf bir ama aad taabato xubin qaloocan oo leh silsilad silsilad ah, soo daynta lama filaanka ah ee 200 kiiloogaraam oo baraf ah waxay keenaysaa in laantu ** karbaashto kor 80 kiiloomitir saacaddii (50 mayl saacaddii)**, iyada oo jabinaysa madaxa ama daanka qof kasta oo kor taagan madax.
2. Barafka kaga daa geedaha dushiisa si uu si dabiici ah u dhalaaliyo: Barafka kuma dilo jilif geed caafimaad qaba neefta awgeed; ku garaacista laamo barafaysan biraha ama majarafadihii waxay jejebisaa lakabka jilif cambium ee barafaysan waxayna kicisaa laanta sare ee dilaaga ah oo soo dhacda.

Ka badbaadada duufaanta barafka ee 14 maalmood ah oo aan lahayn sunta carbon monoxide ama tuubooyinka dilaaca¶

Marka dariiqyada gudbinta korontadu ay dumaan, waddooyinku lagama mari karo silig nool hoostooda iyo geedaha la jaray, munaaradaha unuggu waxay lumiyaan kaydka baytariga 8 ilaa 24 saacadood ka dib, saldhigyada biyaha ee dawladda hoose ayaa luminaya koronta, heerkulkuna wuxuu hoos u dhacayaa -15 °C (5 °F).

1. Dabinka Kaarboon Monoxide ee Dabaylaha Barafka Qarsoon: Foornada Barafka ee Barafka ah & Hawo-qaadayaasha¶

Xitaa haddii gurigaagu uu weli leeyahay koronto (ama uu ku wado foorno koronto dhaliya), duufaan baraf ah ayaa ka buuxin karta gurigaaga wax dilaa ah Kaarboon monoksaydh (CO) iyada oo aan la isticmaalin koronto-dhaliye la qaadi karo: - Waxtarka sare ee gaasta dabiciga ah / foornooyinka propane iyo kuleyliyeyaasha biyaha aan haanta lahayn ayaa ka soo daaya qiiqa dhinaceeda laba cad 5-ilaa-8-sintimitir (2-ilaa-3-inji) tuubooyinka caaga ah ee PVC oo ka soo baxaya gidaarka dhinaca guriga 30 ilaa 90 sentimitir (1 ilaa 3 cagood) oo dhulka ka sarreeya. - Inta lagu jiro dabaylaha roobka qaboobaha, ** barafyada, buufinta qaboojinta, iyo meelaha barafka ka samaysan ayaa ku xidha shaashadda mesh ee tuubada qiiqa qiiqa ee PVC ee bannaanka ah, taas oo ku qasbaysa kaarboon monoksaydh dib ugu soo noqoshada dhulka hoose. Baari oo nadiifi foornada dhinaca gidaarka ah, kuleyliyaha, kuleyliyaha biyaha, iyo hawo-mareenada 6dii saacadoodba mar inta lagu jiro duufaan baraf.

2. Sida Loo Shubo Tuubbooyinka Gurigaaga Intaysan Qaboobin Adag (Xeerka 4°C/40°F)¶

Haddii korontadu ay maqan tahay, ma lihid kulayl badbaado leh, heerkulbeegga gudaha ee dabaqaaga hoose ama qolka hoose wuxuu hoos ugu dhacayaa 4 darajo Celsius (40 darajo Fahrenheit), biyaha gudaha tuubooyinka derbiga dibadda waxay mar hore gaareen 0 ° C (32 ° F). Marka biyuhu ay si adag u qaboojiyaan gudaha naxaasta, PEX, ama tuubooyinka PVC, waxay ku fidayaan 9 boqolkiiba in ka badan 2,000 rodol halkii inji oo isku wareeg ah oo cadaadis biyo ah, ** tuubooyinka kala baxa waxay furaan gidaarada iyo saqafyada gudaha ** si marka korontadu soo noqoto, biyuhu ay daadiyaan guriga. - Tallaabo-tallaabo Nidaamka Degdegga ah ee Tuubbada Qaboojinta-Habka Dheecaannada (Waxay qaadataa 15 daqiiqo): 1. ** Hel oo dami Valve-ka Weyn ee Biyaha ee gurigaaga:** Ka hel waalka weyn ee biyaha ee dhulkaaga hoose, gurguurta, armaajooyinka tamarta, ama godka mitirka dariiqa oo u rog kabaalka 90 darajo oo toosan tuubada (ama u rog giraangiraha saacad kasta ilaa inta la xirayo). 2. korontada ama gaasta ka dami Kuleyliyaha Biyahaaga: Waligaa ha daadin kuleyliyaha biyaha inta canaasheeda kuleyliyaha korontadu ay shidantahay, ama canaasiirta daahsoon ayaa gubi doona marka korontadu soo noqoto. 3. ** Fur tubbada biyaha kulul iyo qabow kasta oo guriga dhexdiisa ah:** Ka bilow ** dabaqa sare** (jebiso faakuumka si cufisjiifku biyaha hoos u dhigo) oo hoos ka shaqee ** saxanka ugu hooseeya, tubbada dharka lagu dhaqdo, ama tuubada hoose ee tuubada** ee dabaqa hoose, adigoo ka tagaya dhammaan tubooyinka oo furnaaday. 4. Ku daadi musqul kasta hal ama laba jeer: Gacanta biyaha hoos ugu qabo si aad u faarujiso haanta musqusha oo ka yareyso biyaha ku jira baaquli. 5. ** Ku shub Propylene Glycol aan sun ahayn (Pink RV / Marine Winterizing Antifreeze) ku shub dabin kasta oo dheecaan ah iyo baaquli musqusha:** Ku shub 250 mililiitar (1 koob) oo aan sun ahayn RV antifreeze (ama dareere milix ah oo muraayadda hore ah oo la ururiyey Dabinnada P-ku ma qaboojin karaan.

Lambarada degdega ah ee gobolka iyo borotokoolka wakaalada¶

• Mareykanka: Isla markiiba wac 911 xaalad kasta oo degdeg ah oo caafimaad, calaamadaha kaarboon moono-oksaydh, dab dhismeed, ama qof ku xannibmay geed dhacay/silig nool. Wac 211 si aad u heshid furan Xarumaha kululaynta degmada iyo hoyga baahiyaha-caafimaadka. La soco ** NOAA Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka (NWS)** ee ** Digniinta Duufaanta Barafka *** iyo ** SPIA Tusmada *** cusboonaysiinta.
• Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Atlantic Canada, British Columbia): Wac 911 xaaladaha degdega ah ama 811 (Info-Santé / Health811) kala soocida caafimaad ee aan degdega ahayn. La Soco Isbeddelka Deegaanka iyo Cimilada Kanada (ECCC) ee ** Digniinta Roobka Qabowga ah (Avertissement de pluie verglaçante)**, oo u soo sheeg khadadka hoos u dhacay ama mashiinnada adeeg ee jeexan Hydro-Québec (1-800-790-2424, Hydro One / Toronto Hydro, NB Power, ama BC Hydro (1-800-BCHYDRO).
• United Kingdom iyo Ireland: Wac 999************************************** Wixii degdeg ah, oo wac 105 (Lambarka Korontada Qaranka UK) ama ESB Networks (1800 372 999 Ireland) in la soo sheego xadhkaha korontadda ee dhacay.
• Midowga Yurub: Wac 112 dhamaan wadamada xubnaha ka ah EU oo la soco Meteoalarmmeteoalarm.org Roobabka Qaboojiyaha Cas (* Glatteis / Verglas / Žled*) Digniinaha**.
• ** Shiinaha iyo Bariga Aasiya:** Wac 119 (Dab/ Samatabbixin), 110 (Booliska), ama 120 (Caafimaadka) Shiinaha; 119 ee Japan iyo South Korea.

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda¶

Muxuu roobka qaboojiyaa u sameeyaa baraf adag oo culus oo baraf dhalaalaysa halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa baraf ama pellets?¶

Roobka qaboojiya ayaa samaysma marka lakabka diirran ee hawada ah (+1 ilaa +6 darajo Celsius) uu dhexda ka galo hawada sare lakabka gacmeed ee hawo hoosaysa (-1 ilaa -5 darajo Celsius) oo isku duubaya dhulka. Dhallaanka barafka ee ka soo dhacaya daruuraha sare waxay u dhalaalaan dhibco roobaad ah gudaha lakabkaas dhexe ee diiran. Sababtoo ah lakabka dhulka qabow aad buu u dhuuban yahay si uu u qaboojiyo dhibcooyinka ku jira barafka barafka (sleet) ka hor saameynta, dhibciyadu waxay noqonayaan ** biyo dareere ah oo aad loo qaboojiyey ** kuwaas oo ku faafa filim khafiif ah marka la taabto oo barafaysan oo baraf dhalaalaya oo nadiif ah oo aan xumbo lahayn oo miisaankiisu yahay 900 kiiloogaraam mitir kuyuubik.

Intee in le'eg ayaa 25 milimitir (1 inch) oo baraf dhalaalaysa shucaac ah dhab ahaantii ku daraa xadhkaha korantada iyo geedaha?¶

Sababtoo ah barafku wuxuu dahaadhaa siligga dhululubo 360-degree ah, miisaankiisu wuxuu kordhiyaa labajibbaaran dhumucda. Lakabka 25-millimitir (1-inji) ee barafka radial glaze wuxuu ku darayaa ** 8 ilaa 11 kiiloogaraam mitirkiiba (5.5 ilaa 7.5 rodol cagtii)** miisaanka hal silig, taasoo la micno ah 100 mitir oo dhererka saddexda fiilooyinka qaybinta ah ayaa faa'iido u leh ** 2,500 ilaa 3,000 kiiloogaraam (5,500 ilaa 6 rodol)* Dhererka 300-mitir ee taawarrada gudbinta korantada ee 6-fiilyada ah **18 illaa 25 metrik ton oo baraf ah**. Geedka adag ee bislaaday, malaayiin laamo ah ayaa ku urura **5 ilaa 15 metrik ton (11,000 ilaa 33,000 rodol) oo baraf ah** hal taaj.

Maxay birta koronto-gudbiyeedka sare ugu dumaa silsiladaha domino-dheer inta lagu jiro duufaan baraf ah, maxayse taasi u keentaa madmadow-toddobaadyo badan?¶

Daaraha lattice birta-sare ee korantada leh ayaa loo qaabeeyey si xiisadda siman ee fiilooyinka ka soo jiidaya hal taako ay dheellitirto fiilooyinka ka soo jiidaya taako ka soo horjeeda. Marka barafka shucaaca ahi uu dhaafo 30 ilaa 50 milimitir (1.2 ilaa 2 inji) dabaylaha dabaylaha ka dambeeyaa waxay sameeyaan fiilooyin dahaarka leh oo kor iyo hoos u kacaya, hal silig ayaa taako ama lugaha taawar. Isla markiiba, munaaradda ku dheggan ayaa dhinac loo gooyay 20 tan oo xiisad aan dheellitirnayn, iyada oo la laalaabaysa kala badh oo kicinaysa xayndaabka domino cascade oo rogi kara 20 ilaa 80 munaaradaha birta ah oo isku xigta. Dib-u-dhiska mayl-mayl-habboon oo munaaradaha gudbinta birta ah oo si gaar ah loo farsameeyay oo ku yaalla dhul barafaysan waxay qaadataa 2 ilaa 5 toddobaad.

Maxay dad badani ugu sumoobaan kaarboon monoksaydh inta lagu jiro dabaylaha barafka, xataa marka aanay lahayn koronto-dhaliye la qaadi karo?¶

Markaad ku shaqaynayso koronto dhaliyaha shidaalka la qaadan karo gudaha garaash ku lifaaqan, sagxadda hoose, ama balbalada, ama gubida dubka dhuxusha ama shooladda xerada gudaha, waa sababta #1 ee keenta sumowga kaarboon moono-ogsaydh (CO) ee dilaaga ah inta lagu jiro dabaylaha barafka, dabin labaad ayaa ku dhufanaya guryaha weli leh kulayl: ** dhalaalid barafka iyo icicles daboolaya bannaanka dhinaca- gidaarka dabka foornada PVC. Marka baraf dhalaalaysa uu daboolo shaadhka shabagga ee daloolka foornada ee dhinaca gidaarka ah, kaarboon moono-oksaydh ee dilaaga ahi kama baxsan karo bannaanka oo dib uguma soo laaban karo guriga. Ku hay batariyada CO batari ku shaqeeya dabaq kasta oo nadiifi hawo-mareenada dibadda 6dii saacadoodba mar.

Goorma iyo sidee baan u daadin karaa tuubooyinka biyaha gurigayga haddii korontadu ay baxdo inta lagu jiro duufaanka barafka?¶

Inta gurigaagu ka sarreeyo 10 darajo Celsius (50 darajo Fahrenheit), fur albaabbada armaajooyinka saxanka oo u ogolow tubooyinka inay daadiyaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aanad haysan kulaylka iyo heerkulka gudaha ee dabaqaaga hoose ama qolka hoose wuxuu hoos u dhacayaa **4 darajo Celsius (40 darajo Fahrenheit) ***, biyaha gudaha tuubooyinka derbiga dibadda waxay ku dhow yihiin inay barafoobaan oo dilaacaan. Dami ** dami *** dami gurigaaga weyn, dami ** dami *** jebinta/gaaska kuleyliyahaaga biyaha, fur ** mid kasta *** qasabado kulul iyo qabow dabaqa sare ilaa sagxadda hoose si ay cufisjiidku u daadiso tuubooyinka, daadiyaan musqulaha, oo ku shub koob aan sunta lahayn oo casaan RV ah qaboojiyaha meel kasta oo saxan/sagxadda biyo mareenka ah iyo baaquli kasta.

Waa maxay gargaarka degdegga ah ee loo baahan yahay haddii qof uu ku dhufto xubin baraf ah oo soo dhacaysa ama laga helo wax jawaab celin ah oo ku jira guri madow?¶

Haddii qof uu dibadda ku dhufto xubin soo dhacaysa, ** isla markiiba kor u kac *** si aad u hesho xadhkaha korantada ee nool oo soo laadlaadda xubnaha "carmalka" ka hor intaadan u dhowaanin. Dhiigbaxa ku xakamee cadaadis toos ah, deji madaxa iyo qoorta haddii la tuhunsan yahay dhaawaca laf dhabarta, oo ka dabool bukaanka dhulka barafaysan. Haddii xubnaha qoysku ay jahawareeraan, dawakhaan, lallabaan, ama miyir daboolan yihiin gudaha guri madow, ka shakiya ** sunta kaarboon monoksaydh ***: qof kasta u wareeji hawo cusub, wac 911/112/999 gaadiidka ogsijiinta, oo bilow CPR haddii ay jawaabi weydo. Qaadashada koorsada gargaarka degdegga ah ee shahaadaysan iyo CPR ee Laanqayrta Cas, St John Ambulance, ama bixiye maxalli ah ayaa kuu diyaarinaysa wax ka qabashada musiibada jiilaalka.

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha¶

• Duufaannada barafka, roobka qaboojiya, iyo badbaadada khadka korontada oo burburay
• Korontada jiilaalka oo go'a, mad madowga oo daba dheeraada, iyo xidhidhku way barafoobaan
• Xadhkaha korontadu hoos u dhacay iyo korantada baabuurta oo baxsata
• Badbaadada koronto-dhaliye, furayaasha wareejinta, iyo ka-hortagga carbon monoxide

Ilaha iyo hanuuninta rasmiga ah¶

• ** Maamulka Badweynta iyo Cimilada Qaranka (NOAA) Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka (NWS):** * Saadaasha Hawada Qabowga ee Roobka (Diirranaanta Sanka), Shuruudaha Digniinta Duufaanta Barafka, iyo Tusaha Burburka Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation (SPIA)*.
• Isbeddelka Deegaanka iyo Cimilada Kanada (ECCC), Badbaadada Dadweynaha Kanada, iyo Hydro-Québec: * Casharrada iyo Heerarka Injineerinka laga bilaabo Jannaayo 1998 Duufaanta Barafka ee Waqooyiga Ameerika (Verglas '98): Radial Glaze Ice Loads, Dhimista Gudbinta Dhismayaasha Dumista, iyo Badbaadinta Maqnaanshaha Toddobaadka Badan.
• Jaaliyadda Mareykanka ee Injineerada Madaniga ah (ASCE Heerka 7 / Buugga Dhaqanka 74) iyo IEEE: *Hagaha Xariiqda Gudbinta Korontada Soo Rarista Dhismeedka: Dhumucda Barafka Radial-ka-Xaran, Jiidista Dabaysha-On-Barafka, Korjoogaha Galloping, iyo Ka-hortagga Cascade Dhimashada Dhimashada.
• ** Adeegga Kaymaha Maraykanka (USFS) iyo Bulshada Caalamiga ah ee Dhirta (ISA):** Biomechanics-ka Geedka Hoosta Dhallaanka Barafka: Nuglaanta Noocyada, xiirid laanta vs Fashilka Saxanka, iyo Khataraha Dufan-sameeyaha Ka Dib.
• Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada (CDC) iyo Wakaaladda Maareynta Degdegga ah ee Federaalka (FEMA, Mareykanka): Kahortagga Sunta Kaarboon Monoxide, Hypothermia, iyo Tuubbooyinka Guriga ee Qaboojiya-Qallaabashada Xilliga Jiilaalka ee Korontada Dheeraadka ah*.