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Mawjadaha Seiche, Tsunamis Harada Gudaha, iyo Hoos-u-dhacyada Biyaha Dekadda ee lama filaanka ah

Nambarada deg-degga ahi way ku kala duwan yihiin waddan ahaan. Boggani wuxuu isticmaalaa 911, lambarka Maraykanka iyo Kanada. Wadamo badan oo kale ayaa isticmaala 112, 999, ama nambar kale. U hel lambarka wadankaaga.

A seiche (loogu dhawaaqo saysh) waa hir taagan oo gadaal iyo gadaal u rogmado gudaha biyo xiran ama qeyb ahaan ku xiran sida harada weyn, kaydka alpine, fjord, bay, ama deked. Si ka duwan mowjadaha dabaysha ee jaba 5 ilaa 15 ilbiriqsi kasta oo kaliya dhiba oogada, seiche ama gudaha harada tsunami waxay dejisaa dhammaan mugga biyaha ee basin ka soo qulqulaya xeebta ilaa xeebta sida biyaha ku jira saxanka qubeyska ee leexsan. Waxaa kaxeeya boodboodka cadaadiska barometricka ee lama filaanka ah, xariiqyada squall, ** derecho *** dabaylo, dhulgariirrada dhulgariirrada, ama dhagxaanta hoose ee ku dhaca harooyinka moolka dheer iyo fjords, qulquladan waxay hoos u dhigi karaan heerarka biyaha dekedda 2 ilaa 5 mitir (6.5 ilaa 16.5 cagood) daqiiqado gudaheed, iyagoo kashifaya sariiraha harooyinka dhoobada leh ka hor inta aysan soo laaban gidaarada qulqulka leh.

Xitaa kuwa ka sii burbursan waa ** mowjadaha kicinta ee dhul go'ay (megatsunamis) ** gudaha harooyinka alpine cidhiidhi ah, kaydka biyo-xireenka, iyo fjords glacial, halkaas oo malaayiin mitir cubic oo dhagax ah ama barafka barafka ah uu ku dumo biyo xaddidan oo riixaya hirarka qulqulaya ** 10 ilaa 500+ mitir (33 ilaa 1) * 0 * darbiyada ka soo horjeeda 180 ilbiriqsi Sida laga soo xigtay Maamulka Qaranka ee Badweynta iyo Cimilada ee Maraykanka (NOAA), Sahanka Geological United States (USGS), iyo Hay'adda Saadaasha Hawada Adduunka (WMO), dhibbanayaashu waxay ku dhintaan sunaamiyada harada iyo seiches ugu horreyntii sababtoo ah waxay u maleynayaan fiisigiska tsunami oo kaliya inay ku jiraan badda furan, ama sababtoo ah waxay u soo baxaan harooyinka cusub iyo biyo-baxa marka biyuhu si lama filaan ah u qulqulaan.

Ula dhaqan Haro kasta oo kedis ah, Fjord, ama Hoos-u-dhaca Biyaha Dekedda sidii Tsunami degdeg ah

Haddii heerka biyaha ee ku teedsan xeebta harada, afka webiga, dooxada, marinada, ama fjord si lama filaan ah u soo daataan, dibadda u daadiyaan, soo bandhigaan dhagxaanta go'ay ama kalluun, ama ay sababaan in doomo goglan ay taabtaan xagga hoose,* Hirarka hirarka isbarbardhiga ah ayaa durba u ordayay dhanka xeebtaada wuxuuna ku dhufan doonaa 30 ilbiriqsi ilaa 15 daqiiqo, inta badan iyada oo aan wax dabaylo ah ama roob maxalli ah lahayn hoos cirro buluug ah oo cad. **Weligaa ha u bixin sagxadaha dhoobada ah, bacaadka, ama meelaha shubka ah ee shubka ah si aad sawiro uga qaado ama u baarto doomaha go'doonsan

Hadda samee tan

  1. **Haddii aad aragto harada ama dekedda biyaha si xawli ah u qulqulaya, ka bax biyaha qulqulaya ee ku yaal marinka laga galo dekedda ama kanaalka buundada, ama u fiirso biyaha ku gurguuranaya ciidda engegan ee xeebta marka duufaanna aysan kor u dhaafin, isla markiiba ka tag xeebta. U dhaqaaq si toos ah xeebta dhinaca dhulka sare ugu yaraan 15 ilaa 30 mitir (50 ilaa 100 cagood) oo ka sarraysa biyaha ama u gudub dabaqa saddexaad ama ka sareeya dhisme shub ah oo la xoojiyay.
  2. ** Si toos ah u dar darbiga dooxada haddii aad maqasho bood-boodka ama baraf baraf leh oo kor u kacaya fjord ama harada buuraha. ka gudba basinka at 100 ilaa 250 kiiloomitir saacaddii (60 ilaa 155 mayl saacaddii). Waxaad heli doontaa ** kaliya 1 ilaa 4 daqiiqo *** ka hor inta aysan mawjadu ku dhicin xeebta ka soo horjeeda. Ku rid dhammaan qalabka kaamka, kayaks, iyo wax ka qabashada kalluumeysiga, oo si toos ah ugu rux buurta ugu dheer ee kaa dambaysa ugu yaraan 30 ilaa 60 mitir oo toosan (100 ilaa 200 cagood).
  3. Weligaa ha ku noqon xeebta, doomaha, ama marinada ka dib marka mawjada koowaad ay gurato. Sababtoo ah seiche waa hir taagan oo soo noqnoqda oo dib iyo dib ugu soo noqnoqda xeebaha ka soo horjeeda ee haro ama deked xiran, biyuhu waxay sii wadi doonaan gariirada 4 ilaa 24+ saacadood. Farogelin wax ku ool ah oo lagu sameeyay dabaysha sare ama hirarka berkadaha ee ka muuqda, **saacadaha saddexaad, afraad, ama shanaad seiche *** imaatinka saacadaha ka dambeeya mawjadda kowaad ayaa inta badan ka dheer oo ka dheeraysa qulqulka hore. Joog meel sare ilaa hay'addaada cimilada qaranka (sida Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka ee Maraykanka, Deegaanka iyo Isbeddelka Cimilada Kanada, ama MeteoSwiss) ay baabi'inayso Digniinta Daadka Lakeshore ama La-talinta Tsunami.
  4. ** Ka daa doonistaada badda dhexdeeda haddii qalliin uu dhaw yahay; markabkaaga u qaado biyo qoto dheer (>30 ilaa 50 mitir / 100 ilaa 165 cagood) KALIYA haddii mar horeba lagu sii socday xeebta Kanaalka dekeddu waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii mashiinnada hawo-mareenka halkaasoo xawaaraha biyuhu uu gaaro 15 ilaa 30 kiiloomitir saacaddii (8 ilaa 16 garaac), xidhidhiyeyaasha birta ah, jeexjeexa xidhmooyinka sabaynaya hagayaasha, iyo inay burburiyaan qof kasta oo lagu qabto saqafka dhexdooda. Haddii aad hore ugu dul fuushan tahay biyo furan marka digniintu dhawaaqdo ama dhagax weyni soo dumo, isla markiiba ka leexo xeebta oo ka leexo kanaalada cidhiidhiga ah biyo qoto dheer ugu yaraan **30 ilaa 50 mitir (100 ilaa 165 cagood) mool ***, adigoo si toos ah u tilmaamaya qaansadaada mawjada wakhtiga dheer ee soo socota.
  5. ** Gebi ahaanba ka fogow jetties-ka dhagxaanta, meelaha dariiqyada, iyo darbiyada harooyinka la taaban karo 6 SAACADOOD KADIB marka xariiqda xawliga ah ee socota ama derecho ay ka gudubto haro weyn. onkod ayaa dhaaftay ***, marka qorraxdu soo noqoto oo dabaasha ama kalluumaysatadu ay dib ugu soo socdaan tiirarka.
  6. Ka wac adeegyada degdegga ah meel sare haddii qof lagu xaaqo biyaha, hana ka daba boodin. Seiche soo celinta qulqulka (dhaqashada) waxay dhibanayaasha ku jiidi jireen dhagaxyo jeexjeexan oo dhexda biyo qabow oo aad u dheer oo aan suurtagal ahayn in dabaasha bini'aadam ahi uu dagaallamo. Wac lambarkaaga degdega ah (911 gudaha Maraykanka iyo Kanada, 112 guud ahaan Midowga Yurub, 999 gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, ama arag dhammaan nambarada degdega ah), ka tuur qalabka sabbeynta ee xidhan ama giraanta samatabbixinta dhulka sare ee engegan, oo isha ku hay dhibbanaha muuqaal ahaan ilaalada xeebaha ama doonyaha badbaadinta dabka.

Seiche, meteotsunami, iyo geedka go'aanka badbaadada hirarka harada

Adeegso jaantuska go'aanka goobtan si aad u kala saartid inta u dhaxaysa seiche atmospheric, meteotsunami squall-line, tsunami harada seismic ah, iyo masiibada alpine rockslide mowjadda kicinta.

flowchart TD
    Start["Dhaqanka Biyaha Aan Caadiga ahayn ee Harada, Fjord, Kaydka, ama Dekedda"] --> TriggerCheck{"Calaamadee digniinta ama kicinta<br/>aad hadda u fiirsatay?"}

    TriggerCheck -->|"2"| ImpulseWave["MUXAADARO DAWLADA AH / SISMIC LAKE TUNAMI<br/>(Waqtiga imaatinka: 30 ilbiriqsi ilaa 5 daqiiqo):<br/>1. DHAMMAAN GEEARKA: Ha xirin teendhooyin, doonyo, ama bacaha<br/>2. SPRINT TOOS U HOOS U HORSEEDA oo toosan dhanka xeebta<br/>3. Fuul ugu yaraan 30 ilaa 60+ mitir toosan (100 ilaa 200+ ft) <br/>4. Haddi aad ku jirto doon meel ka baxsan: ceejinta buuxa ilaa bartamaha qoto dheer ee basin<br/> oo si toos ah u foorarso mawjada soo socota"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"2. Biyuhu si lama filaan ah ayay uga da'ayaan dekedda / xeebta<br/>Soo bandhigida dhoobada, dhagaxyada, ama doomaha"| TroughArrival["MAwjadaha Imaatinka (Seiche ama Meteotsunami):<br/>1. WELIGAA ha ku socon webiga bannaan ama biyaha jaban<br/>2. U qaylo dhaanta digniinta qof kasta oo ku sugan tiirarka iyo xeebaha<br/>3. Orod gudaha 300 ilaa 500 m oo fuul 10 ilaa 15 m (33 ilaa 50 ft) <br/>4. Filo 1 ilaa 4 mitir (3 ilaa 13 ft) oo kor u kacaya gidaarka biyaha <br/> 1 ilaa 10 daqiiqo gudahood"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"3. Duufaan degdeg ah / Derecho ayaa ka gudubtay harada<br/>30 daqiiqo ilaa 4 saacadood ka hor (Cirka Hadda Cad)"| PostStormSeiche["Duufaantii ka dambeysay METEOTSUNAMI / SEICHE MUUQAAL:<br/>1. Gebi ahaanba ka ilaali meelaha shubka ah, biyaha dillaaca, & afafka webiga<br/>2. Ka ilaali carruurta iyo xayawaanka rabaayada ah inay ka soo celiyaan cidhifka biyaha<br/>3. U fiirso si lama filaan ah 5-ilaa-20-daqiiqo heerka biyaha ah oo lulaya<br/>4. Dib ha u gelin marinas ilaa uu gariirku joogsado (4 ilaa 12+ saacadood)"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"4. Ku dhex xidhan marinka Marina/Harbor<br/>Marka ay qulqulatooyinka rabshadaha wata"| MarinaAction{"Hadda ma ku sugan tahay dhulka<br/>mise mar hore ayaad saarnayd markabka?"}

    MarinaAction -->|"Dhulka dushiisa/Doonka Dusheeda"| LeaveBoat["ISKU DHAQAABTA KA TAG:<br/>1. Ku orda maraakiibta sabaynaysa dhulka sare ee adag hadda<br/>2. Weligaa ha isku dayin inaad hagaajiso khadadka soo-jiidashada inta lagu jiro qulqulka deked<br/>3. U fiirso xadhkaha goosashada (khatarta karbaasha) iyo meelaha la jajabiyo"]

    MarinaAction -->|"Korkeeda markabka biyaha furan"| DeepWater["MADAXA MOOOOOL BIYAHA FURAN (>30 ilaa 50 m / 100 ilaa 165 ft): <br/>1. Ha isku dayin inaad gasho af deked cidhiidhi ah ama kanaal<br/>2. U leexi biyo qoto dheer oo ka fog jiirarka iyo dhagaxyada <br/>3. La soco VHF Marine Channel 16 ilaa laga wada caddeeyo"]

Isbarbardhigga 5-ta basin ee xiran iyo khataraha qulqulka xeebaha

Dadka ku nool ama ku fasaxaya hareeraha harooyinka, barkadaha, fjord-yada, iyo baysyada waxay la kulmaan shan nooc oo kala duwan oo ah masiibooyinka heerka biyaha degdega ah. Iyadoo dhammaan shantu ay dadka ku hafanayaan meelaha jeexjeexyada ah oo ay burburiyaan marinada, xooggooda wadista, muddada hirarka, iyo dhererka daadgureynta loo baahan yahay ayaa si weyn u kala duwan.

Dhacdo Kor u kac ah Kiciyeyaasha Jidhka aasaasiga ah Dhererka Hirarka Caadiga ah & Muddada Meesha Ay Ku Dhacdo Inta Badan Habdhaqanka Kala soocida Furaha
*1. Seiche *** (Standing Basin Oscillation) Dabayl xoog badan oo joogta ah oo biyaha ku ururinaysa hal daraf oo haro xidhan (dabaysha habaysan), cadaadis jawiga degdega ah u booda, ama hirarka dhulgariirka fog ee beska u dhigaya dhawaaq. \(0.5\qoraalka{to}5\text{ mitir}\) (\(1.5\qoraalka{to} }16.5\text{ feet}\)) lulid toosan; Muddadu waxay u dhaxaysaa 10 daqiiqo (Dekedo yar yar/harooyin) ilaa 9 ilaa 14 saacadood (Lake Erie). Harooyinka waaweyn (gaar ahaan ** Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior *), Lake Geneva ( Le Léman ), Lake Garda, Lake Baikal, Badda Baltic, Badda Adriatic, Nagasaki Bay ( Abiiki *). Harada oo dhami waxay dib iyo dib u soo noqotaa sida pendulum ka gudba hal ama in ka badan ** qanjidhada *** (xariiqaha isbeddelka tooska ah ee eber); si isdaba joog ah u oscillates 6 ilaa 48 saacadood.
2. Meteotsunami* Xariiqda squall-ka ee dhaqsaha badan u socota, derecho, mowjadda cuf-jiidad ee jawiga, ama boodboodka cadaadiska fiiqan (\(3\text{ to }10\text{hPa}\) in minutes) ku socda xawaaraha saxda ah ee mawjada biyaha-gacmeed (\(c = \sqrt{gh}\)). \(1\text{ to }6\text{ meters}\) (\(3\text{ to }20\text{ feet}\)) dhererka sare u kaca; muddada hirarka 2 ilaa 60 daqiiqo. Harada Michigan, harada Erie, ** Gacanka Mexico **, US East Coast, Balearic Islands (Spain, Rissaga), Badda Adriatic (Šćiga), Kanaalka Ingiriiska UK, Badda Jaallaha ah. (Gulf of Mexico) Waxay u dhacdaa sida duufaanta sunaami-ga lama filaan ah, badanaa 1 ilaa 3 saacadood ka dib markay duufaantu dhaafto ka dib markay ka soo muuqato xeebta ka soo horjeeda ee hoosteeda qorraxdu.
3. Dhul go'a / mowjadda glacier Impulse Wave ( harada Subaerial ama Fjord Megatsunami) Dhagxaan waaweyn oo go'ay, garabka buurta oo dumay, mooryaan guuldarraysatay, ama dhalmada glacier oo si toos ah ugu dhacaysa fjord xaddidan, harada alpine, ama kaydka biyo-xidheenka. \(5\qoraalka{to}524\text{meter}\) (\(16\text{ to }1,720\text{ feet}\)) ruxruxo maxalli ah oo xad dhaaf ah; muddo 30 ilbiriqsi ilaa 5 daqiiqo. Fjord Norwegian (Tafjord, Loen, Geiranger), Alaska (Lituya Bay, Taan Fiord, Barry Arm), British Columbia, Swiss/Italian Alps (Vajont Kaydka), Andes, New Zealand. Mawjada ugu dhaqsiyaha badan iyo tan ugu dheer dhulka; ku dhuftey xeebta ka soo horjeedda ee ** in ka yar 1 ilaa 4 daqiiqo** oo leh bur-bur aad u sarreeya oo kaymaha ka dhigaya sariir qaawan.
4. Harada Seismic Tsunami (Cillad Biyaha Hoostaga ama Hooska Hoosaadka) Dhulgariir ka dilaacay cilad ka hooseysa sagxada harada, AMA ruxitaanka seismic taasoo kicisa burburka qulqulka biyaha hoostooda (dhul goynta sublacustrine). \(2\text{ to }15\text{ meters}\) (\(6.5\text{ to }50\text{ feet}\)) dhererka kor u kaca; muddo 2 ilaa 20 daqiiqo. ** Lake Tahoe *** (CA / NV), ** Lake Geneva ** (dhacdada 563 AD Tauredunum), ** Lake Lucerne **, ** Lake Issyk-Kul **, ** Lake Tanganyika / harada Malawi **, ** Badda Dhimatay , ** Puget Sound. Wax ku dhufashada 2 ilaa 10 daqiiqo gudahood markaad dareento dhul gariir ama maqasho guuxa biyaha hoostooda; looma baahna xeeb badweyn.
5. Koritaanka resonance Harbor(Helmholtz / Quarter-Wave Amplification) Muddada dheer ee baddu way bararin, micro-tsunami fog, ama mowjadaha jawiga kaas oo wakhtigoodu la mid yahay inta jeer ee qaylo-dhaanta dabiiciga ah ee gacan-xiran ama marin-xiran. Waxay ku kordhisaa \(0.15\text{ m}\) (\(6\text{ in}\)) hirka badda by **\(5\text{x to }20\text{x}\) Qaybaha V-qaabeeya ee badh-xiran, marinas-qoorta dhalada leh, iyo dekedaha maraakiibta ee la jeexjeexay ee adduunka oo dhan (Hawaii, California, Mediterranean, Japan, Australia). Xeebta furan ee ka baxsan dekeddu waxay u muuqataa mid deggan, halka biyaha barkadaha marinnada dhexdeeda ay si xoog leh kor iyo hoos ugu kacayaan oo ay kala jeexjeexayaan.

Fiisigiska Seiche iyo Formula Merian: Waa maxay sababta harooyinka laxiran ay u ruqaansadaan sida musqusha qubeyska

Fahamka sida seiche ay u sameyso waxay sharraxaysaa sababta ay biyuhu uga baabi'i karaan xeebta magaalada hal mar iyagoo isku mar ku fatahay magaalo ku taal cidhifka ka soo horjeeda isla harada:

1. Dejinta Dabaysha, Jilicsanaanta Barometric, iyo Siidaynta Degdega ah

Marka dabaylo ba'an oo ka yimaada duufaan jiilaal ah, qabow hore, ama derecho ay ku dhuftaan dhererka harada dheer (sida ** koonfur-galbeed-waqooyi-bari dabaylaha hoos u dhacaya dhererka 388-km) ee harada Erie** ee dhinaca Buffalo, New York), qulqulka dusha sare wuxuu jiidayaa balaayiin mitir cubic biyo ah oo hoos u dhacaya. Isla mar ahaantaana, cadaadiska barometric sare ee dhabarka duufaanku wuxuu hoos u riixayaa cidhifka sare ee harada halka cadaadiska barometric hoose ee hore ee duufaantu uu biyaha kor u soo jiido dhamaadka dabaysha (wax kasta ** $ 1 text { hectopascal / millibar} $ ** farqiga cadaadiska hawadu wuxuu beddelaa dhererka biyaha by ** $ 1 qoraalka { sentimitir} \(**). - Inta lagu jiro diyaarinta dabaysha harada Erie ee aadka u daran, heerka biyaha ee **Toledo, Ohio** (dhammaadka galbeed) ayaa hoos ugu dhacay **\)2.1\text{{}2.4\text{meter}$ (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) oo ka hooseeya heerka caadiga ah**, soo bandhigaya kiiloomitir ee dhoobada engegan iyo xidhitaanka tamarta nukliyeerka iyo biyaha isla mar ahaantaana \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meter}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) oo ka sarraysa caadiga at Buffalo, New York (dhamaadka bari), abuurista wadarta dhamaadka-ilaa-dhamaadka biyaha ee *\(4.5+\text{ meter}\) (\(15+\text{ cag.}\)) - Slosh Back: Marka ay dabayshu dhimato ama ay jihada u wareegto, cufisjiidku waxa uu dib u soo jiidaa buurta biyaha ah ee kor u kacday oo hoos uga dhacda jiirada harada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa hydrodynamic awgeed, biyuhu si fudud kuma simaan heerka caadiga ah: waxay xad dhaafiyaan dheeli tirnaanta, daadad ku soo galaan dhamaadka galbeedka iyagoo daadinaya cidhifka bari, ka dibna waxay dib iyo dib ugu soo boodboodaan saxanka oo dhan maalmo.

2. Formula Merian: Saadaasha sida ugu dhakhsaha badan harada oscillates

Haro kasta oo kuxiran, kayd, iyo deked kasta waxay leedahay xilli go'an oo resonant dabiiciga ah (\(T\), wakhtiga ay qaadanayso hal wareeg oo dib-iyo-foorar ah oo dhamaystiran) oo ay maamusho Qaabka Meriin ee hal-node (uninodal) hir taagan:

\[T = \frac{2L}{\sqrt{g \cdot h}}\]

Halkee: - \(L\) = Dhererka harada ama barkada dekeddu ee ku teedsan dhidibka oscilation (mitir) - \(g\) = Dardargelinta cufisjiidka (\(9.81\qoraalka{m/s}^2\)) - \(h\) = Celceliska qoto dheer ee jirka biyaha (mitir)

Sababtoo ah seiche waa mawjad-biyo-gacmeed (macnaheedu waa hirarka dhererkiisu aad uga dheer yahay gunta harada), xawaarihiisa (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)) wuxuu ku xiran yahay ** si adag u qoto dheer biyaha**: - Dhexe, harooyinka alpine-gaaban ama harbors si xawli ah ayey u rogrogmadaan: Lake Geneva (\(73\text{ km}\) dheer, \(154\text{m}\) celceliska qoto dheer) wuxuu leeyahay xilli seiche aasaasiga ah oo aan caadi ahayn oo ah 73 daqiiqo; Lake Tahoe (\(35\text{km}\) dheer, \(305\qoraalka{m}\) celceliska qoto dheer) wuxuu dib u soo laabtaa kaliya 18 ilaa 21 daqiiqo; \(1\text{-kilometer}\)-dhererka badda (\(10\text{m}\) qoto dheer) ayaa lumaya 3 ilaa 6 daqiiqo. - Hada dheer, harooyinka gacmeed waxay si tartiib ah u ruxruxaan sida hirarka waaweyn: Lake Erie (\(388\text{ km}\) dheer, laakiin kaliya \(19\qoraalka{m}\) [62 cagood] celceliska qoto dheer) wuxuu leeyahay muddo seiche dabiici ah oo aan caadi ahayn oo ah 14 saacadood.

3. Khadka Nodal vs. "Antinode" dabinka

Mawjadda seiche ee taagan, bartamaha saxda ah ee harada waxay u shaqeysaa sidii bar taagan oo loo yaqaan ** node (ama xariiqda noodaalka) ***, halka xeebaha ka soo horjeeda ay u dhaqmaan sida ** antinodes *: - ** At Shoreline Antinodes (Dhammaadka Harada): Dhererka biyaha toosan ayaa kor iyo hoos u lulaya ilaa ugu badnaan (\(2\text{ to }5\text{ meters}\)), daadadka xeebaha iyo doomaha, halka qulqulka toosan ay ku yar yihiin meesha ugu sarreysa iyo barkadda. - ** Xariiqda Nodal-ka-dhexe (iyo Cidhiidhiga Cidhiidhiga ah sida Straits of Mackinac, Messina, ama Euripus) ***: Heerka biyaha toosan ayaa si dhib yar isbeddelaya, ** laakiin dhammaan mugga harada waa inay si toos ah dib iyo dib ugu soo noqnoqdaan nalalka **, abuurista rabshado, dib u rogashada biyaha hoostooda iyo qulqulka dusha sare ee tuubooyinka qulqulaya, leexiya dhuumaha.

Meteotsunamis iyo Resonance Proudman: Sida mowjadda 3-mitir ee hoos u dhaca cirka qoraxda leh

June 26, 1954, xariiq xawli u socda oo duufaano xagaa ah ayaa ka soo gudbay koonfurta Lake Michigan waqooyi-galbeed ilaa koonfur-bari. Ku dhawaad laba saacadood ka dib markii ay duufaantu dhaaftay, markii cirku dul maray ** Chicago, Illinois* gabi ahaanba qorraxdu ahayd, kumanaan qofna ay ka kalluumaysanayeen oo qoraxdu ku qubaysanayeen meelaha la taaban karo ee Montrose Harbor iyo North Avenue Beach, si lama filaan ah **\(3 qoraal{-meter}\) ($ 10\text{-foot}$) darbi biyo ah *** ayaa ku dhacay darbigii hore ee Chicago. 8 qof.

Masiibadani waxay ahayd meteotsunami ay kicisay Resonance Proudman: 1. ** Xawaaraha is-waafajinta (Proudman Resonance, 1929): Sida xariiqda squall, derecho, ama mowjadda cufis-jiidad ee ku dhex orda harada ama shelf continental shelf (sida Gulf of Mexico ama the Balearic Sea), boodboodka cadaadiska barometricka ee lama filaanka ah iyo dabaysha dabaysha ayaa riixaysa \(5 \text{10000000\)\({1000}{101}{101}{101}{101}{101}{101}{101} }4\text{inji}\)) niyad-jabka oo ku dhaca oogada biyaha. Caadiyan, dooxan yari wuxuu ku socdaa xawaare ka duwan kan duufaanka oo wuu kala baxaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii xawaaraha hore ee duufaantu (\(U\)) u dhigma xawaaraha mawjadda biyaha dabiiciga ah ee sagxada harada (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)), ** duufaantu waxay si toos ah ugu xidhan tahay korka mowjadda biyaha dhaqaaqa , iyada oo si joogto ah tamarta kinetic ugu shubaysa mawjada mawjada in ka badan \(50\text{ to }150\s\)text{3km{3}kilometer miles}\() ee biyaha furan iyo ku kordhinta dhererka mawjada **\)5\text{ to }15\text{ times}\(**. - Tusaale ahaan, koonfurta harada Michigan halkaas oo qoto-dheeraanta biyuhu (\)h\() ay ku dhow yihiin **\)55\text{ to }65\text{ meters}$ (\(180\text{ to }215\text{ feet}\)), xawaaraha mawjada biyaha gacmeed ee dabiiciga ah waa \(c = \sqrt{9.82 \times 60} \/2x} **\)87\qoraalka{km/h}$ (\(54\qoraalka{mph}\)). Mar kasta oo xagaa laga soo gooyo harada Michigan qiyaastii \(85' qoraal {to}95\text{km/h}\) (\(50\text{ to} }60\text{ mph}\)), Proudman Resonance wuxuu xiraa oo dhisaa meteotsunami burbursan. 2. ** Milicsiga Edge iyo Amplifier Shoaling ***: 1954 musiibadii Chicago, duufaantu waxay ka dhaqaaqday Chicago una sii jeedday Michigan City, Indiana. Meteotsunami ayaa marka hore ku dhufatay xeebta koonfur-bari ee harada Michigan, ** waxay ka soo kacday xeebta Indiana sida kubbadda billiard ee ku dhufatay barkin **, waxayna u safartay * gadaal * harada si ay ugu dhufato Chicago laba saacadood ka dib cirro cad, oo kor u qaadaya shelf hoose ee biyaha hoostooda midig ee tiirarka.

Xeerka 6-Saac ee Derecho Pier ee ku saabsan harooyinka waaweyn iyo harooyinka gudaha ee waaweyn

Mar kasta oo ** Digniin Duufaan Daran *** , ** Digniin Gaar ah , ama ** derecho ** leh dabaylo ka badan \(80\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ mph}\)) ka gudba mid ka mid ah Harooyinka Waaweyn ama haro weyn oo gudaha ah, ha u soconin duleelyada shubka ah, biyaha goosashada ka dib, ama ugu yaraan saacadaha 6 roobka. nadiifiyaa. Hubi NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Laboratory (GLERL) cabbirada heerka biyaha ama Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka ** Digniinta Daadka Harada** ka hor intaadan u dhowaanin xeebta.

Dhul go'a iyo mowjadaha glacier-dhalinaya: 500-mitir fjord iyo kaydka megatsunami

Halka sunaamiyada seismic ee badweynta iyo seiches ay caadi ahaan gaadhaan \(1\text{ to}10\text{ meters}\) (\(3\text{ to }33\text{ feet}\)), ** Dhul go'ay mowjado kicin ah** gudaha fjords cidhiidhi ah, harooyinka buuraha, iyo kaydadka biyo xidheenada ayaa soo saara mawjada ugu sareysa abid ee taariikhda aadanaha. - Lituya Bay, Alaska (Julaay 9, 1958): Dhulgariir ayaa dabciyay \(30\qoraalka{malyuun mitir kuyuubik}\) (\(40\text{ milyan cubic yards}\)) oo dhagax ka sarreeya Gilbert Inlet; jeexjeexa ayaa ku dhex dhacay fjord-ka oo riixay mowjad xamaasad leh \(524\text{meter}\) (\(1,720\text{ feet}\)) si toos ah kor uga soo horjeeda cirifka buurta, kana sarreeya Dhismaha Boqortooyada. - ** Kaydka Biyo-xidheenka Vajont, Talyaaniga (Oktoobar 9, 1963)**: \(260\qoraalka{-million-cubic-meter}\) dhul go'ay ayaa ka dhacay Monte Toc una galay harada kaydka cidhiidhiga ah ee Vajont Dam, biyahana u barakiciyey **\(250\text{-meter}\) $82 Biyo-xireen la taaban karo oo sidiisii ah oo tirtiray magaalada dooxada ee Longarone ee hoose, isaga oo dilay ku dhawaad 2,000 qof in ka yar 7 daqiiqo. - Tafjord (1934, \(62 qoraal{m}\) mawjad, 40 dhintay) iyo Loen / Lovatnet Lake, Norway (1905 iyo 1936, \(40' qoraal ah {74\qor {m}\) mowjadaha, 135 dhintay) 2 daqiiqo - ** Lake Geneva, Switzerland/France (563 AD Tauredunum Tsunami): Buur ku soo duntay wabiga Rhône delta ayaa kicisay qulqulka biyaha hoostooda taasoo u soo dirtay **\(8 qoraal{13\m{mitir}\)$ \(26 qoraal{} 43\qoraalka{magaalo cag}\), dhererka darbiyada Geneva ka dib.

4 Xeerarka badbaadada ee qasabka ah ee kaamamka, Kayakers, iyo doomaha Fjords iyo harooyinka Alpine

  1. **Weligaa teendho ha dhigin meel xeeb ah oo quruurux ah, taageere dhogorta leh, ama candhuufta xeebta ku dhex tufaysa fjord dheer ama haro glacial ah. si toos ah uga sarreeya biyaha qoto dheer. Had iyo jeer ku xeroo sariiraha sariiraha sare leh ugu yaraan 20 ilaa 30 mitir toosan (65 ilaa 100 cagood) oo ka sarreeya khadka biyaha.
  2. **Ugu yaraan 400 ilaa 800 mitir (0.25 ilaa 0.5 mayl) ka fogee wejiga biyaha baraf ama harada barafka baabi'inaya. mowjad xoog leh oo weji adag leh oo ku rogmatay doonyaha dalxiiska iyo doonyaha dalxiiska ee ilbiriqsiyo gudahood.
  3. Haddii aad doon-doonayso ama aad ku degayso xeebta fjord marka ay dhagax-dhagax ama dhalmo-dhalintu ay ka dhawaajiso biyaha oo dhan:
  4. ** Haddii aad ku jirto ama u jirto 20 mitir oo xeebta ah ***: ** Kayak kayak xeebta isla markiiba *** (ha ku bixin 15 ilbiriqsi inaad ku xidho ama ka soo jiido xariiqda hirarka) oo si toos ah ugu orod buurta dheer ee sare sida aad u kori karto 60 ilaa 120 ilbiriqsi kahor saameynta.
  5. ** Haddii aad ku boodboodayso biyo furan in ka badan 100 mitir oo xeebta ah *: U rog qaansadaada ** 90 digrii si toos ah mowjadda mawjada soo socota (si toos ah u fiiqaya mawjada), ku dheji gunta hoose adiga oo u diyaargaroob dhejinta sare ama duubista Eskimo, oo ka fogee shoolada gaagaaban ama gidaarada jaarka ah halkaas oo mawjadu jabin doonto oo ka muuqan doonto.

Resonance Harbor iyo bad-badinta badda ee doomaha iyo shaqaalaha doomaha

Marka dhulgariir tsunami oo fog oo xeebaha ka baxsan (eeg our hage tsunami), Meteotsunami-continental shelf, ama bararka muddada dheer ee baddu waxay gashaa deked xeebeedka ama marinada harada, ** resonance deked (Helmholtz resonance)** waxay u beddeshaa isbeddel biyo yar oo aad mooddo inay isu beddesho jeexjeex biyo ah oo rabshad leh oo ku dhex jira basinka.

Waa maxay sababta Marinas u tahay meesha ugu khatarta badan inta lagu jiro Seiche ama La-talinta Tsunami

  1. ** Dardargelinta Dhalada Haydarooliga**: Marka heerka biyaha gudaha \(1 qoraal {-square-kilometer}\) dekeddu ay hoos u dhacdo ama ay kor u kacdo \(1.5\text{ meter}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) 5 daqiiqo gudahood, malaayiin tan oo biyo ah ayaa lagu qasbaa in la dhex mariyo \(50\-widetty\) jeti ah. Xawaaraha biyaha ee afka dekedda iyo hareeraha buundooyinka waxay dardargeliyaan 15 ilaa 35 kiiloomitir saacaddii (8 ilaa 19 garaac), abuurista boodboodka biyo-xidheenka, barkadaha (eddies), iyo jeexjeexyada jeexjeexyada socodka iyo calaamadaha kanaalka iyagoo isticmaalaya barroosinadooda shubka ah.
  2. ** Hagaha Doomaha dul sabeynaya - Dusha sareynta iyo Goynta ***:
  3. Inta lagu jiro ** barkadda deg-degga ah ***, biyaha dekeddu aad bay u hooseeyaan oo doomaha leh keelyo qoto dheer (\(1.5\text{ to }3\text{ meter}\)) waxay hoos ugu dhuftaan deked adag, u rogaan dhinacyadooda, oo si nadiif ah ugu daadayaan gunwadahooda marka mawjada xigta ay dib u soo noqoto 3 daqiiqo ka dib.
  4. Inta lagu jiro **dhaqdhaqaaqa degdega ah ee ugu sarreeya *, maraakiibta sabayntu way sabbayn karaan ** isla markiiba korka sare ee birta toosan ama alwaaxyada tilmannada alwaaxda, iyagoo jabinaya 50 doonyood oo wali iyaga ku xidhan oo ku burburaya guud ahaan dekedda sida doon carar ah.
  5. ** Khadka Tooska ah ee Lethal Snapback *: Marka doon 10-tan ah oo ku xidhan khadadka naylon dock si lama filaan ah kor loogu qaado 3 mitir ama lagu rido barkad 12-knot deked hadda ah, ha ahaato xayndaabku ka soo baxay sagxadda fiberglass ama khadka naylon wuxuu fidsan yahay barta jabinta iyo suunka, isagoo dib u garaacaya 0 kilomitir saacaddiiba (1 kilomitir) saac), si degdeg ah ugu filan in la gooyo addimada ama dilo qof taagan isla markiiba.

Tillaabo-Tallaabo Doon iyo Hab-maamuuska Marina

  • Haddii aad joogto guriga ama goobta baabuurta la dhigto marka la soo saaro La-talinta Tsunami, Digniinta Meteotsunami, ama Digniinta Seiche ee daran: **Ha u kaxayn marinka si aad u hubiso doontaga.
  • **Haddii aad hore u dul saarnayd marka ay biyuhu bilaabaan inay qulqulaan ama dareeraan ***: Wax walba iska tuur oo si degdeg ah uga soco jidka gangway una gudub dhul adag oo adag oo ka dambeeya darbiga badda.
  • Haddii aad haysato 2+ saacadood oo digniin ah kahor mowjad fog ama saadaasha duufaanta oo ay masuuliyiintu ogolaadaan daadgureynta markabka:
  • Ama ka soo saar doonta biyaha adigoo dulsaar dhulka sare, ** AMA *** duuli markabka ka soo bax dekedda ka hor inta aysan biyuhu bilaabin oo ku hay saldhigga ** biyo furan oo qoto dheer oo ka weyn 30 ilaa 50 mitir (100 ilaa 165 cagood) m
  • Haddi aad doonta kaga tagto silbasho ka hor inta aanad lugayn: labanlaab xadhkaha guga iyo khadadka qaansada/ danbeedka leh ** ugu badnaan waardiyayaasha iyo chafe ** si ay ugu oggolaadaan kor u kaca 2-ilaa-3-mitir oo toosan iyo dhicitaan (waxa lagu dabaqi karaa oo keliya tiirarka go'an halka dharbaaxadu ay ka hortagto in doonta lagu laadlaadsado gogol-xadhkeeda inta lagu jiro barkada hoose).

Aagagga khatarta sare leh ee gobolka iyo magacyada maxalliga ah si loo aqoonsado adduunka oo dhan

Gobollo badan ayaa ereyada digniinta maxalliga ah u isticmaala seiches iyo meteotsunamis:

Gobolka / Jirka Biyaha Magaca Deegaanka Astaamaha Muhiimka ah
Waqooyiga Ameerikaanka harooyinka waaweyn ** Seiche / Meteotsunami** Hada Erie waxay aragtaa \(2\qoraalka{to} 4.5\text{m}\) dabayshu u janjeerto inta u dhaxaysa Toledo iyo Buffalo. Lake Michigan iyo Lake Superior waxay la kulmeen xagaagii derecho meteotsunamis (\(1 qoraal{to} 3\text{ m}\)) kaas oo xaaqaya tiirarka.
** Gacanka Mexico & Xeebta Bari ee Maraykanka *** (Gulf of Mexico) ** Meteotsunami / Squall Surge** Khadadka squall ee ka gudba ** Gacanka Meksiko** una sii gudba shelfyada Galbeedka Florida (Tampa Bay, Clearwater, Naples) ama US East Coast waxay abuuraan **\(1\text{to} 3\text{m}\) (Gulf of Mexico)
** Jasiiradaha Balearic, Isbayn *** ***Rissaga *** Mowjadaha cufis-jiidad ee jawiga waxay kiciyaan Resonance Proudman ee Ciutadella Harbor (Menorca), taasoo keenaysa **\(1.5\qoraalka{to}4+\text{m}\)
** Badda Adria (Croatia)** *** Shaxda *** Mawjadaha karst-ka ee u qaabaysan waxay ku kordhiyaan mowjadaha jawiga ee **\(2\text{to }6\text{ m}\) (\(6.5\text{ to }20\text{ ft}\))
Japan (Nagasaki Bay) Abiiki Cadaadiska badda bari ee Shiinaha ayaa ku soo boodaya gudaha Nagasaki Bay, isaga oo abuuray **\(2\text{ to }4.8\text{m}\)
** UK iyo Mediterranean** Milghavoc / Marrubbio Duufaannada degdega ah waxay abuuraan \(1 si lama filaan ah qoraal { } 2 \ qoraal {m}\) dekeddu kor u kacday Kanaalka Ingiriisiga (milghavoc) iyo Sicily/Malta (marrubbio).

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda

Tsunami dhab ah ma ka dhici karaa harada biyaha macaan ee gudaha sida harada Tahoe, harada Geneva, ama harooyinka waaweyn?

Haa, harooyinka gudaha waxay la kulmaan laba nooc oo kala duwan oo tsunami dhab ah kuwaas oo u dhaqma si la mid ah sunaamiyada badda. Marka hore, sunaamiyada saadaasha hawada (meteotsunamis) waxay si joogta ah uga dhacaan harooyinka waaweyn ee Waqooyiga Ameerika marka xariiqyada qulqulaya ee degdega ah ama derechos ay ku socdaan xawaaraha saxda ah ee hirarka biyaha-hoose ee harada, dhisa 1 ilaa 3+ mitir (3 ilaa 10+ cagood) hirar kacsan oo garaaca saacado ka dib markii duufaantu dhaafto. Midda labaad, Tsunamiyada tectonic iyo dhul go'a waxay ku dhacaan harooyinka cilad-dheer ama alpine sida Harada Tahoe, Harada Geneva, Harada Lucerne, iyo Fjord Norwey ama Alaskan mar kasta oo dhulgariir dillaaco cillad sagxada harada ama dhagax weyn oo ku dhaca biyaha, taasoo dhalinaysa mawjado dilaa ah ilaa 100 daqiiqo gudahood.

Waa maxay faraqa u dhexeeya seiche iyo tsunami?

Tsunami waa tareen mowjad horusocod ah oo ka soo ifbaxaya barakaca degdega ah ee biyaha (sida cillad dhulgariir, dhul go'a biyaha hoostooda, ama boodboodka cadaadiska jawiga) oo ku socda biyaha furan si uu u garaaco xeebta. Seiche waa mowjad taagan taas oo dhammaan ku-xiran ama barkadda badh-xiran ( haro, barkad, fjord, ama deked) ay gadaal iyo gadaal u rogrogto inta jeer ee dabiiciga ah ee resonant sida biyaha ku qulqulaya saxanka qubeyska. Muhiimad ahaan, sunaami, meteotsunami, ama duufaan xoog leh ayaa inta badan u dhaqma sidii kicinta bilowga ah ee dejisa haro ama deked kuxiran gudaha seiche oscillation ah oo leh saacado badan.

Maxay biyaha haradayada ama dekeddeenna si lama filaan ah ugu daateen 2 mitir (6.5 cagood) oo ay u kashifeen gunta dhiiqada leh?

Hoos u dhaca degdega ah ee heerka biyaha ee xeebta harada, afka webiga, ama dekeddu waxay ku dhacdaa mid ka mid ah laba sababood oo nafta halis gelin kara: ama dabaylo dabayl joogto ah ama kala duwanaanshiyaha cadaadiska barometric ayaa biyaha basinka u riixay dhinaca xeebta ka soo horjeeda (dabaysha) Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cufisjiidku si lama huraan ah ayay buurta biyaha barakicisay si xoog leh ugu soo celinaysaa xeebtaada, oo inta badan ku timaada 1 ilaa 15 daqiiqo gudahooda sida xawli-socod qulqulaya. Weligaa ha u bixin meel bannaan oo haro ah ama sagxadda dekedda; isla markiiba u daad gureeya dhulka sare.

Maxay tahay sababta hirarka saddexaad ama afraad ee harada seiche ama meteotsunami ay inta badan uga weyn yihiin hirarka koowaad?

Si ka duwan hal mawjad dabaysha ah oo jabaysa, seiche ama meteotsunami waxay ka tarjumaysaa xeebaha adag ee haro xidhan ama gacan V-qaabeeya oo dib iyo hor u soo boodbooda basinka muddo saacado ah. Marka mowjad muuqata oo dib ugu soo noqnoqonaysa harada ay isku dhacaan oo ay ku biiraan tareen mawjadaha labaad ee imanaya, laynka sare ee squall-line, ama marinka deked cidhiidhi ah (faragelinta hirarka wax dhisaysa iyo dhawaaqa deked), dhererka hirarka isku dhafan ayaa si aad ah u kordheysa. Had iyo jeer ka fogow xeebaha, tiirarka, iyo marinada dhowr saacadood ka dib qalliinka ugu horreeya ilaa qiyaasaha heerka biyaha ee rasmiga ah ay xaqiijinayaan in gawarku hoos u dhacay.

Ilaha la hubiyay

  • ** Maamulka Badweynta iyo Hawada Qaranka (NOAA, United States) Adeegga Badweynta Qaranka iyo Shaybaarka Cilmi-baarista Deegaanka ee Harooyinka Waaweyn (GLERL):** Waa maxay Seiche? Waa maxay Meteotsunami? Heerarka Biyaha Harooyinka Waaweyn, Fiisigiska Resonance ee Kibirka leh, iyo ogaanshaha Meteotsunami-waqtiga-dhabta ah.
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS): Mowjadaha Qulqulka Qulqulka ah ee Dhul-gooyo iyo Subaerial Megatsunamis ee Fjords, Harooyinka, iyo Kaydka (Lituya Bay 1958, Taan Fiord 2015, iyo Barry Arm Assessments).
  • ** Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka (NWS / NOAA, Mareykanka):** * Shuruudaha Digniinta Fatahaadaha Lakeshore, Doomaha Badbaadada leh Inta lagu jiro Talooyinka Tsunami/Seiche, iyo Dib-u-dhiska Jun 26, 1954 Harada Chicago Michigan Meteotsunami*.
  • Ururka Saadaasha Hawada Adduunka (WMO) iyo Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Badweynta-Badaha (IOC / UNESCO): Hagaha Caalamiga ah ee Meteotsunamis, Resonance Harbor (Rissaga, Abiki, Šćiga), iyo Khataraha Heerka Badda ee Aan Seismic-ka ahayn ee Xeebta/Lacustrine.
  • Xafiiska Federaalka ee Deegaanka (FOEN, Switzerland) iyo Agaasinka Kheyraadka Biyaha iyo Tamarta Norway (NVE): Alpine Lake Tsunamis ( harada Geneva 563 AD, Lake Lucerne) iyo borotokoolka Digniinta Hore ee Fjord Rockslide ee Norway (Åknes / Geirangerfjord).

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha