Tooshka Shidaalka Oxy-Shidaalka Dib-u-soo-celinta, Neefsashada Uurka Alxanka, iyo Kala-soocidda Indhaha Arc¶

Alxanka, naxaasta, goynta balaasmaha, iyo jarista oksijiinta waxay u soo bandhigtaa hawl wadeenada saddex khatarood oo warshadeed oo kala duwan isla markiiba: Gaasaska shidaalka qarxa ee cadaadiska sarreeya, oksaydhyada birta ee sunta ah iyo gaaska xanaaqa sambabada, iyo shucaaca ultraviolet iyo shucaaca infrared. Qalab goynta oksijiin-acetylene ama qalabka alxanka, caarada toosan ee xidhan, tuubada fiiqan, ama cadaadiska nidaamiyaha ee si khaldan loo hagaajiyay ayaa sababi kara in ololka dibadda uu dib ugu soo noqdo caarada cod dheer (dab dhabarka ah) oo uu sii wado gubashada gudaha iyada oo loo marayo qolka isku dhafka ah iyo tuubooyinka caagga ah ee ku wajahan dhululubada gaaska ciriiriga ah. Haddii dib-u-soo-celinta gudaha ama dabka tuubada dibadda uu kululeeyo dhululubada acetylene, gaaska acetylene ee aan xasilloonayn ee gudaha ku jira wuxuu geli karaa kuleyl kuleyl ah oo baxsad ah oo awood u leh inuu qarxiyo dhululubada birta sida bam-qarxa leh xitaa ka dib marka tuubooyinka dibadda la xiro.

Isla mar ahaantaana, hababka alxanka korantada (SMAW stick, GMAW MIG, FCAW flux-core, iyo GTAW TIG) biraha saldhigga ah ee kulaylka sare leh, dahaarka dusha sare, iyo dareerayaasha kiimikada heerkulka ka sarreeya ** 3,000 ilaa 6,000 darajo Celsius (5,400 ilaa 10,800 darajo Fahrenheit). Neefsashada tuubada ka dhalata gudaha dukaan hawo liidato ama taangi waxay kicin kartaa ** qandho qaaca birta ah oo ka timaadda zinc oxide galvanized, pneumonitis kiimikaad nafta halis gelisa iyo bararka sambabada oo ka yimaadda ** Uurka cadmium *** ama ** gaaska fosgene *** (oo la sameeyay marka alxanka UV ama kulaylku uu jebiyo gaaska degdega ah ee koloriinta) argon ku urursan meel hoose. Xataa jaleeco kooban oo 2-ilaa-10-ilbiriqsi ah oo aan gabbasho lahayn oo lagu eegayo qaanso alxanka koronto ayaa daadad ka qaada xudunta shucaaca ultraviolet-gaaban (UV-C iyo UV-B), taasoo keenaysa dib u dhac aad u daran ** ultraviolet keratitis (iftiishka isha ama alxanka)** 4 ilaa 12 saacadood kadib. Ogaanshaha sida loo xidho dib-u-soo-celinta shidaalka oksaydhka ee habka saxda ah, ogow marka haanta acetylene ee kululi u baahan tahay daadgureynta degdega ah halkii la maarayn lahaa, kala saar qandhada qiiqa qiiqa ee aan fiicnayn ee cadmiumka dilaaga ah ama dhaawaca sambabada phosgene, oo maareyso isha xanuunka leh iyada oo aan waxyeello u geysan kornea leh dhibcaha suuxinta ee jirka ayaa badbaadiya nolosha iyo aragtida goobta shaqada.

Hadda samee tan¶

1. ** Marka hore xidh shuclada oksijiinta, ka dibna xidh shuclada shidaalka-gaaska (acetylene) isla markiiba haddii tooshku ka qayliyo, afka ku qabto gacanta, ama uu sii daayo qiiq madow. Ka dib marka aad xidhid labada taangiyada gacanta ee tooshka ah, isla markiiba xidh furayaasha waaweyn ee dhululubo ee labada taangi (dhinaca saacada) kaliya haddii ay nabdoon tahay in la gaadho, oo madaxa toosan kulul geli baaldi biyo aan saliid lahayn si aad u qaboojiso.
2. **Ka saar qof kasta ugu yaraan 100 ilaa 300 mitir (330 ilaa 1,000 cagood) haddii dhululubada acetylene lafteedu ay kululaato, gariirto, bararato, ama dab ku qabto xeerbeegtida ama furaha fusible. Burburka kiimikaad gudaha ah wuxuu sababi karaa in dhululubada si xoog leh u qarxiso xitaa iyada oo la xidhay valve. Wac nambarka degdega ah ee degaankaaga (911 gudaha Maraykanka iyo Kanada, 112 guud ahaan Midowga Yurub, 999 gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska) si dab-demiyayaashu u qaboojin karaan taangiga gadaasha dabool shubka ah dhowr saacadood; hubi nambarada degdega ah.
3. **Qof kasta oo qufacaya, dawakhsan, ama neefta oo gaaban ka soo qaad qiiqa alxanka oo geli hawo bannaan oo cusub isla markaaba, weligiina ha gelin taangiyo xidhan ama god uu ku dumay alxanle TIG ama MIG ah. eeg xiiqsan meel bannaan.
4. Isla markiiba raadso qiimaynta cusbitaalka degdega ah haddii qiiqa alxanku ka yimaaddo qaybo cadmium-plated ah, birta aan lahayn, beryllium, manganese, ama birta lagu nadiifiyay nadiifiye koloriin leh. bararka)** ilaa 12 ilaa 48 saacadood ka dib soo-gaadhista, xitaa haddii alxanka uu dareemo fiicnaan ka dib marka uu dukaanka ka tago; eeg cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, iyo neefsashada gaaska warshadaha.
5. **Ka saar muraayadaha indhaha, ku jir qol mugdi ah, mari cadaadis qoyan oo qabow oo ku dul dabool daboolka indhaha ee xiran, marna ha gelin dhibco kabuubyo ah (proparacaine ama tetracaine) indhaha si ay u iftiimiyaan alxanka (indhaha arc). eeg shay qalaad oo isha ah, naaxinta xudunta, iyo tooshka alxanka.
6. ** Dharka qaboojiyaha, birta ama birta kulul waxay ku gubataa biyaha tuubada qabow ee socda ilaa 20 daqiiqo oo buuxa, isla markiiba ka saar faraantiyada, saacadaha, iyo dharka qiiqaya. Ha iska dilin dharka la isku qurxiyo ee isku dhafan ee maqaarka gubtay; eeg gubasho.

flowchart TD
    Start["Alxanka, Goynta, ama Gurmadka Oxy-Fuel"] --> HazardType{"Waa maxay xaalad degdeg ah oo dhacaysa?"}
    HazardType -->|"Tooshka Shidaalka Oxy-Fuel Pop, Squeal, ama Hose Dab"| Flashback["1. Marka hore xidh TORCH Oxygen valve, ka bacdi FUEL FUEL<br/>2. Xir labada valve ee taangiga dhululubada haddii ay nabdoon tahay in la gaaro<br/>3. Dareen qolof dhululubo acetylene gacan qaawan"]
    Flashback --> TankHot{"Dhululubada acetylene ma kulushahay, xiiqsan yahay, mise dab baa shidan?"}
    TankHot -->|"Haa: Haangu way kulushahay/kulushahay ama way ku gubanaysaa"| EvacTank["1. Ha dhaqaaqin hana taaban dhululubada acetylene<br/>2. Ka bax aagga 100 ilaa 300 m (330 ilaa 1,000 ft) gadaashiisa dabool adag<br/>3. Wac waaxda dabka (911/112/999) qaboojinta tuubada fog"]
    TankHot -->|"Maya: Taangiga waa qabow dabna waa damayaa"| InspectRig["Tooshka qabow ee biyaha; Tuur tuubooyinka gubtay oo hubi kuwa dib u soo celinaya ka hor inta aan dib loo isticmaalin"]
    HazardType -->|"Neefsashada qiiqa, qarqaryo, qufac, ama adkaynta laabta"| FumeCheck{"Waa maxay birta ama dahaarka kiimikaad ee la kululeeyay?"}
    FumeCheck -->|"Nadiifiyaha bireega koloriin leh, Cadmium, Aan-Aan-hayn, ama meel ku-xiran"| HighRiskFume["Khatarta sambabada ee NOLOSHA-HATARTA AH:<br/>1. U dhaqaaq hawo cusub oo dhibbanaha u naso mid toosan<br/>2. Ka wac 911/112/999 gaadiidka isbitaalka<br/>3. La soco 24 ilaa 48 saacadood bararka sambabada oo daahay"]
    FumeCheck -->|"Nadiifi Birta Galvanized (Zinc) Kaliya + Qabow Fudud"| ZincFever["Qandhada qiiqa birta ee suurtogalka ah:<br/>1. Hawo nadiif ah, nasasho, fuuq-bax afka ah, iyo qandho yareeya<br/>2. Isla markiiba u tag ER haddii neefta, laabta xanuun, ama qufac ay ka sii daraan"]
    HazardType -->|"Xanuun Indho Daran, Dareen Xun, ama Jeex-jeexa Ka Dib Soo-gaadhista Arc"| ArcEye["1. Ka saar muraayadaha indhaha oo indhaha ha xoqin<br/>2. Ku naso qol mugdi ah oo leh maro qoyan oo qabow oo indhaha ka xiran<br/>3. Weligaa ha ku isticmaalin dhibcaha suuxinta kabuubyada guriga<br/>4. U tag dhakhtarka indhaha ama daryeelka degdega ah si aad meesha uga saarto xadhkaha birta ah ee ku xidhan"]

Oxy-acetylene dhabarka dabka, dib u soo laabashada joogtada ah, iyo burburka dhululubada¶

Kala soocida dib-u-dhac daqiiqad ah iyo dib-u-soo-celin khatar ah¶

Alxanka Oxy-Shidaalka, Naxaasta, iyo Goynta ololku waxay isku daraan ogsijiinta saafiga ah ee la cadaadiyo iyo gaasta shidaalka (badanaa acetylene, propane, propylene, ama gaaska dabiiciga ah) gudaha qolka isku darka toosh. Acetylene (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_2\)) waxay soo saartaa ololka ugu kulul ee gaaska shidaalka warshadaha ee caadiga ah,wuxuu gaaraa qiyaas ahaan 3,160 darajo Celsius (5,720 darajo Fahrenheit) marka lagu qaso ogsijiin saafi ah, sababtoo ah acetylene waa unug endothermic ah oo leh saddexjibbaaran kaarboon ah oo sii daaya tamar aad u daran.

Sababtoo ah xawaaraha faafinta ololka ee isku dhafka oxy-acetylene waa mid aad u degdeg badan, laba dhacdo oo gubasho oo kala duwan ayaa dhici kara haddii socodka gaasku hoos uga dhaco xawaaraha ololka:

Habka degdega ah ee tillaabo-tallaabo ah ee toosh shiidaalka oksaydhka ah¶

Marka toosh soo baxo oo uu bilaabo inuu xoqo ama ka soo tuuro soot madow qaro weyn oo ka soo baxa caarada, waxaad haysataa 1 ilaa 3 sekan ka hor inta ololka guduhu ku dhalaalin jidhka naxaasta ah ama uu shido tuubooyinka sahayda cinjirka:

Talaabada 1: Samee isku xigxiga xidhitaanka valve ee saxda ah¶

1. ** Marka hore xidh waalka TORCH OXYGEN (si toos ah u leexo saacadda u leexo):** Ogsajiinta saafiga ah waxay quudinaysaa gubashada ba'an ee gudaha qolka isku dhafka naxaasta. Goynta sahayda ogsijiinta waxay isla markiiba hoos u dhigtaa heerkulka gubashada waxayna joojisaa ololka hore inuu wax ka cuno gacanta shumaca ama inuu gadaal u ordo tuubada. (Xidhitaanka waalka shidaalka marka hore marka aad ka tagayso ogsijiinta cadaadiska sare leh ee furan waxay ku dhufataa ololka dib u laabashada tuubada shidaalka ama waxay gooysaa gacanta naxaasta.)
2. ** Xidh TORCH FUEL-GAS (acetylene) waalka ilbiriqsi:** Hal ilbiriqsi gudaheed marka aad xirto waalka oksijiinta ee gacanta tooshka, gabi ahaanba xidh valve acetylene ee gacanta tooshka.
3. Isla markiiba xidh labada baallayaasha waaweyn ee dhululubada taangiyada: Isla markiiba xidh labada waalka dhululubada ogsijiinta iyo shaalka dhululubada acetylene (adigoo isticmaalaya T-wrench-ka oo ay tahay inuu ku sii jiro jirida taangiga acetylene ee furaha ku shaqeeya inta lagu jiro isticmaalka).
4. ** Qabooji jidhka tooshka oo hubi tuubooyinka:** Marka labada tubooyinka taangiga ay dansan yihiin, quusi ​​caarada tooshka oo madaxa ku qas baaldi biyo nadiif ah oo aan saliid lahayn. Weligaa ha shidin toosh ka dib dib-u-soo-celin joogto ah ilaa O-rings, kuraasta, tuubooyinka, iyo xirayaasha dib u soo celinta la eego ama la beddelo.

Talaabada 2: Ka hubi dhululubada acetylene si uu u burburiyo kulaylka carartay¶

Cadaadiska ka sarreeya ** 103 kilopascals (15 rodol halkii inji oo labajibbaaran cabbirka / 1.03 bar)**, gaaska gaaska ee xorta ah wuxuu noqdaa mid kiimikaad ahaan deggan oo wuxuu ku qarxi karaa shoog ama kulayl xitaa iyada oo aan ogsajiin. Si loo kaydiyo acetylene si badbaado leh qiyaastii 1,720 kilopascals (250 psi), dhululubo acetylene waxaa ka buuxa muss buuxinta calcium silicate dalool leh oo ay ka buuxaan ** acetone dareere ** (ama dimethylformamide), kaas oo gaaska acetylene uu ku milmo.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii dib-u-soo-celintu gaadho dhululubada ama tuubada dibadda ahi ay kululayso taangiga, acetylene ee ku dhex jirta cufnaanta dabada leh waxay bilaabataa ** kala-goynta kulaylka exothermic** oo gala kaarboonka curiyaha ah iyo gaaska hydrogen ($\text{C}_2\text{H}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{C} +\text{H}_2 + \text}}) Fal-celinta silsiladda kiimikaad waxay dhalisaa kulayl gudaha ah oo xoog leh iyo cadaadis ku faafaya buuxinta dhululubada daqiiqado ama saacado ilaa qolof birtu si xoog leh u dillaacdo.

Isla markiiba ka dib marka aad damiso dib-u-soo-celinta ama deminta dab yar oo nidaamiye ah, samee ** jeegareynta qolofka dhululubada gacanta ee qaawan ***:

1. **Si taxadar leh ugu dhawaado oo si khafiif ah gacantaada qaawan ugu taabo garabka sare iyo dhinacyada dhululubada acetylene *** (kaliya haddii uusan jirin holac firfircoon oo ku dhacaya taangiga oo uusan ka xiiqin furayaasha badbaadada ee fusable).
2. Qiimee calaamadaha digniinta ee kala-baxa acetylene:
3. Qolofka dhululubada birta ah wuxuu dareemaa ** diirran ama kulayl taabashada qaawan *** meel kasta oo korkeeda ah, ama rinjiga ayaa finan ama gubanaya.
4. Dhululubada waxa ay ka soo saartaa ** gariirka macdan caajiska ah, pinging, ama dhawaaqa ruxruxa *** gudaha.
5. Xirmooyinka cadaadiska birta ah ee fusable-ka ah ee dhululubada (loo qaabeeyay inay dhalaaliso qiyaastii 100 darajo Celsius / 212 darajo Fahrenheit) way dhalaaleen oo furan waxayna soo saarayaan jet gaas ama olol ah.
6. Qiiqa ama toonta fiiqan ee u eg ama ur dareere ah ayaa ka soo baxeysa waalka xiran ama furka gargaarka.

Talaabada 3: Haddi dhululubada acetylene ay kulushahay ama ka gubanayso waalka, isla markiiba ka bax¶

Haddii dhululubada acetylene ay muujiso ** wax kasta oo calamad ah oo kuleyl ah, fal-celin gudaha ah, ama olol firfircoon ee waalka ama fur furka ah oo aan isla markiiba baxaynin markaad xirto waalka:

1. **Ha isku dayin in aad dhaqaaqdo, rogrogo, leexiso, ama aad qaado dhululubada acetylene kulul ee bannaanka
2. ** HA damin holaca jet ee ka gubanaya fiilo dhalaalaysa ilaa socodka gaaska la joojin karo mooyee:** Deminta ololka iyadoo acetylene kulul ay sii wadato inay sii dayso waxay ka buuxinaysaa dhismaha daruur hawo ah oo qarxisa (oo ka ololaysa **2.5% ilaa 81% hawada ***) taasoo qarxin doonta dhismaha marka ugu horeysa ee dhimbiilku yimaado.
3. ** Ka saar dhammaan shaqaalaha iyo deriska ugu yaraan 100 ilaa 300 mitir (330 ilaa 1,000 cagood) oo ka dambeeya dabool adag:** Nadiifi dhismaha, jiid alaarmiga dabka, oo xidh waddooyinka soo gala.
4. ** Wac adeegyada degdegga ah (911/112/999) oo si cad u ogeysii dirista dabka in aad haysato dhululubo acetylene ah oo kuleyl badan ama gubanaysa:** Shaqaalaha dabku waxa ay isticmaali doonaan caagadaha biyaha ee kormeeraha dhulka ee aan shaqaynayn ee daboolka shubka ah gadaashiisa si ay dhululubada si joogto ah u qoyaan saacado ilaa qolofka birta ay si buuxda u qabowdahay; eeg xiirid gaas dhululubo oo cadaadis ah, haanta gantaalaha, iyo dheecaanka cryogenic.

Neefsashada qiiqa alxanka: qandhada qiiqa birta vs. sunta sambabada ee dilaaga ah¶

Waa maxay sababta qiiqa alxanka oo dhan uusan u keenin xaalad degdeg ah oo caafimaad oo isku mid ah¶

Marka korantada korantada ama ololka oksijiinta uumi biraha, dahaarka qulqulka, iyo wasakhowga dusha sare, uumiga kulul wuxuu isku ururiyaa hawada dukaanka qaboojiyaha qaybo adag oo microscopic ah (**0.01 ilaa 1.0 micrometers dhexroorka ***) Isla markaa, shucaaca ultraviolet ee xooggan iyo kulaylka arc ayaa u kala qaybsamay gaaska ku hareeraysan hawada hawada iyo uumiga kiimikaad oo isu beddelay sunta cuncunka sambabada.

Alxanlayaashu waxay had iyo jeer u diidaan jirrada alxanka ka dib inay yihiin "kaliya taabasho qabow zinc" ama "hargab galvie." Marka la neefsado qiiqa zinc oxide ee nadiifka ah ee ka yimaada birta galvanized waxay keentaa ku meel gaar ah, is-xakamaynta hargabka oo kale (** qandhada qiiqa birta**), nuugista qiiqa qiiqa oo kala duwan ayaa sababa ** oof-wareen kiimiko oo ba'an iyo barar sambabada oo dilaa ah** gudaha 12 ilaa 48 saacadood.

Isbarbardhigga kiliinikada: Qandhada qiiqa birta ee aan wanaagsanayn vs. qiiqa alxanka sunta ah ee nafta halis gelisa¶

Gargaarka degdegga ah ee tallaabo-tallaabo ee alxanka neefsashada qiiqa iyo soo-gaadhista gaaska¶

1. Ilaali badbaadada samatabbixiyaha ka hor inta aadan u dhawaan alxanka dumay: Haddii alxanka uu ku jiifo miyir la' gudaha taangi, kuleyliyaha, godka markabka, godad yar, ama qol yar oo xiran, **ha u cararin si aad u soo saarto ***. Midab la'aan, gaaska gaashaanka argon oo aan ur lahayn (kaas oo 38% ka culus hawada) barkadaha si aan la arki karin heerka sagxadda oo ka dhigaya samatabbixiye miyir daboolan ilbiriqsiyo gudahood. Ka dami dhululubada gaaska iyo isha korantada alxanka ee dibadda haddii la heli karo, shid qiiqa hawada ku jira, oo wac adeegyada degdegga ah (911/112/999) si aad u samatabbixiso qalabka neefsashada ee is-ka kooban (SCBA); eeg xiiqsan meel bannaan.
2. Dhibaatada miyir qabta hawo bannaanka cusub u dhaqaaji isla markaaba: Ka caawi shaqaalaha inuu si tartiib ah uga baxo dukaanka una galo hawo nadiif ah, ama fur dhammaan albaabada iyo daaqadaha si ballaaran.
3. ** Dhibbanaha si adag ugu dhig meel toosan oo nus-fadhi ah:** Haddii shaqaaluhu ka neefsado fosgene (ka nadiifiyaha biriiga koloriin leh), qiiqa cadmium, ama nitrogen dioxide-ka uruursan, ** ka mamnuuc wax kasta oo jimicsi ah** (ha u oggolaan inay ku socdaan ama kor jaranjarooyinka). Cadaadiska jireed wuxuu kordhiyaa cadaadiska halbowlaha sambabada iyo dheecaanka xididka, taasoo kordhisa daahitaanka bararka sambabada.
4. Maamulaha ogsijiinta dheeriga ah haddii la tababaro, ama u diyaargaroobo CPR: Dabci kuleejyada adag, jaakadaha alxanka, iyo suumanka. Haddii dhibbanuhu uu miyir daboolan yahay oo uusan si caadi ah u neefsan, bilow CPR isla markiiba hal mar jawi ammaan ah.
5. ** Aqoonso birta saxda ah, usha buuxinta, dareeraha, iyo dareeraha ku lug leh:** Sawir ama qor birta saxda ah ee saxda ah (sida birta galvanized, 316L steel, ama boolal cadmium-plated), usha alxanka ama kala soocida siliga, iyo maaddooyinka ay ka kooban tahay wax nadiifiyaha ama biriiga la isticmaalo. Wac xarunta qaranka ee ka hortagga sunta (1-800-222-1222 gudaha Maraykanka) ama u gudbi macluumaadkan dhakhtarka degdega ah.
6. ** Ogow sida loo maareeyo qandhada birta ee Zinc Metal Fever si badbaado leh loo maareeyo (kaliya marka sunta khatarta sare leh meesha laga saaro):**
7. Haddii aad hubto 100% alxanka kaliya wuxuu kululeeyaa bir galvanized ah ama naxaas ah, oo la isticmaalo ** eber** dareere koloriin leh ama alloys cadmium, wuxuuna leeyahay kaliya dhaxan u eg hargab oo daahday, qandho heer hoose ah, dhadhan macdan, iyo murqo xanuun oo bilaabmaya 3 ilaa 10 saacadood ka dib shaqada ** neefsasho caadi ah:**
8. Ku hay qofka inuu ku nasto qol diiran hawo nadiif ah oo bixi dareere badan oo afka ah (biyo ama xal elektrolyt ah). (Fiiro gaar ah: Xikmad dadwaynuhu waxay usheegtaa alxanka inay cabbaan caano kahor ama kadib alxanka birta galvanized waa khuraafaad; caanuhu kama hortagaan ama ka takhalusaan nuugista zinc oxide ee sambabada, in kasta oo fuuq-celinta caadiga ahi ay taageerto soo kabashada.)
9. Heerarka qandhada yareeya ee aan farmashiyaha laga qorin (sida acetaminophen/paracetamol ama ibuprofen, haddii ay badbaado u tahay shakhsiga) waxay yareeyaan qarqaryada iyo xanuunka jidhka ilaa uu xanuunka ka xaliyo 24 ilaa 48 saacadood gudahood.
10. ** Isla markiiba u tag qaybta gargaarka deg-degga ah *** haddii qofku uu ku dhaco neefta oo ku dhegta nasashada, hiinraag, laab xanuun, xaako baraf ah oo casaan ah, ama qandho soconaysa wax ka badan 48 saacadood.

Tooshka alxanka ( isha arc / ultraviolet photokeratitis) iyo dhaawacyada indhaha ee kulul¶

Waa maxay sababta isha arc ay u xanuunsato saacado ka dib marka alxanku istaago¶

Qandho alxan koronto ah ayaa soo saarta shucaaca ultraviolet (UV-C iyo UV-B, 180 ilaa 315 nanometers) kaas oo uu nuugo lakabka kore ee hufnaanta isha (** epithelium corneal**). Xataa dhowr ilbiriqsi oo eegaya qaanso aan gabbasho lahayn (ama qabashada dhinaca-flash-ka ayaa ka soo ifbaxaya darbiyada dhalaalaya ama gunta saaxiibka halka daboolkaagu kor u kacay) qorraxdu gubatay oo dishaa unugyada epithelial-ka sare ee daboolaya xudunta.

Sababtoo ah dusha sare ee corneal waxay u falcelisaa sida maqaarka qorraxda gubtay, ** ultraviolet photokeratitis ( isha finan ama welder's flash) marar dhif ah ayuu xanuunsadaa xilliga soo-gaadhista**. Taa baddalkeeda, ** 4 ilaa 12 saacadood ka dib marka beddelka alxanka uu dhammaado *** (inta badana toosinta alxanka saqda dhexe), unugyada xuubka korkooda ee dhaawacan ayaa damqanaya, oo soo bandhigaya kumanaan dareemaha dareemaha xudunta ceeriin ah ee daboolka ilbiriqsiyada leh.

Calaamadaha caadiga ah ee iftiinka alxanka waxaa ka mid ah:

• Gubasho daran, xanuun xanuun oo labada indhood (ama hal il haddii dhinac loo janjeero) laga bilaabo 4 ilaa 12 saacadood ka dib soo-gaadhista arc.
• Dareen xoog leh oo ** ciid kulul, dhogor, ama galaas jabay** ayaa ku xoqaya daboolka indhaha hoostooda iyadoo ilbidhiqsi kasta.
• Xasaasiyad aad u daran oo iftiinka ah (photophobia), xoqid indho-shareer ah oo aan ikhtiyaari ahayn (** blepharospasm**), jeexid biyo badan, iyo konjunctiva cas.

Gargaarka degdega ah ee tillaabo-tallaabo ah ee alxanka tooshka (insha arc) vs. jidh qalaad oo kulul¶

Mar kasta oo alxanle uu ku dhaco isha xanuunka, kala saar gubashada UV-ga gubta ka gubashada ama birta kulul ee ku dhex jirta ama jidhka shisheeye:

1. ** U dhaqaaq qol iftiin yar oo iftiin leh oo xidho muraayadaha muraayadaha mugdiga ah ee ku wareegsan:** Iftiinka iftiinka gudaha wuxuu kiciyaa iris xanuun leh iyo muruqyo ciliary ah.
2. Gacmaha dhaq oo isla markiiba ka saar lensiska indhaha: Ka tag lensiska indhaha ilaa isha si buuxda u bogsanayso oo uu nadiifiyo dhakhtarka isha si looga hortago nabarrada la is qaadsiiyo.
3. Si tartiib ah u baadh dhidid bir ah oo jidheed ama gubasho adigoon isha xoqin:
4. ** Hadii xanuunku isla markiiba bilaabo marka wax la shiidiyo, silig-cadaysan tahay, ama dharbaaxo la jarayo ***, ama haddii aad ku aragto saxaro madow ama giraanti miridh ah oo korneha ah, ha isku dayin inaad ku soo qaado tuwaaxyo, suuf suuf ah, ama magnet. Birta kulul ee birta ah ayaa ku dhalaalinaysa xudunta oo waxay samaysaa giraan miridh bir ah oo ay tahay in dhakhtarka indhaha ama dhakhtarka indhaha ay ku soo saaraan mikroskoob hoostiisa oo laambad leh; eeg shay qalaad oo isha ah, naaxinta xudunta, iyo tooshka alxanka.
5. Haddii gabal xawaarahiisu sarreeyo oo giraangiraha wax lagu shiidi karo ama silig ka dalooliyay kubbadda isha, ama haddii ardaygu u ekaado ilmo ilmaynaya, ku dabool isha ** gaashaanka difaaca adag** (ama koob warqad laga duubay) iyadoo eber cadaadis saaran yahay adduunka oo isla markiiba tag qolka gargaarka degdegga ah; eeg dhaawacyada isha.
6. ** Codso dhibciyada indhaha ee nadiifka ah ee aan nadiifka ahayn ( ilmada macmalka ah) iyo cadaadiyada qabow:**
7. Ku rid ilmada macmalka ah ee aan nadiifka ahayn ee nadiifka ah si ay u barkinto xuubka ceeriin ee ka hooseeya daboolka indho-beelka leh.
8. Ku naso labada indhoodba xiran oo dhig maro nadiif ah oo lagu qooyay biyo qabow oo qasabad ah si tartiib ah daboolka indhaha ee xiran 15 ilaa 20 daqiiqo markiiba. (Weligaa ha gelin caano, cunto cayriin, ama dareere aan nadiif ahayn oo guriga lagu sameeyo oo leh ilbiriqsiyo alxanle ah, sababtoo ah cornea la qooyay ayaa aad ugu nugul caabuqa bakteeriyada.)
9. Isticmaal xanuunka afka laga qaato oo diyaari qiimayn caafimaad: Dawooyinka afka laga qaato (sida ibuprofen ama acetaminophen/paracetamol, haddi ay badbaado u tahay qofka) waxay yareeyaan xanuunka dareemaha xudunta halka epithelium-ku uu ka bogsado 24 ilaa 72 saacadood. Hayso dhakhtarka indhaha, dhakhtarka indhaha, ama takhtarka daryeelka degdega ah inuu indhaha ku baadho dheeha fluorescein si uu meesha uga saaro birta ku dhex jirta oo uu u qoro cadarka antibiyootiga ka hortagga haddii loo baahdo.

Walxaha alxanka dhalaalaysa, dharbaaxada kulul, iyo dabka hugunka dharka ayaa gubanaya¶

Welding iyo oksiji-fuel qubays goynta hawlwadeenka ku jira globules bir-kulul cad iyo dareere dhalaalay oo ah 1,500 darajo Celsius (2,700 darajo Fahrenheit):

1. Surafka kulul ee ku dhacaya kabaha alxanka ama katiinka gauntlet: Marka birta dhalaalaysa ay hoos u dhigto katiinada furan ee kabaha ama galoofyada, waxay ku gubtaa maqaarka maqaarka ilbiriqsiyo gudahood. Isla markiiba iska jeex kabaha ama gacan-gashiga, dabadeed ku daadi gubashada hoosteeda biyo qabow oo socda biyaha tuubada 20 daqiiqo; eeg gubasho.
2. Dhibaatada dhegta oo gubta (alxanka sare ee alxanka oo aan lahayn dhego-dhego): Haddii dhimbiil kulul uu ku soo rogmado kanaalka dhegta xilliga alxanka sare (oo keenaya xiiqsan, xanuun fiiqan, vertigo, ama xuubka dhegta oo daloola), ** biyo qabow ama saliid ha ku shubin kanaalka dhegta** hana ku baadhin suufka. Ku dabool dhegta bannaanka maro qallalan oo nadiif ah oo isla markiiba u tag qolka degdega ah ama dhegta, sanka, iyo cunaha ee takhasuska leh (ENT).
3. Dhar ama shiddada fudud ee butane: Waligaa jeebka ha ku qaadan balaastig la tuuri karo markaad alxanayso; hal dhibic oo kulul oo kulul ayaa ku dhalaalisa qolofta balaastiigga ah oo waxay shidaysaa kubbadda dabka ee butane. Xiro suuf ama dhar maqaar oo olol u adkaysta oo leh surwaal kabo maqaar ah oo aan shalash lahayn.

Alxanka aqoon-is-weydaarsiga iyo liiska hubinta badbaadada oksijiinta¶

• Laba-qabtayaasha dib-u-soo-celinta iyo jeegareynta valves: Ku rakib UL/ISO-xaqiijiyay ** xirayaasha dib-u-soo-celinta ee ololka** (ku daraya waalka hubinta ee aan soo laabanayn, xannibaadaha ololka birta ee fiiqan, iyo gooyn kulaylka) labadaba ogsajiinta iyo xakamaynta shidaalka.
• ** Xakameeyaha acetylene xeerka cadaadiska ugu badan (103 kPa / 15 psi):** Weligaa ha dhigin cadaadiska haye acetylene ka sarreeya 103 kilopascals (15 psi / 1.03 bar).
• ** Xeer toosan oo dhululubo acetylene ah:** Ku kaydi oo isticmaal dhululubada acetylene si adag u toosan (haddii dhululubo uu si fidsan yahay, u istaag si toos ah 1 ilaa 2 saacadood kahor isticmaalka si dareeraha acetone u degto). Fur furayaasha furaha ku shaqeeya wax aan ka badnayn ** ½ ilaa 1.5 leexashada
• ** Walxaha koloriinaysan ee eber ah ee u dhow meelaha alxanka:** Ka mamnuuc nadiifiyeyaasha koloriinta ku jira (tetrachlorethylene, trichlorethylene, methylene chloride) dukaan kasta oo alxanka ama jarista ah.
• ** Hawo-qaadista qiiqa maxalliga ah iyo ilaalinta neefsashada:** Dhig daboolka qiiqa soo saara gudaha 30 ilaa 45 sentimitir (12 ilaa 18 inji) tuubbada alxanka, ka saar dahaarka galvanized 2.5 ilaa 5 sentimitir (1 ilaa 2 inji) oo ka soo jeeda wadajirka ka hor alxanka, oo xidho N95/P100 resex.
• ANSI Z87.1+ muraayadaha badbaadada polycarbonate ee lagu xidho daboolka alxanka hoostiisa: Muraayadaha badbaadada polycarbonate ee cad waxay nuugaan ** in ka badan 99% shucaaca UV**, iyagoo indhahaaga ka ilaalinaya shil dhinac-dhal ah markasta oo daboolka alxankaagu kor loo qaado.

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda¶

Inta lagu jiro tooshka oksay-acetylene, miyaad marka hore dami waalka oksijiinta ama valve shidaalka acetylene?¶

Had iyo jeer dami waalka oksijiinta marka hore, oo ay ku xigto hal ilbiriqsi ka dib galka shidaalka gaaska (acetylene), ka dibna ku xidh labada taangiyada muhiimka ah ee tuubooyinka. Markaad xirto valve acetylene marka hore inta lagu jiro xiritaanka ololka caadiga ah si aad uga hortagto pop-ka kaarboon, dib-u-soo-celinta gudaha ee firfircoon waa xaalad degdeg ah halkaasoo ololku gadaal uga gubanayo gudaha qolka isku-darka toosan. Ogsajiinta saafiga ah ee cadaadisku waxay quudisaa dabka gudaha; xidhitaanka shuclada oksijiinta marka hore waxay isla markiiba gaajooto gubashada oksaydhiyuhu waxayna joojisaa ololka inuu ku dhalaaliyo gacanka naxaasta ama ku afuufo tuubada shidaalka.

Maxay tahay sababta u isticmaalka nadiifiyaha bareegga baabuurta birta ka hor alxanka TIG ama MIG uu khatar u yahay dhimasho?¶

Nadiifiyeyaal badan oo bareega ganacsiga ah ayaa ka kooban dareerayaasha hydrocarbon koloriin leh sida tetrachlorethylene (perchlorethylene), trichlorethylene, ama methylene chloride. Marka shucaaca ultraviolet ama kulaylka ba'an ee ka soo baxa arc alxanka uu ku dhufto xitaa uumiga dareerayaasha koloriin ku jira, waxay jebisaa curaarta kiimikada si ay u sameeyaan gaaska fosgene iyo hydrogen chloride. Phosgene waa wakiilka sambabada ee dilaaga ah oo badanaa keena cunaha cuncun fudud marka hore, oo ay ku xigto 4 ilaa 24 saacadood ka dib dareere nafta halis gelinaya oo ku urura sambabada (daahday bararka sambabada).

Xidhashada muraayadaha badbaadada polycarbonate ee cad ee hoostooda koofiyada alxanka waxay ka hortagtaa isha arc haddii qof ku dhufto faashad agtayda ah?¶

Haa, xidhashada ANSI Z87.1 ama EN 166 oo lagu qiimeeyay muraayadaha badbaadada polycarbonate ee cad ee hoos yimaada koofiyada alxanka ee kor u qaadaya waxay ka ilaalinaysaa iftiinka alxanka ee shilalka ah (ultraviolet photokeratitis). Caag polycarbonate ah ayaa si dabiici ah u nuugta in ka badan 99 shucaaca ultraviolet-gaaban iyo hirar dhexdhexaad ah (UV-C iyo UV-B), kuwaas oo ah fallaadhaha ka mas'uulka ah gubanaya epithelium corneal. Iyadoo muraayadaha polycarbonate ee saafiga ah aysan xannibin daararka iftiinka muuqda ama kulaylka infrared inta lagu jiro alxanka firfircoon ee joogtada ah, ku haynta joogsigooda nashaadyo gaaban oo dhinac-dhinac ah iyo fallaadho shil ah si ay u gubaan cirbadahaaga marka daboolkaagu kor loo qaado.

Sideen u garan karaa farqiga u dhexeeya qandhada qiiqa birta ee zinc ee aan waxyeello lahayn iyo neefsashada qiiqa cadmium ee khatarta ah?¶

4-ta ilaa 8-da saacadood ee ugu horreeya alxanka ka dib, si kalsooni leh uma kala saari kartid calaamado keli ah, sababtoo ah labadaba zinc oxide (oo ka soo jeeda birta galvanized) iyo cadmium oxide (oo ka soo baxa cadmium-plated bolts ama alloys silver-brazing) waxay marka hore keenaan dhadhan macdan ah, qufac qallalan, gariir, qandho, iyo murqo xanuun. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka qandhada birta zinc ee aan dhibsanayn ay ku xalliso 24 ilaa 48 saacadood iyada oo aan waxyeello sambabada soo gaarin, qiiqa cadmiumku wuxuu baabi'iyaa unugyada alveolar wuxuuna u socdaa 12 ilaa 36 saacadood oo xanuun laabta ah oo daran, xaako bararsan, iyo barar sambabada oo nafta halis gelinaya. Qof kasta oo laga yaabo inuu kululeeyo cadmium ama neeftu ku dhegto ama laabta oo adkaato waa inuu isla markiiba u tagaa waaxda xaaladaha degdegga ah.

Hagahan waxa uu bixiyaa u diyaargarowga degdega ah iyo macluumaadka gargaarka degdega ah ee alxanka, jarista shidaalka ogsijiinta, iyo shilalka qiiqa aqoon-is-weydaarsiga mana bedelayo tababarada badbaadada warshadaha ee la xaqiijiyay ama daryeelka caafimaadka kiliinikada. Tixgeli inaad ka qaadato gargaarka degdegga ah ee la aqoonsan yahay, CPR, iyo koorsada badbaadada goobta shaqada ee Laanqayrta Cas, Ambulance St John, ama ururkaaga badbaadada qaranka.

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha¶

• Isha shay qalaad, naaxinta xudunta, iyo tooshka alxanka
• Dhaawaca indhaha iyo kimikalka firdhinta
• Cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, iyo neefsashada gaaska warshadaha
• xiirid gaas dhululubo oo la tuujiyey, haanta gantaalada, iyo dheecaanka cryogenic
• Neefta meel xaddidan ee godad, silos, iyo taangiyada
• Kuleyl, kiimiko, iyo gubasho koronto

Ilaha la hubiyay¶

• Badbaadada Shaqada iyo Maamulka Caafimaadka (OSHA, Maraykanka): Alxanka, Goynta, iyo Heerka Brazing (29 CFR 1910.252 / 1910.253), Xakamaynta Uurka iyo Gaaska Khatarta leh Inta lagu jiro alxanka, iyo digniinta khatarta ah ee Solvents koloriinaysan / Phosgene
• Maamulka Caafimaadka iyo Badbaadada (HSE, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska): Si badbaado leh ula shaqaynta Acetylene (INDG327), Dabka iyo Istaraatiijiyada Qarxa ee Dabaqadaha Acetylene, iyo Hagida Xakamaynta Qiiqa alxanka (WL3)
• Ururka Gaaska Culayska (CGA, United States): Si badbaado leh oo loogula tacaalayo gaasaska konteenarada ku jira (CGA P-1) iyo Tilmaamaha Wax ka qabashada Silinderyada Acetylene ee ku lug leh Dabka (CGA SB-4)
• Machadka Qaranka ee Badbaadada Shaqada iyo Caafimaadka (NIOSH / CDC, Mareykanka): Hagaha Jeebka Khatarta Kiimikada ee Zinc Oxide, Fume Cadmium, Fosgene, iyo Nitrogen Dioxide
• Akademiyada Maraykanka ee Ophthalmology (AAO, United States): Maareynta Kiliinikada ee Ultraviolet Keratitis (Photokeratitis / Welder's Flash) iyo Khataraha Xadgudubka Suuxinta