Jebinta Biyo-xireenka Tailings, Qulqulka Qulqulka Macdanta, iyo Badbaadinta Daadka Birta Culus ee Sunta ah¶

Si ka duwan biyo-xireenka tamarta korantada ee caadiga ah kaas oo dib u celiya biyaha webiga cad ee ka dambeeya derbiga dhagaxa ah ee la xoojiyay, ** daadadka damka *** (ama dhuxusha dhuxusha) waa warshad weyn oo warshadeed oo loogu talagalay in lagu kaydiyo malaayiin tan oo bur dhagax ah oo si fiican loo sameeyey, kiimikooyinka farsamaynta kiimikada, iyo biyo culus oo bir ah oo ka hadhay soo saarista dahabka, aluminium, naxaas, birta.red mud), fosfooraska, ama dhuxusha. Sababtoo ah biyo-xireenno badan oo dabo qadiimi ah ayaa la dhisay iyadoo la adeegsanayo *habka kor u kaca , halkaasoo digsiyada isdabajooga ah si toos ah loogu dhisay dusha sare ee aan ciriiri lahayn, dhoobada biyaha ku filan lafteeda, roobab culus, kor u kaca, nabaad guurka gudaha.piping), ama dhulgariir yar ayaa sababi kara in dhammaan wejiga biyo-xidheenka iyo xidhidhisku ay ku dhacaan * dareeraha seismic ama seismic *** ilbiriqsiyo gudaheed. Marka biyo xidheenka dabada ahi uu jebiyo, ma sii daayo daad biyo caadi ah. Taa baddalkeeda, waxay soo saartaa 10-ilaa-30-mitir-sare (33-to-100-foot qulqulka macdan qodista cufnaanta shubka qoyan1,600 to 2,200 kg/m3) ku ordaaya dooxada 30 ilaa 80 km/h (20 ilaa 50 mph). Mowjaddan sunta ahi waxa ay burburisaa buundooyinka shubka ah ee la xoojiyay, waxa ay daqiiqado gudahood ku aastaa dhammaan magaalooyinka, waxa aanay ka tagtaa caustic, birta-culus-wasakhaysan ama dhoobada cyanide-la leh oo u adkaysata sida sibidhka. Haddii seeriga jebinta biya xidheenku dhawaaqo ama aad maqasho guuxa dhulka hoostiisa hoose ee dooxa ka hooseeya miinada ama warshad koronto, wac degaankaaga nambarada degdega ah isla markiiba oo la tasho hagayaashayada harada glacial ayaa dillaacday daadad iyo daadgureynta biya xireenka, dhul go’ iyo dhoobo, kiimikaad daadatoiyo Neefsashada gaaska cyanide iyo warshadaha.

Hadda samee tan¶

1. Isla markiiba ka soo bax PERPENDICULAR sagxada dooxada (toos u fuul buurta kuugu dhow): Waligaa ha isku dayin inaad ka baxsato dhoobada dabada adigoo ordaya ama wado hoos socodka wadada hoose ee dooxada. Hirarka dabo-kooxeedku wuxuu ku socdaa 30 ilaa 80 km/h (20 ilaa 50 mph) hoos u dhaca kanaalada webiga, halka uu fuulayo kaliya ** 30 ilaa 50 mitir (100 ilaa 165 cagood) si toos ah darbiga dooxada** waxay qaadataa wax ka yar 3 ilaa 5 daqiiqo oo lug ah waxayna kaa saaraysaa aagga qulqulka.
2. Ka dawee seeriga miinada, dhibicda lama filaanka ah ama qulqulka biyaha webiga, ama tareen yar oo xamuul ah oo ruxaya sidii jebin degdeg ah: Haddii aad ku nooshahay ama aad ka shaqeyso aagga Is- samatabbixinta (ZAS / 10 kiiloomitir ama 30 daqiiqo gudahood ee biyo-xireenka dabada), waxaad haysataa 2 ilaa 15 daqiiqo ka hor saamaynta. Wax walba ka daa, ha joogsan inaad bacaha xidhato, albaabbada xidho, ama xoolo urursato, oo kor dariiqa daadgureynta buurta dhinaceeda hore loo calaamadiyey.
3. Iska daa gaadhigaaga isla markiiba haddii taraafku ku istaago jidka dooxada ama buundada: Buundooyinka ayaa ah dhismayaashii ugu horeeyay ee laga xiiray tiirarkooda dhagax-dhagaxa-iyo-sludge ee hore ee hirarka dabada. Ka bood baabuurka oo si toos ah u rux buurta ku xigta ee ugu dheer.
4. **Weligaa ha gelin dhoobo cusub ama qalajin oo dabada ka dib marka mawjadadu dhaafto ***: Dabada dhoobada waxay u dhaqmaan sida ** dareere thixotropic non-Newtonian ***: qolof qalalan oo khafiif ah ayaa ka samaysan dusha qorraxda halka dhoobada 15 sentimitir (6 inji) hoosteeda ay tahay mid gun la', cufnaanta cufnaanta sare leh ee daboolaya kabaha la taaban karo ee daboolaya.
5. Ka fogow maqaarka, isha, iyo taabashada neefsiga ee wasakhda macdanta (cyanide, caustic alkali, arsenic, mercury, lead*: Dabada dahabka waxaa ku jiri kara sun sodium cyanide (which releases lethal hydrogen cyanide gas if mixed with acidic water), bauxite "dhoobo cas" dabada waa alkaline aad u sarreeya (pH 10 to 13, taasoo keenta gubasho kiimiko oo daran sida sibidhka qoyan), iyo dabada birta sulfide waxay ka kooban tahay arsenic, rasaas, cadmium, iyo meerkuri. Ku daadi maqaar kasta oo firdhay ama indhaha biyo socda oo nadiif ah 15 ilaa 20 daqiiqo.
6. ** Weligaa ha cabbin, karkarin, hana ku dhaqin webiga ama ceelka biyaha dabada ka daatay**: Biyaha karsan ** kama saarayaan biraha culus, arsenic, ama kiimikooyinka reagents**; Dhab ahaantii, karkarinta waxay xoogga saartaa biraha culculus ee aan kacsanayn sida rasaasta, meerkuriga, iyo arsenic iyadoo ay ku soo celinayso sunta kacsan hawada jikada. Isticmaal biyo dhalada ah oo kaliya ama biyaha booyadaha ee dawladda hoose.

Geedka go'aanka: Dabada jebinta biyo xidheenka iyo badbaadada qulqulka dhoobada sunta ah¶

flowchart TD
    Alert["Tailings Dam Jebinta Seeriga, Digniinta Taleefanka Degdegga ah, Rumble Dhulka, ama Mawjada Mud ee korka ah ee la arkay"] --> TimeCheck{"Intee in le'eg ayaad ka jirtaa Biyo-xireenka?"}
    TimeCheck -->|"Aagga Is- samatabbixinta (< 10 km / < 15 daqiiqo wakhtiga safarka)"| FootClimb["Ha ku wadin Waddada Dooxada; Si Toos ah CAGTA ugu Orod Kor dhanka Dooxada kuugu dhow (30 ilaa 50 m / 100 ilaa 165 ft Toosan)"]
    TimeCheck -->|"Hooska Dheeraadka ah (> 10 ilaa 50 km / 15 ilaa 90 daqiiqo wakhtiga hogaaminta)"| EvacRoute["Raac Dariiqa Bixinta ee Sumeysan si gaar ah oo Ka Baxsan Dooxa Wabiga ilaa Barta Kulanka Dhulka Sare ee loo asteeyay"]
    FootClimb --> Trapped{"Suurtagal ma aha in la gaadho Hillside ka hor intaanay mowjad dhoobo ahi iman?"}
    Trapped -->|"Haa"| VerticalRoof["U fuul Saqafka Dhisme la-xoojiyey oo la xoojiyay oo ku yaal Cirifka Sare ee Dooxada ama Ku fuul Geedaha Adag ee Sare ee Jiirada; Weligaa ha joogin 1-sheeko leben/guri alwaax ah"]
    Trapped -->|"Maya, Meel Sare La Gaaray"| StayHigh["Ku Nagaada Dhulka Sare; Biyo Xidheenada Labaad iyo Hirarka Kaydka Kaydka ayaa la socda saacado"]
    EvacRoute --> StayHigh
    StayHigh --> PostWave{"Ma jiraa qof ku saydhay dhoobo ama dabo ku xayiran dhoobo?"}
    PostWave -->|"Lagu Rafiyay Dhaleec (Gaar ahaan dhoobada Cas ama Dabada Dahabka/Sulfide)"| Decon["Isla markiiba iska saar dharka wasakhaysan; Ka caday dhoobo qallalan; Ku Daadi Maqaarka iyo Indhaha Biyo Nadiif ah 15 ilaa 20 Daqiiqo"]
    PostWave -->|"Qofka ku dheggan Dabada Mud"| NoWalk["Ha ugu socon qolofka dhoobada ah; Ka wac 911/112/999 si aad u hesho Helikopter Hoist ama Sled-Baxditaan Dhiiqo ah oo la buufi karo"]

Injineeriyada iyo rheology-ga: Waa maxay sababta dhoobada dabada ahi ay uga khatar badan tahay daad-biyoodka¶

Fahamka kala duwanaanshaha jireed iyo kiimikaad ee u dhexeeya daad webiga caadiga ah iyo jebinta biyo xidheenka dabada ayaa sharaxaya sababta tabaha badbaadada fatahaada ee caadiga ah (sida hoyga dabaqa labaad ee guri alwaax ah ama dhex mara qulqulka qulqulka jilibka) ay u fashilmaan inta lagu jiro qulqulka qashinka macdanta.

1. Cufnaanta xoogga leh iyo xawaaraha saameynta (2x water density)¶

• Biyaha saafiga ah waxay leeyihiin cufnaanta dareere ah 1,000 kiiloogaraam mitirkiiba62.4 lb/ft3).
• ** Dabada macdanta dareere ah** waxay ka kooban tahay 50% ilaa 75% qaybo dhagaxyo macdan ah oo si fiican loo miiray oo miisaankoodu la hakiyay biyaha hawsha, taasoo siinaysa cufnaanta badan ee 1,600 ilaa 2,200 kiiloogaraam mitir kuyuubik100 to 137 lb/ft3*, ku dhawaad cufnaanta shubka dareeraha ah.
• Sababtoo ah cadaadiska saameynta hydrodynamicP = 0.5 * rho * v2) miisaan si toos ah leh labadaba cufnaanta dareeraha (rho) iyo barxadda xawaaraha (v2), dhoobo dabo socota oo ku socota ** 50 km/h (14 m/s** 5 ilaa 10 jeer in ka badan oo burburka xiirta dambe** ka badan fatahaada webiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, qulqulka cufnaanta sare waxay si dadaal la'aan ah u sabbaysaa dhagaxyo badan oo tan ah, cagaf-cagafyo, weelasha rarida, iyo xidhmooyinka biriijyada birta ah ee jeexjeexan ee ku yaal xagga hore ee hirarka (the boulder snout), U dhaqmaya sidii wan wax lagu garaaco oo xiira tiirar shub ah oo la xoojiyay oo nadiifiya saldhigyadooda.

2. Kor u kaca vs. khadka dhexe vs. dabada hoose ee naqshadaha biyo-xidheenka¶

Ma aha dhammaan tas-hiilaadka kaydinta dabada (TSFs) qaadin isla khatarta burburka. Heerarka badbaadada macdanta caalamiga ah (sida Heerarka Warshadaha Caalamiga ah ee Maareynta Dabo, GISTM) U kala saar sarifyada sida dikada loo kiciyo waqti ka dib:

Khatarta kiimikada iyo sunta ah nooca miinada¶

Si ka duwan foolkaanaha dabiiciga ah ee lahar ama dhoobada hillside ee ka kooban carro aan fiicneyn iyo dhagaxa, macdanta iyo xirmooyinka warshadaha waxaa ku jira walxo farsameeya kiimikaad oo uruursan, heerarka pH-ga xad dhaafka ah, iyo biraha culus ee noole heli karo kuwaas oo aagga qulqulaya u rogaya walxo khatar ah (HAZMAT) goobta masiibada.

Calaamadaha digniinta ee ka hor-burburinta biyo-xireenka dabada¶

Haddii aad ka shaqeyso goob macdan qodista, warshad dhuxusha, ama aad isla markiiba ku dhowdahay dabo dabo, ku wargeli mid ka mid ah calamada guduudan ee soo socda ee maamulka xaaladaha degdegga ah isla markiiba ka bax meelaha hoose:

1. Biyo dhiiqo leh ama daruuro leh oo ka soo baxaya wejiga bannaanka ama suulka biyo-xidheenka: Biyo cad oo ka soo qulqulaya mashiinnada suulasha suulasha waa caadi; ** Biyo dhoobo leh, midab ciid ah** ka soo burqanaya jiirada biyo-xireenka ama dhulka hoose waxay la macno tahay nabaad guurka gudaha (piping) ayaa si firfircoon uga dhaqaya xudunta biyo-xidheenka ka fog gudaha gudaha.
2. **Labo qoyan oo cusub, ku dhufan, barar, ama dildilaacyo dhaadheer oo ku teedsan jiirka biyo-xireenka ama kuraasta bannaanka ***: Xarig mugdi ah oo qoyan oo u muuqata kala bar jiirada dibadda engegan ayaa tilmaamaysa miiska biyaha gudaha (phreatic surface) si khatar ah ayuu sare ugu kacay oo waxa uu buuxinayaa qolofka qaab dhismeedka.
3. ** barkadaha dabaasha ama diiqada godka ee ka samaysan xeebta dabada ama baliga dushiisa**: Waxay tusinaysaa in maaddooyinka dugaagga hoose ay ku qulqulayaan tuubo googo'an oo duugan ama god aasaaska hoostiisa ah.
4. ** Balliga biyaha ee ku soo qulqulaya meel u dhow cidhifka biyo-xidheenka dibadda**: Dhaamyada sare iyo khadka dhexe, balliga biyaha ee bilaashka ah waa in laga ilaaliyaa meel ka fog gidaarka bannaanka, oo ay kala soocaan "xeeb" ballaaran oo ciid miirtay. Haddii roobka xooggani uu biyo furan ku riixo xagga hoose ee biyo-xireenka, kor-u-qaadista iyo dareeraha ayaa raaci kara saacado gudahood.

Tallaabo-tallaabo badbaadada inta lagu jiro jebinta iyo ka dib¶

Wajiga 1: Bixinta degdega ah (Xeerka 90-Degree Hillside)¶

1. ** Dhaqso xagal 90-degree ka fog webiga ama dhidibka dooxa ***:
2. Gudaha ** Aagga Is- samatabbixinta (ZAS***, oo maamulayaasha macdan qodista ay ku qeexaan in ay u dhexeyso **10 kiiloomitir (6.2 mayl) dhanka hoose ama in ka yar 30 daqiiqo wakhtiga daadka, basaska daadgureynta rasmiga ah kuma soo gaari karaan wakhtiga.
3. Isla markiiba seeriga ayaa baroorta, digniinta taleefanka gacanta ee casriga ah ayaa kicisa, ama aad maqashid guuxa mawjada dhulka gariiraya ee qoto dheer, ** orod si toos ah jiirada dooxada adigoo cagta saaraya ***.
4. **ha u gudbin buundooyinka dhinac webiga ilaa dhanka kale si aad u gaarto waddo la door bidayo; taa beddelkeeda, buurta u fuul dhinaca webiga aad hadda taagan tahay.
5. **Intee in le'eg ayaa loo fuulaa ***:
6. Dooxooyinka buuraha cidhiidhiga ah isla markiiba ka hooseeya biyo-xireenka sare (sida 1985-kii Stava dam ku burburay Talyaaniga, halkaas oo qulqulka dhoobada ah uu gaaray xawaare dhan 90 km/h / 56 mph), mowjadda dhoobada ayaa kor u kici karta ** 15 ilaa 35 mitir (50 ilaa 115 cagood) *** kor u kaca darbiyada canyon, gaar ahaan wabiga ka baxsan ee bangiga weyn ee ** galfu. jiirada (superelevation). Ujeedo inaad korto ugu yaraan 30 ilaa 50 mitir (100 ilaa 165 cagood) oo ka saraysa sagxada dooxada.

Marxaladda 2: Waa maxay sababta aadan waligaa ugu talaabsan dhoobada dabada ka dib marka mawjadu istaagto¶

Ka dib markii qulqulka ugu weyni uu dhaafo, sagxada dooxada waxaa lagu daboolay dhul fidsan, badda khiyaano leh oo cawl, bunni ah, ama dhoobo cas oo u dhaxaysa 1 ilaa 15 mitir (3 ilaa 50 cagood) qoto dheer.

• ** dabinka thixotropic ***: dabo wanaagsan oo jilicsan (silt and clay-sized rock flour) waa thixotropic: marka la qaso ama la talaabsado, waxay u dareeraan koollo cufan oo viscous ah oo leh nuugista dalool xun oo xooggan.
• Saacadaha iftiinka qoraxda gudahooda, 2 ilaa 5 sentimitir ee ugu sarreeya (1 ilaa 2 inji) waxay u engegaan qolof dillaacsan oo u eg mid adag oo lagu socon karo, halka 3 mitir ee ka hooseeya ay ahaanayaan dhoobo dareere ah.
• **Haddii qof uu ku xayiran yahay saqaf ama baabuur dhexda dhoobada ***: **Ha isku dayin inaad dhoobada uga gudubto lug si aad u badbaadiso; samatabbixiyeyaal aan haysan qalab gaar ah ayaa laabta ku quusiya oo noqda dhibanayaal ku xanniban laftooda. Sug helikabtarrada dab-demiska (hoist extraction) ama kooxo samatabbixin ah oo tababaran oo isticmaalaya sariiro samatabbixin oo buufis ah, alwaaxyo dhoobo ah oo ballaadhan, iyo daanadaha hawada la cufan (kuwaas oo hawada ku duraya lugaha dhibbanaha si ay u jebiyaan nuugista faakuumka ka hor inta aan dibadda loo saarin).
• **Haddii shakhsi ahaan lagugu qabto cidhifka bannaanka ee qunyar socodka ah ee kaydka dhoobada ah oo aanad gaadhi karin dhul engegan *: U jiifso dhabarkaaga ama calooshaada ** kalluun-jiif ah / booska dabaasha gacmahaaga iyo lugahaaga oo fidsan si aad miisaankaaga ugu qaybiso meesha ugu weyn ee suurtogalka ah (reducing ground bearing pressure below the mud's yield stress), ka dibna si tartiib ah u gurguurto ama u rogo dusha sare oo dhan dhinaca dhulka adag ama qashinka alwaaxa ee sabeynaya halkii aad isku dayi lahayd inaad si qumman cagahaaga u istaagto.

Marxaladda 3: Sun-saar kiimiko oo degdeg ah oo loogu talagalay badbaadayaasha¶

Haddii qof lagu qabtay dabada dabada ama lagu rusheeyey dhoobada macdanta:

1. **Dhammaan dharka dhoobada qooyay iyo kabaha isla markiiba ka saar ***: Ha ku jiidin shaadhka dhoobada ka samaysan ee wejiga; Ku jar xiiro haddii loo baahdo oo ku xidh bacaha.
2. ** dhoobo qaro weyn leh oo maro engegan ah ama gacan galoofaysan kaga nadiifi, ka dibna si fiican ugu nadiifi biyo nadiif ah 15 ilaa 20 daqiiqo ***:
3. ** Haddii daadataanku ay ku lug leeyihiin Bauxite "Red Mud" (caustic sodium hydroxide, pH 11 to 13***: Sida shamiitada qoyan, gubashada alkaligu inta badan ma qaniinto 15-ka daqiiqo ee ugu horreeya halka pH-ga sare uu si aamusnaan ah u milo borotiinnada maqaarka iyo kornea. Ku nadiifi maqaarka iyo indhaha si joogto ah biyo socda oo nadiif ah ama cusbo leh ugu yaraan 20 ilaa 30 daqiiqo oo raadso gubashada isbitaalka iyo daryeelka indhaha. Eeg hagahayaga gubasho sibidhka iyo alkali kiimiko.
4. Haddii daadadu ay ku lug leedahay Dabo Dahab ah/Silver Cyanide ***: La soco madax-xanuun, dawakhaad, jahawareer, neefsasho degdeg ah, maqaarka cherry-cas, ama aashitada dheef-shiid kiimikaadka; waaxaha xaaladaha degdega ah waxay kaydiyaan xididada xididada hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) dawooyinka lidka ku ah. Eeg hagahayaga Neefsashada cyanide iyo sumaynta gargaarka degdegga ah.
5. Kahortagga neefsashada sunta ah ee daadadka ka dib: Marka qorraxdu qallajiso waddooyinka dhoobada ah iyo guryaha, baabuur kasta oo maraa waxa uu laadayaa daruur indho la'aan ah oo ah bur silica dhagaxa ah oo lagu dhejiyay **arsenic, rasaas, cadmium, ama soodhaha caustic ***. Xidho qalabka neefsiga ee ku dheggan N95, KN95, FFP2, ama P100 qayb ka mid ah neefsashada mar kasta oo bannaanka ka ah aagga saamaynta.

Lambarada degdega ah ee gobolka iyo borotokoolka wakaalada¶

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda¶

Sidee bay biyo xidheenka dabada uga duwan yahay biyo xidheenka caadiga ah?¶

Biyo xidheenka caadiga ah ee biyuhu waa xayndaab joogto ah oo ka samaysan shubka la xoojiyay, dhoobada, ama dhoobada is haysta iyo dhagaxa loo farsameeyay si ay dib ugu celiso biyaha webiga ee cad. Biyo xidheenka dabada ahi waa qashin warshadeed oo la dhisay in ka badan tobanaan sano si loo kaydiyo malaayiin tan oo bur dhagax ah oo si fiican loo shiiday, reagen kiimiko ah, iyo dareere wasakhaysan oo culus oo ka soo hadhay macdanta macdanta. Biyo-xireenno badan oo dabo qadiimi ah ayaa la dhisay iyadoo la adeegsanayo "habka kor u kaca," halkaasoo darbi kasta oo cusub si toos ah loogu dhejiyay dusha sare ee dhoobada qoyan, oo aan la isku dhejin lafteeda, taas oo ka dhigaysa inay u nugul yihiin dareeraha degdega ah iyo wadarta burburka.

Maxaad u dhaafi la'dahay biyo-xidheenka dabada oo dumay adiga oo ku sii wada jidka dooxa?¶

Marka biyo-xireenka dabada ahi uu dareero oo uu jebiyo, mowjadda baxsanaysa ee dhoobada cufnaanta sare leh waxay caadi ahaan u qaraxdaa 30 ilaa 80 kiiloomitir saacaddii (20 ilaa 50 mayl saacaddii) hoos u dhaca marinka webiga, oo sida dhagaxyo iyo geedo la rujiyay kuwaas oo burburiya waddooyinka dooxada oo xiiraya buundooyinka gudahooda. Hoos u dhigista sagxadda dooxada waxay kugu ilaalinaysaa inaad si toos ah u gasho jidka qulqulka dhoobada ah halkaasoo hal isgoys ah oo xanniban ama buundada la dhaqay ay si xun kuugu qabato. Taa baddalkeeda, ku orda lugaha xagal 90-degree ah oo toos ah buurta dooxada kuugu dhow waxay helaysaa 30 ilaa 50 mitir (100 ilaa 165 cagood) oo sare u kac ah 3 ilaa 5 daqiiqo gudahood, taasoo kaa dhigaysa si badbaado leh oo ka sarreeya hirarka dhoobada ah.

Maxay khatar u tahay in lagu dul socdo dhoobada dabada xitaa maalmo ka dib markii daadadku istaageen dhaqaaqa?¶

Dabada macdantu waxay ka kooban tahay walxaha macdanta ah ee cabbirkoodu yar yahay, sil-iyo-dhoobo ("slimes") oo ay ka buuxaan biyo. Maaddadani waa thixotropic: halka dhowr sentimitir ee ugu sarreeya ay ku engegaan qorraxda oo ay noqdaan qolof dillaacsan oo u eg wasakh adag, dhoobada hoosteeda waxay ahaanaysaa dareere toddobaadyo ama bilo ah. Isla marka uu qofku dhex maro qolofka khafiifka ah, gariirka ayaa dib u soo celiya dhoobada lugaha ku wareegsan, cufnaanta sare iyo nuugista faakuumka ayaa ku xiran kabaha iyo dhexda sida sibidhka qoyan, taas oo ka dhigaysa naf-baxa mid aan suurtagal ahayn iyada oo aan la helin loox-badbaadin gaar ah ama helikobtar.

Waa maxay kiimikooyinka sunta ah ee ku jira dhoobada dabada macdanta?¶

Khatarta saxda ah ee kiimikada waxay kuxirantahay macdanta la qodo. Dabada dahabka iyo qalinka ah waxay inta badan ku jiraan sodium cyanide sun ah oo ay weheliso arsenic iyo meerkuri. Bauxite (aluminium) dabada, oo loo yaqaan "dhoobo guduudan," waxay ka kooban tahay sodium hydroxide.`lye`) oo leh pH 11 ilaa 13 taasoo keenta gubasho kiimiko oo daran maqaarka iyo indhaha marka la taabto. Copper, iron, lead, iyo zinc sulfide dabada ayaa had iyo jeer dhalisa dhoobo acidic ah (`acid mine drainage`) oo ay ku raran yihiin arsenic, rasaas, cadmium, meerkuri, iyo thallium oo milmay, halka balliyada duqsiga dhuxusha ay ka kooban yihiin arsenic, chromium, iyo selenium.

Ma ka dhigi karaa biyaha webiga ama ceelka mid ammaan ah oo la cabbo ka dib dabo dabo anigoo karkaraya?¶

Maya, waa inaadan waligaa ku cabbin ama ku karin wax biyaha webiga ah ama biyo ceel gacmeed leh oo ay wasakheeyeen dabada macdan qodista, karkarinta biyaha ayaa dhab ahaantii ka dhigaysa mid khatar badan. Karrinta waxay dishaa bakteeriyada iyo fayrasyada, laakiin waxba kama soo saarto biraha culus sida arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, ama chromium hexavalent; Taa beddelkeeda, marka ay biyuhu u karkaraan sidii uumi, uruurinta biraha culus ee sunta ah ee dheriga ayaa kordha, halka kiimikooyin kasta oo firfircooni ay ku soo baxaan hawada aad neefsato. Isticmaal kaliya biyo dhalada ah ama booyadaha biyaha degdega ah ee rasmiga ah ilaa ay masuuliyiintu caddeeyaan bixinta biyaha.

Waa maxay "Aagga Is- samatabbixinta" (ZAS) macnaheedu haddii aan ku noolahay meel u dhow meel miinada ah?¶

Xeerarka badbaadada dabada ee caalamiga ah (sida kuwa laga dhaqan geliyo Brazil iyo sida hoos timaada Heerarka Warshadaha Caalamiga ah ee Maareynta Dawaarka), Aagga Is- samatabbixinta (`Zona de Autossalvamento` ama `ZAS`) waxa lagu qeexaa sida dooxada 10 kiiloomitir (6.2 mayl) ee hoose ee biyo xidheenka, ama meel kasta oo mowjadda dhoobada ahi ay ku imanayso wax ka yar 30 daqiiqo. Sababtoo ah ka jawaabayaasha xaaladaha degdega ah ee ka baxsan jir ahaan ma gaari karaan aaggan ka hor intaysan hirku dhicin, dadka deggan iyo shaqaalaha gudaha ZAS waxay ku tiirsan yihiin seeriga otomaatiga ah, digniinta baahinta unugyada, iyo dariiqyada lugaynta ee horay loo calaamadeeyay taasoo si toos ah kor ugu qaadaysa darbiyada dooxada ilaa meelaha sare ee la isugu yimaado.

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha¶

• Harada Glacial ee dillaacday daadad (GLOFs) iyo daadgureynta cilladda biyo-xireennada
• Dhul goynta, dhoobada, iyo badbaadada qulqulka qashinka
• Sibidhka, shubka qoyan, gubta kiimikooyinka alkali, iyo soo-gaadhista indhaha lime
• Cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, iyo gaaska warshadaha ee neefsashada gargaarka degdegga ah
• Kiimikada daata, tuubbooyinka HAZMAT, iyo sun-saarid

Ilaha iyo hanuuninta rasmiga ah¶

• Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNEP), Golaha Caalamiga ah ee Macdanta iyo Biraha (ICMM), & Mabaadi'da Maalgashiga Mas'uulka ah (PRI): *Heerka Warshadaha Caalamiga ah ee Maareynta Dawaarka (GISTM) - Shuruudaha 13: Diyaarinta Gurmadka iyo Qorshayaasha Jawaabta.
• Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Biyo-xireennada Waaweyn (ICOLD): Bulletin 121 & Bulletin 194: Dambiyada Dambiyada Khatarta ah ee Dhacdooyinka Khatarta leh, Casharro Laga Bartay Waaya-aragnimada Waxtarka leh, iyo Khariidaynta Biyo-Xidheenka Jebinta.
• Hay'adda Maareynta Gurmadka Degdegga ah ee Federaalka (FEMA) & Ciidamada Mareykanka ee Injineerada (USACE, Mareykanka): * Tilmaamaha Federaalka ee Badbaadada Biyo-xireenka: Qorsheynta Tallaabooyinka Degdegga ah ee Biyo-xireenka iyo Guul-darrooyinka Tailings*.
• Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO): Siideynta Kiimikada ay Sababaan Dhacdooyinka Khatarta Dabiiciga ah iyo Masiibooyinka Farsamada (NATECH): Fashilada Dambiyada Dambiyada, Biraha Culus, iyo Jawaabta Caafimaadka Dadweynaha ee Cyanide.
• ** Agência Nacional de Mineração (ANM) & Defesa Civil Nacional (Brazil):** * Protocolos de Segurança de Barragens de Mineração, Zonas de Autossalvamento (ZAS), iyo Sistemas de Alerta Sonoro*.