Tailings Dam Breach, Mining Sludge Mudflows, n’okuwona amataba g’ebyuma ebizito eby’obutwa¶

Obutafaananako ddaamu ya seminti eya bulijjo ey’amasannyalaze g’amazzi ekwata amazzi g’omugga amayonjo emabega wa bbugwe w’amayinja aganywezeddwa, ebbibiro lya **tailings ** (oba coal fly-ash impoundment) ye bbugwe omunene ennyo ow’amakolero eyakolebwa yinginiya okutereka obukadde bwa ttani z’obuwunga bw’amayinja obusaanuuse obulungi, ebirungo ebikola eddagala, n’amazzi agajjudde ebyuma ebizito ebisigaddewo okuva mu kuggya zaabu, ekikomo, ekyuma, . aluminiyamu (red mud), phosphate oba amanda. Kubanga ebigoma bingi eby’omusulo ebikadde bizimbibwa nga tukozesa enkola ya upstream, nga dike eziddirira zizimbibwa butereevu waggulu w’ebisasiro ebitali binywevu, ebijjudde amazzi byennyini, enkuba ey’amaanyi, okusukka waggulu, okukulugguka kw’amazzi munda (piping), oba musisi omutono asobola okuleeta ffeesi ya ddaamu yonna n’ekifo ekikuumirwamu amazzi okuyita mu static oba seismic liquefaction mu sikonda ntono. Ebbibiro ly’ebisasiro bwe limenya, tefulumya mataba ga mazzi ga bulijjo. Wabula esumulula obuwanvu bwa mmita 10 ku 30 (33-to-100-foot) okukulukuta kw’ebitosi eby’okusima eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka okuyitiridde nga kuliko density ya seminti omubisi (1,600 to 2,200 kg/m3) okuvuganya mu kiwonvu ku sipiidi ya 30 ku 80 km/h (20 ku 50 mph). Amayengo gano ag’obutwa gafuumuula ebibanda bya seminti omugumu, ne gaziika ebibuga byonna mu ddakiika ntono, era ne galekawo ebisasiro ebikaza, ebirimu ebyuma ebizito oba ebirimu cyanide ebikaluba nga seminti. Singa ssayirini emenya ddaamu evuga oba ng’owulira okuwuluguma okw’amaanyi wansi w’ettaka mu kiwonvu wansi w’ekirombe oba ekyuma ky’amasannyalaze, kuba essimu y’omu kitundu kyo ennamba z’amangu amangu ddala era weebuuze ku ba guide baffe ku glacial lake outburst amataba n’okusengula ddaamu okulemererwa, . okubumbulukuka kw’ettaka n’okukulukuta kw’ebitosi, . okuyiwa eddagala, era cyanide ne ggaasi w’amakolero okussa.

Kino kikole kati¶

1. Senguka PERPENDICULAR okutuuka wansi w’ekiwonvu amangu ddala (linya butereevu waggulu ku lusozi olusinga okumpi): Togezaako kudduka kudduka kukulukuta kw’ebitosi by’omugongo ng’odduka oba ng’ovuga wansi ng’oyitira mu luguudo wansi w’ekiwonvu. Amayengo ga tailings aga hyperconcentrated tailings gatambula ku sipiidi ya kiromita 30 ku 80 buli ssaawa (20 ku 50 mph) wansi mu mikutu gy’emigga, so nga okulinnya **mita 30 ku 50 zokka (fuuti 100 ku 165) mu vertikal waggulu ku bbugwe w’ekiwonvu kitwala eddakiika ezitakka wansi wa 3 ku 5 ng’otambula n’ebigere era kikuggya mu kitundu omubooga.
2. Twala siren yonna eya kirombe, okugwa okw’amangu oba okukulukuta kw’ebitosi mu mazzi g’omugga, oba okuwuuma kw’eggaali y’omukka ey’emigugu entono ng’okumenya amangu: Bw’oba ​​obeera oba okolera mu Self-Rescue Zone (ZAS / mu kiromita 10 oba eddakiika 30 wansi w’omugga okuva ku ddaamu ya tailings), olina eddakiika 2 ku 15 nga tonnagwa. Buli kimu kireke emabega, toyimirira kupakira nsawo, kusiba nzigi, oba okukung’aanya ebisolo, era odduke olinnye ekkubo ery’okusengula abantu ku nsozi eryateekebwako akabonero nga tennabaawo.
3. Suula mmotoka yo mangu singa ebidduka biba biyimiridde ku luguudo lw’ekiwonvu oba ku bridge: Ebibanda bye bizimbe ebisooka okusalibwa ku myalo gyabyo olw’amayinja amanene n’ebisasiro mu maaso g’amayengo g’omugongo. Buuka okuva mu mmotoka odduke butereevu waggulu ku bbugwe oba olusozi oluliraanyewo olusinga obuwanvu.
4. Tolinnyanga mu bitoomi by’omukira omubisi oba ebikalu oluvannyuma lw’amayengo okuyita: Omusulo gw’omukira gweyisa nga thixotropic non-Newtonian fluid: ekikuta ekikalu ekigonvu kitondebwa waggulu mu musana ate ebitoomi ebya sentimita 15 (yinsi 6) wansi ne bisigala nga mutego gwa vacuum ogutali wansi, ogw’amaanyi ennyo ogusonseka engatto ne gusibira mu kiwato ng’egwa seminti.
5. Weewale okukwatagana kw’olususu, amaaso, n’okussa n’ebisasiro by’okusima (cyanide, caustic alkali, arsenic, mercury, lead): Ebikuta bya zaabu biyinza okubaamu obutwa sodium cyanide (which releases lethal hydrogen cyanide gas if mixed with acidic water), ebiwujjo bya bauxite "red mud" biba bya alkaline nnyo (pH 10 to 13, ekivaako okwokya okw’amaanyi okw’eddagala nga seminti omubisi), n’ebyuma ebiyitibwa sulfide metal tailings birimu arsenic, lead, cadmium, ne mercury ebingi. Olususu oba amaaso gonna agamansiddwa sooka onyige n’amazzi amayonjo agakulukuta okumala eddakiika 15 ku 20.
6. Tonywangako, tofumba, oba kunaaba na mazzi g’omugga oba mu luzzi wansi w’amazzi agayidde omusulo: Amazzi agafumba tegaggyawo byuma bizito, arsenic, oba chemical reagents; mu butuufu, okufumba kugatta ebyuma ebizito ebitali biwunya nga lead, mercury, ne arsenic ate ​​nga bifuuwa obutwa obuwunya mu mpewo y’omu ffumbiro lyo. Kozesa amazzi g’omu bidomola gokka agasibiddwa oba amazzi aga ttanka za munisipaali.

Omuti gw’okusalawo: Okumenya ebbibiro ly’omusulo n’okuwangaala kw’ebitosi eby’obutwa¶

flowchart TD
    Alert["Tailings Dam Breach Siren, Okulabula kw’essimu okw’amangu, Okuwuuma kw’ettaka, oba Upstream Mud Wave Sighted"] --> TimeCheck{"Oli Waka Wa Wansi Mu Mugga Okuva ku Dam?"}
    TimeCheck -->|"Mu Zooni y’Okwetaasa (< 10 km / < Eddakiika 15 Obudde bw’Okutambula)"| FootClimb["TOVUGA Wansi mu Luguudo lw’Ekiwonvu; Dduka KU BIBIRO Bugolokofu Okulinnya ku lusozi lw’ekiwonvu olusinga okumpi (30 ku 50 m / 100 ku 165 ft Vertical)"]
    TimeCheck -->|"Okwongera Wansi (> 10 ku 50 km / Eddakiika 15 ku 90 Lead Time)"| EvacRoute["Goberera Ekkubo ly’okusengula eririko akabonero nga liri Perpendicularly Okuva mu kifo ekikulukutiramu omugga okutuuka ku kifo ekiragiddwa okukuŋŋaanyizibwa ku ttaka erya waggulu"]
    FootClimb --> Trapped{"Tekisoboka Kutuuka Ku Lusozi Nga Amayengo g’Ebitooke Tegannatuuka?"}
    Trapped -->|"Yee"| VerticalRoof["Linnya ku kasolya k’ekizimbe kya seminti omugumu ekisinga obuwanvu ku High Edge of Valley oba Linnya Emiti Ennywevu Waggulu ku Slope; Tosula mu Nnyumba ya Bbaati/Embaawo ey'Omwaliiro 1"]
    Trapped -->|"Nedda, Yatuuka ku Ttaka Waggulu"| StayHigh["Sigala ku High Ground; Secondary Dam Slumps ne Reservoir Waves Zigoberera okumala Ssaawa"]
    EvacRoute --> StayHigh
    StayHigh --> PostWave{"Waliwo Amansiddwa Omusulo OBA Asibidde Mu Tailings Mud?"}
    PostWave -->|"Emansiddwamu Ebisasiro (Naddala Ebitosi Ebimyufu oba Zaabu/Sulfide Tailings)"| Decon["Yambula Engoye Ezirimu Obucaafu mu Mangu; Brush Off Ebitosi Ebikalu; Okunaaba Olususu n’Amaaso N’amazzi Amayonjo okumala Eddakiika 15 ku 20"]
    PostWave -->|"Omuntu Asibidde Mu Muddo Wa Tailings"| NoWalk["TOtambula Kufuluma Ku Kikuta ky’Ebitooke; Kuba 911/112/999 okufuna Helicopter Hoist oba Inflatable Mud-Rescue Sled/Plank Extrication"]

Engineering and rheology: Lwaki ebitosi ebikulukuta mu tailings bitta nnyo okusinga amataba g’amazzi¶

Okutegeera enjawulo mu by’omubiri n’eddagala wakati w’amataba g’omugga aga bulijjo n’okumenya ebbibiro ly’omugongo kinnyonnyola lwaki obukodyo obwa bulijjo obw’okuwona amataba (nga okwekweka ku mwaliiro ogwokubiri ogw’ennyumba eriko embaawo oba okukulukuta okuyita mu kukulukuta okutuuka ku maviivi) galemererwa mu kiseera ky’okubooga kasasiro w’eby’okusima.

1. Densite esukkiridde n’amaanyi g’okukuba ( .2x water density) .¶

• Amazzi amayonjo agakulukuta galina amazzi aga kkiro 1,000 buli kiyuubi mita (62.4 lb/ft3).
• Liquefied mining tailings slurry erimu ebitundu 50% ku 75% obutundutundu bw’amayinja ag’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka agasiigiddwa obulungi okusinziira ku buzito obuyimiriziddwa mu mazzi agalongoosebwa, ekigiwa obuzito bwa kiro 1,600 okutuuka ku 2,200 buli kiyuubi mita (100 to 137 lb/ft3), kumpi density ya seminti ow’amazzi.
• Kubanga puleesa y’okukuba kw’amazzi (P = 0.5 * rho * v2) minzaani butereevu ne density y’amazzi zombi ( .rho) ne square ya velocity ( .v2), ekitosi ky’omugongo ekitambula ku sipiidi ya 50 km/h (14 m/s) ekola amaanyi ga lateral shear agasaanyaawo emirundi 5 ku 10 okusinga amataba g’omugga ag’amangu. Ate era, omusulo guno ogw’amaanyi ennyo gulengejja amayinja aga ttani eziwera, bulldozer, konteyina ezitwala emmeeri, n’ebikondo by’omutala eby’ekyuma ebikutuse mu maaso ennyo g’amayengo awatali kufuba kwonna (the boulder snout), ekola ng’endiga ennume ekuba esala empagi za seminti omugumu nga ziyonja ku misingi gyazo.

2. Dizayini z’ebbibiro ly’omugga waggulu vs. wakati vs. wansi w’omugga tailings¶

Si bifo byonna ebiterekebwamu omusulo (TSFs) batwala akabi ke kamu ak’okugwa. Omutindo gw’obukuumi mu by’okusima eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka mu nsi yonna (nga Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management, GISTM) okugabanya ebigo okusinziira ku ngeri omukutu gye gusitulwamu okumala ekiseera:

Obulabe bw’eddagala n’obutwa okusinziira ku kika ky’ekirombe¶

Okwawukana ku lahar ey’obutonde ey’olusozi oluvuuma oba ebitosi eby’oku nsozi ebikoleddwa ettaka n’amayinja ebitali birungi, ebifo ebikuumirwamu eby’amayinja n’amakolero birimu ebirungo ebirongoosa eddagala eringi, pH esukkiridde, n’ebyuma ebizito ebisobola okubeerawo mu biramu ebifuula ekitundu ekibooga okubeera ebintu eby’obulabe (HAZMAT) ekifo eky’akatyabaga.

Obubonero obulabula nga tebunnagwa ku ddaamu ya tailings¶

Bw’oba okolera mu kifo ekisima eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka, mu kkolero ly’amanda, oba ng’obeera okumpi amangu ddala n’olutindo lw’omusulo, loopa ekimu ku bbendera emmyufu ez’ebizimbe zino wammanga eri ab’obuyinza ab’amangu era osengule mu bitundu ebiri wansi w’omugga amangu ddala:

1. Amazzi ag’ebitosi oba ebire agakulukuta okuva mu maaso oba ekigere eky’ebweru ekya ddaamu: Amazzi amayonjo agakulukuta okuva mu midumu gy’ebigere egya yinginiya kya bulijjo; amazzi ag’ebitosi, aga langi y’omusenyu okubumbulukuka okuva mu lusozi lwa ddaamu oba wansi w’ettaka kitegeeza okukulugguka kw’ettaka munda (piping) akola nnyo okunaaza omusingi gwa ddaamu okuva munda okudda ebweru.
2. Ebitundu ebipya ebibisi, okugwa, okubumbulukuka, oba enjatika empanvu ku ntikko y’ebbibiro oba entebe ez’ebweru: Ekibinja ekiddugavu ekibisi ekirabika wakati w’olusozi olukalu olw’ebweru kiraga amazzi ag’omunda (phreatic surface) erinnye waggulu mu ngeri ey’akabi era ejjuza ekisusunku ky’enzimba.
3. Whirlpools oba sinkhole depressions forming on the tailings beach or pond surface: Kiraga nti ebintu ebiri wansi w’ettaka bikulukuta mu payipu y’amazzi agakulukuta oba ekituli ky’omusingi ekikutuse wansi w’ekifo ekikuumirwamu.
4. Ekidiba ky'amazzi nga kiyingirira okumpi n'ekikondo ky'ebbibiro ery'ebweru: Mu ddaamu eziri waggulu n'ez'omu makkati, ekidiba ky'amazzi eky'obwereere kirina okukuumibwa wala emabega okuva ku bbugwe w'olukomera olw'ebweru, nga kyawuddwamu "omwalo" omugazi ogw'omusenyu ogukulukuta. Singa enkuba ey’amaanyi esika amazzi agaggule waggulu ddala ku ntikko y’ebbibiro, okusukka waggulu n’okufuuka amazzi bisobola okugoberera mu ssaawa ntono.

Okuwangaala omutendera ku mutendera mu kiseera ky’okumenya n’oluvannyuma lw’okumenya¶

Omutendera 1: Okusengula abantu mu bwangu (Etteeka lya diguli 90 ku lusozi) .¶

1. Tambula mu nkoona ya diguli 90 okuva ku mugga oba ekiwonvu ekisiki:
2. Mu Ekitundu eky'okwetaasa (ZAS), abavunaanyizibwa ku by’okusima eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka kye bategeeza ng’ekitundu ekiri mu kiromita 10 (mayiro 6.2) wansi w’omugga oba eddakiika ezitakka wansi wa ddakiika 30 ng’amataba gatuuka, bbaasi entongole ezisengula abantu teziyinza kukutuukako mu budde.
3. Akaseera katono siren lw’ekaaba, okulabula okuweereza ku ssimu ya ssimu ya ssimu ne kutandika, oba bw’owulira okuwuuma okw’amaanyi, okukankanya ettaka okw’amayengo, dduka butereevu waggulu ku lusozi lw’ekiwonvu ng’otambula n’ebigere.
4. Tosala to bibanda okuva ku ludda olumu olw'omugga okudda ku lulala okutuuka ku luguudo lw'oyagala; mu kifo ky’ekyo, genda ku lusozi ku oludda lwonna olw’omugga lw’oyimiridde mu kiseera kino.
5. Olinnya waggulu ki:
6. Mu biwonvu by’ensozi ebifunda amangu ddala wansi wa ddaamu empanvu (nga ebbibiro lya Stava eryagwa mu 1985 mu Yitale, ng’ebitosi byatuuka ku sipiidi ya kiromita 90 buli ssaawa / mayiro 56 buli ssaawa), amayengo g’ebitosi gasobola okulinnya mita 15 ku 35 (fuuti 50 ku 115) okulinnya bbugwe w’ebiwonvu, naddala ku olubalama lw’ebweru olw’emigga gy’egwa where empalirizo ya centrifugal ekuba enduulu y’ebitosi waggulu waggulu ku lusozi (superelevation). Genderera okulinnya waakiri mita 30 ku 50 (fuuti 100 ku 165) waggulu w’ekiwonvu.

Omutendera 2: Lwaki tolina kulinnya ku bitoomi bya tailings oluvannyuma lw’amayengo okuyimirira¶

Oluvannyuma lw’amayengo amanene okuyita, wansi w’ekiwonvu kibikkibwako ennyanja empanvu, erimu obulimba ey’ebitosi enzirugavu, ebya kitaka oba ebimyufu ebiva ku mita emu okutuuka ku 15 (fuuti 3 okutuuka ku 50) mu buziba.

• Omutego gwa thixotropic: Ebiwuka ebitono ebiyitibwa fine tailings slimes (silt and clay-sized rock flour) zibeera za thixotropic: bwe zitaataaganyizibwa oba nga zirinnyiddwako, zifuuka amazzi ne zifuuka kolaasi enzito, enywevu nga zirina okusonseka kw’obutuli obubi (negative pore suction) okw’amaanyi.
• Mu ssaawa ntono ng’omusana gutangaala, sentimita 2 ku 5 ez’okungulu (yinsi emu ku 2) zikala ne zifuuka ekikuta ekikutuse ekirabika ng’ekigumu ekimala okutambula okusomoka, ate mita 3 wansi ne zisigala nga bitoomi bya mazzi.
• Singa omuntu asibidde ku kasolya oba mmotoka wakati mu kifo ekirimu ebitosi: Togezaako to kufuluma nga osala ebitoomi ng’otambula n’ebigere okumutaasa; abadduukirize abatalina bikozesebwa bya njawulo babbira mu bifuba ne bafuuka abakoseddwa bo bennyini. Linda nnamunkanga ezitaasa omuliro (hoist extraction) oba ttiimu ezitendekeddwa okutaasa ebitoomi nga bakozesa ebyuma ebitaasa ebitosi ebifuuwa omukka, ebipande ebigazi eby’embaawo ebiyitibwa mud-boards, n’ebikondo by’empewo enyigirizibwa (ebifuyira empewo okwetooloola amagulu g’omuntu ayisiddwa okumenya ekyuma ekisonseka empewo nga tebinnaba kuzisitula kufuluma).
• Bw’oba nga ggwe kennyini okwatiddwa ku ludda olw’ebweru olutambula mpola olw’ekifo ekiterekeddwamu ebitosi era nga tosobola kutuuka ku ttaka kkalu: Gaala ku mugongo oba olubuto mu embeera y’emmunyeenye y’ennyanja empanvu / ey’okuwuga ng’emikono n’amagulu byo bibunye okugabanya obuzito bw’omubiri gwo mu kitundu ekisinga obunene eky’okungulu (reducing ground bearing pressure below the mud's yield stress), olwo mpola mpola olubuto-kwekulukuunya oba okwekulukuunya okuyita ku ngulu ng’oyolekera ettaka erinywevu oba ebisasiro by’embaawo ebitengejja okusinga okugezaako okuyimirira nga weegolodde ku bigere byo.

Omutendera 3: Okulongoosa amangu eddagala eri abawonawo¶

Singa wabaawo omuntu yenna akwatiddwa ku mabbali g’omugga ogukulukuta oba okumansira omusulo gw’eby’okusima:

1. Ggyawo mangu engoye n’obutto byonna ebifukiddwa mu bitoomi: Tosika ssaati ezibikkiddwa ebitoomi mu maaso; ziteme n’ebisala bwe kiba kyetaagisa ozisibe mu buveera.
2. Sisiimuula ebitoomi ebinene ebirimu keeki n'olugoye olukalu oba omukono oguliko ggalavu, olwo onaabe bulungi n'amazzi amayonjo okumala eddakiika 15 ku 20:
3. Singa okuyiwa kuno kuzingiramu Bauxite "Red Mud" (caustic sodium hydroxide, pH 11 to 13): Okufaananako ne seminti omubisi, okwokya alkali emirundi mingi tekuluma mu ddakiika 15 ezisooka ate nga pH enkulu esaanuusa mu kasirise obutoffaali bw’olususu n’amaaso g’amaaso. Okunaaba olususu n’amaaso obutasalako n’amazzi amayonjo agakulukuta oba omunnyo okumala waakiri eddakiika 20 ku 30 era onoonye obujjanjabi obw’amangu obw’okwokya mu ddwaaliro n’obw’amaaso. Laba ekitabo kyaffe ekikulaga ku... okwokya eddagala lya seminti ne alkali.
4. Singa okuyiwa kuzingiramu Gold/Silver Cyanide Tailings: Londoola omutwe, okuziyira, okutabulwa, okussa amangu, olususu olumyufu nga cherry, oba metabolic acidosis; ebitongole by’abalwadde ab’amangu sitereka eddagala eriweebwa mu misuwa hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) eddagala eriziyiza obulwadde. Laba ekitabo kyaffe ekikulaga ku... okussa cyanide n’okumuwa obutwa obujjanjabi obusookerwako.
5. Okuziyiza okussa enfuufu ey’obutwa oluvannyuma lw’amataba: Enjuba bw’emala okukala ebitoomi ebisiiga enguudo n’amaka, buli mmotoka eyitawo ekuba ebire ebiziba amaaso eby’obuwunga obulungi obw’amayinja aga silika obusiddwamu arsenic, lead, cadmium, oba caustic soda. Yambala ekyuma ekissa obulungi N95, KN95, FFP2, oba P100 particulate respirator buli lw’oba ​​ebweru mu kifo w’okuba.

Ennamba z’embeera ez’amangu mu bitundu n’ebiragiro by’ebitongole¶

Ebibuuzo ebitera okubuuzibwa¶

Ebbibiro ly’amazzi erya tailings lyawukana litya ku ddaamu ly’amazzi erya bulijjo?¶

Ebbibiro ly’amazzi erya bulijjo kiziyiza kya lubeerera ekikoleddwa mu seminti omugumu, amayinja oba ebbumba n’amayinja aganywezeddwa ebikoleddwa yinginiya okuziyiza amazzi g’omugga amayonjo. Ebbibiro ly’ebisasiro (tailings dam) kifo kya kasasiro w’amakolero ekyazimbibwa buli lukya okumala emyaka mingi okutereka obukadde bwa ttani z’obuwunga bw’amayinja obubetenteddwa obulungi, ebirungo ebikola eddagala, n’ebikuta ebirimu ebyuma ebizito ebisigaddewo okuva mu kyuma ekisima. Daamu nnyingi enkadde ez'omusulo zazimbibwa nga bakozesa "enkola ya upstream," nga buli bbugwe omupya atumbibwa butereevu waggulu ku bitoomi ebibisi, ebitali binywezeddwa byennyini, ekibifuula ebizibu okufuuka amazzi mu bwangu n'okugwa ddala.

Lwaki tosobola kudduka kugwa kwa ddaamu ya tailings ng’ovuga mu luguudo lw’ekiwonvu?¶

Ebbibiro ly’ebisasiro bwe lifuuka amazzi ne limenya, ebbidde eridduka ery’ebitosi ebinene litera okubwatuka ebweru ku sipiidi ya kiromita 30 ku 80 buli ssaawa (mayiro 20 ku 50 buli ssaawa) wansi mu mukutu gw’omugga, ne litwala amayinja n’emiti egyasimbuddwa ebisaanyaawo enguudo z’omu biwonvu n’okusala ebibanda mu ddakiika ntono. Okuvuga wansi wansi w’ekiwonvu kikukuuma butereevu munda mu kkubo ly’ebitosi ng’enkulungo emu eyazibiddwa oba omutala ogunaazibwa gukutega n’ofa. Wabula, okudduka n’ebigere mu nkoona ya diguli 90 butereevu waggulu ku lusozi lw’ekiwonvu olusinga okumpi ofuna obugulumivu bwa mmita 30 ku 50 (fuuti 100 ku 165) mu ddakiika 3 ku 5 zokka, ekikuteeka waggulu w’amayengo g’ebitosi nga tolina bulabe.

Lwaki kyabulabe okutambulira ku bitoomi by’omusulo ne bwe wayise ennaku nga amataba gakomye okutambula?¶

Ebikuta by’eby’obuggagga bw’omu ttaka bibaamu obutundutundu bw’eby’obuggagga bw’omu ttaka ("slimes") obutonotono, obunene ng’omusenyu n’ebbumba ("slimes") obujjudde amazzi. Ekintu kino kibeera kya thixotropic: ate nga sentimita entono ez’okungulu zikala mu musana ne zifuuka ekikuta ekikutuse ekirabika ng’ekivundu ekigumu, ebitosi wansi bisigala nga bifuuse mazzi okumala wiiki oba emyezi. Akaseera omuntu k’ayita mu kikuta ekigonvu, okukankana kuddamu okufuula ebitosi ebyetoolodde amagulu ge amazzi, era kkufulu ey’okusonseka ennyo n’okusonseka mu bbanga (high density and vacuum suction lock) okwetooloola engatto ze n’ekiwato nga seminti omubisi, ekifuula okwetoloka obutasoboka awatali bipande bya njawulo ebitaasa ebitoomi oba ebyuma ebisitula nnamunkanga.

Kemiko ki ez’obutwa eziri munda mu bikuta by’omusulo gw’eby’okusima eby’obugagga eby’omu ttaka?¶

Obulabe obutuufu obw’eddagala businziira ku ky’obugagga eky’omu ttaka ekisimibwa. Ebikuta bya zaabu ne ffeeza bitera okubaamu sodium cyanide ow’obutwa wamu ne arsenic ne mercury. Ebikuta bya bauxite (aluminum) ebimanyiddwa nga "ebitosi ebimyufu," birimu eddagala lya caustic sodium hydroxide (`lye`) nga pH ya 11 ku 13 ekivaako okwokya okw’amaanyi mu ddagala ku lususu n’amaaso nga bikwatagana. Ebikuta by’ekikomo, ekyuma, omusulo, ne zinc sulfide bitera okuvaamu ebisasiro ebirimu asidi (`acid mine drainage`) ezitikkiddwamu arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, ne thallium ebisaanuuse, ate ebidiba by’amanda ebifuuwa evvu birimu arsenic, chromium, ne selenium ebisengejjeddwa.

Nsobola okufuula amazzi g’omugga oba oluzzi okuba amalungi okunywa oluvannyuma lw’okuyiwa omusulo nga ganfumba?¶

Nedda, tolina kunywa wadde okufumba n’amazzi g’omugga oba amazzi g’oluzzi agatali mawanvu agacaafu olw’omusulo gw’eby’okusima, era mu butuufu okufumba amazzi ago kijja kwongera okugafuula ey’akabi. Okufumba kutta obuwuka ne akawuka, naye tekirina kye kikola kuggyawo byuma bizito nga arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, oba hexavalent chromium; mu kifo ky’ekyo, amazzi bwe gafumba nga gagenda ng’omukka, omuwendo gw’ebyuma ebizito eby’obutwa mu kiyungu gweyongera, ate nga ebirungo byonna eby’eddagala ebiwunya bifuuka omukka mu mpewo gy’ossa. Kozesa amazzi g’omu bidomola gokka agasibiddwa oba ttanka z’amazzi ez’amangu ebitongole okutuusa ng’aboobuyinza bakakasizza amazzi.

"Self-Rescue Zone" (ZAS) kitegeeza ki singa mbeera okumpi n'ekirombe?¶

Mu mateeka g’ensi yonna agakwata ku by’okwerinda mu ddaamu ly’omusulo (nga ago agassibwa mu nkola mu Brazil ne wansi w’omutindo gw’amakolero g’ensi yonna ku nzirukanya y’omusulo), Self-Rescue Zone (`Zona de Autossalvamento` oba `ZAS`) kinnyonnyolwa ng’ekitundu ky’ekiwonvu ekiri mu kiromita 10 (mayiro 6.2) wansi w’omugga, oba ekitundu kyonna amayengo g’ebitosi we gandituuse mu ddakiika ezitakka wansi wa 30. Olw’okuba abadduukirize ab’ebweru abakola ku mbeera ez’amangu tebasobola kutuuka mu mubiri mu zooni eno ng’amayengo tegannaba kukuba, abatuuze n’abakozi munda mu ZAS beesigamye ku ssayirini ezikola mu ngeri ey’otoma, okulabula okw’amangu okuva mu busimu, n’amakubo g’ebigere agateekeddwako akabonero nga tegannabaawo agagenda butereevu waggulu ku bbugwe w’ekiwonvu okutuuka mu bifo ebikuŋŋaanyiziddwa ku ttaka erya waggulu.

Ebiragiro ebikwatagana nabyo¶

• Amataba agabutuka mu nnyanja ya Glacial lake (GLOFs) n’okusengula abantu olw’okulemererwa kwa ddaamu
• Okubumbulukuka kw’ettaka, okubumbulukuka kw’ebitosi, n’okuwona okukulukuta kw’ebifunfugu
• Seminti, seminti omubisi, okwokya eddagala lya alkali, n’okukwatibwa amaaso ga lime
• Cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, ne ggaasi w’amakolero mu kussa obujjanjabi obusookerwako
• Okuyiwa eddagala, ebiwujjo bya HAZMAT, n’okulongoosa obucaafu

Ensonda n’obulagirizi obutongole¶

• Enteekateeka y’amawanga amagatte ku butonde bw’ensi (UNEP), International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM), & Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI): Omutindo gw’amakolero mu nsi yonna ku nzirukanya y’ebisasiro (GISTM) - Ekyetaagisa 13: Enteekateeka z’okwetegekera n’okuddamu mu mbeera ez’amangu.
• Akakiiko k’ensi yonna akakola ku bbibiro ennene (ICOLD): Bulletin 121 & Bulletin 194: Obulabe bw’ebibibiro by’ebigoma eby’omu ttaka eby’obulabe, eby’okuyiga okuva mu bibaddewo mu nkola, n’okukola maapu y’amazzi agakulukuta mu kumenya amabiro.
• Ekitongole kya Federo ekiddukanya embeera ez’amangu (FEMA) & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, United States): Ebiragiro bya Federo ku by’okwerinda by’ebbibiro: Enteekateeka y’ebikolwa eby’amangu ku kulemererwa kw’okusiba ebbibiro n’omusulo.
• Ekitongole ky’ebyobulamu mu nsi yonna (WHO): Eddagala erifulumizibwa olw’ebintu eby’obulabe eby’obutonde n’obutyabaga bwa tekinologiya (NATECH): Okulemererwa kw’ebibinja by’omusulo, ebyuma ebizito, ne Cyanide Public Health Response.
• Agência Nacional de Mineração (ANM) & Defesa Civil Nacional (Brazil): Ebitongole ebikola ku nsonga z’amagye, Zonas de Autossalvamento (ZAS), e Sistemas de Alerta Sonoro.