Amadaala Amagwa, Akasolya Slip-Offs, ne Aluminiyamu Amadaala Amasannyalaze Layini Okukwatagana¶

Amadaala agayitibwa portable extension ladders, step ladders, n’obusolya bw’amayumba bye bisinga obungi ku bigwa ebitta abantu era ebikyusa obulamu okwetoloola amaka n’ekifo awazimbibwa. Okwawukana ku ndowooza y’abantu, omuntu teyeetaaga kugwa okuva mu kizimbe ky’ebyobusuubuzi eky’emyaliiro mingi okusobola okufuna obuvune obw’amaanyi ku bwongo, okumenya omugongo gw’omumwa gwa nnabaana, oba okuvaamu omusaayi mu kifuba: okunoonyereza mu kuwandiika obuvune mu bujjanjabi kulaga nti okusukka mu kitundu ky’okugwa kwonna okw’amadaala okutta kubaawo okuva ku buwanvu bwa ffuuti obwa mmita 3 (fuuti 10) oba wansi. Amadaala ag’okugaziya bwe gasimbulwa mu buwanvu ennyo (wansi w’enkoona ya diguli 75 etaliiko bulabe), ebigere byago ebya wansi bifuluma emabega ku seminti omuseeneekerevu, omuddo omubisi, oba ebipande bya ddeeke (base slide-out). Emirundi egyenkanankana, nnannyini maka ng’alinnya ku mabbali okuva waggulu ku madaala n’agenda ku mudumu gw’akasolya nga tagaziya ku mabbali g’eggaali y’omukka waakiri 0.9 mita (fuuti 3) waggulu w’ekisenge ekiwanvu asika waggulu w’amadaala mu bbali okutuusa lwe gaseerera okuva ku lubaawo lwa fascia, n’anyiga omulinnyi omutwe-okusooka oba ffuuti-okusooka ku kkubo.

Akabi ak’okubiri, akatta amangu kabaawo buli omukozi lw’asitula, n’asitula, oba ng’azzaayo amadaala amawanvu aga aluminiyamu agagaziya, ekitundu ky’omudumu, ekikondo ky’ekidiba, oba ekyuma ekisala emiti okumpi ne waya z’amasannyalaze eziri waggulu. Layini z’okusaasaanya ezisookerwako ez’omu kitundu waggulu eziwanikiddwa ku nguudo ne layini z’ebintu zitwala 7,200 okutuuka ku 34,500 volts AC era nga ziri bwereere ddala, cable y’ekyuma etaliiko insulated; ne wansi wa secondary service drop eddukira okuva ku kikondo ky’oku luguudo okutuuka ku weatherhead y’ennyumba etwala 120/240 volts nga erina insulation eyakaddiwa ekutuka nga zikutuse wansi w’omusana. Ensonga y’amadaala ga aluminiyamu oba eggaali y’omukka ey’embaawo ennyogovu bw’ejja mu bbanga eriri mu bbanga oba ng’ekwata ku layini eri waggulu, akasannyalazo aka vvulovumenti akanene kakuba butereevu wansi ku ggaali y’omukka nga gayita mu mikono n’ebigere by’omulinnyi okuyingira mu nsi, ne kireeta okuwuuma kw’omusuwa mu kaseera katono, okusiba ebinywa bya tetanic, n’okwokya okw’amaanyi okw’amasannyalaze okuyingira n’okufuluma, ne kugobererwa okwokya okw’amaanyi okw’okubiri okugwa nga circuit ekutukako. Okumanya engeri y’okukuuma abalaba nga bava ku ddaala eririmu amaanyi ku ttaka, okukuuma omugongo gw’omumwa gwa nnabaana n’ekisambi ky’omulinnyi agudde nga tobitambuza, okutegeera omusaayi ogw’omunda n’okumenya omugugu gw’omugongo (calcaneal-lumbar axial load fractures), n’okutaasa omuntu alinnya ensozi ng’asibiddwa ku kasolya oba ng’ayimiridde mu kaguwa kitaasa obulamu.

Kino kikole kati¶

1. YIMIRIZA era otunule waggulu waya eziri waggulu nga tonnasemberera muntu yenna eyagudde n’amadaala. Singa amadaala ga aluminiyamu oba aga fiberglass/embaawo amabisi gakwata oba gawummudde okumpi ne layini y’amasannyalaze waggulu, TOKUkwata ku ddaala, omuntu ayisiddwa, oba ettaka eribisi mu mmita 10 (fuuti 35). Amadaala n’ettaka erigyetoolodde biyinza okuweebwa amaanyi ku nkumi n’enkumi za vvuloti; kuba ku nnamba yo ey’amangu mu kitundu kyo (911 mu Amerika ne Canada, 112 okwetoloola omukago gwa Bulaaya, 999 mu Bungereza) mu bwangu olinde ekitongole ky’amasannyalaze okuggya amaanyi mu layini; kebera ennamba z’amangu era olabe layini z’amasannyalaze ezigudde n’okukubwa amasannyalaze mu mmotoka.
2. TOSIKA, totuula, oba okusika omuntu agudde ku bigere oluvannyuma lw’amadaala oba akasolya okugwa okuggyako ng’ali mu kabi ak’amangu akayinza okutta omuntu (nga omuliro ogukola). Okugwa okuva ku mita wadde 1.8 okutuuka ku 3 (fuuti 6 ku 10) kutera okumenya omugongo gw’omumwa gwa nnabaana oba ogw’omugongo n’ekisambi; okusitula omuntu agudde oba okumulekera okugezaako okuyimirira kiyinza okusalako omugongo oba okuvuga ebitundu by’amagumba amasongovu mu kifuba mu misuwa emikulu egy’omusaayi; laba obuvune ku mugongo.
3. Fukamira waggulu ku mutwe gw'omugenzi era otebenkeze omutwe n'ensingo mu ngeri etali ya bulabe n'emikono gyombi ng'oyogera nabo mu bukkakkamu. Buulira oyo: "Sigala ddala, tonyenya mutwe oba okukyusa omutwe gwo, obuyambi buli mu kkubo." Singa omugenzi aba azirika era ng'asesema oba ng'akulukuta omusaayi, funa abayambi babiri oba basatu log-roll omubiri nga ekintu kimu ekikakafu ku ludda lwabwe ng'okuuma omutwe n’ensingo nga zikwatagana bulungi n’omubiri gw’omubiri.
4. Fuga omusaayi ogw’amaanyi okuva ebweru okuva mu kumenya okuggule oba okukutuka kw’olususu lw’oku mutwe ng’onyiga obutereevu obunywevu oba okusiba eggumba ly’omukono. Singa eggumba ly’omukono (compound tibia/fibula) oba eggumba ly’omukono ogw’omu maaso lifumita mu lususu oluvannyuma lw’okugwa, nyweza mpola gaasi eziyonjo ku mbiriizi z’ekiwundu nga tosika ggumba erifulumye emabega munda, oba ssaako ekyuma ekiyitibwa windlass tourniquet 5 ku 7 sentimita (yinsi 2 ku 3) waggulu w’omusuwa gw’ekitundu ky’omubiri ogufuumuuka; laba okumenya amagumba okuggule n’okubikkulwa kw’amagumba era okuvaamu omusaayi.
5. Tandika CPR ey’amangu ey’emikono gyokka oba eya bulijjo singa omuntu abadde takola bulungi era nga tassa bulungi (bw’omala okukakasa 100% nti tewali bulabe bwa masannyalaze). Singa omuntu eyakubwa yakubwa amasannyalaze okuva ku layini y’amasannyalaze oba service drop era n’asuulibwa okuva ku ddaala, omutima gwe guyinza okuba nga guli mu ventricular fibrillation; tandika okunyigiriza ekifuba ku sipiidi 100 ku 120 buli ddakiika n’ossaako ekyuma ekiziyiza okuzimba ekifuba ekya Automated External Defibrillator (AED) amangu ddala nga kifunye; laba CPR era okukubwa amasannyalaze.
6. Singa omukozi aseerera okuva ku kasolya n’awanirira nga taseeyeeya mu kaguwa akakuuma okugwa, teeka emiguwa gy’ebigere egy’okuyimirizaawo amangu ddala era giteeke wansi mu ddakiika 10 okutuuka ku 15. Okuwanirira mu vertikal mu miguwa gy’amagulu kisalako omusaayi gw’emisuwa okudda okuva mu magulu (suspension trauma / orthostatic intolerance), ekiyinza okuvaako omutima okukwatibwa okufa munda Eddakiika 15 ku 30; lagira omukozi amanyi okupampagira amagulu gaabwe oba okulinnya mu loopu ekka wansi ku muguwa okutuusa ng’ataasibwa; laba scaffolding swing-stage okulemererwa n'obuvune bw'okuyimirizaawo harness.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ladder Fall, Roof Slip-Off, oba Okukwatagana ne Layini y’Amasannyalaze"] --> ElecCheck{"Amadaala gakwata oba gali kumpi ne waya eri waggulu?"}
    ElecCheck -->|"YEE: Okukwatagana ne waya oba layini egwa wansi"| HighVolt["1. SIULA EDDAGALA waakiri mmita 10 (fuuti 35) okuva ku ddaala n’omukoseddwa<br/>2. TOGEZAAKO kusika ddaala lya vvulovumenti eya waggulu n’omuggo gw’ekisero<br/>3. Kuba 911 / 112 / 999 okufuna amaanyi mu by’amasannyalaze mu bwangu"]
    ElecCheck -->|"NO: Pure mechanical okugwa ku ttaka"| Responsive{"Omuntu afunye obuzibu ategeera era assa?"}
    Responsive -->|"Taddamu ate nga tassa"| StartCPR["1. Ggulawo omukutu gw’empewo ng’okozesa jaw-thrust (tewali kulengejja mutwe bwe kiba kisoboka)<br/>2. Tandika CPR ey’amangu (100 okutuuka ku 120/eddakiika) era osiige AED<br/>3. Fuga omusaayi gwonna ogufuumuuka mu bitundu by’omubiri gw’emisuwa"]
    Responsive -->|"Okumanya oba okussa mu ngeri eya bulijjo"| SpineCare["1. Kwata omutwe n’ensingo nga bikyali mu manual in-line stabilization<br/>2. TOLEKA omuntu ayisiddwa obubi kutuula, kwekulukuunya, oba okugezaako okuyimirira<br/>3. Fuga omusaayi era ozinge mpola ekisambi singa kiteeberezebwa nti hip/pelvic crush<br/>4. Bikkako omufaliso ogubuguma okuziyiza ebbugumu eringi era olinde EMS"]
    HighVolt --> PowerOff["Oluvannyuma lwa utility okukakasa nti layini FUDDE era nga eri ku ttaka: Kebera okussa, tandika CPR/AED, era ojjanjabe okwokya kw’amasannyalaze + okugwa"]

Amadaala ga aluminiyamu ne gutter bikwatagana ne layini z’amasannyalaze waggulu¶

Lwaki layini z’amasannyalaze mu maka zikuba bannannyini mayumba amasannyalaze buli wiikendi¶

Bwe bayoza ebikoola okuva mu mifulejje, okusiiga langi ku bipande bya fascia, okusala ebitundu by’emiti oba okuteeka amataala g’ennaku enkulu, bannannyini mayumba ne kkampuni ezikola kontulakiti bulijjo basitula amadaala ga aluminiyamu agagaziyizibwa aga mmita 6 ku 12 (fuuti 20 ku 40) mu vertikal mu luggya olufunda olw’ebbali. Abantu abasinga balowooza mu bukyamu nti waya ezitambulira waggulu ku nguudo z’abatuuze oba okusomoka oluggya lw’emabega zisiigibwako ebipiira ebinene ebiziyiza omuliro ng’omuguwa ogw’okugaziya ogw’omunda.

Mu butuufu, layini z’amasannyalaze eziri waggulu zireeta obulabe bwa vvulovumenti busatu obw’enjawulo:

Okuddamu okutaasa mu mitendera ku mutendera ng’amadaala gakwatagana ne layini y’amasannyalaze eri waggulu¶

Ensonga A: Amadaala gakyakwata oba nga geesigamye ku waya eri waggulu¶

1. Teekawo ekitundu ekikakafu eky’okuggyibwako ekya mmita 10 (fuuti 35) amangu ddala: Singa amadaala g’ekyuma gaba gakyawummudde ku waya eya waggulu, oba singa waya eba eyokeddwa okuyita mu madaala, olukomera, olukomera lw’ekyuma, oba omuddo n’egwa, akasannyalazo ka vvulovumenti ennene kakulukuta obutasalako mu ttaka, ne kikola empeta za vvulovumenti ezitalabika ezikwatagana okubuna ettaka (ground gradient / step okusobola). Okutambula ng’oyolekera amadaala n’emitendera egya bulijjo kisobozesa amasannyalaze okuyingira mu kigere ekimu ne gafuluma mu kirala, ne kisannyalaza n’okukuba amasannyalaze omudduukirize nga tebannatuuka ku muntu ayisiddwa; laba layini z’amasannyalaze ezigudde n’okukubwa amasannyalaze mu mmotoka.
2. TOGEZAAKO kukoona ddaala ku layini y’amasannyalaze agasookerwako waggulu n’omuggo ogw’embaawo, bboodi ya 2x4, oba payipu ya PVC: Ku 7,200 ku 34,500 volts, akasannyalazo aka vvulovumenti akanene kalondoola awatali kufuba wansi ku bunnyogovu obw’okungulu oba empeke ey’omunda ey’omukono gw’ekisero ogw’embaawo ogw’awaka oba payipu y’akaveera, ne gutta omuntu agukwata. Okusika amadaala agatali manywevu aga mmita 9 (fuuti 30) nakyo kigaleetera okukuba ebbali n’okuleeta waya ennamu wansi waggulu wo.
3. Kuba 911 / 112 / 999 mu bwangu osabe okuggalwa kwa layini y'amasannyalaze mu bwangu: Buulira omusindika endagiriro y'oluguudo entuufu era otegeeze bulungi: "Omuntu akubiddwa amasannyalaze okuva ku layini y'amasannyalaze eyali waggulu era amadaala gakyakwatagana ne waya."
4. Bw’oba ggwe kennyini oyimiridde okumpi n’omusingi gw’amadaala nga gakuba waya: Wulira okuwuuma kwonna mu bbuutu oba amagulu go. Ebigere byombi bikuume nga binywevu wamu era shuffle oba bunny-hop away (ebigere byombi nga bikka mu kaseera ke kamu ddala, oba okusereba ekigere ekimu ku kirala nga tositula na kutambula) okutuusa lw’onooba waakiri mita 10 ku 15 (fuuti 35 ku 50) okuva ku madaala n’emidumu oba ebikomera byonna eby’ekyuma ebiyungiddwa.

Ensonga B: Amadaala n’omugenzi bigudde ddala okuva ku waya eri waggulu¶

Emirundi mingi, omulinnyi bw’aba ng’asitudde amadaala ag’ennyiriri ng’asala oluggya ate ng’ensonga ey’okungulu esiimuula waya eya waggulu, okukubwa kw’amasannyalaze oba ekiseera ky’amaanyi ag’ekisikirize kikyusa amadaala emabega kale amadaala n’oyo ayisiddwa ne bagwa wansi ddala nga bavudde ddala ku waya eya waggulu etaliiko kamogo:

1. Kakasa n’amaaso nti waya teyonoonese waggulu era wadde waya wadde amadaala tekukwata ku kondakita yenna alina amaanyi: Tunuulira butereevu waggulu okukakasa nti waya teyakutuka n’ewanirira wansi, era kakasa nti amadaala agagudde gali mita eziwera okuva ku nsibuko yonna ey’amasannyalaze enamu.
2. Semberera omuntu ayisiddwa obubi era okebere amangu ddala engeri gy’addamu n’okussa: Amasannyalaze agakyukakyuka aga vvulovumenti eya waggulu (50/60 Hz) agayita okuva mu ngalo okutuuka ku bigere gasala butereevu mu mutima, ne galeeta okukankana kw’omutima (okukankana okw’akavuyo kw’ebinywa by’omutima) oba okusiba kw’okussa okuva mu kusannyalala kw’ekibumba n’okusannyalala kw’omusuwa gw’obwongo; laba okukubwa amasannyalaze.
3. Tandika CPR ey'omutindo ogwa waggulu era osiige AED amangu ddala singa omuntu abadde tassa bulungi:
4. Abakoseddwa omutima okusiba amasannyalaze batera okuba n’emitima emilamu egyayimirira olw’amasannyalaze gokka; CPR ey’amangu n’okukendeeza ku fibrillation nga bukyali nga okozesa AED bitwala omuwendo gw’okuwangaala ogw’amaanyi ennyo singa gutandikibwa mu ddakiika 3 ku 5 ezisooka; laba CPR.
5. Kozesa jaw-thrust maneuver (okusitula enkoona z’akawanga aka wansi mu maaso n’engalo zo nga tolengezza mutwe emabega) bw’oba weetaaga okuggulawo omukutu gw’empewo, kubanga n’oyo eyakubwa naye yagwa ng’amadaala gagudde.
6. Kebera ebiwundu by’amasannyalaze bibiri ebiyingira/ebifuluma n’okwonooneka kw’ebinywa eby’omunda:
7. Tunuulira engalo/engalo zombi (omulinnyi we yakwata emiguwa gy’amadaala) n’ensowera z’ebigere byombi oba ebigere (awali akasannyalazo akafuluma nga kayita mu bbuutu okuyingira mu ttaka). Ebiwundu ebiyingira n’okufuluma ebya vvulovumenti ennene bitera okufaanana ng’ebisenge ebitono, ebibbira, ebizirugavu ebya kyenvu oba ebiyokeddwa ku lususu nga bikweka okuzimba okw’ebbugumu okw’amaanyi okw’amaanyi okw’ebinywa, obusimu, n’emisuwa gy’omusaayi okuyita mu kkubo ly’amagumba ag’omunda (the iceberg effect).
8. Okwokya olususu oba engoye zonna ezikola n’amazzi agannyogoga, bikka ebiwundu by’amasannyalaze n’ebizigo ebikalu ebitaliimu buwuka, era otegeeze abajjanjabi abasookerwako ku nkola ya vvulovumenti eya waggulu olwo eddwaaliro ne lirondoola obuzibu bw’omutima obutakola bulungi ne myoglobinuric acute kidney injury (rhabdomyolysis); laba obuvune obw’amaanyi mu kibumba n’obulwadde bwa rhabdomyolysis.

Okugwa kw’amadaala mu makanika n’okuseerera kw’akasolya: Biomechanics n’engeri y’obuvune¶

Engeri mode y’okulemererwa kw’amadaala gye eragira obuvune obw’omunda obw’omuntu ayisiddwa¶

Okutegeera engeri omulinnyi gye yagwa kikubuulira n’abajjanjabi abatuuse ddala okukutuka okukwese n’okuvaamu omusaayi munda bye musuubira, ne bwe baba nga tebannaba kukwatibwa X-ray oba CT scans:

Lwaki olina okukebera omugongo gw’omugongo buli muntu agudde ng’alinnya ensozi yeemulugunya olw’okulumwa ekisinziiro¶

Ekimu ku mitego egy’obulabe ennyo egy’okuzuula oluvannyuma lw’okugwa amadaala oba akasolya kibaawo nga nnannyini maka abuuse okuva ku ddaala erigwa okuva ku mita 2.5 okutuuka ku 4.5 (fuuti 8 ku 15), n’agwa mu square ku bigere byombi, n’agwa ku kkubo eriyingira ng’akuba enduulu olw’obulumi ku ebikondo byabwe ebimenyese oba enkizi.

Omuntu bw’atuuka ku ttaka ng’asoose bigere okuva ku buwanvu, amagumba g’ekisinziiro (calcanei) gasooka kukuba ttaka ne gabetenta ng’akakookolo. Naye, axial shockwave esigaddewo egenda mu maaso butereevu waggulu ku magumba g’omugongo n’ebisambi okutuuka mu S-curve junction y’omugongo ogwa wansi (wakati w’omugongo ogw’ekkumi n’omulundi ogwa 12 ogw’omugongo T12 n’omugongo ogw’okubiri ogw’omugongo L2), ne kireeta okumenya kw’omugongo okubutuka okutali kunywevu okuvuga ebitundu by’amagumba mu mwala gw’omugongo. Olw’okuba obulumi obw’amaanyi obw’amagumba g’ekisinziiro abiri agamenyese buba buzibu nnyo, buzibikira ddala obulumi obutono mu mugongo wakati okutuuka wansi (obuvune obuwugulaza). Singa abatunuulizi bayamba omugenzi okutuula oba okuwuubaala okutuuka ku mmotoka okuvuga okugenda mu kulabirirwa okw’amangu okulabirira enkizi ze, okumenya kw’omugongo okutali kunywevu kukyuka ne kusannyalala amagulu gombi enkalakkalira (paraplegia oba obulwadde bw’embalaasi (cauda equina syndrome).).

Obuyambi obusookerwako mu mutendera ku mutendera eri omuntu agwa amadaala oba akasolya ku ttaka¶

Omutendera 1: Okukebera okusookerwako n’okutebenkeza omugongo mu ngalo¶

1. Weeteeke mu layini y’okulaba kw’oyo ayisiddwa nga tonnaba kwogera: Singa oleekaana ng’oli emabega oba ku mabbali g’omulinnyi agudde ng’agalamidde ku ttaka, obuzaale bwabwe obw’amangu bujja kuba bwa kukyusakyusa bulago bwabwe okukutunuulira. Sooka otambule mu kifo kyabwe eky’okulaba obutereevu, olwo ofkamire emabega w’omutwe gwabwe era oteeke emikono gyo mpola ku njuyi zombi ez’omutwe gwabwe okukwata ensingo mu ngeri etaliimu; laba obuvune ku mugongo.
2. Okukebera ekkubo ly'empewo, okussa, n'eddaala ly'okutegeera (AVPU):
3. Noonya obubonero obulaga nti alina obuzibu obw’amaanyi obuvune ku mutwe oba basilar skull fracture: okuzirika okumala akaseera katono oba okumala ebbanga eddene, okutabulwa oba okuddiŋŋana ekibuuzo kye kimu, amaaso agatali ga kyenkanyi, amazzi amayonjo ag’amazzi (cerebrospinal fluid) oba omusaayi ogutonnya okuva mu nnyindo oba mu mulyango gw’amatu, oba okusiiyibwa.
4. Topakirangako ppamba oba gaasi nnyo munda mu kutu oba ennyindo evaamu omusaayi oluvannyuma lw’omutwe okugwa; leka omusaayi oba amazzi amayonjo gakulukule mu ddembe ku paadi etali ya buwuka enzirugavu essiddwaako akatambi akatono ku kutu okw’ebweru.
5. Kebera okussa n’obulungi bw’ekisenge ky’ekifuba: Noonya entambula y’ekifuba ey’amangu, etali nnene oba etali ya kigero, obulumi obw’amaanyi ng’ofuuwa, oba empewo efuumuuka okuva mu kiwundu mu kifuba; laba flail ekifuba, okumenya embiriizi, n’okulumwa mu kifuba okutali kwa maanyi.

Omutendera 2: Okufuga omusaayi, okutebenkeza ekisambi, n’okulabirira okumenya ebitundu by’omubiri¶

1. Fuga omusaayi okuva ebweru oguyinza okutta obulamu nga totaataaganya mugongo:
2. Siiga puleesa ennywevu obutereevu ne gaasi ataliimu buwuka ku biwundu by’olususu lw’oku mutwe (ssinga eggumba ly’ekiwanga eriri wansi liwulira nga linywevu era nga terina kamogo; singa ekiwanga kiwulira nga kigonvu, nga kya sipongi oba nga kinyigiriziddwa, ssaako puleesa ya ring-pad mpola yokka okwetooloola empenda).
3. Ku kumenya kw’ebitundu by’omubiri ebiggule ng’enkomerero y’eggumba ensongovu efubutuse mu lususu, togezaako kusika ggumba kudda wansi w’olususu era togolola kumenya kwa nkoona nnyo singa oyo akubwa aba n’omukka mu ngalo/ekigere ate nga EMS ebula eddakiika ntono. Bikka eggumba erirabise n’ekizigo ekitaliimu buwuka ekifukiddwa n’omunnyo ogutaliimu buwuka (oba gaasi omukalu omuyonjo) era osiige ekitundu ky’omubiri mu kifo kyennyini ekizuuliddwa; laba okumenya amagumba okuggule n’okubikkulwa kw’amagumba era amagumba agamenyese n’okunyiga.
4. Teebereza era okuume okumenya ekisambi okutali kunywevu oluvannyuma lw’okugwa ku ludda oba okugwa ennyo:
5. Singa omugenzi yagwa ku kiwato kye, enkwaso, oba ekisambi n’aloopa obulumi obw’amaanyi mu kisambi, ekisambi, oba wansi mu lubuto, oba singa okugulu okumu kulabika nga kumpi era nga kukyusiddwa ebweru, bayinza okuba n’okumenya ekisambi okwa open-book pelvic fracture nga kusobola okufulumya omusaayi liita 2 ku 3 ez’omusaayi mu kifo eky’emabega w’olubuto.
6. TOKYOKAKO" oba okunyiga munda/ebweru ku magumba g'ekisambi g'omuntu ayisiddwa okukebera oba yamenyese; okukola ekyo kigoba omusaayi ogutaasa obulamu munda mu kifuba.
7. Mpola mpola, leeta enkizi n’amaviivi g’omuntu ayisiddwa wamu (bwe kiba tekiziyiziddwa kumenya kifuba/ekisambi) era osibe ekitanda oba jaketi ezing’amiddwa obulungi okwetoloola ebiwujjo by’amagumba ebisinga obugazi ku bisambi eby’ebweru, SSI ku kiwato/olubuto olugonvu) okukwata empeta y’omu kifuba ng’eggaddwa okutuusa ng’abajjanjabi basazeeko ekyuma ekisiba ekisambi eky’ettunzi; laba okutebenkeza okumenya ekisambi n’okufuga okuvaamu omusaayi munda.
8. Okuziyiza okubuguma n'okukankana nga olinda ambyulensi:
9. Okugalamira nga totambula ku seminti ennyogovu, kolaasi oba ettaka ennyogovu kiggya mangu ebbugumu ly’omubiri, era ebbugumu eringi kikosa okuzimba omusaayi (the trauma triad of death). Bikka omubiri gw’omuntu alumizibwa, amagulu, n’omutwe n’emifaliso oba ekkooti ezibuguma nga tositula mugongo gwe, era towa ekintu kyonna mu kamwa (tewali mazzi, mmere, oba ddagala eriweweeza ku bulumi) singa kiba kyetaagisa okulongoosebwa mu bwangu; laba okukankana.

Ky’olina okukola singa amadaala go gagwa ne gakuleka ng’osibye ku kasolya oba ng’owaniridde ku mudumu¶

1. Okuwanika mu ngalo zo ku kasolya oba ku mudumu¶

Bw’oseerera ku kisaawe ky’akasolya ekiwanvu oba amadaala go ne gafuluma ng’ogenda okusomoka ekiwonvu, n’oleka ng’olengejja engalo zo okuva ku mudumu gw’enkuba oba olubaawo lwa fascia:

1. Togezaako kuwuubaala ku mabbali okutuuka ku ddaala eririko enkokola: Okuwuuba kuteeka emigugu egy’amaanyi egy’okusala ku bipiira bya aluminiyamu ebinafu, ne kikutula omudumu gwonna okuva ku lubaawo lwa fascia ne gugwa waggulu wo.
2. Singa ettondo liba wansi wa mita 3 ku 4 (fuuti 10 ku 13) ku muddo, ettaka, oba ebisaka era nga tosobola kwesika waggulu mu sikonda 5, kola controlled parachute landing fall (PLF) nga grip yo tennalemererwa nga tosuubira:
3. Tunuulira wansi mangu olabe ekitundu ky’omuddo oba ettaka ekitangaavu okuva ku ddaala lya aluminiyamu eryagudde, ku mbiriizi za seminti oba ebikondo by’olukomera.
4. Ebigere n’amaviivi bikuume wamu ng’amaviivi gafukamidde katono (tosiba maviivi go nga gagoloddwa), ekirevu nga kikutte mu kifuba, n’ebikoona nga bikutte ku mbavu zo.
5. Leka mu bugenderevu okusinga okusekula emabega ng’engalo zo zikunyiga. Akaseera katono emipiira gy’ebigere byo gye gikwata ku ttaka, kiriza amaviivi go n’ebisambi byo okugwa ne biyiringisibwa ku mabbali okubuna ennyana yo, ekisambi eky’ebweru, enkasi, n’ekibegabega eky’enjawulo okusaasaanya okukuba okw’ennyiriri mu buwanvu bw’omubiri gwo gwonna mu kifo ky’okuginyiga mu bikonde byo n’omugongo gw’omugongo.

2. Okusibira ku kasolya nga tofunye buvune oluvannyuma lw’amadaala okufuuwa¶

1. Sigala emabega waakiri mita 2 (fuuti 6) okuva ku mabbali g’akasolya otuule wansi ku shingles (naddala singa akasolya kali nnyogovu, nga kalimu ebisusunku, nga kalimu omuzira, oba nga kawanvu okusinga ku 4:12 pitch).
2. Kozesa essimu yo oba okuleekaana baliraanwa okuyambibwa: Togezaako kubuuka okuva ku kasolya k’omwaliiro gumu (mu ngeri entuufu mita 2.7 ku 3.5 / ffuuti 9 ku 11.5 ku bbali) ku kkubo eriyingira mu mmotoka oba oluggya, era togezaako kulinnya wansi ku kiveera kya vinyl downspout, trellis, oba satellite dish mast, ekijja okukutuka okuva mu bbugwe wansi w’obuzito bw’omubiri gw’omuntu omukulu.

Okuteekawo amadaala n’olukalala lw’okukebera obukuumi bw’akasolya (Amateeka agafuga ffuuti 4 ku 1 ne 3)¶

• Etteeka ly’enkoona 4 ku 1 (diguli 75.5): Teeka omusingi gw’amadaala ag’okugaziya ebweru yuniti emu ey’obuwanvu obw’okwesimbye ku buli yuniti 4 ez’obugulumivu obw’okwesimbye okutuuka ku kifo eky’okuwanirira waggulu (okugeza, mita 1 / ffuuti 3.25 okuva ku bbugwe ku bbugwe eya mita 4 / ffuuti 13). Okugezesa okuyimirira: Yimirira ng’obugere bwo bukwata wansi w’emiguwa gy’amadaala era ogolole emikono gyombi butereevu mu maaso go ku buwanvu bw’ebibegabega; engalo zo zirina okukwata obulungi eddaala eriri butereevu mu maaso go.
• Etteeka ly’okugaziya akasolya ka 0.9-Meter (3-Foot): Buli lw’okozesa amadaala okulinnya ku kasolya, gaziya eggaali y’omukka ey’ebbali waakiri mita 0.9 (fuuti 3), oba nga 3 full rungs, waggulu w’akasolya aka waggulu eave, era onyweze eggaali y’omukka ey’okungulu ku nnanga ennywevu ey’akasolya oba gutter stabilizer standoff amadaala galeme kuseeyeeya ku mabbali.
• Kebera ekitundu eky’okufuluma kwa layini y’amasannyalaze eya Mita 3 (Fuuti 10) waggulu: Tambula enzirugavu ya diguli 360 okwetoloola ekifo w’okolera ng’otunudde butereevu waggulu nga tonnasitula ddaala lyonna; kozesa amadaala ga fiberglass agatali ga conductive buli lw’okola okumpi n’amatondo g’amasannyalaze.
• Kakasa Duty Rating y’amadaala (Type IA / IAA) ne locking pawls: Kakasa nti obusobozi bw’obuzito bw’amadaala busukka obuzito bw’omubiri gwo nga kw’ogasse ebikozesebwa byonna n’ebikozesebwa ebisituliddwa, kakasa nti ebizibiti byombi eby’amadaala ebitikkiddwa spring (embwa/pawls) biyingidde mu bujjuvu ku rung y’ekitundu ekya wansi, era osibe omuguwa gwa halyard.
• Kuuma Ebifo Bisatu Ebikwatagana n’Etteeka ly’Okusiba Omusipi: Bulijjo kuuma emikono ebiri n’ekigere kimu (oba ffuuti bbiri n’omukono gumu) ku ddaala ng’olinnya (kozesa omusipi gw’ebikozesebwa oba ekisitula emiguwa mu kifo ky’okusitula ebikondo oba ebibbo bya langi mu ngalo zo), era tosigamangako ku mabbali okutuusa ng’omusipi gwo guyise ebweru w’eggaali y’omukka ey’ebbali eyeesimbye.

Ebibuuzo ebitera okubuuzibwa¶

Nkebera ntya amangu oba amadaala gange ag’okugaziya gateekeddwa ku kkoona eritali lya bulabe erya 4-to-1 (75-degree) nga tewali kipima ttaapu?¶

Kozesa omuzinyi w'omuliro ne OSHA "toes-and-palms" stand-and-reach test: teeka emipiira gy'engatto zo butereevu ku bbali wansi mu maaso ag'eggaali y'omukka ku mabbali g'amadaala, yimirira ddala butereevu ng'ebisinziiro byo biri ku ttaka, era ogolole emikono gyombi butereevu ebweru mu bbanga mu maaso g'ebibegabega byo. Singa amadaala gasimbulwa mu nkoona entuufu eya diguli 75.5 (4 ku 1), engalo zo n’engalo bijja kwezinga mu butonde ku ddaala oba eggaali y’omukka ey’ebbali butereevu mu maaso go. Singa emikono gyo tegisobola kutuuka ku ggaali y’omukka, amadaala gasimbulwa nnyo era gasobola okukyuka okudda emabega okuva ku bbugwe; singa enkokola zo zirina okufukamira ennyo, base eteekebwa wala nnyo ebweru era esobola okukuba wansi ng’omaze okulinnya waggulu.

Lwaki layini y’amasannyalaze ey’oku muliraano ey’okungulu ekyatta singa erabika ng’erina ekizigo ekiddugavu?¶

Layini z’okusaasaanya ezisookerwako waggulu eziddukira okumpi waggulu w’ebikondo by’amasannyalaze g’oku nguudo zitwala vvuloti 7,200 ku 34,500 era kumpi bulijjo zibeera za aluminiyamu oba waya ya kikomo njereere ddala ng’erabika ng’enzirugavu enzirugavu oba enzirugavu okusinziira ku bbanga olw’okuwunyiriza okw’okungulu. Ne bwe kiba nti ekitongole ekikola ku by'amasannyalaze kiteeka "waya z'emiti" ezisiigiddwa obuveera ku layini ezisookerwako oba ekibikka ekiziyiza embeera y'obudde ku 120/240-volt secondary house service drop, ekyo ekikookolo ekigonvu eky'ebweru kikoleddwa okukendeeza ku buzibu obuva mu sparking yokka ng'empewo efuuwa amatabi g'emiti okumala akaseera katono ku waya; TEKIPIMIRIZIBWA ng’ekintu ekiziyiza amasannyalaze okukwatagana n’abantu, era okubeera mu musana kigikutula oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera. Okukwata ku waya yonna waggulu n’amadaala ga aluminiyamu oba ekikondo ky’embaawo ekibisi kireeta amasannyalaze okukubwa amangu ddala, era emirundi mingi kitta.

Lwaki siyamba muntu wa famire kutuula oba okutambula okutuuka ku mmotoka singa yagwa ku bigere oluvannyuma lw’okugwa amadaala ate ebisinziiro byokka ne bimuluma?¶

Okukka ebigere-okusooka okuva ku ddaala oba akasolya kutambuza amayengo amanene ennyo aga vertical shockwave butereevu waggulu ku magumba okuva mu magumba g’ekisinziiro (calcanei) okutuuka mu mugongo ogwa wansi ku nkulungo y’ekifuba (T12 okutuuka ku L2). Abasawo abalongoosa obuvune bayita enkola eno ey'obuvune eya bulijjo "jumper's triad" kubanga okumenya ebisinziiro ku njuyi zombi kuwerekerwako okumenya kw'omugongo okukwese okubutuka kw'omugongo mu balwadde okutuuka ku bitundu 10 ku 20 ku buli 100. Olw’okuba amagumba g’ekisinziiro agamenyese galeeta obulumi obw’okuziba amaaso, obw’amaanyi, emirundi mingi oyo afunye obuzibu talaba mugongo gwe gumenyese okutuusa lw’agezaako okutuula oba okuyimirira, ekiyinza okukyusa omugongo ogwamenyese ne guyingira mu mugongo ne gusannyalala enkalakkalira.

Kiki ekireetera amadaala okukuba wansi ng’omuntu alinnya atuuse waggulu okumpi n’akasolya?¶

Base slide-out ebaawo olw’okukyukakyuka kwa fizikisi ya center-of-gravity nga egattibwa wamu n’okusikagana okwa wansi okutono. Bw’oba ​​okumpi wansi w’amadaala agagaziya, obuzito bw’omubiri gwo bunyiga kumpi butereevu wansi ku bigere bya kapiira, ne kireetawo okusikagana okw’amaanyi ku ttaka. Bw’olinnya ng’oyolekera waggulu w’amadaala agatali mawanvu, obuzito bwo obusingawo bukyuka ne budda ku kiwanirizi ky’ekisenge ekya waggulu ne bukola empalirizo ey’okusika ebweru ey’okwebungulula ku bigere ebya wansi; singa amadaala gateekebwa mu buwanvu obusukka diguli 70 oba nga gawummulira ku ddeeke y’embaawo eziseeneekerevu, omuddo omubisi, seminti asiigiddwa langi, oba amayinja agatali manywevu nga tegasibiddwa oba nga tegasibiddwa bigere by’omuyambi, empalirizo ey’ebweru ey’okwebungulula evvuunuka okusikagana ne gakuba omusingi okufuluma emabega.

Ekitabo kino kiwa amawulire agakwata ku kwetegekera mu mbeera ez’amangu n’obujjanjabi obusookerwako ku kugwa kw’amadaala, obubenje ku kasolya, n’okukwatagana ne layini y’amasannyalaze waggulu era tekidda mu kifo ky’okutendekebwa kwa OSHA/HSE okukuuma okugwa oba obujjanjabi obw’obujjanjabi. Lowooza ku ky’okukola omusomo ogukkirizibwa ogw’obujjanjabi obusookerwako, CPR, ne Stop the Bleed okuva mu Red Cross, St John Ambulance, oba ekitongole kyo eky’ebyokwerinda mu ggwanga.

Ebiragiro ebikwatagana nabyo¶

• Obuvune ku mugongo n’obulago obutatambula
• Obuvune ku mutwe, okukonziba, n’okumenya ekiwanga
• Amagumba agamenyese, okunyiga, n’okusiba amagumba
• Okumenya amagumba muggule, okukwatibwa amagumba mu ngeri ey’ekimpatiira, n’okukeberebwa emisuwa gy’obusimu
• Okutebenkeza okumenya ekisambi n’okufuga okuvaamu omusaayi munda
• Layini z’amasannyalaze ezigudde n’amasannyalaze g’emmotoka
• Scaffolding okugwa, trench cave-in, n’okuzimba okugwa

Ensonda zeekebeddwa¶

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, United States): Omutindo gw’amadaala n’amadaala (29 CFR 1926.1053 / 29 CFR 1910.23) n’okukendeeza ku kugwa mu kuzimba: Okukozesa amadaala ag’okugaziya mu ngeri ey’obukuumi
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Okutangira okufa kw’abakozi n’okulumwa okukwatagana ne layini z’amasannyalaze eziri waggulu n’amadaala ag’ebyuma (DHHS Publication No. 2007-155) ne NIOSH Ladder Safety App Biomechanics Guidelines
• Ekitongole ky’ebyobulamu n’obukuumi (HSE, Bungereza): Enkozesa y’amadaala n’amadaala mu ngeri ey’obukuumi: Ekitabo ekimpimpi (INDG455) n’ebiragiro ebikwata ku kukola ku buwanvu
• Akakiiko k’abasawo abalongoosa mu Amerika akakola ku buvune (ACS COT, Amerika): Enkola y’okuwagira obulamu bw’obuvune mu ngeri ey’omulembe (ATLS) ku kumenya kw’omugugu ogw’omu kifuba n’okuvaamu omusaayi mu mpeta y’omu kifuba
• Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI, Amerika): Okugogola layini z’amasannyalaze waggulu n’okuziyiza amasannyalaze g’amadaala g’omu maka