Okubwatuka kwa Transformer y’oku muliraano, Omuliro gw’ebikondo, oba Green Utility Box etaliiko kkufulu¶

Mu bitundu by’amayumba, ebizimbe by’amayumba, n’emikutu gy’ebyobusuubuzi, tulansifooma ezigaba ebintu ezikka wansi zikendeeza ku layini za vvulovumenti enkulu eza primary feeder, ezitera okukola wakati wa 4,160 ne 34,500 volts (4.16 kV okutuuka ku 34.5 kV), okukka ku 120/240-volt oba 120/208-volt secondary service eyingira amaka. Transformers zino zituula oba waggulu nga ssiringi z’ekyuma enzirugavu ezisibiddwa ku bikondo by’ebyuma eby’embaawo oba ku ddaala ly’ettaka munda mu kabineti z’ekyuma eza kiragala omuddugavu ezimanyiddwa nga pad-mounted transformers. Omulabe, okulemererwa kw’okuziyiza empewo munda, okutikka empewo mu biseera by’obutiti, okukwatagana n’ebitundu by’omuti, oba okukosebwa kw’emmotoka bwe bireeta okuwuuma okw’omunda munda mu ttanka ya tulansifooma, arc y’amasannyalaze eya vvulovumenti enkulu amangu ago efuumuula amafuta g’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka agaziyiza munda. Mu milisekondi, puleesa ya ttanka ey’omunda erinnya nnyo, n’efuuwa ekitundu kya fiyuzi ekisookerwako n’ekiwujjo ekiringa emmundu ekiziba amatu oba n’ekutula ttanka y’ekyuma okusumulula arc flash eya bbululu-enjeru eziba amaaso n’enkuba eya puleesa ey’okwokya 300-degree-Celsius (570-degree-Fahrenheit) dielectric amafuta.

Obulabe obutta kyenkanyi era obusirise bwekweka ku muddo gw’oku muliraano n’ebifo ebiyitibwa cul-de-sacs: kabineti za tulansifooma ezisiddwaako paadi eza kiragala ezisumuluddwa, ezifuuse enfuufu, oba ezonoonese omuyaga. Munda mu bbokisi eyo ey’ekyuma etuukira mu kiwato tutuula ebifo ebisookerwako ebya vvulovumenti eya waggulu ebirabika ne bbaasi za bbaasi ez’okubiri ezitwala enkumi n’enkumi za vvuloti sentimita zokka emabega w’oluggi olw’ebweru. Abaana abazannya okwekweka, bannannyini mayumba nga basala omuddo, oba ebisolo by’omu nnyumba ebinoonyereza ku mulyango gwa kabineti oguggule bisobola okukubwa amasannyalaze aga vvulovumenti ey’amaanyi mu bwangu, era nga tebakwatako na waya obwereere singa bamenya ekituli ekitono eky’empewo ya vvulovumenti enkulu. Okumanya engeri y’okusengulamu omuliro gwa woyiro wa pole transformer, engeri y’okuziyizaamu step and touch potential etta wansi, engeri y’okukuumamu bbokisi y’amasannyalaze eya kiragala etaliiko kkufulu okutuusa nga abakozi ba layini z’amasannyalaze batuuse, n’engeri y’okukwatamu obucaafu bw’amafuta obuyinza okubaawo polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) kikuuma amaka go n’emiriraano okuva ku kikangabwa.

Kino kikole kati¶

1. Tambula waakiri mita 30 ku 50 (fuuti 100 ku 165) waggulu w’empewo n’okulinnya okuva ku kikondo kyonna ekikuba omuliro, okuwuuma, okufuuwa sigala, oba okwokya ekikondo kya utility oba bbokisi ya tulansifooma eya kiragala. Toyimirira wansi oba okuvuga wansi wa tulansifooma eri waggulu eriko arc, efulumya omukka omuddugavu, oba okutonnya amafuta agookya. Ttanka za tulansifooma eziriko puleesa zisobola okukutuka omulundi ogw’okubiri oba ogw’okusatu nga ebimenya siteegi ya otomatiki ("reclosers") bigezaako okuddamu okussa amaanyi mu layini oluvannyuma lwa sikonda ntono oluvannyuma lw’okubwatuka okusooka.
2. Tofuuyirako mazzi oba okukozesa hoosi y’olusuku ku kikondo ky’amasannyalaze ekyokya, tulansifooma waggulu, oba kabineti essiddwaako paadi eya kiragala. Amazzi gatambuza amasannyalaze ga vvulovumenti eya waggulu okudda waggulu ku mugga butereevu okutuuka ku kifo ekikwatira entuuyo, era okukuba amafuta g’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka agayaka n’amazzi kireeta okubwatuka okw’amaanyi okubwatuka kw’omukka ogw’okubuguma okusuula amafuta ag’omuliro okutuuka ku mita 15 (fuuti 50) mu buli ludda.
3. Kitwala nti waya yonna egwa wansi, waya ya ggaayi, waya ya ggaayi, olukomera lw’ekyuma, oba omuddo omubisi mu mita 15 (fuuti 50) okuva ku tulansifooma eyonoonese guweebwa amaanyi ku nkumi n’enkumi za vvuloti. Bw’oba ​​oyimiridde dda munda mu kitundu eky’akabi okumpi ne layini egudde oba bbokisi eya kiragala ewuuma n’owulira ng’amagulu go gawunya, totambula wadde okudduka. Tabula oba hop away ng’ebigere byombi binyigiriziddwa bulungi wamu n’otokola bridge za voltage rings bbiri ez’enjawulo mu ttaka (step potential).
4. Kuba ennamba yo ey’amangu mu kitundu kyo n’ekyuma kyo eky’amasannyalaze eky’okusindika mu mbeera ey’amangu okumala essaawa 24 ng’oli mu bbanga eritali lya bulabe. Kuba 911 mu Amerika ne Canada, 112 okwetoloola omukago gwa Bulaaya, 999 mu Bungereza, oba kebera ku yaffe ennamba z’amangu dayirekita. Omusindika omuwe endagiriro y’oluguudo ekuli okumpi era bwe kiba nga kirabika okuva mu bbanga eritali lya bulabe ng’oyita mu binoculars oba zoom y’essimu, metal pole tag number oba stencil ID number essiddwa ku transformer oba pole.
5. Bw’ozuula bbokisi ya tulansifooma eya kiragala etaliiko kkufulu, eggule, efuuse enfuufu, oba eyonoonese mu mmotoka, TOKUkwata ku kabineti y’ekyuma oba okugezaako okusika oluggi okuggalawo. Yimirira mita 10 (fuuti 33) emabega, siteeke omuntu omukulu okukuuma abaana n’embwa, era oyite ekitongole ky’amasannyalaze nga Priority 1 Life-Safety Hazard (open energized kabineti ya vvulovumenti eya waggulu).
6. Singa okubwatuka kwa tulansifooma kusuula woyiro omuddugavu oba enfuufu ku lususu lwo, mu kkubo ly’okuyingira oba mu luggya, sigala ebweru w’ekisenge ky’amafuta era otwale woyiro wa tulansifooma eyakolebwa nga 1980 tannabaawo nga kasasiro ayinza okuba ow’obulabe eri PCB. Tolondoola woyiro wa tulansifooma munda mu nnyumba ku ngatto zo oba okuginaaba wansi mu midumu gy’omuyaga; singa amafuta gamansira ku lususu, naaba mangu ne ssabbuuni n’amazzi agabuguma okumala eddakiika 15.

Okutegeera ebikyusakyusa mu kitundu: Ebibbo ebiri waggulu vs. Pad-Mounted Green Boxes¶

flowchart TD
    A["Obulabe bwa Transformer Obuzuuliddwa: Boom, Arc Flash, Oil Leak, oba Open Green Box"] --> B{"Kika Ki Eky’Ekibaddewo?"}
    B -->|Exploding / Burning Pole or Pad Transformer| C["Senguka mmita 30 ku 50 (fuuti 100 ku 165) Okulinnya empewo n’okulinnya Amangu ago"]
    B -->|Vehicle Struck Pole or Green Pad Box| D["Sigala Munda mu Mmotoka okuggyako ng’ekutte muliro: Kuba 911 / 112 / 999"]
    B -->|Unlocked, Ajar, or Rusted Green Pad Box| E["TOKOTA Ku Luggi oba Kabineti: Kuuma Abaana n’Ebisolo by’omu nnyumba 10 m (33 ft) Emabega"]
    C --> F["Tokozesangako Mazzi oba Bizikiza muliro mu maka ku muliro gwa mafuta aga vvulovumenti enkulu omulamu"]
    C --> G["Kebera oba waya zigudde wansi oba ebikomera bya Chain-Link ebirina amaanyi nga Tonnasenguka"]
    D --> H["Singa Owalirizibwa Okufuluma Mmotoka Eyokya: Buuka Clear ng’ebigere byombi biri wamu, Tokwatangako ku Mmotoka na Ttaka Omulundi gumu, Shuffle 30 m Away"]
    E --> I["Soma Ennamba ya Stencil ID ng’oli wala era okubire ku layini y’amangu esookerwako ey’ekitongole ky’amasannyalaze"]
    F --> J["Linda Utility Linemen Okwawula Primary Cutout Nga Tonnaziyiza Muliro oba Okwoza"]

1. Lwaki ebikondo by'amasannyalaze "bibwatuka" ng'emmundu: Okusala fiyuzi vs. Okukutuka kwa ttanka¶

Ebintu bibiri eby’enjawulo bibaawo ku bikondo ebiri waggulu:

• Primary Fuse Cutout Operation (The "Shotgun Boom"): Waggulu wa buli transformer y'ekikondo ekiri waggulu watuula ekikwaso kya fiyuzi ekiriko hingi ekiyitibwa expulsion fuse cutout. Enseenene, ettabi oba okumyansa kw’omulabe bwe kuleeta omukka ogusukkiridde ogw’amangu, ekiyungo kya fiyuzi ekiri munda kisaanuuka ne kifuuwa omukka mu layini ya fiber ey’omunda, ne kikola okubwatuka kwa ggaasi eya puleesa ey’amaanyi afuuwa ebweru arc n’ebbaluwa y’emmundu eya 140-decibel shotgun report, okufuuwa omukka omweru, n’ekipipa kya fiyuzi ekiggule ekiwaniridde.
• Catastrophic Internal Tank Failure (Arc Flash and Oil Fire): Bwe wabaawo short circuit munda w’engooma y’ekyuma ekissiddwako ssimu, arc y’amasannyalaze ekola wansi wa liita 50 ku 250 (ggaloni 13 ku 65) ez’amafuta g’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka ku 10,000 ku 19,000 degrees Celsius (18,000 okutuuka ku 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit), okwatika amafuta mu ggaasi ezitulika hayidirojeni, aseetilen, ne methane. Puleesa efuuwa ekibikka ky’ekyuma, esala ebisiba bya porcelain, oba ekutula omusono gwa ttanka, n’efuuyira amafuta agookya mu luggya n’obusolya.

2. Tulansifooma eziteekebwa waggulu n’eziteekebwa ku paadi n’ezo eziri wansi w’ettaka: Okugeraageranya akabi¶

Okuwona amangu mu kiseera ky’okubwatuka kwa Transformer okukola oba omuliro gw’ebikondo¶

Transformer y’oku muliraano bw’ebwatuka oba ekikondo ky’embaawo kikwata omuliro ku crossarm, ebitiisa amangu bye bino ebyuma ebisaanuuse mu bbanga ne porcelain shrapnel, okugwa kwa high-voltage primary conductors, ground-gradient electrocution, n’omukka ogw’obutwa.

1. Okusengula ekitundu ekigwa n'etteeka lya "Span-Plus-One".¶

Tulansifooma oba crossarm eyaka bw’eyokya okuyita waggulu ku kikondo ky’embaawo oba okusaanuusa kondakita, okusika omuguwa kwa layini kuleetera waya ekutuse okukuba n’amaanyi okuyita mu nguudo, mu makubo agayingira n’akasolya.

• Dda emabega okusukka ebikondo ebiriraanyewo ("Span-Plus-One" Rule): Olw'okuba waya ya pulayimale ekutuka oba ekikondo ekigwa kisika wansi okusika okubuna span yonna wakati w'ebikondo bibiri, ssika waakiri ekikondo kimu ekijjuvu wala ng'oggyeeko okutambula mita 30 ku 50 (fuuti 100 ku 165) nga yeesimbye ku layini.
• Weetegereze kondakita n’ebikomera eby’okubiri ebirina amaanyi: Singa waya ya pulayimale eya 13,800-volt egudde ekwata olukomera lw’ekyuma oluyunga enjegere, guardrail, waya ya steel guy, oba coaxial cable, ewa amaanyi mu kizimbe ekyo kyonna eky’ekyuma okumala ebikumi n’ebikumi bya mita wansi ku bulooka. Tokwatangako ku bbugwe oba ekikomera ekiyungibwa enjegere wonna okumpi n’omuliro gw’ekikondo ogukola.
• Kuuma amaaso go okuva ku arc flash: Totunuulira butereevu arc ya masanyalaze. Arc flashes eza voltage enkulu zifulumya concentrated ultraviolet (UV-B ne UV-C) radiation ekivaako obulumi photokeratitis ("arc eye" corneal flash burns) mu sikonda ntono.

2. Okutoloka Step Potential ne Touch Potential singa waya egwa okumpi naawe¶

Layini ya vvulovumenti eya waggulu bw’ekwatagana n’ensi, oba tulansifooma essiddwa ku paadi bw’efuuka ennyimpi okutuuka ku paadi yaayo eya seminti, amasannyalaze gasaasaana ebweru nga gayita mu ttaka mu mpeta za vvulovumenti ezikwatagana (okugeza, 13,800V ku nsobi, 10,000V ku mita emu, 6,000V ku mita 3).

• Lwaki okutambula kukutta (Step Potential): Singa okwata ekigere ekya bulijjo ekya mmita 0.8 (fuuti 2.5) ng’odduka, ekigere kyo eky’omu maaso kiyinza okuyimirira ku ttaka nga kirimu amaanyi ku vvulovumenti 4,000 ate ekigere kyo eky’emabega kiyimiridde ku vvulovumenti 6,000. Enjawulo eyo eya volt 2,000 ekuba amasasi waggulu ku kigere ekimu, okuyita mu kisambi kyo n’omubiri gwo, n’ekka wansi ku kigere ekirala, ekivaako omutima okusiba amangu.
• Ekifo eky'okusiba ebigere bibiri oba Bunny Hop:
  1. Nyiga ebigere byombi n'enkizi byombi wamu bulungi engatto zombi zisigala ku voltage potential y'emu ddala.
  2. Tabulatabula emabega oba ebweru ng’oseerera ekigere kimu sentimita ntono zokka (yinsi 2 ku 3) omulundi gumu nga tositula bigere byo byawukana, oba buuka ng’ebigere byombi bisibiddwa bulungi olwo ebigere byombi bikwata ku ttaka mu kaseera ke kamu ddala.
  3. Tokwatangako kintu kyonna (emmotoka, olukomera, omuti, ekikondo, oba omuntu) n'emikono gyo ng'otabula (Touch Potential). Weeyongere okutuusa lw’onoomala mita 15 ku 30 (fuuti 50 ku 100) okuva ku nsobi.

3. Ky’olina okukola singa tulansifooma ekutte omuliro oba layini egudde ekwata ennyumba yo¶

1. Sigala munda singa waya eba wabweru ku muddo gwo oba ku kkubo eriyingira mu mmotoka ate nga ennyumba yo TEBAKYA muliro: Oli wa bukuumi nnyo munda mu maka go okusinga okusala oluggya olulimu amaanyi. Kuuma wala n’amadirisa agatunudde mu tulansifooma.
2. TOkwata ku kipande ky’amasannyalaze ekikulu eky’omu maka go singa okutonnya kw’amasannyalaze okw’okungulu kuba kwa sparking, okufuuwa sigala, oba okukubwa layini ya pulayimale egudde: Voltage ya primary (7,200V okutuuka ku 13,800V) eyingira mu 120/240V service drop eyinza okuvaako bbokisi y’okumenya amasannyalaze g’awaka yennyini okukola arc n’okubwatuka. Yimirirako okuva ku kipande ekimenya, payipu z’amazzi, n’ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze ebiteekeddwa mu pulaagi.
3. Singa okubwatuka kwa tulansifooma kukuma omuliro mu kasolya oba siding yo, fuluma oludda olulala olw’ennyumba: Fuluma ng’oyita mu mulyango oba eddirisa erisinga okuba ewala okuva ku waya ezigudde waggulu ne tulansifooma eyaka oluvannyuma lw’okusika ettaka okulaba oba waliwo layini ezigudde.

Emmotoka Okutomeragana ne Transformers oba Utility Poles eziteekeddwako Green Pad¶

Emmotoka ezisereba ku pavement ennyogovu, eziriko omuzira oba ku mabbali g’ebifo we basimbye mmotoka zitera okusala ebikondo by’amasannyalaze eby’embaawo oba okukuba butereevu mu bbokisi za tulansifooma eziteekeddwa ku paadi eza kiragala. Ensonga zombi bulijjo zitega ababadde mu mmotoka munda mu kiyumba ky’amasannyalaze ekiramu ekya 7,200-to-34,500-volt.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       TRAPPED IN A VEHICLE ON A GREEN TRANSFORMER BOX OR POLE           |
|                                                                         |
|  1. STAY INSIDE THE CAR: Your rubber tires do NOT insulate you against  |
|     high voltage, but while inside the metal cabin (Faraday cage),      |
|     you are at the SAME voltage potential and current will not cross    |
|     your body.                                                          |
|  2. DO NOT TOUCH METAL DOOR FRAMES AND THE GROUND AT THE SAME TIME.     |
|  3. ROLL DOWN WINDOW slightly and shout to bystanders:                  |
|     "STAY BACK 30 METERS. THE CAR AND GROUND ARE LIVE. CALL 911."       |
|  4. ONLY EXIT IF THE CAR OR TRANSFORMER OIL CATCHES FIRE:               |
|     - Open door wide without touching exterior metal body.              |
|     - Stand on the door sill, cross arms over chest.                    |
|     - JUMP CLEAR with BOTH FEET TOGETHER so you are completely airborne |
|       before touching the ground.                                       |
|     - SHUFFLE OR HOP (feet together) 30 meters (100 feet) away.         |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Emmotoka bw’emenya kabineti ya tulansifooma eriko paadi eya kiragala, bampere y’ekyuma oba wansi w’emmotoka esala okuyita mu bikoona ebimenya omugugu ebisookerwako ebya vvulovumenti eya waggulu ebiriko obuuma munda mu kabineti ate ng’ekutula ttanka ya woyiro ey’omunda.

• Singa tewali muliro wadde omukka: Sigala ng'otudde munda mu mmotoka ng'emikono giri mu kifuba, kuba ku nnamba y'amangu mu kitundu kyo (911 / . 112 / . 999), era olinde okutuusa ng’abakozi ba layini z’amasannyalaze batuuse mu kifo kino ne bakutegeeza mu mubiri nti primary circuit eri wansi w’ettaka eggyiddwako amaanyi ne bagiteeka ku ttaka. N’abazinya mwoto tebasobola kukusika mu mmotoka okutuusa ng’ekitongole ekikola amasannyalaze kisazeeko amasannyalaze.
• Singa omukka omuddugavu oba ennimi z’omuliro zibutuka okuva mu bbokisi eya kiragala enywezeddwa wansi wa bampere yo: Olina okusuula mmotoka nga ttanka ya mafuta g’eby’obuggagga bw’omu ttaka eyatika tennakwata kabina. Goberera Jump-and-Shuffle Protocol waggulu: tofuluma kigere kimu omulundi gumu, tokwata mulyango gwa mmotoka ng’ekigere kyo kikwata ku pavement, era buuka bulungi ng’ebigere byombi binyigiriziddwa wamu nga tonnatabula mita 30 (fuuti 100) waggulu w’empewo.

The Silent Neighborhood Threat: Bokisi za Transformer eza Green ezisumuluddwa, eziggaddwa oba ezonoonese¶

Tambula kumpi mu kitundu kyonna ekiriraanye ekibuga, oluggya lw’omuzigo, ekibangirizi ky’essomero, oba ekifo we basimbye mmotoka mu kifo ky’amaduuka ojja kuyita mu kabineti ez’ekyuma eza kiragala omuddugavu amakumi nga zitudde ku paadi za seminti. Abatuuze bangi mu bukyamu balowooza nti bbokisi zino zibeera bifo ebituula ku nkulungo y’amasimu oba ttivvi za cable.

1. Engeri y’okutegeera tulansifooma ya kiragala eya vvulovumenti eya waggulu okuva ku kituuti ky’amasimu ekya vvulovumenti entono¶

2. Ebiri munda mu kabineti ya tulansifooma eya kiragala etaliiko kkufulu¶

Omulyango gw’emmanju wa tulansifooma essiddwa ku paadi y’amayumba bwe gugguka, tewabaawo tewali ngabo ya munda ya kubiri mu dizayini nnyingi enkadde eza phase emu:

• Ku ludda olwa kkono (Primary Compartment): Ebikoona ebimenya omugugu ebiriko kapiira nga bitwala 7,200 okutuuka ku 19,900 volts nga biyingira mu bushings za vvulovumenti ennene, ku mabbali g’emiguwa egy’oku ttaka n’ebiraga ensobi. Singa bbuutu y’enkokola ekutuse, n’eyonooneka olw’ozone, oba n’esika n’esumululwa katono, amasannyalaze gasobola okuyita mu mpewo okuyita mu sentimita eziwera okutuuka ku mukono gw’omwana oba ekintu eky’ekyuma awatali kukwatagana butereevu mu mubiri.
• Ku ludda olwa ddyo (Secondary Compartment): Ebizito, ebitera ebitaliiko bbugumu ddala, ebitaliimu buzibu bwa kikomo oba aluminiyamu busbars ne spade terminals eziweebwa amaanyi ku 120/240 volts (oba 277/480 volts mu zones ez’obusuubuzi) ezisobola okutuusa 1,000 okutuuka ku 10,000+ amperes za fault current. Omwana ng’atuuka munda okuggya omupiira oba eky’okuzannyisa, oba embwa ng’enyiga ennyindo yaayo munda okuwunyiriza ekisu ky’ebibe, ekwata ku bifo ebitaliiko amaanyi ebirina amaanyi ebivaako amasannyalaze okukubwa amangu oba okubwatuka okw’ekika kya arc-flash.

3. Enkola ya mutendera ku mutendera bw’osanga ekibokisi ekya kiragala ekitaliiko kkufulu, ekiggule oba ekifuuse enfuufu¶

1. Yimirira waakiri mita 3 ku 10 (fuuti 10 ku 33). Totambula okutuuka ku kabineti okutunula munda, togezaako kusika luggi lw’ekyuma oluwuubaala nga luggaddwa n’omukono oba ekigere, era tolufumita na muggo. Singa waya oba bushing ey’omunda ekyuse ku fuleemu y’oluggi, kabineti yonna ey’ekyuma ekiddugavu eyinza okuweebwa amaanyi ku vvulovumenti eyasooka.
2. Kebera oba amafuta gakulukuta oba ebituli ebirimu obusagwa ku musingi: Ebifuuwa omuddo n’omunnyo gw’oku luguudo bitera okufuuwa ebituli nga biyita mu nsonda eza wansi eza tulansifooma enkadde eza kiragala, ne kisobozesa woyiro aziyiza okukulukuta okufuluma ku paadi ya seminti. Omutindo gwa woyiro ogw’omunda bwe gukka wansi w’ebiwujjo bya vvulovumenti eya waggulu munda mu ttanka y’emabega, tulansifooma eba mu bulabe obw’amangu okubuguma ennyo, okukola arcing munda, n’okubwatuka.
3. Teeka omukuumi omukulu era kozesa ebiziyiza okulaba eby’ekiseera ku bbanga: Singa oluggi lwa kabineti luggule nnyo okumpi n’oluguudo lw’oku mabbali, ekifo we bazannyira, oba siteegi ya bbaasi, teeka kkooni z’ebidduka ez’emicungwa, ebidomola bya kasasiro, oba entebe z’omuddo mu nneekulungirivu engazi mita 5 ku 10 (fuuti 16 ku 33) okwetooloola bbokisi era omuntu akuume ng’atunudde okutuusa loole y’ebikozesebwa lw’etuuse.
4. Kozesa ekiwandiiko ekituufu eky’okusindika eby’amangu wansi: Toloopa bbokisi ya tulansifooma eya kiragala enzigule ng’oyita mu foomu ya yintaneeti empola oba email etali ya mangu ey’okuweereza bakasitoma. Kuba ku ssimu y’ekitongole ky’amasannyalaze ennamba y’essimu ey’essaawa 24 ey’Emergency / Downed Line (era... 911/ .112/ .999 singa oluggi luggule nnyo mu kifo eky’olukale abaana we babeera):

Ekiwandiiko ky'okusindika ebikozesebwa mu mbeera ez'amangu: "Ntegeeza akabi akali mu bulamu obw'okukulembeza: kabineti ya tulansifooma essiddwa ku paadi ya vvulovumenti eya waggulu etaliiko kkufulu era eggule ng'erina ebitundu eby'omunda ebirabika. Esangibwa mu maaso ga [Endagiriro y'Oluguudo / Cross Street]. Ennamba ya utility ID eriko stencil eri mu maaso ga bbokisi eya kiragala eri [Read stencil letters/numbers from a distance using phone zoom]. Abaana n'abatembeeyi batambula nga bayita ddala ku kino sidewalk.Nsaba osindike mangu omutawaana oba abakozi ba layini okunyweza n'okusiba kabineti, era osindike abazinya mwoto/poliisi y'omu kitundu okuyimirirako singa abakozi bo baba bamaze eddakiika ezisukka mu 20."

Omukka ogw’obutwa, amafuta g’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka aga dielectric, n’obucaafu bwa PCB obw’edda¶

Tulansifooma waggulu oba essiddwa ku paadi bw’ekutuka oba eyaka, amazzi agakulukuta n’omukka omuddugavu omunene ogukulukuta okuva mu kkeesi kyetaagisa okwegendereza ennyo ebintu eby’obulabe.

1. Ebiri munda mu woyiro wa tulansifooma: Woyiro ow’eby’obuggagga bw’omu ttaka, silikoni, ne PCBs¶

Transformers ez’omulembe ezisaasaanyizibwa ezikolebwa oluvannyuma lwa 1980 zijjula **amafuta g’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka aga paraffinic oba naphthenic mineral oil agalongooseddwa ennyo, silicone fluid, oba natural ester (vegetable-seed) fluid agavunda ennyo. Ne bwe kiba nga tekirina PCB yonna, amafuta g’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka agookya gavaamu ebire ebinene ebya polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), carbon monoxide, acrid aldehydes, n’enfuufu ebivaako okusannyalala okw’amaanyi mu nnyindo n’obulwadde bw’ekifuba obw’eddagala singa ossa.

Wabula okuva mu 1929 okutuuka ku nkomerero y’emyaka gya 1970 (yawerebwa mu Amerika ekitongole kya EPA wansi w’etteeka erifuga ebintu eby’obutwa mu 1979, era okwetoloola Bulaaya ne Bungereza okuyita mu myaka gya 1980), obutitimbe bwa tulansifooma ne pole capacitors zajjula Askarel (Polychlorinated Biphenyls / PCBs, ezitundibwa wansi w’amannya g’obusuubuzi nga Aroclor, Pyranol, Inerteen, ne Chlorextol) oba amafuta g’eby’obuggagga eby’omu ttaka aga cross-contamination ne PCBs nga bakola service.

• Lwaki PCB ez'edda zikyaliwo ku bikondo by'emiriraano leero: Nga ebitongole ebikozesa amasannyalaze byaggyawo tulansifooma ezisinga obungi eza PCB ennongoofu ("Askarel") emyaka mingi emabega, enkumi n'enkumi za tulansifooma enkadde ez'ebikondo by'ebyuma ne yuniti z'omu byalo ezaakolebwa nga 1980 tannatuuka zisigala nga zikola oba zirimu **amafuta g'eby'obuggagga eby'omu ttaka agalimu PCB-cotaminated mineral oil (ebitundu 50 ku 500 buli bukadde bwa PCB).
• Obulabe bw’omuliro gwa Dioxin ne Furan: Amafuta ga tulansifooma agalimu PCBs ne benzenes ezirimu chlorinated bwe gaayokya mu muliro gw’amasannyalaze ogwa arc oba pole ku 300 ku 900 degrees Celsius (570 ku 1,650 degrees Fahrenheit), partial oxidation ekyusa PCBs ne zifuuka polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) ne polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), nga bino bye bimu ku bikozesebwa eby’obutwa ebiwangaala ebisinga amaanyi ebimanyiddwa.

2. Engeri y’okusomamu embeera ya tulansifooma eya PCB ng’oli wala¶

Tosemberera tulansifooma ekulukuta oba eyonoonese okwekebejja ekyuma kyayo eky’erinnya. Wabula okuva ku mita 15 okutuuka ku 30 (fuuti 50 ku 100) ng’okozesa binoculars oba zoom ya kkamera ya ssimu, noonya Non-PCB Decal y’ekitongole kino:

• Stiika ya Bbululu, Kijanjalo, oba Enjeru "NON-PCB": Okuva mu myaka gya 1980, amakampuni mangi agakola ku by'okukozesa mu North America n'ensi yonna gassaako sitiika eya square blue oba green (oba stencil NON-PCB / . < 1 ppm PCB / . NO PCBs) wansi oba ku ludda lw’ebibbo bya tulansifooma ebiri waggulu ebikakasiddwa mu kkolero oba ebikebereddwa mu laboratory nga tebiriimu PCB.
• Tewali Sticker oba Pre-1980 Rusted Dark-Gray Can / Pole Capacitor: Singa transformer enkadde, eyaka ennyo oba rectangular pole-mounted capacitor bank eba tewali Non-PCB decal, ebitongole byombi ebizikiriza omuliro n’abavunaanyizibwa ku butonde bw’ensi bikwata amafuta gonna agayidde oba enfuufu nga kasasiro ow’obulabe ateeberezebwa okuba nga alina PCB (> 50 ppm) okutuusa nga omukozi w’ekitongole ky’amasannyalaze ku butonde bw’ensi agezesezza sampuli.

3. Enkola y’okulongoosa n’okuyonja bannannyini maka oluvannyuma lw’okufuuyira amafuta¶

Singa tulansifooma y’oku muliraano ekutuka n’efuuyira amatondo g’amafuta amatangaavu, aga amber oba amaddugavu ku mmotoka yo, ku siding, mu muddo, ku lusuku oba ku lususu:

1. Okulongoosa amangu olususu n'amaaso:
   • Ggyako engoye ezirimu obucaafu mu bwangu, zisibe mu kaveera ka kasasiro, era naaba olususu olukoseddwa n’amazzi agabuguma ne ssabbuuni ow’amasowaani omugonvu okumala eddakiika 15. Tokozesangako kerosene, petulooli oba ebizigo ku lususu, ebyanguya okuyingiza PCB mu lususu.
   • Okunaaba amaaso n’amazzi ga ttaapu agabuguma okumala eddakiika 15 singa enfuufu eyingira mu maaso.
2. Ekifo eky'okusulamu ku mukka gw'omuliro ogwa Transformer:
   • Leeta ab’omu maka n’ebisolo by’omu nnyumba mu nnyumba, ggala amadirisa n’ebiziyiza omuliro, era ggyako abawagizi ba HVAC ab’omu makkati n’ebyuma ebifuuwa empewo mu madirisa omukka ogujjudde furan guleme kusendebwa munda.
3. Tossaako Hose Transformer Oil Wansi mu Driveway oba Okugikwatako Wekka:
   • To to kunaaba woyiro wa tulansifooma eyayidde ku mmotoka yo oba ekkubo eriyingira mu mmotoka yo ne hoosi; okukola ekyo kisaasaanya amafuta n’ebiyinza okuba PCB mu ttaka n’emyala gy’omuyaga.
   • Mu mateeka ga federo n’ag’eggwanga agakwata ku butonde bw’ensi (nga US EPA 40 CFR 761 Subpart G n’amateeka ga UK/EU agakwata ku kasasiro ow’obulabe), ekitongole ky’amasannyalaze kivunaanyizibwa ebitundu 100 ku 100 mu mateeka ne mu by’ensimbi okutwala sampuli, okusima ettaka, n’okulongoosa obucaafu. Saba nti omukozi w’ekitongole kino asima ettaka eririmu amafuta, ayonje pavement n’emmotoka ezikoseddwa, n’okuwaayo satifikeeti ya laboratory ey’okwekenneenya PCB mu buwandiike.
4. Suula Ebiva mu Lusuku nga Bifunye Amafuta ga Transformer oba Enfuufu:
   • Tonaaba n’okulya ebivaamu ebifuuse enfuufu olw’amafuta ga tulansifooma oba enfuufu enjeru. Ebirime ebirabika waggulu w’ettaka biteeke mu nsawo era obisuule era ogezese omugaso oba zzaawo ettaka ly’olusuku erya sentimita 15 (yinsi 6) waggulu.

Okukuuma Ebyuma By'omu Awaka Go ne Waya Mu kiseera ky'ensobi mu Transformer¶

Nga fiyuzi ya tulansifooma eremereddwa tennafuuwa, akaseera akatono wakati wa windings za primary ne secondary oba severed neutral conductor ("Open Neutral") asobola okusindika voltage spikes ez'amaanyi mu buli maka agaweebwa yuniti eyo.

• Manya "Open Neutral" munda mu maka go: Singa ekitundu ky'amataala go kyakaayakana mu ngeri eziba amaaso ate ekitundu ekirala ne kifuuka kya kijanjalo ekizibu, waya ya neutral eba eyokeddwa, n'esindika 180 ku 210 volts mu kitundu ky'emikutu gyo egya 120V. Mu sikonda 60, circuit ezo zisobola okusiika ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze n’ebipande by’ekikoomi oba okukuma omuliro mu bitundu by’amasannyalaze.
• Sooka okebere ekipande ky’ekipande okuva ku mita emu (fuuti 3): Singa ekibokisi ky’ekyuma ekipande kiwuuma nnyo, nga kifuuwa omukka, oba kifuuwa sigala, sigala wala okuva ku kipande osengulwe.
• Singa panel eba esirise era nga nnyogovu, kyusa Main Breaker OFF: Yimirira ku ludda olumu olw’oluggi lwa panel oluggaddwa, tunula ebbali, era okyuse Main Breaker okudda ku OFF n’omukono gumu, olwo oggyemu firiigi, firiiza, ne empewo okuziyiza okwonooneka kw’amazzi agayingira ng’amasannyalaze gazzeeyo. Okulaba Rolling brownouts, voltage sag, n’okukuuma okwokya kw’ebyuma era Regional grid okugwa n'okuzikira kw'amasannyalaze.
• Kebera ebisenge oba temuli bikuuma mazzi agafuuwa omukka: Ebipande by’obuveera ebiwunya biyinza okukosebwa Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) thermal runaway mu kiseera kya tulansifooma ekikyamu; kebera buli kisenge okulaba oba kiwunya obuveera obwokeddwa.

Ebibuuzo ebitera okubuuzibwa¶

Ensonda zeekebeddwa¶

• Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku byokwerinda n’ebyobulamu ku mirimu (OSHA, Amerika): Omutindo gw’okukola amasannyalaze, okugatambuza, n’okugagaba (29 CFR 1910.269) ne Ekitundu ekitono V ( .29 CFR 1926.950) ku mabanga agasinga obutono ag’okusemberera aga vvulovumenti eya waggulu, obulabe bwa arc-flash, obusobozi bw’okutambula n’okukwata, n’ebyetaago by’okusiba ebyuma ebiteekeddwa ku paadi.
• Ekitongole kya Amerika ekikuuma obutonde bw’ensi (EPA): Ebikugira mu kukola, okulongoosa, okusaasaanya mu by’obusuubuzi, n’okukozesa ebirungo ebiyitibwa Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (40 CFR Part 761), omuli Subpart G (PCB Spill Cleanup Policy) n’okubuulirira ku bulabe bwa dioxin/furan mu muliro gwa tulansifooma.
• Etteeka ly’eggwanga ery’obukuumi bw’amasannyalaze (NESC / IEEE C2) n’ekibiina ekigatta abakola amasannyalaze mu ggwanga (NEMA, Amerika): NEMA C57.12.28 / C57.12.29 Omutindo gw’obulungi bw’ebisenge by’ebyuma ebiteekeddwa ku padi (obuuma obukuuma emitwe gya penta, enzigi za kabineti ezitakyusiddwa, ne "Mr. Ouch" high-voltage hazard okuwandiika ebigambo).
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States) & Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Obulagirizi bw’okuziyiza omuliro mu byuma ebikozesebwa amasannyalaze, obulabe bw’omuliro mu mazzi ga dielectric transformer eya vvulovumenti enkulu, n’ebiragiro by’okwawula enzirukanya y’abadduukirize mu mbeera ez’amangu (HSE GS6 / . HSG47).
• Ekitongole ekiwandiisa ebintu eby’obutwa n’endwadde (ATSDR / CDC, Amerika): Endagiriro y’okuddukanya eddagala eriyitibwa Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) n’enkola y’okulongoosa obucaafu mu lususu/okussa oluvannyuma lw’okukutuka kw’ebyuma by’amasannyalaze.

Ebiragiro ebikwatagana nabyo¶

• Layini z’amasannyalaze ezigudde n’amasannyalaze g’emmotoka
• Arc flash blast, switchgear za voltage enkulu, n’okwokya kwa substation
• Ebinnya ebifuuwa sigala, okubwatuka kw’ekifo eky’amasannyalaze wansi w’ettaka, n’okukutuka kwa payipu z’omukka
• Voltage y’okukwatagana ku mabbali g’ekkubo (stray voltage) ku bitaala by’oku nguudo, ebinnya by’abantu, n’ebikondo by’amasannyalaze
• Rolling brownouts, voltage sag, n’okukuuma okwokya kw’ebyuma
• Regional grid okugwa n'okuzikira kw'amasannyalaze
• Amasannyalaze gakubwa obujjanjabi obusookerwako
• Ennamba z’amangu