Omuliro gwa Solar Panel ku kasolya, Inverter Arc Faults, ne Home Battery Thermal Runaway¶

Ensengeka z’amasannyalaze g’enjuba (PV) eziteekebwa mu galagi Enkola z’okutereka amaanyi ga bbaatule (BESS), ezitera okuyitibwa ebisenge bya bbaatule z’awaka oba bbaatule z’enjuba ez’awaka gonna, zikyusa ennyumba okuva ku mukozesa w’amasannyalaze agataliiko kye yeekolera okudda mu kyuma ky’amasannyalaze ekikola. Wadde nga enkola z’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ne bbaatule eziteekeddwa obulungi zikola bulungi okumala emyaka mingi, zireeta obulabe bubiri obw’amasannyalaze n’eddagala obweyisa mu ngeri ey’enjawulo ddala ku waya za standard utility grid mu kiseera ky’embeera ey’amangu: okukola Continuous high-voltage Direct Current (DC) generation buli ekitangaala lwe kikuba akasolya, ne lithium-ion battery thermal runaway off-ring.

Nnannyini maka bw’akyusa ekyuma kye ekikulu eky’amasannyalaze ekya 200-amp n’akitwala ku OFF mu kiseera ky’omuliro ogwa bulijjo mu nnyumba, buli waya munda mu bisenge efa. Ku maka agalimu amasannyalaze g'enjuba, tosobola kuggyako musana. Ne bw’omala okukyusa AC Solar Breaker mu main panel yo n’oggyako inverter, solar panels ku kasolya ko zigenda mu maaso n’okufulumya 300 ku 600 volts za Direct Current (DC) kasita omusana, oba wadde amataala agayakaayakana mu kifo ky’abazinya mwoto, gaaka ku modules z’endabirwamu, okuggyako nga circuit ya system Rapid Shutdown (RSD) etandikiddwa bulungi okugwa vvulovumenti y’akasolya wansi wa vvulovumenti 30. Bwe bitakwatagana oba nga biyitiridde MC4 plug connectors, squirrel-chewed array switches, oba corroded DC isolator switches zikola series DC arc fault, continuous direct current eyimirizaawo 3,000-degree-Celsius (5,400-degree-Fahrenheit) plasma arc etasalako zero voltage nga alternating current, melting through fuleemu za aluminum panels ne shingles za kolaasi ezikuma omuliro ku kasolya. Mu kiseera kye kimu, singa bbugwe wa bbaatule y’awaka eya kilowatt 10 ku 30 ey’essaawa 10 ku 30 efuna obuzibu bw’obutoffaali obw’omunda obumpi oba okunnyika mu mazzi g’amataba, kifulumya ebire ebinene ebya ggaasi enjeru, eziwunya obulungi ezikwata omuliro (hayidirojeni, kaboni monokisayidi, ne haidrojeni fluoride) ezisobola okukuba galagi enzigale ng’empewo y’amafuta bbomu nga ennimi z’omuliro ezirabika tezinnaba kulabika. Okumanya engeri y’okukubamu switch ya PV Rapid Shutdown ey’ebweru, lwaki tolina kulinnya ku kasolya oba okufuuyira hoosi y’olusuku ku muliro ogukwata enjuba, n’engeri y’okusenguka amangu ddala nga bbugwe wa bbaatule y’awaka akuba oba afulumya omukka omweru kitaasa obulamu.

Kino kikole kati¶

Bw’olaba omukka, ennimi z’omuliro oba ennimi z’omuliro nga ziva mu bikondo byo eby’enjuba ebiri waggulu ku kasolya, bbokisi ya inverter ey’emiguwa ku bbugwe wo, oba ekifo ekitereka bbaatule ya lithium-ion ey’omu maka mu galagi yo oba mu kisenge kyo eky’amasannyalaze, kola ebikolwa bino omukaaga amangu ddala:

1. TOLINNYA ku kasolya oba okufuuyira hoosi y’olusuku ku solar panel array oba inverter eyaka: Solar panels ne DC conduit yazo wansi zisigala nga zirina amaanyi okutuuka ku 600 volts DC buli ekitangaala lwe kikuba panels. Okulungamya omugga omugumu ogw’amazzi ga ttaapu okuva mu hoosi y’olusuku okutuuka ku nsengeka y’enjuba eya DC eya vvuloti 600 eriko enjatika, eriko kkoona kitambuza amasannyalaze ag’obutereevu agatta butereevu wansi mu mugga gw’amazzi mu ngalo zo, ekivaako okuwuuma kw’omusuwa ogw’amangu oba okusiba ebinywa byo ku ntuuyo ya hoosi.
2. Singa bbugwe wa bbaatule y’awaka mu galagi yo ewuuma, efuumuuka, ezimba, oba efulumya omukka omweru/enzirugavu, SEMBULA AMAANYI era totambula okutuuka ku bbaatule okukyusa switch yaayo: Battery y’awaka ewuuma oba efuuwa lithium-ion eri mu active thermal runaway era ejjuza galagi ekire ekitulika ekya ggaasi wa haidrojeni (\(H_2\)), kaboni monokisayidi (\(CO\)), ne haidrojeni fluoride avunda (\(HF\)). Okutambula okutuuka ku kabineti ya bbaatule okunyiga bbaatuuni yaayo ey’amasannyalaze ku mabbali kikuteeka butereevu mu kitundu ky’okubwatuka eky’okubumbulukuka kw’omukka-ekire** okuli okumpi.
3. Leka oluggi lwa galagi ennene olw’okungulu nga luggule singa luba lwaggule dda, oba fuluma oluggi lw’emmanju nga tonyiga kisumuluzo kya galagi eky’amasannyalaze: Singa bbaatule yo eya galagi efulumya ggaasi omweru mu galagi enzigale, okunyiga bbaatuuni y’ekisenge ky’oluggi lwa galagi waggulu eriko mmotoka kireeta ennimi z’amasannyalaze ez’amasannyalaze ku ddaala ddala ku ddaala lya haidrojeni agenda okulinnya w’akuŋŋaanyizibwa. Buli muntu afulumye mu nnyumba ng’oyita mu mulyango gw’emmanju ng’otambula n’ebigere era obeere wala n’oluggi lwa galagi (olukola ng’ekisenge ekiwummuza omukka singa ggaasi akwata).
4. Singa embeera ey’amangu eba nnyo ku ROOF oba INVERTER (era SSI bbaatule etali ya ggaasi okumpi ddala ne switch), ssaako switch ey’ebweru eya Solar Rapid Shutdown (RSD) ne AC Solar Disconnect: Tambula okutuuka mu kifo kyo eky’ebweru wa mita y’amasannyalaze. Ssa ffene omumyufu PV Rapid Shutdown Switch (oba ssika AC Solar Disconnect lever ey’ebweru mu mbeera ya OFF). Ku nkola ez’omulembe ezigoberera koodi (NEC 690.12), okusala amaanyi ga AC oba okukuba bbaatuuni ya Rapid Shutdown kiggya amaanyi mu byuma by’amasannyalaze ebiri ku ddaala lya modulo ku kasolya, ne kikka vvulovumenti ya kondakita wansi wa vvulovumenti 30 mu sikonda ezitakka wansi wa 30.
5. Kuba abakola ku by’amangu okuva ku mita ezitakka wansi wa 30 (fuuti 100) waggulu w’empewo era otegeeze omusindika mu ngeri ey’enjawulo nti olina SOLAR PV oba HOME BATTERY WALL ey’amangu: Kuba essimu y’omu kitundu kyo ennamba z’amangu (911 mu Amerika ne Canada, 112 okwetoloola omukago gwa Bulaaya, 999 mu Bungereza). State clearly: "Tulina [rooftop solar panel fire / inverter fire / lithium-ion home battery thermal runaway] ku [endagiriro]; ennyumba erina rooftop solar n'enkola y'okutereka bbaatule [brand/kWh] mu [galarage / basement / exterior wall]."
6. Kuuma abantu bonna ab’omu maka, ebisolo by’omu nnyumba, ne baliraanwa mu mpewo nga tebali mu mukka: Omukka oguva mu bipande by’enjuba eby’emabega eby’okwokya (tedlar/fluoropolymers) ne lithium-ion battery electrolyte gulimu obutwa hydrogen fluoride (\(HF\)) gas n’obutundutundu bw’ebyuma ebizito. Okussa wadde omukka gwa bbaatule omutono kireeta okuzimba okw’amaanyi okw’eddagala (chemical pulmonary edema) (amazzi mu mawuggwe); noonya abasawo okwekebejjebwa amangu singa wabaawo eyassa omukka.

Omuti gw’okusalawo ogw’obukodyo ku solar PV ne bbaatule y’awaka mu mbeera ez’amangu¶

Kozesa omuti guno ogw’okusalawo ku mirimu okwanukula obulungi omuliro gw’enjuba ogw’oku kasolya, ensobi ya inverter/isolator arc, oba bbaatule y’okutereka bbaatule y’awaka thermal runaway nga tofunye buvune bwa masanyalaze oba kubwatuka.

flowchart TD
    Start["Omukka, Arcing, Popping, Chemical Odor, oba Ennimi z’omuliro mu Solar PV oba Home Battery System"] --> Source{"1. Kitundu ki ekiremye?"}
    Source -->|"A. Bbugwe wa Battery y’Awaka (BESS) Okuwuuma, Okwokya, oba Okufulumya Omukka"| NoApproach["TOSEMBA BATTERY: Obulabe bwa Hydrogen & Obutwa bwa HF Gas"]
    NoApproach --> EvacHouse["Sengulula bonna ababeera mu nnyumba n’ebisolo by’omu nnyumba ng’oyita mu mulyango gw’emmanju (TOKOZESA ekyuma ekiggulawo oluggi lwa galagi eky’amasannyalaze); tambula 30m+ (100 ft+) waggulu w’empewo"]
    EvacHouse --> MeterClear{"Mita y’amasannyalaze ey’ebweru / Sswiiki ya Rapid Shutdown ku bbugwe ow’enjawulo temuli mukka gwa bbaatule?"}
    MeterClear -->|"Yee: Ebweru Kitangaala Ddala"| PullMeter["Sika AC Solar / ESS Disconnect Lever ku OFF era onyige Red Rapid Shutdown Button"]
    MeterClear -->|"Nedda: Munda mu Garage oba Okumpi ne Smoke"| LeaveSwitches["Leka switch zonna nga tezikwatibwako; linde ekitongole ekizikiriza omuliro HazMat & Engine Crew"]
    Source -->|"B. Solar Panels ku kasolya oba Wall Inverter Smoking/Arcing"| StayOffRoof["1. TOLINNYA ku kasolya oba okufuuyira hoosi y’olusuku ku bipande by’enjuba<br/>2. Sengulula amaka ebweru"]
    StayOffRoof --> ShutSolar["Ku Bbugwe wa Mita ey’Ebweru (bwe kiba nga tewali muliro):<br/>1. Slap Red PV Ekyuma ekiggalawo amangu<br/>2. Sika AC Solar Disconnect Lever OFF<br/>3. Flip Main Solar Breaker OFF mu Main Panel"]
    ShutSolar --> TurnOffDC["Singa Inverter TEBA sigala/arcing yokka: Ggyako Rotary DC Isolator Switch on Inverter ku OFF"]
    PullMeter --> Call911["Kuba 911 / 112 / 999: Wabula Dispatcher ku kifo kya Rooftop Solar + Lithium Battery"]
    LeaveSwitches --> Call911
    TurnOffDC --> Call911

Matrix y’okugeraageranya: ebitundu 3 eby’ensengekera y’enjuba ezigwa n’obulabe bwazo obw’enjawulo¶

Ekifo eky’okuterekamu amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’okugattako mu maka kirimu zoni z’amasannyalaze ssatu ez’enjawulo. Buli zooni eremererwa mu ngeri ya njawulo era yeetaaga enkola eyeetongodde ey’okwawula.

Deep dive 1: Omuliro gwa solar panel ku kasolya, MC4 connector arcs, n’ensonga lwaki DC current etta nnyo¶

Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya BRE National Solar Center (United Kingdom), Fraunhofer ISE (Germany), ne UL Solutions (United States) oluvannyuma lw’omuliro okukwata kulaga nti ebitundu ebisukka mu 70 ku 100 eby’omuliro ogw’enjuba ogw’oku kasolya tegutandikira munda mu bipande by’enjuba eby’endabirwamu byennyini; zitandikira mu DC wiring, field-crimped MC4 plug connectors, ne rooftop DC isolator switches ezikwese wansi wa panels.

Lwaki Direct Current (DC) arcs zaayokya nga torch ya welding¶

Mu waya z’awaka yo eza Alternating Current (AC) eza vvulovumenti 120 oba 230, vvulovumenti ekyukakyuka emirundi 50 oba 60 buli sikonda, ng’eyita mu zero volts emirundi 100 ku 120 buli sikonda. Buli vvulovumenti ya AC lw’esala ziro, mu butonde ensirifu y’amasannyalaze ezikira okumala milisekondi, ekifuula AC arcs okuba ennyimpi ennyo era nga nnyangu eri circuit breakers okusalako.

Direct Current (DC) okuva ku solar panel tesalako zero volts. Ekiyungo kya MC4 ekitali kinywevu wansi w’ekipande ky’enjuba bwe kisika katono olw’okugaziwa n’okukendeera kw’ebbugumu (okubuguma okutuuka ku 70°C / 158°F buli kawungeezi n’okutonnya ekiro), oba ng’ensowera ekamula okuyita mu jaketi ya PV enjeru ku DC ya 400-volt waya y’emiguwa: - Voltage egenda mu maaso ey’oludda olumu ebuuka ekituli n’ekuba sustained DC plasma arc ku 3,000 degrees Celsius (5,400 degrees Fahrenheit), nga ekwatagana ne physics ya industrial DC arc welder. - Arc esaanuusa ekisenge kya MC4 eky’obuveera, efuumuula waya y’ekikomo, esaanuuka okuyita mu fuleemu ya aluminiyamu ey’ekipande ky’enjuba, era n’esuula ekyuma ekisaanuuse ekyeru eky’omuliro butereevu ku bikoola ebikalu, ebisu by’ebinyonyi, n’ebisenge by’akasolya ka kolaasi ebikwatiddwa wansi w’ensengekera.

Engeri y’okuggyamu amaanyi mu nsengekera y’enjuba okuva ku ttaka mu ngeri ey’obukuumi (Step-by-Step)¶

Buli nnannyini maka alina amasannyalaze g’enjuba ku kasolya alina okuzuula switch ze ez’ebweru ezikutula nga tewannabaawo mbeera ya mangu. Okusinziira ku ddi enkola yo lwe yateekebwamu n’okumanya oba ekozesa Microinverters, DC Power Optimizers with a String Inverter, oba Older Unoptimized String Inverter, okuggala enkola eno kikola bwe kiti:

   [EXTERIOR SOLAR EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SEQUENCE]

   Locate Utility Meter Wall on Outside of House:

   +------------------------+     +------------------------+
   | [Red Mushroom Button]  |     |  [Metal Lever Box]     |
   |  PV RAPID SHUTDOWN     |     |  AC SOLAR DISCONNECT   |
   |  (Push Inward)         |     |  (Pull Handle DOWN)    |
   +-----------+------------+     +-----------+------------+
               |                              |
               +--------------+---------------+
                              v
      Drops Rooftop Voltage to <30V in 30 Seconds
      on Modern Code-Compliant Systems (NEC 690.12)

1. Eddaala 1: Kozesa PV ey'ebweru Rapid Shutdown / AC Solar Disconnect:
2. Tambula ebweru okutuuka ku mita yo enkulu ey’amasannyalaze. Okumpi ne mita, noonya bbokisi ya lever ey'ekyuma ewandiikiddwako "PV SYSTEM DISCONNECT" / "AC SOLAR DISCONNECT" ne/oba switch ya bbaatuuni emmyufu eyakaayakana ewandiikiddwako "RAPID SHUTDOWN SWITCH FOR SOLAR PV SYSTEM."
3. Nyiga bbaatuuni emmyufu eya Rapid Shutdown munda era sika lever y’ekyuma ku AC Solar Disconnect box butereevu WANSI okutuuka mu mbeera ya OFF.
4. Kino kye kikola ku nkola ez'omulembe (ezateekebwawo oluvannyuma lwa 2017 okutuuka mu 2020 mu North America):
   • Singa akasolya ko kakozesa Microinverters (nga buli solar panel ekyusa DC okudda mu AC wansi ddala w’ekipande), okusika AC Solar Disconnect amangu ago kivaako microinverters’ anti-isnding relay, ne kiggala amasannyalaze agava ku buli panel emu ku kasolya mu sikonda ezitakka wansi wa 1.
   • Singa akasolya ko kakozesa DC Power Optimizers oba Rapid Shutdown Receivers, okusala siginiini y’okufuga AC kireetera buli bbokisi ya modulo y’akasolya okusuula okufulumya kwayo okutuuka ku 1 volt buli panel (wansi wa volts 30 zonna awamu okubuna omuguwa gwonna) mu sikonda 30.
5. Eddaala 2: Flip the backfed "Solar / PV Breaker" OFF munda mu Main Electrical Panel yo:
6. Ggulawo bbokisi yo enkulu ey’okumenya amaka. Wansi ennyo ku bbaasi (okwolekera ekyuma ekimenya 200A ekikulu), funa ekimenya ekikondo eky’emirundi ebiri ekiwandiikiddwako sitiika emmyufu ewandiikiddwaako "SOLAR PV DISCONNECT" / "BACKFED SOLAR BREAKER" era okikyuse ku OFF.
7. Eddaala 3: Ggyako Rotary DC Disconnect Switch ku Inverter ku OFF (Ssinga inverter yennyini eba nnyogovu era nga teyonooneddwa):
8. Wansi oba ku ludda lwa string inverter box waliwo rotary dial enjeru oba emmyufu ewandiikiddwako DC DISCONNECT (ON / OFF).
9. ETTEEKA ERIKULU: Singa inverter box oba rotary DC switch efuuwa ssigala, ewuuma, ewunya ng’akaveera akayokeddwa, oba ng’eraga ebbugumu okukyusa langi, TOKIKOZE. Okukyusa switch ya DC isolator eyonoonese, efuuse obunnyogovu wansi w’omugugu kiyinza okuvaako ebikwatagana eby’omunda okuweta oba okubwatuka mu arc flash. Olw’okuba waggyako dda AC breaker mu Steps 1 ne 2, inverter ebadde dda ku zero amperes (zero current flow), n’eyimiriza okubuguma okusukkiridde nga tokwata ku switch ya DC.

Deep dive 2: Bbugwe wa bbaatule y’awaka (BESS) thermal runaway n’okubwatuka kw’omukka gwa galagi¶

Obukadde n’obukadde bwa bannannyini mayumba bagatta amasannyalaze g’enjuba ag’oku kasolya n’enkola ezitambula Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) ezitandikira ku 10 okutuuka ku 40+ kilowatt-hours (kWh) eziteekeddwa ku bisenge bya galagi, ebisenge by’ebikozesebwa mu kisenge ekya wansi, oba ku siding ey’ebweru. Okuteeka obusobozi obwo obw’amasoboza mu ndowooza: bbugwe wa bbaatule y’amayumba emu eya kWh 13.5 ekwata amaanyi ageenkanankana ne bbaatule za laptop 450 ezipakiddwa mu kabineti emu ey’ekyuma.

LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) ne NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) mu kudduka okw’ebbugumu¶

Ebisenge bya bbaatule z’amayumba bikozesa emu ku kemiko bbiri eza lithium-ion: NMC (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) oba LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate). Wadde nga bbaatule za LFP zirina ebbugumu erisingako ery’okutandika okudduka mu bbugumu era nga teziyokya nnyo okusinga obutoffaali bwa NMC, okugezesebwa kw’omuliro okw’amaanyi okwa UL 9540A kulaga nti bbaatule za LFP bwe ziyita mu kudduka okw’ebbugumu nga tezikwata mangu, zifulumya omukka omunene ogwa haidrojeni (\(H_2\)) ne kaboni monokisayidi (\(CO\)) ogutulika ogukola ekifo ekizibiddwa ennyo akabi k’okubwatuka munda mu galagi.

Omuyaga ogw’amaanyi n’amazzi g’amataba okunnyika ebisenge bya bbaatule z’awaka¶

Oluvannyuma lw’omuyaga ogwagwa ku lubalama lw’ennyanja gye buvuddeko ku lubalama lw’ennyanja Gulf of Mexico ne Atlantic, omuliro gwa galagi amakumi gakwata nga wayise essaawa oba ennaku nga amazzi g’amataba gakendedde amazzi g’omunnyo bwe gaabooga ebisenge bya bbaatule z’awaka eziteekeddwa mu galagi n’emmotoka ez’amasannyalaze. - Lwaki amazzi g’omunnyo galeeta omuliro gwa bbaatule okulwawo: Amazzi g’omunnyo gakola amasannyalaze agatambuza ennyo. Amazzi g’amataba bwe galinnya waggulu wa ssiringi eya wansi ku bbugwe wa bbaatule assiddwa mu galagi (ebitera okuteekebwa sentimita 60 ku 120 / ffuuti 2 ku 4 okuva wansi), amazzi g’omunnyo agatambuza gasiba ebibanda ku bbaasi za DC eza vvulovumenti ennene era ne gakulukuta ku bipande bya bbaatule eziddukanya enkola ya bbaatule (BMS). Okusengejja amasannyalaze kuleeta ggaasi ya haidrojeni ate ng’okubuguma okw’ekiseera ekitono okutasalako kuvuga obutoffaali obunyweredde mu mazzi okudduka mu bbugumu, oluusi essaawa 24 ku 72 oluvannyuma lw’amazzi okukulukuta. - Flood Protocol: Singa amazzi g’amataba gakwata oba okunnyika ekitundu kyonna eky’ekifo kyo ekitereka bbaatule z’awaka oba solar inverter: 1. Toyingiranga mu galagi ejjudde amazzi (amazzi agayimiridde gayinza okuweebwa amaanyi ga bbaatule ya 400V DC). 2. Togezaako kuddamu kussaako bbaatule ng’amazzi gakendedde. 3. Kuba 911 / 112 / 999 amangu ddala singa owulira okubumbulukuka, okuwuuma, oba okulaba omukka/omukka nga gusituka okuva mu bbaatule ennyogovu, era tuukirira layini y’abakola bbaatule ey’okuddamu mu mbeera ez’amangu okufuna omukugu mu by’okuwunyiriza mu ngeri ey’obukuumi n’okuggyawo yuniti eyali efuuse obuzibu.

Deep dive 3: Obulabe obuva mu muliro, asidi wa hydrofluoric ow’obutwa (\(HF\)), n’amasoboza agasibye¶

Ne bwe bamala okuzikiza ennimi z’omuliro ku kasolya akakozesa amasannyalaze g’enjuba oba okunyogoza bbugwe wa bbaatule y’awaka eyayokeddwa, obulabe bubiri obw’amaanyi oluvannyuma lw’akabenje kasigala ku kibanja kyo:

1. Amaanyi g'amasannyalaze agasibye n'okuddamu okukwata omuliro:
2. Ku Kasolya: Solar panels ezonoonese omuliro, ezikutte omuliro nga zirina tempered glass ezimenyese zikyakola ebikumi n’ebikumi bya volts z’amasannyalaze ga DC agatta enkeera ku makya amangu ddala ng’enjuba evuddeyo. Tokwatangako ku bipande by’enjuba ebiyokeddwa, waya eziwanikiddwa, oba emidumu gy’ebyuma/downspouts oluvannyuma lw’omuliro ogw’akasolya. Omukugu mu by’amasannyalaze g’enjuba alina layisinsi ng’ayambadde ggalavu za vvuloti 1,000 ezitaziyiza ‘arc-flash’ alina okukutula mu mubiri, okukwata ttaapu, n’okubikka oba okuggyawo modulo ezonoonese.
3. Mu Bbugwe wa Battery: Battery packs za Lithium-ion zirimu modules za cell ssekinnoomu eziwera. Ne bwe kiba nti omuliro gwa bbaatule gulabika nga gunnyogovu ddala ebweru, ebbugumu erikwatiddwa munda mu butoffaali obuliraanye obutayokebwa liyinza okuleeta okulwawo okudduka okw’ebbugumu okw’okubiri oluvannyuma lw’essaawa 12 okutuuka ku nnaku eziwera. Abazinya mwoto balondoola ebisenge bya bbaatule ebyayokeddwa nga bakozesa kkamera ezikwata ebifaananyi eby’ebbugumu okutuusa ng’abakozi abaggya kasasiro ow’obulabe bannyikidde mu mazzi oba ne batambuza ekipapula ebweru.
4. Asidi w’amazzi agakulukuta (\(HF\)) n’evvu ly’ekyuma ekizito:
5. Ebipande byombi eby’emabega w’enjuba (polyvinyl fluoride / Tedlar) ne lithium-ion battery electrolyte (\(LiPF_6\), lithium hexafluorophosphate) bifulumya omukka gwa hydrogen fluoride (\(HF\)) bwe gwokeddwa, ogusaanuuka mu mazzi agakulukuta agaziyiza omuliro ne gakola hydrofluoric acid.
6. Tokwatangako ku vvu lya bbaatule, enfuufu, oba ebiziba by’amazzi okwetooloola bbaatule oba solar panel eyokeddwa ng’okozesa emikono obwereere. Hydrofluoric acid ayingira mu lususu awatali bulumi obw’okwokya amangu, olwo n’asiba calcium ne magnesium mu bitundu ebizito n’omusaayi, n’avaako okufa kw’amagumba okw’amaanyi n’okusiba kw’omutima okutta. Weetaaga okutereeza ebintu eby’obulabe eby’ekikugu nga tonnayonja galagi oba waggulu oluvannyuma lwa bbaatule oba omuliro gw’enjuba (laba okwokya ennyo n’okufuuwa eddagala).

Olukalala lw’okukebera okuziyiza omuliro gwa nnannyini maka n’amasannyalaze g’enjuba ne bbaatule¶

Ggyawo ebikulu ebivaako ensobi za solar arc n’okudduka kw’ebbugumu lya bbaatule ng’omaliriza enkola eno ey’okukebera n’okuteekateeka ey’ensonga mukaaga:

• Teeka ekyuma ekiyitibwa critter-guard mesh okwetoloola perimeter ya rooftop solar array yo: Enseenene, enjiibwa, n’envunza baagala nnyo okukola ebisu mu bbanga eribuguma, erikuumibwa erya sentimita 10 (yinsi 4) wansi w’ebipande by’enjuba ebiri waggulu ku kasolya n’okusaza amannyo gaabwe agakula obutasalako ku waya za DC PV eza 600-volt. Funa installer wo clip anodized aluminium oba PVC-coated steel wire critter-guard mesh okwetooloola olubalama lwonna olw’ebweru olw’ensengekera okuziyiza ebisolo n’ebikoola ebifuuwa empewo ddala.
• Tegeka okukebera ennyonyi ekika kya infrared thermal drone / camera okumala emyaka 3 ku 5: Ebiyungo bya MC4 ebikalu, bypass diodes ebiremye, ne panel "hot spots" (ebiva ku musulo gw'ebinyonyi, micro-cracks, oba heavy shading) biraga bulungi ku infrared thermal camera emyezi nga tebinnasaanuuka okuyita mu backsheet.
• Kuuma ekitundu ekiwanvu ekya mita emu (fuuti 3) ekya "Zero Combustibles" okwetoloola inverters ne battery walls: Totuuma bbaasa ezitambula, ebidomola bya langi, ebisala omuddo gwa petulooli, oba eby'okuyooyoota ennaku enkulu ku bbugwe wa bbaatule ya galagi oba ku inverter ey'emiguwa. Teeka ekyuma ekizito vehicle impact bollards mu maaso ga bbaatule eziteekeddwa mu galagi mmotoka esika mu galagi esobole obutakuba n’okumenya kabineti ya bbaatule.
• Teeka Alamu y’ebbugumu eriko waya enzibu (mu galagi) ne Alaamu z’omukka/CO (munda mu nnyumba): Alamu z’omukka ez’amaaso eza bulijjo zitera okukola alamu ey’obulimba okuva mu mukka ogufuluma mu mmotoka mu galagi, kale koodi z’ebizimbe (IRC R309 / NFPA 855) ziraga 135°F/194°F ekizuula ebbugumu eritali ddene n’omutindo gw’okulinnya mu galagi eyungiddwa ku alamu zonna ez’omukka mu nnyumba n’omukka gwa kaboni kale amaka go gazuukuka mangu singa bbaatule ya galagi ebuguma ku ssaawa 3:00 ez’oku makya.
• Kakasa ebipande eby'okulabula ebimyufu ebitangaaza eby'olubeerera "SOLAR PV / BATTERY STORAGE" ku mita yo ey'amasannyalaze: Kebera nti mita yo ey'amasannyalaze ey'ebweru ne main panel birina ebipande ebitangaaza ebyuma ebiyooleddwa oba UV-stable red reflective placards ebiziyiza okufa** ebiraga ekifo ekituufu switch yo eya Rapid Shutdown n'ebifo byonna eby'okutereka bbaatule munda kale abazinya mwoto abatuuka babiraba mu nzikiza.
• Kebera okujjukira kw’obukuumi bw’abakola ku inverter yo, DC isolator, ne bbaatule y’awaka: Ebika by’ensi yonna ebiwerako ebikulu ebya bbaatule ezitereka awaka eza lithium-ion ez’omu maka (omuli LG Energy Solution RESU units n’endala) ne switch za rotary DC isolator zibadde ziyita mu bwangu CPSC, OPSS (UK), ne ACCC (Australia) omuliro. Kebera ennamba zo ez'omuddiring'anwa ku... cpsc.gov era okuuma omukutu gwa yintaneeti ogwa Wi-Fi ogwa bbaatule yo nga gukola olwo omukozi asobole okusika okulongoosa kwa firmware y’obukuumi bwa BMS mu ngeri ey’otoma.

Ebibuuzo ebitera okubuuzibwa¶

Ensonda zeekebeddwa¶

• Ekibiina ekivunaanyizibwa ku kukuuma omuliro mu ggwanga (NFPA, Amerika): NFPA 70 (Etteeka ly’amasannyalaze mu ggwanga Ennyingo 690.12: Okuggala amangu enkola za PV ku bizimbe), NFPA 855 (Omutindo gw’okussaawo enkola z’okutereka amaanyi agatali gakyukakyuka), n’okutendekebwa kw’obukodyo bw’abazinya mwoto Solar PV & Lithium-Ion BESS Tactical Training.
• Underwriters Laboratories / UL Fire Safety Research Institute (UL FSRI, United States): Enkola y’okugezesa eya UL 9540A ey’okwekenneenya okusaasaana kw’omuliro ogudduka mu bbugumu mu nkola z’okutereka amaanyi ga bbaatule n’okunoonyereza ku kuzimbulukuka kw’omuliro mu galagi y’amaka.
• Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku muliro mu Amerika (USFA / FEMA, Amerika): Okuddamu mu bwangu ku nkola za Photovoltaic (Solar) n’enkola z’okutereka amaanyi ga bbaatule ya Lithium-Ion oluvannyuma lw’amazzi g’omunnyo okubooga.
• BRE National Solar Center and Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET, Bungereza): Enkola za PV ez’omuliro n’enjuba: Okunoonyereza n’okulungamya ku nsobi za DC Arc, ebiyungo bya MC4, ne Isolator Switches.
• Ekibiina ky’ensi yonna ekizikiriza omuliro (IAFF) n’etteeka ly’ensi yonna erikwata ku muliro (IFC Section 1205 / 1207): Enkola z’amasannyalaze g’enjuba n’enkola y’okutereka amaanyi mu maka okudda emabega, empewo, n’omutindo gwa Placard.

Ebiragiro ebikwatagana nabyo¶

• Battery za Lithium-ion zikwata omuliro: e-bikes, amasimu, ne EVs
• Omuliro gw’amasannyalaze n’ebifo ebifulumya omuliro
• Amasannyalaze panel arcing n'okubuguma ennyo
• Obukuumi bw’omuliro mu nnyumba n’okusengula abantu
• Obuyambi obusookerwako obukubwa amasannyalaze n’okutaasa abantu ku vvulovumenti eya waggulu
• Dayirekita y’ennamba ez’amangu