Amasannyalaze Arc Flash, Arc Blast, ne High-Voltage Switchgear Embeera ez’amangu¶

Bwe wabaawo ekikyamu ky’amasannyalaze oba phase-to-phase short circuit munda mu switchgear y’amakolero eya phase ssatu eya amperage enkulu, ekifo eky’ettunzi ekifuga mmotoka ekya 480-volt motor control center (MCC), ekifo eky’okuterekamu tulansifooma ya utility transformer, oba substation eya vvulovumenti eya waggulu, akabi si kukuba masanyalaze gokka okuyita mu ngalo, wabula kuba kubwatuka electrical arc flash and arc blast. Ekisumuluzo ekigudde, ekipima multimeter ekiseerera, ekiwuka, omutendera gw’obunnyogovu, oba okukwatagana kw’ekimenya ekyambala bwe kiziba bbaasi bbiri ezirina amaanyi, empewo wakati wa kondakita efuuka ionize n’efuuka omukutu gwa pulasima ogutambuza. Mu sikonda ezitakka wansi wa 0.01 ku 0.1 (akatundu k’amaaso akazibuka), enkumi n’enkumi za amperes za fault current zikulukuta okuyita mu bbanga ly’empewo, ne zikola electric arc core okutuuka ku okutuuka ku 19,400 degrees Celsius (35,000 degrees Fahrenheit), kumpi emirundi ena egy’ebbugumu okusinga kungulu kw’enjuba.

Ku diguli 19,000, bbaasi eziriko ekikomo ekigumu ne aluminiyamu tezisaanuuka kwokka; zifuumuuka mu kaseera ako ne zifuuka supersonic arc blast. Ekikomo ekikalu kigaziwa emirundi 67,000 mu bunene nga kiyaka okuva mu kyuma ekigumu ne kifuuka omukka ogubuguma ennyo, ne kikola amayengo agakontana agasukka 165 decibels n’ebikumi n’ebikumi bya kilopascals eza puleesa ezifuuwa enzigi za kabineti ez’ekyuma enzito okuva ku hingi zazo, ne kisuula omusawo w’amasannyalaze emabega okubuna ekisenge, n’afuuyira amatondo g’ekikomo ekisaanuuse ku over Mita 300 buli sikonda (mayiro 700 buli ssaawa), era ekoleeza essaati z’omulimu ezitali za arc-rated synthetic work mu buveera obusaanuuse ku kifuba ky’oyo attiddwa. Okumanya lwaki tolina kukwata ku muntu abadde akyali mu bbugumu ku kipande ekirimu amaanyi nga talina rated fiberglass rescue hook oba upstream circuit trip, lwaki obuwale obw’omunda obw’obutonde n’essaati za polyester bisaanuuka mu lususu mu kiseera ky’okumasamasa kw’omukka ogw’ebbugumu, n’engeri y’okuddukanyaamu okwokya kw’emikutu gy’empewo egy’ebbugumu, okuwunya kw’omusuwa, n’okulumwa olw’okubwatuka okugatta obulamu.

Kino kikole kati¶

1. TOkwata mukozi munno n’emikono gyo egy’obwereere oba okuyingira mu kabineti y’amasannyalaze enzigule nga switchgear eyinza okuba ng’ekyalina amaanyi. Nga tonnasemberera musawo wa masanyalaze agudde munda mu kisenge kya switchgear oba substation, ssika circuit breaker ya upstream main feeder, kwata button ya remote emergency shunt-trip, oba kozesa voltage-rated insulated fiberglass rescue hook (hot stick) okusika omuntu ayisiddwa okuva ku busbars ezirimu amaanyi; laba okukubwa amasannyalaze.
2. Fuyira engoye ezookya amangu ddala ("Stop, Drop, and Roll" oba okunyiga n'amazzi ONLY after the victim is completely clear of live electrical equipment). Tofuuyirangako mazzi oba ekyuma ekizikiza foam ng'oyolekera open enegized electrical panel (ekijja okutambuza lethal current back up the stream to you and trigger a second arc blast). Omuntu bw’amala okusimbulwa okuva mu kitundu eky’obulabe bw’amasannyalaze, nyweza engoye ezifuumuuka omukka n’amazzi agannyogoga oba okuziyiza ennimi z’omuliro n’omufaliso ogw’ebyoya by’endiga/ppamba.
3. Kuba ennamba yo ey’amangu mu kitundu kyo (911 mu Amerika ne Canada, 112 okwetoloola omukago gwa Bulaaya, 999 mu Bungereza) amangu ddala. Buulira omusindika nti okumasamasa n’okubwatuka kw’amasannyalaze mu makolero kubaddewo, tegeeza vvulovumenti (okugeza, 480 volts AC oba 13,800 volts), era osabe abajjanjabi ab’omulembe abawagira obulamu ku potential cardiac okukwatibwa, okwokya ennyo olw’ebbugumu, n’okulumwa omukka; kebera ennamba z’amangu.
4. Kebera okussa n’okukuba omukka amangu ddala ng’omuntu amaze okutuuka ku ttaka eritali lya bulabe, era oteekewo ekyuma ekiziyiza omukka ogw’ebweru (AED) mu ddakiika 2. Singa omuntu tassa bulungi era nga tassa bulungi, tandika okunyigiriza ekifuba amangu ddala era oteekeko AED amangu ddala nga kituuse; alternating-current shocks zitera okuleeta ventricular fibrillation eyinza okukyusibwa n’okusannyalala kwa defibrillator mu budde; okulaba CPR.
5. Cool arc flash eyokya n’amazzi ga ttaapu agakulukuta ennyogovu okumala eddakiika 20, naye TOSIkayo ngoye oba olugoye olusaanuuse olw’obutonde olunyweredde ku lususu olwokeddwa. Sala engoye eziriko arc-rated ezisaanuuse oba olugoye olusaanuuse ng’okozesa trauma shears era olekewo ebintu ebinywerera mu kifo okusobola okulongoosebwa okubiggyawo mu kifo we yayokebwa; laba okwokya ennyo n’okufuuwa eddagala.
6. Londoola eddoboozi ly’omuntu ayisiddwa n’okussa obutasalako okulaba oba emimiro gizimba mangu (okussa empewo eyokebwa). Okussa plasma ebuguma ennyo n’omukka gwa copper/ozone ogw’obutwa mu kiseera ky’okukuba arc kwokya ennyindo n’omukka; singa omuntu afunye enfuufu yeetoolodde akamwa, enviiri mu maaso eziyimiridde, okuwuuma oba okuwuuma (stridor), zituule nga zigoloddwa ku diguli 45 (bwe kiba nga kimanyi era nga tekirina bulabe ku mugongo) okukendeeza ku kuggalawo emikutu gy’empewo egy’obulabe okutuusa ng’abajjanjabi abasookerwako basobola okukuba entuba.

flowchart TD
    Start["Amasannyalaze Arc Flash, Arc Blast, oba Switchgear Emergency"] --> SceneSafe{"Omuntu ayisiddwa akyakwata oba ali munda mu kipande ekirimu amaanyi?"}
    SceneSafe -->|"Yee: Okukwata ku Live Busbars / Panel"| DeEnergize["1. TOKUkwata ku muntu ayisiddwa n’emikono egy’obwereere<br/>2. Trip upstream main breaker / kwata button ya Emergency Shunt-Trip eri ewala<br/>3. OBA ssika omukoseddwa clear ng’okozesa ekikonde ekitaasa fiberglass ekitali kya vvulovumenti"]
    SceneSafe -->|"Nedda: Esuuliddwa Clear ya Panel"| DragClear["Sika omuntu okuva mu kifo eky’amasannyalaze ekijjudde omukka singa kiba nga tekirina bulabe okuva ku bbaasi ezirabika obulungi"]
    DeEnergize --> Extinguish["Zikiza engoye ezokya OLUVANNYUMA lw’omugenzi okuva ku byuma by’amasannyalaze<br/>(NEVER spray water into live switchgear)"]
    DragClear --> Extinguish
    Extinguish --> CheckLife{"Omuntu afunye obuzibu ategeera era assa mu ngeri ya bulijjo?"}
    CheckLife -->|"Nedda: Obutaddamu / Obutassa"| CPR["1. Tandika CPR amangu ddala (30:2 oba okunyigirizibwa okutambula obutasalako)<br/>2. Siiga paadi za AED (siimuula ekifuba kikale / kiteeke wala okuva ku eschar eyaka bwe kiba kyetaagisa)<br/>3. Tuusa shock singa owabulwa AED"]
    CheckLife -->|"Yee: Okussa"| AirwayBurn["1. Kebera oba emikutu gy’empewo gyayokebwa mu bbugumu (eddoboozi eriwuuma, stridor, enfuufu mu kamwa)<br/>2. Okwokya ennyogovu n’amazzi amayonjo agakulukuta okumala edakiika 20 (TOSEKA ngoye ezisibye)<br/>3. Kebera oba amawuggwe agabwatuka, endongo z’amatu ezikutuse, n’okulumwa omugongo"]

Okutegeera fizikisi ey’emirundi ebiri: Arc Flash vs. Arc Blast¶

Abantu bangi batabula electric shock (amasannyalaze we gakulukuta mu mubiri gw’omuntu kubanga omuntu akwata ku conductor erimu amaanyi) ne arc flash ne arc blast (akasannyalazo we gakulukuta mu mpewo wakati wa phase conductors oba okuva ku phase okudda ku ground, ne gafulumya ebbugumu eriziba amaaso erya radiant heat n’amayengo ga pressure agatulika agayinza okutta omuntu ayimiridde 3 to 6 mita / 10 to 20 feet away wadde bwe baba nga tebakwatangako waya).

Ekyewuunyisa, ebimu ku bisinga okuba eby’amaanyi era ebitta okubwatuka kwa arc flash tebibaawo ku minaala egy’okutambuza amasannyalaze egya vvuloti 100,000, wabula ku bipande by’okusaasaanya amakolero ebya vvuloti 480 oba 600-volt three-phase** ebiweebwa tulansifooma ennene ezikka wansi, kubanga akasannyalazo k’ensobi (amperage) akaliwo kanene nnyo era obudde bw’okugogola magnetic breaker buyinza okuba mpola okusinga relays za vvulovumenti ennene:

1. The Arc Flash (Ekisannyalazo ky’ebbugumu ku 19,400°C / 35,000°F) .¶

Ekisenge ky’amasannyalaze bwe kiteekebwawo okuyita mu bbanga wakati wa bbaasi za 480-volt oba 13.8-kilovolt, obuziyiza bw’amasannyalaze obw’empewo eya ionized bukyusa megawatts z’amaanyi g’amasannyalaze butereevu mu masoboza ag’amasannyalaze aga magineeti agatangalijja (ekitangaala kya infrared, ekirabika, ne ultraviolet) n’ekiwujjo kya pulasima ekibuguma ennyo:

• Amaaso g’ebbugumu agagwawo (agapimiddwa mu kalori buli square centimeter, \(\text{cal/cm}^2\)): Wansi wa NFPA 70E (Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace), amasoboza agagwawo aga \(1.2\text{ cal/cm}^2\) yokka, ageenkanankana n’okukwata engalo yo mu nsonga y’ennimi z’omuliro ezikutte sigala okumala sekondi 1, gamala okuleeta a okwokya kwa ddaala eryokubiri (ekitundu-obuwanvu) ku lususu olutaliiko kintu kyonna.
• Arc ya switchgear eya volt 480 etakendeezebwako sentimita 45 (yinsi 18) okuva mu kifuba ky’omusawo w’amasannyalaze bulijjo efulumya 8 okutuuka ku \(40\text{ cal/cm}^2\) mu sikonda ezitakka wansi wa 0.2, amangu ago n’ekola kaboni ku lususu olutaliiko bukuumi era n’ekuma omuliro mu ngoye eza bulijjo eza ppamba oba polyester.
• Lwaki engoye ezikoleddwa mu butonde (polyester, nylon, spandex, polypropylene) ziba za katyabaga: Omukozi ne bw’aba ayambadde ekibikka eky’ebweru ekiziyiza ennimi z’omuliro (FR), singa bambala essaati ya jjiimu eya bulijjo ekwata obunnyogovu oba obuwale obw’omunda obwa nayirooni wansi waakyo era amaanyi agagwawo ne gasukka ekipimo ky’ekyambalo eky’ebweru (oba ekibikka kisumuluddwa ku... ensingo), ebbugumu erisukkiridde eryakaayakana lisaanuusa poliyesita ow’obutonde ku 250 degrees Celsius (480 degrees Fahrenheit) mu kiveera ekibuguma ekya napalm ekigatta wansi mu lususu.

2. The Arc Blast (okufuumuuka kw’ekikomo emirundi 67,000 n’okuwuuma kw’amaloboozi agasukkulumye ku maloboozi) .¶

Mu kiseera kye kimu n’okumasamasa kw’ebbugumu okuziba amaaso, akasannyalazo ak’amaanyi kafuuwa omukka gwa bbaasi ezigumu ez’ekikomo oba aluminiyamu era ne gubugumya mangu empewo eri munda mu kisenge kya switchgear eky’ekyuma:

• Okugaziwa kwa phase okuva ku 67,000 ku 1: Geraageranya amazzi (agagaziwa emirundi 1,600 ku 1,700 nga gaaka okutuuka ku mukka) ne ekikomo ekigumu, ekigaziwa emirundi 67,000 mu bunene nga kifuuse omukka n’akawundo k’amasannyalaze.
• Supersonic shrapnel and overpressure: Okugaziwa kuno okw’akaseera katono kuleeta amayengo ga puleesa y’okubwatuka agasukka kilopascals 50 ku 100 (pawundi 1,000 ku 2,000 buli square foot) munda mu mulyango gwa kabineti. Ebibikka ku bipande by’ekyuma ebiriko obuuma bisala ebisiba byabyo ne bibuuka okubuna ekisenge ng’ebiso bya guillotine; amatondo agasaanuuse ag’ekyuma ekikwatagana n’ekikomo ne ffeeza gafuuyira ebweru ku sipiidi ya mita ezisukka mu 300 buli sikonda (mayiro 700 buli ssaawa), ne gayingira mu lususu n’amaaso; era 140-to-165-decibel acoustic shockwave ekutula obuwuka bwombi obw’omu matu (eardrums) amangu ago ng’esuula omukozi emabega ku bisenge bya seminti oba ebyuma.

Okununula omutendera ku mutendera mu kisenge kya switchgear oba substation¶

Omutendera 1: Obukuumi bw’ekifo n’okuggyamu abakoseddwa n’amaanyi¶

Ekyuma ekiyitibwa arc flash bwe kibuuka munda mu kisenge ky’amasannyalaze, amangu ago empewo ejjula omukka omunene, omuddugavu n’enzirugavu ogukoleddwa mu kikomo oxide ekifuuse omukka, epoxy insulation eyokeddwa, ne ozone. Ebiseera ebisinga, emisinde gya main breaker egy’okungulu giggulwawo mu milisekondi, naye tolina kulowooza nti ekipande kifudde:

• Ne bwe kiba nti ekimenya amatabi kyagwa, incoming line-side lugs ne top busbars munda mu kabineti zisigala nga zirina amaanyi ku full utility voltage (480V, 4,160V, oba 13.8kV).

• Okugatta ku ekyo, amakolero amanene agatereeza amaanyi-factor-correction capacitor banks ne uninterruptible power supply (UPS) DC battery strings zitereka amasannyalaze agatta okumala eddakiika eziwerako ne bwe kiba nti utility main breaker egguddwawo.

• Sooka okukuba bbaatuuni ya feeder ey’oku mangu oba ewala eya Emergency Power Off (EPO): Tunuulira ebweru w’oluggi lw’ekisenge ky’amasannyalaze oba ku mulyango oguyingira mu mpeereza enkulu okufuna bbaatuuni ya ffene eri ewala Emergency Power Off (EPO) bbaatuuni oba bbaatuuni enkulu ey’okungulu era ogisibe amangu ddala.

• Kozesa voltage-rated insulated fiberglass rescue hook (Body Rescue Hook): Buli kisenge ky’amasannyalaze ekya vvulovumenti ennene ne substation birina okuba n’akaguwa aka kiragala oba emicungwa akatangaavu insulated fiberglass rescue hook (mu ngeri entuufu obuwanvu bwa mita 1.8 ku 2.4 / ffuuti 6 ku 8, nga ebalirirwa era nga egezesebwa kilovolts 45 ku 75) essiddwa ku bbugwe nga... oluggi lw’okufuluma.
• Yimirira ku ttaka amakalu oba ku switchboard ya kapiira eziyiza ebweru w’ensalosalo ya arc flash.
• Sserengesa akaguwa akagazi aka fiberglass akagazi okwetooloola ekiwato, ekifuba, oba wansi w’enkwawa ze y’oyo akubwa era ozisika emabega buli lukya okuva ku kabineti ya switchgear okutuusa lwe ziba mu kkubo eritangaavu, eritaliiko bulabe.
• Tokozesangako payipu ya mudumu ya kyuma, omuggo ogw’embaawo omubisi, oba omuguwa gwa nayirooni okuggya omuntu ayisiddwa ku byuma bya vvulovumenti enkulu ezisukka mu vvulovumenti 600; ku vvulovumenti eya wakati n’eya waggulu, akasannyalazo kalondoola amangu ddala wansi mu mbaawo ennyogovu oba omuguwa omucaafu.
• Kozesa ekyuma ekizikiza omuliro ekitali kya conductive (CO2 oba Dry Chemical) kyokka nga kya Class C rated (CO2 oba Dry Chemical) singa ekyuma ekiziyiza amasannyalaze kiba kyokya: Tofuuyirangako kizikiza mazzi kya ffeeza, ekizikiza amazzi ekya Class A foam, oba hoosi y’omuliro mu kifo ekikuumirwamu amasannyalaze okutuusa ng’ekitongole ekikozesa amasannyalaze kikakasizza nti kimaze okuggyibwako amaanyi mu bujjuvu.

Omutendera 2: Okuzuukusa omutima mu bwangu (CPR ne AED) .¶

Amasannyalaze aga vvulovumenti eya waggulu n’amakolero aga phase ssatu gatta amangu ddala nga gayita mu okusiba kw’omutima (okusiba kw’omutima oba okuziyiza kw’omusuwa) oba okusiba kw’okussa okw’omu makkati (okusannyalala kw’omusuwa gw’omubiri (tetanic paralysis of the diaphragm or stunning of the brainstem respiratory center). Olw’okuba abakoseddwa obubenje bw’amasannyalaze ku mulimu batera okuba abantu abakulu abalamu obulungi ng’emitima gyabwe gyayimirira kwokka olw’okutaataaganyizibwa kw’ennyimba z’amasannyalaze okusinga okuzibikira emisuwa gy’omusaayi, emikisa gyabwe egy’okuwona giri waggulu nnyo mu ngeri ey’enjawulo singa CPR ne AED defibrillation bitandika mu ddakiika 3 ku 5:

1. Kebera okuddamu n’okussa okwa bulijjo okumala sekondi ezitasukka 10: Omuntu bw’amala okuggyibwa ku bulabe bw’amasannyalaze, kwata ku kibegabega kye era otunule mu kifuba. Buusa amaaso okussa okumpi, okutali kwa bulijjo, okusinda (agonal gasps), kano kabonero ka kusiba kw’omutima, so si kussa kwa bulijjo.
2. Tandika okunyigiriza ekifuba amangu (100 ku 120 buli ddakiika, sentimita 5 ku 6 / obuziba bwa yinsi 2 ku 2.4): Nyiga nnyo era mu bwangu wakati mu kifuba; singa otendekebwa, waayo okunyigirizibwa 30 n’ogobererwa omukka 2 ogw’okutaasa (naddala kikulu nnyo singa ensisi yaleeta okusannyalala kw’okussa okusookerwako ng’omutima gukyalina ennyimba ezitali nnungi); laba CPR.
3. Siiga eddagala eriweweeza ku mutima erya Automated External Defibrillator (AED) ku lususu lw’ekifuba olwayokeddwa:
4. Salako oba ggyawo emmanju w’essaati/ekibikka ky’omuntu ayisiddwa obubi ng’okozesa ebisero by’obuvune.
5. Singa olususu lw’ekifuba lulina arc flash burns oba blisters, gezaako okuteeka paadi za AED ebbiri ezisiiga ku lususu olutaliiko kamogo, olutayokeddwa mu mbeera eya bulijjo (ekifuba ekya waggulu ekya ddyo wansi w’eggumba ly’omu bulago, embiriizi eya wansi eya kkono wansi w’enkwaso) oba mu mbeera ya anterior-posterior (front-and-back) singa emmanju w’ekifuba eyokeddwa. Wabula, ssinga ekifuba kyonna kyokeddwa, teeka paadi za AED butereevu ku lususu olwokeddwa anyway, okutuusa obulamu-okutaasa defibrillation shock okukomya ventricular fibrillation bulijjo kikulembeza okusinga okwokya olususu.

Omutendera 3: Okuddukanya okwokya kw’olususu lw’okussa mu mikutu gy’empewo n’okwokya olususu mu plasma¶

Omuntu bw’amala okussa n’afuna omukka, essira lyo ery’amangu likyuka ne lidda ku omukutu gw’empewo ogwa waggulu ne okwokya okw’ebbugumu okuzito:

1. Manya n’okuyimirira ku kuzimba okw’amaanyi okw’emikutu gy’empewo egy’ebbugumu¶

Omukozi bw’aba ayimiridde mu maaso ga kabineti enzigule mu kiseera ky’okubwatuka kw’akasannyalazo, amayengo agakontana gatera okubawaliriza okussa omukka mu ngeri ey’okufumiitiriza nga ekire kya pulasima ekya diguli 19,000 ne okisayidi w’ekikomo ekifuuse omukka bwe bikuba mu maaso gaabwe:

• Obubonero obw’okulabula ku kkubo ly’empewo erigenda okuggalwa: Emimwa egyokebwa oba egy’ebizimba, enfuufu munda mu kamwa oba ennyindo, ebisige ebiyimiridde n’enviiri z’ennyindo, eddoboozi eriwuuma oba eriwunya, okusesema buli kiseera, okukaluubirirwa okumira amalusu, oba eddoboozi ery’okukoona ery’amaanyi ng’ossa (stridor).
• Lwaki buli ddakiika ebalwa: Okwokya okw’ebbugumu n’eddagala munda mu nnyindo n’ennyindo kuleeta okuzimba kw’amazzi okw’amaanyi (edema) okuyinza okusiba ddala emisuwa gy’eddoboozi nga giggaddwa mu ddakiika 15 ku 45, ekifuula n’okussa mu kisenge eky’amangu okutasoboka nga tewali kkubo lya mpewo lilongooseddwa (cricothyrotomy).
• Ekikolwa eky’amangu: Kuuma omulwadde ategeera, assa ng’ateeberezebwa nti yayokeddwa mu mikutu gy’empewo ng’atudde nga yeegolodde ku diguli 45 ku 90 (okuggyako ng’ateeberezebwa okuba n’okumenya omugongo olw’okusuulibwa emabega, mu mbeera eyo ssika omutwe gw’olubaawo lw’emabega waggulu katono bwe kiba kisoboka). Ensikirizo ekendeeza ku kuzimba kw’amazzi mu bulago n’emimiro. Towa kintu kyonna kya kulya oba kunywa, era labula abajjanjabi abasookerwako amangu ddala nga batuuse basobole okukuuma omukutu gw’empewo nga bukyali.

2. Obuyambi obusookerwako ku arc flash burns n’engoye ezisaanuuse¶

1. Oyoza olususu olwokeddwa n’amazzi ga ttaapu agakulukuta ennyogovu era amagonvu okumala eddakiika 20: Kozesa amazzi amayonjo agannyogoga (diguli 15 ku 20 Celsius / diguli 59 ku 68 Fahrenheit) okuggya ebbugumu erikusike eryakwatiddwa okuva mu layers ez’olususu enzito n’okuyimiriza okufa kw’ebitundu ebigenda mu maaso; laba okwokya.
2. Okuziyiza ebbugumu eringi ku kwokya okunene: Singa arc flash eyokya ebitundu ebisukka mu 15 ku 20 ku buli 100 eby’ekitundu ky’omubiri gwonna (TBSA) ky’oyo eyakubwa, ennyogoza okwokya okumala akaseera katono okuzikiza ebbugumu n’oluvannyuma omulwadde ozinge mu bipande ebiyonjo, ebikalu ebitaliimu buwuka n’emifaliso egy’ebbugumu waggulu; amazzi agannyogoga okumala ebbanga eddene okutonnya ku bitundu by’omubiri ebigazi kireeta ebbugumu eritta mu balwadde abakwatibwa ensisi ey’okwokya.
3. TOSIkayo buwale bwa munda obw’obutonde obusaanuuse oba olugoye olukutte omuliro olunyweredde ku lususu: Ng’okozesa ebisala eby’okulumwa, sala engoye ezitambula okwetooloola empenda z’okwokya, n’oleka ebitundu by’olugoye byonna ebisibye nga tebitaataaganyizibwa ku kitanda ky’ebiwundu.
4. Ggyawo amangu ddala empeta zonna ez’ebyuma, essaawa z’omu ngalo, emisipi, n’obutto: Emikono, engalo, n’ebigere ebyokeddwa bizimba okutuuka ku sayizi yaabyo eya bulijjo emirundi ebiri mu ddakiika 30 ng’ofunye obuvune olw’ebbugumu oba vvulovumenti eya waggulu; bbandi y’embaga erekeddwa ku ngalo eyokeddwa efuuka ekiwujjo ekiziyiza ekivaako obulwadde bwa gangrene n’okutemebwako ebitundu by’omubiri.
5. Zinga ebyokya mu ngeri etali nnywevu mu pulasitiika ennyonjo cling film (eteekeddwa mu buwanvu) oba ebipande ebikalu ebitaliimu buwuka: Tosiiga butto, giriisi, ebizigo by’amakolero, oba ice ku kwokya kwa arc flash. Teeka emiguwa gy’obuveera obw’awaka obuyonjo mu buwanvu ku byokeddwa ebinyogoze (obutazingibwangako nnyo ku kitundu ky’omubiri mu nneekulungirivu, ekiziyiza okuzimba) okuziyiza emisinde gy’empewo, ekikendeeza ennyo obulumi obw’okwokya, era okuume ekiwundu nga kiyonjo okutuusa lw’otuuka mu kifo eky’okwokya eky’omu kitundu.

Omutendera 4: Okwonooneka kw’ebinywa eby’omunda ebya vvulovumenti enkulu (Compartment syndrome) .¶

Singa ddala akasannyalazo ka vvulovumenti ennene kaayita mu mikono oba amagulu g'omusawo w'amasannyalaze (ng'oggyeeko okumasamasa kwa arc ey'ebweru), jjukira "Iceberg Principle" of high-voltage electrocution:

• Olw’okuba eggumba lye lisinga okuziyiza amasannyalaze okusinga ebitundu byonna mu mubiri, amasannyalaze agatambula waggulu ku mukono gabugumya amagumba amawanvu aga humerus, radius, ne ulna okutuuka ku bbugumu erisukkiridde, nga gafumba ebinywa ebizito by’amagumba okukwatagana ddala n’eggumba okuva munda okudda ebweru ate ng’olususu olw’ebweru olw’omukono ogw’omu maaso luyinza okulabika nga lwa bulijjo ddala okuggyako ebiwundu ebitonotono ebiyingidde n’ebifuluma nga biyokeddwa ku ngalo n’ebigere.
• Mu ssaawa ntono, ebinywa ebyo ebizito ebifumbiddwa bizimba munda mu tight inelastic fibrous fascia yaakyo (acute compartment syndrome) era ne kikulukuta obungi bwa myoglobin obwa kitaka ekimyufu mu musaayi, ne kifuula omusulo gw'omulwadde ogwa kitaka enzirugavu ("omusulo gwa langi ya caayi" oba "era "cola-colored") ne kireeta ekibumba ekizibu okulemererwa; laba okunyiga obuvune n’obulwadde bw’ekisenge.
• Tokkiriza mukozi eyafuna okukuba kwa vvulovumenti eya waggulu oba arc flash "okugitambula" n'adda eka, ne bwe baba nga bawulira bulungi oluvannyuma lw'eddakiika 10; buli muntu awona okukwatagana oba arc flash yeetaaga okukebera omutima mu ddwaaliro, okukeberebwa omusaayi mu serum creatine kinase (CK), okwekenneenya omusulo, n’okulongoosebwa okwekenneenya okwokya.

Omutendera 5: Okulumwa olw’okubwatuka kw’amaloboozi, obuvune mu UV mu maaso, n’okugwa okw’okubiri¶

Ng’oggyeeko okusiba omutima n’okwokya olususu, fizikisi ey’effujjo ey’okubwatuka kw’amaaso (arc blast) ereeta obuvune busatu obw’enjawulo obw’okubiri obwetaagisa okulabirira okugendereddwamu mu kifo:

1. Endongo z’amatu ezikutuse (tympanic membrane perforation) n’okuwuguka mu ngeri ey’okukonziba: Olw’okuba okubwatuka kw’amatu mu makolero kuleeta amayengo ga puleesa aga decibel 140 ku 165 ku point-blank range, omusawo w’amasannyalaze atabuse awona okubwatuka emirundi mingi ajja kuba azibye amatu okumala akaseera oba ak’olubeerera, ng’avaamu omusaayi katono okuva mu kutu okumu oba zombi emikutu, n’okulumwa ennyo vertigo (okuziyira) okuva mu barotrauma y’amatu ag’omunda. Yogera mpola ng’olaba bulungi omuntu atulugunyizibwa, kozesa obubonero bw’emikono okumugumya, era oteeke paadi ya gaasi etaliimu buwuka etali nnywevu waggulu w’ebweru w’okutu okuvaamu omusaayi (topakirangako gaasi mu mulyango gw’amatu oba okuyiwa amazzi mu kutu).
2. Obulwadde bwa Ultraviolet photokeratitis ("Arc Eye") n'ebyuma ebisaanuuse eby'amaaso eby'ebweru: Ekitangaala eky'amaanyi ekya ultraviolet n'okufuuyira amatondo g'ekikomo ekifuuse omukka byokya kungulu kw'amaaso singa engabo ya ffeesi y'omusawo w'amasannyalaze eriko arc-rated ebadde ekyusibwa waggulu oba n'ekoona. Singa omuntu alumizibwa aloopa okuwulira "omusenyu ogwokya mu maaso" ogw'amayinja, okulaba okuzibu, oba okuwulira ekitangaala okuluma, to kusiiga maaso; okubikka amaaso gombi katono ne paadi za gaasi ez’omunnyo ennyogovu era ennyogovu ezitaliimu buwuka (oba engabo enkaluba ey’amaaso singa akatundu k’ekyuma kayingira mu nsi yonna) okutuusa omusawo w’amaaso lw’alikebedde; laba eriiso ekintu ekigwira, okunyiga kw’amaaso, n’okuweta okumasamasa.
3. Okumenya omugongo n’obuvune obw’amaanyi ku bwongo okuva mu kusuula okubwatuka: Singa amayengo ga puleesa esukkiridde gasuula omukozi okuva ku ddaala lya fiberglass, okuva ku pulatifomu ya tulansifooma eyali waggulu, oba emabega mu bbugwe wa seminti ow’enjawulo, kuuma manual in-line cervical spine stabilization ng’okebera ekkubo lye ery’empewo n’okussa; laba obuvune ku mugongo era obuvune ku mutwe.

Olukalala lw’okukebera obukuumi bwa switchgear z’amasannyalaze n’okwetegekera PPE¶

Nga tonnaggulawo kabineti yonna ey’amasannyalaze mu makolero, ekifo ekifuga mmotoka, oba ekifo awaterekerwa tulansifooma okugonjoola ebizibu oba okukyusa, kakasa bino ebiziyiza obulamu-obukuumi bwa NFPA 70E / HSE HSG85:

• Teekawo embeera y’emirimu etali ya masannyalaze (De-energize and Lockout/Tagout buli lwe kiba kisoboka): Mu NFPA 70E n’etteeka ly’ensi yonna erikwata ku by’okwerinda ku masannyalaze, emirimu egy’amaanyi amalamu gigaaniddwa okuggyako ng’okuggyamu amaanyi kuleeta akabi akasingawo (nga okuggala obulamu bw’eddwaliro oba abawagizi b’empewo) oba nga tekisoboka (nga okugezesa vvulovumenti). Bulijjo goberera Test-Before-Touch ("Live-Dead-Live"): okugezesa voltmeter yo eya CAT III / CAT IV rated voltmeter ku live source emanyiddwa, gezaako target busbars phase-to-phase ne phase-to-ground okukakasa zero volts, era oddemu okugezesa mita yo ku live source emanyiddwa okukakasa nti leads za mita tezaamenya.
• Soma Arc Flash Hazard Warning Label era yambala ekwatagana ne Arc-Rated (AR) PPE: Kebera akabonero ka kabineti ku Arc Flash Boundary distance ne Incident Energy (\(\text{cal/cm}^2\)) ku bbanga ly’okukola (oba PPE Category 1 okutuuka ku 4, okuva ku \(4\text{ cal/cm}^2\) FR shirt/pants/face shield okutuuka ku \(40\text{ cal/cm}^2\) multi-layer arc flash bomb-style suit hood and jacket), nga kwogasse ggalavu za kapiira ezirina voltage-rated insulating gloves nga zirina ebikuuma amaliba n’okukuuma amatu nga dielectric (canal-insert earplugs to prevent eardrum rupture).
• Zero synthetic underlayers ne zero conductive jewelry: Yambala ppamba ow’obutonde 100 ku buli 100, wool, oba arc-rated base layers wansi w’engoye za FR, toyambalangako ssaati za mizannyo za polyester, nylon, oba spandex oba obuwale obw’omunda, era oggyeko empeta zonna ez’ebyuma, essaawa, emikuufu, n’endabirwamu eziriko ekyuma.
• Yimiriza ku ludda lwa hingi era okyuse ffeesi yo ng’osika ebimenya oba okusuula leeva ezikutula: Singa remote motorized racking oba remote switching teteekeddwamu, yimirira ku hinge side y’oluggi lwa kabineti y’ekyuma oluggaddwa (ng’okozesa omukono gwo ogwa kkono singa lever eba ku ddyo, kale omubiri gwo n’omutima biba bivudde ddala mu kkubo ly’oluggi olufuuwa omukka), osuule switch mu bwangu mu kiteeso kimu ekisalawo.
• Teeka ekikonde ekitaasa omubiri ekya fiberglass ne AED ebweru wa Arc Flash Boundary: Nga tonnaba kukola kukebera kukyusa maanyi mu bulabe obw’amaanyi oba obutaba na vvulovumenti, teeka enkoba y’okutaasa omubiri eya fiberglass eriko vvulovumenti ne AED mu kifo eky’amangu omuntu eyeewaddeyo okuyimiridde mu by’okwerinda naye nga ayambadde PPE eriko omutindo gwa arc enzijuvu.

Ebibuuzo ebitera okubuuzibwa¶

Flash ya electrical arc eyinza etya okwokya omuntu atakwatako wadde ku waya?¶

Okumasamasa kw’amasannyalaze (electric arc flash) kubaawo nga akasannyalazo aka amperage akangi kabuuka mu mpewo wakati wa kondakita za phase bbiri oba okuva ku kondakita okutuuka ku kabineti y’ekyuma eriko ettaka (okugeza, singa ekintu kiseerera, enfuufu/obunnyogovu kikola ebibanda ku insulator, oba circuit breaker eremererwa nga eggalawo). Arc y’amasannyalaze efuula empewo n’efuuka pulasima etuuka ku diguli 19,400 (diguli Fahrenheit 35,000) era n’efuumuula obuuma obugumu obw’ekikomo ne bufuuka ekire kya pulasima ekigaziwa amangu. Okubwatuka kuno kufulumya amaanyi ag’ebbugumu ag’amaanyi aga infrared ne ultraviolet era ne kufuuyira pulasima ebuguma ennyo n’ekyuma ekisaanuuse ebweru okubuna ekisenge okumala mita eziwera, ne kireeta okwokya okw’amaanyi okw’eddaala ery’okusatu eri omuntu yenna ayimiridde munda mu Arc Flash Boundary ne bw’aba nga takwatako ku kitundu ekirimu amaanyi.

Lwaki kyabulabe okwambala essaati ya jjiimu ekwata poliyesita oba obunnyogovu wansi w’engoye z’omulimu ezitakwata muliro (FR)?¶

Engoye ez’ebweru ezigumira ennimi z’omuliro n’ezirina ekipimo kya arc (AR) zikolebwa yinginiya okusobola okuzikira n’okwezikiza awatali kusaanuuka nga ziteekeddwa mu bbugumu erimpi, ery’amaanyi erya arc flash. Kyokka, ebbugumu erisukkiridde eryakaayakana likyayinza okuyita mu kyambalo eky’ebweru, oba okuyingira nga kiyita mu kkoolaasi enzigule, ne lituuka ku ssaati eya wansi wansi waakyo. Ebiwuzi ebikoleddwa mu ngeri ey’ekikugu nga poliyesita, nayirooni, polipropileeni, ne spandex tebikola char; zisaanuuka ne zifuuka obuveera obw’amazzi obukwatagana era obubuguma ku diguli nga 250 (diguli 480). Essaati ey’omunda oba obuwale obw’omunda obw’obutonde bwe busaanuuka ku kifuba oba mu kisambi ky’omukozi mu kiseera ky’okumasamasa kw’akaguwa, akaveera akasaanuuse kayungibwa nnyo mu lususu olwokeddwa, ne kifuula okwokya okw’okungulu okuwonawo ne kufuuka okwokya okw’akatyabaga okulongoosebwa okw’obuwanvu obujjuvu. Bulijjo yambala ppamba ow’obutonde atasaanuuka ebitundu 100 ku 100, ebyoya by’endiga, oba layers ezeetongodde eziriko arc-rated base layers wansi w’engoye za FR.

Lwaki ekipande ky’amakolero ekya vvuloti 480 kisobola okufulumya okubwatuka okw’amaanyi ennyo okwa arc flash okusinga layini eya vvuloti 13,800 waggulu?¶

Amasoboza ag’okuzikiriza gonna agafulumizibwa mu kifaananyi kya arc gasinziira ku nsonga ssatu: vvulovumenti, akasannyalazo k’ensobi akaliwo (amperage), era, ekisinga obukulu, ekiseera ekituufu (mu milisekondi oba sekondi) kye kitwala fiyuzi oba circuit breaker ey’okungulu okuzuula ensobi n’okusalako amasannyalaze. Sswitchboard ya 480-volt three-phase industrial main switchboard eyungiddwa butereevu ku secondary windings za utility transformer ennene esobola okutuusa amperes 30,000 okutuuka ku 65,000 eza fault current, era olw’okuba fault ya arcing ku 480 volts erina impedance enkulu ekka wansi katono current ya instantaneous magnetic trip threshold ya main breakers ennene enkadde, arc esobola okwokya obutasalako okumala sekondi 0.5 ku 2 enzijuvu nga ekimenya tennamaliriza kugwa, ne kifulumya kalori z’ebbugumu zonna awamu okusinga relay eya vvulovumenti enkulu erongoosa mu sikonda 0.03.

Lwaki wandiyimiridde ku mabbali n’okozesa omukono gumu ng’osuula switch y’amasannyalaze ey’amakolero enzito ey’okukutula?¶

Singa switch ya blade disconnect oba molded-case circuit breaker ekaddiye efuna okulemererwa kw’ebyuma oba phase-to-phase short circuit mu kaseera kennyini k’osuula omukono, okubwatuka kwa arc okuvaamu kuzimba puleesa ey’okubwatuka munda mu kisenge ky’ekyuma mu milisekondi. Amayengo ago ag’okubwatuka gatera okufuuwa oluggi lwa kabineti ey’ekyuma eriko hingi ne luggulawo n’amaanyi oba okufuuwa ekikomo ekisaanuuse n’ennimi z’omuliro butereevu okuva mu misonno egy’omu maaso egy’ekibokisi. Bw’oyimirira ku ludda lwa kabineti (ku ludda lwa hingi okusinga ku ludda lwa latch), n’otuuka emitala n’omukono gumu ng’okuuma omubiri gwo, ffeesi, n’amagulu nga tebiri ddala mu kkubo ly’oluggi oluwuubaala, n’okyusa ffeesi yo nga tonnasuula lever, okuuma omubiri gwo nga teguyingira mu kkooni y’okubwatuka (primary blast cone) singa switch eremererwa.

Ekitabo kino kiwa obujjanjabi obusookerwako obw’amangu n’amawulire agakwata ku byokwerinda ku bubenje bw’amasannyalaze aga arc flash ne switchgear ezikozesa amaanyi amangi era tekidda mu kifo kya NFPA 70E / IEEE 1584 ebisaanyizo by’omukozi w’amasannyalaze okutendekebwa oba obujjanjabi obw’ekikugu. Lowooza ku ky’okukola omusomo ogukakasibwa ogw’obujjanjabi obusookerwako, CPR, ne AED okuva mu Red Cross, St John Ambulance, oba olukiiko lw’ebyokwerinda mu kitundu.

Ebiragiro ebikwatagana nabyo¶

• Okukubwa amasannyalaze n’okukubwa amasannyalaze obujjanjabi obusookerwako
• Okwokya n’okwokya obujjanjabi obusookerwako
• Okwokya ennyo n’okufuuwa eddagala
• Layini z’amasannyalaze ezigudde n’amasannyalaze g’emmotoka
• Ekintu ekigwira eriiso, okunyiga kw’amaaso, n’okuweta flash
• Obuvune mu kunyiga n’obulwadde bw’ekisenge

Ensonda zeekebeddwa¶

• Ekibiina ekikuuma omuliro mu ggwanga (NFPA, Amerika): Omutindo gw’obukuumi bw’amasannyalaze mu kifo ky’emirimu (NFPA 70E, 2024 Edition: Okukebera akabi akali mu Arc Flash, Ebika bya PPE, n’enkola z’emirimu ezitali za bulabe)
• Ekitongole kya Bayinginiya b’amasannyalaze n’ebyuma (IEEE): Ekitabo kya IEEE eky’okukola okubalirira kw’obulabe bwa Arc-Flash (IEEE Std 1584)
• Enzirukanya y’obukuumi n’ebyobulamu mu mirimu (OSHA, Amerika): Okukola, okutambuza, n’okusaasaanya amasannyalaze (29 CFR 1910.269) n’enkola z’emirimu ezikwatagana n’obukuumi bw’amasannyalaze (29 CFR 1910.331 okutuuka ku 335)
• Ekitongole ky’ebyobulamu n’obukuumi (HSE, Bungereza): Amasannyalaze ku mulimu: Enkola z’emirimu ezitali za bulabe (HSG85) n’okwewala akabi okuva mu layini z’amasannyalaze eziri waggulu (GS6)
• American Burn Association (ABA, United States): Enkola y’okuwagira obulamu bw’okwokya okw’omulembe (ABLS) ku buvune bw’amasannyalaze obwa vvulovumenti ennene, obulwadde bw’ekisenge, n’okuddukanya emikutu gy’empewo egy’okussa mu bbugumu