Uku Uila, Arc Blast, a me High-Voltage Switchgear ulia pōpilikia¶

Ke kū mai ka hewa uila a i ʻole ke kaʻa kaʻa pōkole ʻāpana-a-phase i loko o nā mea hoʻololi ʻoihana ʻekolu-phase kiʻekiʻe, kahi kikowaena 480-volt motor control center (MCC), kahi waihona mea hoʻololi pono, a i ʻole kahi substation kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole ka hoʻopuʻi uila wale nō ka pilikia ma o nā manamana lima, he mea pahū ** uila arc arc . Ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi kīwī, ka ʻimi multimeter paheʻe, ka ʻiole, ka moisture track, a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā alahaka ʻelua i hoʻoikaika ʻia, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ea ma waena o nā mea hoʻokele i loko o kahi kahawai plasma conductive. Ma lalo o 0.01 a hiki i 0.1 kekona (kahi hapa o ka ʻōmo ʻana o ka maka), e piʻi aʻe ana nā tausani amperes o ka hewa i loko o ka hakahaka o ka ea, e hoʻohua ana i ka piko uila a hiki i ka ** a hiki i ka 19,400 degere Celsius (35,000 degere Fahrenheit), kokoke ** ʻehā manawa ʻoi aku ka wela ma mua o ka ili o ka lā**.

Ma 19,000 degere Celsius, ʻaʻole hehee wale nā ​​pahu keleawe paʻa a me nā alumini; lele koke lākou i loko o kahi supersonic arc blast. Hoʻonui ka keleawe paʻa i ka 67,000 manawa i ka leo i ka wā e ʻā ana mai ka metala paʻa i loko o ka mahu wela loa, e hana ana i ka hawewe haʻalulu i ʻoi aku ma mua o 165 decibels a me nā haneli kilopascals o ke kaomi e puhi ana i nā puka keʻena kila nui mai ko lākou mau hinges, e hoʻolei i ka uila i hope o ke keʻena, e hoʻoheheʻe i nā kulu kulu o ke keleawe 30,00 mau mika i ka ** mau mile i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. hoʻā i nā pālule hana synthetic ʻaʻole i helu ʻia i loko o ka plastic i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka umauma o ka mea i pepehi ʻia. Ke ʻike nei i ke kumu e pono ʻole ai ʻoe e hoʻopā aku i ka mea i hoʻopā ʻia i loko o kahi panel ikaika me ka ʻole o ka makau hoʻopakele fiberglass i helu ʻia a i ʻole ka huakaʻi kaapuni i luna, no ke aha e hoʻoheheʻe ai nā lole lole synthetic a me nā pālule polyester i loko o ka ʻili i ka wā o ka uila, a pehea e hoʻokele ai i nā ahi wela e hoʻoweliweli i ke ola, ventricular fibrillation, a me ka trauma blast e hoʻopakele ai i nā ola.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

1. ** MAI hopu i ka hoa hana me kou mau lima lima a i ole e komo iloko o ke keena uwila hamama oiai e mau ana ka ikaika o ke kaa.** Ma mua o ka hookokoke ana aku i ka mea uwila i iho ilalo i loko o ke keena hoololi, e holo i ka mea hookaa kaapuni nui, e kaomi i ke pihi shunt-trip mamao, a i ole e hoohana i ka makau hoopakele insulated fiberglass ho'ōla (lāʻau wela) i helu ʻia; ike uila uila.
2. **E hoʻopau koke i nā lole ʻaʻā ("Stop, Drop, and Roll" a pulu i ka wai WALE ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā lako uila ola). I ka wā i huki ʻia ai ka mea pōʻino mai kahi pōʻino uila, e hoʻomaloʻo i nā ʻaʻahu e ʻā ana me ka wai anuanu a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ahi me ka uhi huluhulu.
3. E kāhea koke i kāu helu ulia pōpilikia kūloko (911 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ka European Union, 999 ma United Kingdom). ʻeha; nānā helu pilikia.
4. E nānā no ka hanu ʻana a me ka puʻupuʻu koke i ka wā e kū ai ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻāina palekana, a e kau i kahi Automated External Defibrillator (AED) i loko o 2 mau minuke. Inā pane ʻole ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a ʻaʻole hanu maʻamau, e hoʻomaka koke i ka hoʻopiʻi umauma a hoʻopili i kahi AED i kona hiki ʻana; ʻO nā haʻalulu o kēia manawa e hoʻoulu pinepine i ka fibrillation ventricular i hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia me kahi haʻalulu defibrillator i ka manawa; ike CPR.
5. **Ahi ʻia ka ʻālohilohi arc me ka wai piʻi anuanu no 20 mau minuke, akā ʻaʻole loa e huki i nā lole a i ʻole nā lole synthetic hehee i paʻa i ka ʻili i puhi ʻia. ike ke kuni nui a me ka wili kemika.
6. **Mālama i ka leo o ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ka hanu mau ʻana no ka pehu ʻana o ka ʻāʻī (ʻā ke ala ea inhalation) inā loaʻa i ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he ʻenehu a puni ka waha, ʻeleʻele ka lauoho maka, hoarseness, a wheezing (stridor), e noho pololei iā lākou ma 45 degere (inā noʻonoʻo a me ka spine-palekana) e hoʻolōʻihi i ka pani ʻana i ke ala ea a hiki i ka poʻe lapaʻau ke hoʻokomo.

flowchart TD
    Start["ʻO ka uila Arc uila, Arc Blast, a i ʻole Switchgear Emergency"] --> SceneSafe{"Ke hoʻopā mau nei paha ka mea i pepehi ʻia a i ʻole i loko o ka paneli ikaika?"}
    SceneSafe -->|"ʻAe: Hoʻopā i nā Busbar Live / Panel"| DeEnergize["1. MAI hoopa aku i ka mea i pepehiia me ka lima ole<br/>2. Holo i ka mea haʻihaʻi nui / paʻi i ke pihi Hoʻokuʻu-Hāʻai mamao <br/>3. A i ʻole e huki aʻe i ka mea pepehi kanaka me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka makau hoʻopakele fiberglass i helu ʻia"]
    SceneSafe -->|"ʻAʻole: Kiola ʻia i waho o ka Panel"| DragClear["E kauo i ka mea pepehi kanaka mai loko mai o ka pahu uwila i piha i ka uahi ina palekana mai na pahu pahi i ikeia"]
    DeEnergize --> Extinguish["E kinai i nā lole ʻaʻā ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o nā lako uila<br/>(ʻAʻole loa e kāpīpī i ka wai i loko o nā mea hoʻololi ola)"]
    DragClear --> Extinguish
    Extinguish --> CheckLife{"Ua ʻike maʻamau ka hanu a me ka hanu maʻamau?"}
    CheckLife -->|"ʻAʻole: Pane ʻole / ʻAʻole hanu"| CPR["1. E hoʻomaka koke i ka CPR (30: 2 a i ʻole ka hoʻomau mau ʻana)<br/>2. E hoʻopili i nā pad AED (holoi i ka umauma maloʻo / waiho i kahi eschar charred inā pono)<br/>3. Hāʻawi i ka haʻalulu inā ʻōlelo ʻia e AED"]
    CheckLife -->|"ʻAe: Hanu"| AirwayBurn["1. E nānā i ke ahi wela o ke ea (leo haʻahaʻa, stridor, ʻuhu ma ka waha)<br/>2. ʻO ke ahi ʻoluʻolu me ka wai kahe ʻoluʻolu no 20 min ( MAI ʻili i ka lole i paʻa)<br/>3. E noʻonoʻo no ka ʻāmāmā pahū, ka ʻeha o ka pepeiao, a me ka ʻeha kuamoʻo"]

Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka physics ʻelua: Arc Flash vs. Arc Blast¶

He nui ka poʻe e huikau i ka ** uila uila** (kahi e kahe ai ke au i loko o ke kino kanaka no ka hoʻopā ʻana o ke kanaka i kahi mea hoʻokele ikaika) me ka ** flash arc a me ka pahū arc** (kahi e kahe ai ke au ma ka lewa ma waena o nā mea hoʻokele ʻāpana a i ʻole mai kahi papa a i ka honua, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka wela a me ka hawewe pahū hiki ke pepehi i ke kanaka e kū ana ** 3 a 6 mika / 10 a i 20 kapuaʻi ka mamao.

ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kekahi o nā pahū uila ʻino loa a me ka make ma nā hale kiaʻi hoʻouna 100,000-volt, akā ma 480-volt a i ʻole 600-volt ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻenehana i hānai ʻia e nā mea hoʻololi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, no ka mea he nui ka hewa i loaʻa (amperage) a hiki i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o ka magnetic breaker ma mua o ka manawa kiʻekiʻe.

1. Ka Arc Flash (Thermal radiation ma 19,400°C / 35,000°F)¶

Ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi arc uila ma kahi āpau ma waena o 480-volt a i ʻole 13.8-kilovolt busbars, ʻo ke kūpaʻa uila o ka ea ionized e hoʻohuli pololei i nā megawatts o ka mana uila i loko o ka ikehu uila electromagnetic (infrared, ʻike ʻia, a me nā kukui ultraviolet) a me kahi jet plasma wela loa:

• Ka ikehu wela (ana ʻia i nā kaloli no ke kenimika huinaha, \(\text{cal/cm}^2\)): Ma lalo o NFPA 70E (Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace), he ikehu hanana o \(1.2\text{ cal/cm}^2\) wale nō, e like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kou manamana lima ma ka piko o ka lua o ke ahi, kekona kekona. (partial-thickness) kuni ma ka ili wale.
• He 480-volt switchgear arc 45 centimeters (18 inches) mai ka umauma o ka mea uila e hoʻokuʻu mau i ka 8 a ʻoi aku i \(40\text{ cal/cm}^2\) ma lalo o 0.2 kekona, e hoʻopio koke i ka ʻili i pale ʻole ʻia a e puhi ana i ka pulupulu maʻamau a i ʻole nā ​​lole polyester.
• No ke aha e pōʻino ai ka lole synthetic (polyester, nylon, spandex, polypropylene): ʻOiai e komo ana ka mea hana i ka uhi waho pale ahi (FR), inā ʻaʻahu lākou i kahi pālule a i ʻole nā ​​ʻaʻahu lalo o lalo a ʻoi aku ka ikehu ma mua o ka helu ʻana o ka lole waho (a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī) polyester ma 250 degere Celsius (480 degere Fahrenheit) i loko o ka napalm plastik paila e hoʻokuʻu hohonu ana i loko o ka dermis.

2. ʻO ka Arc Blast (67,000x copper vaporization a supersonic shockwave)¶

I ka manawa like me ka uila uila makapō, hoʻopau ke au ikaika i nā pahu pahu keleawe a i ʻole aluminika paʻa a hoʻomehana wikiwiki i ka ea i loko o ka pā kila.

• Ka 67,000-a-1 ka hoʻonui ʻana: E hoʻohālikelike i ka wai (e hoʻonui ana i ka 1,600 a i ka 1,700 manawa i ka wā e ʻā ana i ka mahu) me ** keleawe paʻa, e hoʻonui ana i 67,000 mau manawa i ka nui ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e kahi arc uila**.
• Supersonic shrapnel and overpressure: Na kēia hoʻonui koke e hana i ka nalu kaomi ma mua o 50 a 100 kilopascals (1,000 a 2,000 paona no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi square) ma loko o ka puka keʻena. ʻO nā pale kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ʻako i ko lākou mau laiki a lele i luna o ka lumi e like me nā lau guillotine; nā kulu hehee o ke keleawe a me ke kala e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i waho ma ** ma luna o 300 mika i kekona (700 mau mile i ka hola)**, e komo ana i loko o ka ʻili a me nā maka; a ʻo ka 140-a-165-decibel acoustic shockwave nahaha koke nā membrane tympanic (pepeiao) i ka wā e hoʻolei ana i ka mea hana i hope i nā paia a me nā mīkini.

Hoʻopakele ʻanuʻu i kahi lumi hoʻololi a i ʻole substation¶

Māhele 1: Ka palekana o nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mea hōʻeha¶

Ke hoʻopuʻi ʻia ka ʻālohilohi i loko o kahi lumi uila, hoʻopiha koke ka ea i ka uahi ʻeleʻele a me ka hina hina i haku ʻia me ka ʻokikene keleawe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka insulation epoxy i puhi ʻia, a me ka ozone. I ka manawa pinepine, wehe ʻia ka huakaʻi haʻihaʻi nui i uka i nā milliseconds, akā, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e manaʻo ua make ka panel:

• ʻOiai inā hāʻule ka mea uhaʻi lālā, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao laina komo a me nā pahu busbar o luna i loko o ke keʻena keʻena e hoʻomau mau i ka ikaika i ka uila uila piha (480V, 4,160V, a i ʻole 13.8kV).

• Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻoihana nui-factor-correction ** capacitor banks ** a me ka uninterruptible power supply (UPS) DC e mālama i nā koina uila make no kekahi mau minuke ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ka mea haʻihaʻi nui.

• E hoʻokuʻu mua i ka mea hānai i luna a i ʻole ka pihi Emergency Power Off (EPO) mamao: E nānā ma waho o ka puka lumi uila a i ʻole ma ka puka lawelawe nui no kahi kī mamao Emergency Power Off (EPO) pihi ʻala a i ʻole ka mea haʻihaʻi nui i luna a holo koke.

• E hoʻohana i ka makau hoʻopakele fiberglass insulated i helu ʻia (Body Rescue Hook): Pono e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia keʻena uila a me ka substation he melemele a ʻalani ʻole ** hoʻopakele fiberglass insulated hook** (maʻa mau 1.8 a 2.4 mika / 6 a 8 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi, helu ʻia a hoʻāʻo ʻia no 45 a 75 kilovolts) i kau ʻia ma ka paia o ka puka waho.
• E kū ma ka ʻāina maloʻo a i ʻole ka moena hoʻopololei hoʻopololei ma waho o ka palena ʻālohilohi arc.
• E hoʻokuʻu i ka makau fiberglass me ke ʻano C a puni ka pūhaka, ka umauma, a i ʻole ma lalo o ko lākou ʻāʻī a huki pono iā lākou i hope mai ke keʻena hoʻololi a hiki i ke ala ākea a palekana.
• Mai hoʻohana i ka paipu auwai metala, kahi lāʻau pulu pulu pulu, a i ʻole ke kaula nylon no ka ʻoki ʻana i ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia mai nā lako uila kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 600 volts; ma waena a kiʻekiʻe, e hele koke i lalo i ka lāʻau pulu a i ʻole ke kaula lepo.
• E hoʻohana wale i kahi mea kinai ahi non-conductive papa i helu ʻia (CO2 a i ʻole Dry Chemical) inā e ʻā ana ka insulation uila: Mai kāpīpī i kahi mea hoʻopau wai kaomi kālā, kahi mea kinai ʻūhā Class A, a i ʻole kahi paipu ahi i loko o kahi pahu uila a hiki i ka mea pono e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ikaika.

Māhele 2: Hoʻōla koke i ka naʻau (CPR a me AED)¶

ʻO nā haʻalulu uila kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻoihana e make koke ana ma o ka hopu ʻana i ka naʻau (ventricular fibrillation a ventricular asystole) a i ʻole ** ka hopu ʻana i ka hanu waena** (tetanic paralysis o ka diaphragm a i ʻole ke kahaha o ke kikowaena hanu o ka lolo). No ka mea, ʻo ka poʻe i loaʻa i nā pōʻino uila ma kahi hana, he poʻe mākua ola kino ko lākou mau puʻuwai i paʻa maʻemaʻe mai ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana i ke kani uila ma mua o ka paʻa ʻana o ke aʻa coronary, he kiʻekiʻe loa ko lākou manawa e ola ai inā hoʻomaka ka defibrillation CPR a me AED i loko o 3 a 5 mau minuke:

1. E noʻonoʻo i ka pane ʻana a me ka hanu maʻamau ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 kekona: Ke huki ʻia ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia mai ka pōʻino uila, paʻi i ko lākou poʻohiwi a nānā i ko lākou umauma. E haʻalele i nā puʻupuʻu pōkole, ʻokoʻa ʻole, snoring gasps (agonal gasps), he hōʻailona ia o ka hopu ʻana i ka naʻau, ʻaʻole ka hanu maʻamau.
2. **E hoʻomaka koke i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka umauma (100 a 120 i kēlā me kēia minuke, 5 a 6 kenimika / 2 a 2.4 ʻīniha ka hohonu): ** E kaomi ikaika a wikiwiki i waenakonu o ka umauma; inā hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, hāʻawi i 30 kaomi a ukali ʻia e 2 hanu hoʻopakele (ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi inā ʻo ka haʻalulu i hoʻokumu i ka maʻi hanu mua i ka wā e mau ana ka puʻuwai nawaliwali); ike CPR.
3. E noi i kahi Defibrillator Kūwaho Aunoa (AED) ma luna o ka ʻili umauma wela:
4. E ʻoki a wehe paha i ke alo o ka pālule/ʻaʻahu o ka mea i pepehi ʻia me nā ʻako ʻeha.
5. Inā he arc flash flash kuni a pohū paha ka ʻili o ka umauma, e hoʻāʻo e kau i nā pads AED ʻelua ma luna o ka ʻili paʻa ʻole i ke ahi ma ke kūlana maʻamau (ka umauma ʻākau ma lalo o ka iwi ʻāʻī, ka iwi ʻaoʻao hema hema ma lalo o ka ʻūhā) a i ʻole ma ke kūlana mua-hope (mua-a-hope) inā ua wela ka mua o ka umauma. Eia nō naʻe, inā pau ka pahu i ke ahi, e kau pono i nā pā AED ma luna o ka ʻili i puhi ʻia, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi haʻalulu defibrillation e hoʻopakele i ke ola e hoʻōki i ka ventricular fibrillation e ʻoi aku ka mea nui ma mua o ke ahi ʻili.

Māhele 3: Ka mālama ʻana i ke kuni ʻana o ke ea a me ke kuni ʻana o ka ʻili plasma¶

I ka manawa e hanu ana ka mea i ho'opa'a 'ia a loa'a ka pu'uwai, e ne'e ana kou mana'o koke i ka ** ala ea o luna** a me ke ahi wela hohonu:

1. E ʻike a kū i ke kūlana no ka pehu ʻana o ke ea wela¶

Ke kū ka mea hana i mua o kahi keʻena hāmama i ka wā o ka pahū ʻana, hoʻoikaika pinepine ka hawewe haʻalulu iā lākou e haʻalulu me ka noʻonoʻo e like me ka 19,000-degree plasma ao a me ka copper oxide i pā i ko lākou mau maka:

• Nā hōʻailona o kahi ala ea e pani ʻia ana: ʻO nā lehelehe i puhi ʻia a pohū paha, ʻuhu i loko o ka waha a i ʻole ka ihu, nā kuʻemaka a me nā lauoho ihu, he leo haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa paha, ʻuʻu mau, pilikia ʻole ke ʻai ʻana i ke kohu, a i ʻole leo kani leo kiʻekiʻe ke hanu (stridor).
• No ke aha i helu ʻia ai kēlā me kēia minuke: ʻO ke ahi wela a me ke kemika i loko o ka pharynx a me ka larynx ke kumu o ka pehu nui o ka wai (edema) e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā kaula leo i pani ʻia i loko o 15 a 45 mau minuke, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lumi pilikia me ka ʻole o ke ala ea (cricothyrotomy).
• Ka hana koke: E mālama i ka mea maʻi hanu me ke ahi i manaʻo ʻia e ke ahi ** noho pololei ma 45 a 90 degere** (koe naʻe ke kuhi ʻia he haʻi kuamoʻo mai ka hoʻolei ʻia ʻana i hope, a laila e hoʻohuli iki i ke poʻo o ke kua i luna inā hiki). Hoʻemi ka gravity i ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī a me ka ʻāʻī. Mai hāʻawi i kekahi mea e ʻai ai a inu paha, a e makaʻala koke i ka poʻe lapaʻau i ka hiki ʻana i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa mua i ke ala ea.

2. Kokua mua no ke ahi a me ka lole hehee¶

1. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ʻili i puhi ʻia me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻoluʻolu a mālie no 20 mau minuke: E hoʻohana i ka wai maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe (15 a 20 degere Celsius / 59 a 68 degere Fahrenheit) no ka huki ʻana i ka wela huna mai loko mai o nā ʻili hohonu a hoʻopaʻa i ka necrosis o ke kino; ike kuni.
2. E pale i ka hypothermia ma ke kuni nui: Ina ua oi aku ke ahi o ke ahi ma mua o 15 a hiki i ka 20 pakeneka o ka huina o ke kino o ke kino o ka mea i pepehiia (TBSA), e hooluolu iki i ke kuni e kinai i ka wela a laila e wili i ka mea ma'i i na pepa ma'ema'e malo'o malo'o a me na pale mahana ma luna; ʻO ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o ka wai anuanu lōʻihi ma nā wahi ākea o ke kino e make ai ka hypothermia i nā poʻe maʻi haʻalulu.
3. MAʻAʻole e huki i nā lole i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a i ʻole ka lole i ʻāhue ʻia i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili: E hoʻohana ana i nā ʻāpana ʻeha, e ʻoki i nā lole ʻokoʻa a puni nā ʻaoʻao o ke kuni, me ka waiho ʻana i nā ʻāpana lole i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia ma ka moena ʻeha.
4. Wehe koke i nā apo metala, nā wati, nā kāʻei, a me nā kāmaʻa: Ua pehu nā lima i ke ahi, nā pulima, a me nā wāwae i pālua i ko lākou nui maʻamau i loko o 30 mau minuke o kahi ʻeha wela a kiʻekiʻe paha; ʻO ke kāʻei mare i waiho ʻia ma ka manamana lima puhi ʻia e lilo i tourniquet constricting e kumu ai ka gangrene a me ka ʻoki ʻana.
5. E wīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwīwī i loko o kahi ki'i'oni'oni pa'a ma'ema'e (ho'omoe i ka lō'ihi) a i 'ole nā ​​pepa malo'o malo'o: Mai kau i ka pata, ka hinuhinu, ka aila hana, a me ka hau i ke ahi. E kau i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻili i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka hale ma ka lōʻihi ma luna o nā kuni i hoʻomaha ʻia (ʻaʻole i ʻōwili paʻa ʻia a puni kekahi lālā i loko o ka pōʻai, e hoʻopaʻa i ka pehu ʻana) i mea e pale ai i ke kahe o ka ea, kahi e hōʻemi nui ai i ka ʻeha wela, a mālama i ka ʻeha a hiki i ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi kikowaena Burn Center.

Māhele 4: Huna ʻia i loko o ka ʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe-voltage poino (Compartment syndrome)¶

Inā hele maoli ka mana uila kiʻekiʻe ma nā lima a i ʻole nā wāwae o ka mea uila (e hoʻohui i ka uila arc waho), e hoʻomanaʻo i ka "Iceberg Principle" o ka uila uila kiʻekiʻe:

• No ka mea, ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa o ka iwi ma mua o kekahi ʻiʻo i loko o ke kino, ʻo ke au uila e piʻi ana i luna o ka lima e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka humerus hohonu, radius, a me nā iwi ulna i ka wela loa, ke kuke ʻana i nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo hohonu e kū pono i ka iwi mai loko a i waho a ʻo ka ʻili o waho o ka lima ke ʻano maʻamau koe wale nō nā ʻeha liʻiliʻi o ke komo ʻana a me ka puka i waho ma ka poho lima.
• I loko o nā hola, pehu ka ʻiʻo hohonu i loko o kāna fascia fibrous inelastic inelastic (acute compartment syndrome) a hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o ka myoglobin ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ** i loko o ke kahe koko, e hoʻohuli ai i ka mimi o ka mea maʻi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ("tea-colored" a i ʻole "cola-colored" urine) a me ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka puʻupaʻa; ike ʻeha ʻeha a me ka maʻi compartment.
• **Mai ʻae i ka mea hana i loaʻa i ka haʻalulu kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka uila uila e "holo aku" a hoʻi i ka home, ** inā paha ua maikaʻi lākou ma hope o 10 mau minuke; ʻO kēlā me kēia mea hoʻopili uila kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke ola uila arc e koi i ka telemetry cardiac hospital, serum creatine kinase (CK) hoʻāʻo koko, mimi, a me ka loiloi ʻana i ke kuni ʻokiʻoki.

Māhele 5: ʻO ka ʻeha ʻeha acoustic blast, nā ʻeha UV ocular, a me ka hāʻule lua¶

Ma waho aʻe o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ka naʻau a me ka ʻā ʻana o ka ʻili, ʻo ka physics ikaika o ka pahū arc e hoʻokau i ʻekolu mau hōʻeha lua ʻokoʻa e koi ana i ka mālama ʻia ma ke ʻano:

1. Papepeiao nahae (tympanic membrane perforation) a me concussive disorientation: No ka mea, he 140-a-165-decibel ka nalu pumehana ma kahi o ka pahū, hiki i ka mea elele kahaha i ola i ka pahū ke **no ka manawa a mau loa paha ke kuli, hiki i ke kanaka ke kuli a i ʻole ke kahe. (ka poniuniu) mai ka barotrauma pepeiao. E kamaʻilio mālie me ka ʻike maka o ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia, e hoʻohana i nā hana lima e hōʻoluʻolu iā lākou, a kau i kahi paʻi lole maʻemaʻe ma waho o ka pepeiao e kahe ana ke koko (mai hoʻokomo i ka gauze i loko o ke kahawai pepeiao a i ʻole e ninini i ka wai i loko o ka pepeiao).
2. Ultraviolet photokeratitis ("Arc Eye") a me nā metala hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā kino ʻē aʻe: ʻO ke kukui ultraviolet ikaika a me ka ehu ʻia o nā kulu keleawe i hoʻohuehu ʻia i ka ʻili o ka ʻili inā ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka pale alo i helu ʻia o ka uila. Inā hōʻike ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ke ʻano o "ke one wela ma nā maka", ʻike pohihihi, a i ʻole ka ʻeha ʻana o ka māmā, mai ** ʻaʻole ** ʻomi i nā maka; e uhi māmā i nā maka ʻelua me nā pāpaʻi paʻakai maʻemaʻe a maʻemaʻe (a i ʻole ka pale maka ʻoʻoleʻa inā komo kekahi ʻāpana metala i ka honua) a hiki i ka nānā ʻana o ke kanaka ophthalmologist; ike ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe ka maka, ka ʻā ʻana o ke kino, a me ka uila wiliwili.
3. Na haʻi iwiʻaoʻao a me ka ʻeha o ka lolo ma muli o ka hoʻolei ʻia ʻana: Inā hoʻolei ʻia ka mea hana e ka nalu ʻoi loa mai kahi alapiʻi fiberglass, mai ke kahua hoʻololi hoʻokiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole i hope i loko o ka pā kuʻekuʻe, e mālama i ka manual in-line cervical spine stabilization i ka nānā ʻana i ko lākou ala ea a me ka hanu; ike ʻeha iwi kuamoʻo a ʻeha poʻo.

Palekana hoʻololi uila a me ka papa helu mākaukau PPE¶

Ma mua o ka wehe ʻana i ke keʻena uila ʻoihana, ke kikowaena mana kaʻa, a i ʻole ka pahu transformer no ka hoʻoponopono a hoʻololi paha, e hōʻoia i kēia mau pale palekana NFPA 70E / HSE HSG85:

• E hoʻokumu i kahi kūlana hana palekana uila (De-energize a Lockout/Tagout inā hiki ke hiki): Ma lalo o NFPA 70E a me ke kānāwai palekana uila o ka honua, pāpā ʻia ka hana ola ʻana ke ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ikaika e hoʻopuka i kahi pōʻino nui aʻe (e like me ka pani ʻana i ke kākoʻo ola o ka haukapila a i ʻole nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ea) a i ʻole hiki ke hana (e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka volta). E hahai mau i ka Test-Before-Touch ("Live-Dead-Live"): e ho'āʻo i kāu CAT III / CAT IV i helu voltmeter ma kahi kumu ola i ʻike ʻia, e hoʻāʻo i nā pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu pahu i ka pae a me ka pae-i ka honua e hōʻoia i ka zero volts, a e hoʻāʻo hou i kāu mika ma ke kumu ola i ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i haki nā alakaʻi mika.
• Heluhelu i ka Arc Flash Hazard Warning Label a e hookomo i ka Arc-Rated (AR) PPE: E nana i ka lepili keena no ka Arc Flash Boundary distance a me ka Incident Energy (\(\text{cal/cm}^2\)) ma ka mamao hana (a i ole PPE Category 1 a hiki i ka 4, mai ka \(4\text{ cal/cm}^2\) s cal/cm}^2$ multi-layer arc flash bomb-style suit hood and jacket**), a me nā mīkina lima hoʻokaʻawale ʻili uila me nā mea pale ʻili a me ka pale pepeiao dielectric (nā ipu pepeiao hoʻokomo i ka canal e pale ai i ka haki ʻana o ka pepeiao).
• ** ʻAʻole nā ​​mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i lalo a me nā mea hoʻonaninani ʻole:** E hoʻohana i ka pulupulu maoli, ka hulu hipa, a i ʻole nā ​​papa kumu i helu ʻia ma lalo o ka lole FR, ʻaʻole polyester, nylon, a i ʻole spandex pālule pāʻani a i ʻole nā ​​lole i loko, a wehe i nā apo metala, nā wati, nā lei, a me nā aniani metala.
• E kū ma ka ʻaoʻao hinge a hoʻohuli i kou alo i ka wā e wāwahi ai a hoʻolei i nā lepa hoʻokaʻawale: Inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia ka pahu kaʻa mamao a i ʻole ka hoʻololi mamao ʻana, e kū i ka ʻaoʻao hinge o ka puka keʻena kila i pani ʻia (e hoʻohana i kou lima hema inā aia ka lever ma ka ʻākau, no laila ʻaʻole loa kou puʻuwai a me kou puʻuwai i waho o ke ala o ka puhi ʻana i ka puka hoʻokahi), e hoʻohuli koke i ka puka.
• E hana i kahi makau hoʻopakele fiberglass a me AED ma waho o ka Arc Flash Boundary: Ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻololi ikaika a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka voltage, e kau i kahi makau hoʻopakele kino fiberglass i helu ʻia a me kahi AED i ka hiki koke ʻana o kahi kanaka kūpaʻa palekana e ʻaʻahu ana i ka PPE piha.

Nīnau pinepine¶

Pehea e puhi ai ka uila uila i ka mea i hoopa ole i na uwea?¶

Hiki mai ka uila arc i ka wā e lele ai ka ʻea kiʻekiʻe i ka ea ma waena o nā mea hoʻokele ʻelua ʻāpana a i ʻole mai kahi alakaʻi a i ka pahu kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (no ka laʻana, inā paheʻe kahi hāmeʻa, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka lepo/maʻu i kahi insulator, a i ʻole ka haki kaapuni i ka wā e pani ana). Hoʻololi ka ʻea uila i ka ea i plasma a hiki i 19,400 degere Celsius (35,000 degere Fahrenheit) a hoʻohuehu i nā pahu pahu keleawe paʻa i loko o kahi ao plasma e hoʻonui wikiwiki ana. Hoʻopuka kēia pahū i ka ikehu wela infrared a me ultraviolet a hoʻopuʻi i ka plasma superheated a me ka metala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i waho o ka lumi no kekahi mau mika, e hōʻeha ana i ke ahi ʻekolu i ka poʻe e kū ana i loko o ka Arc Flash Boundary inā ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻopā i kahi ʻāpana ikaika.

No ke aha he mea pōʻino ke komo ʻana i ka polyester a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o nā lole hana pale ahi (FR)?¶

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaʻahu waho pale ahi a me ka arc-rated (AR) e puhi a kinai iā ia iho me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻole ʻana i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ka wela pōkole a me ka wela o ka ʻālohilohi. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hele ka wela wela ma ka ʻaʻahu o waho, a i ʻole ke komo ʻana ma ke kola hāmama, a hiki i ka pālule ma lalo. ʻAʻole char nā fiber synthetic e like me ka polyester, nylon, polypropylene, a me ka spandex; hehee lākou i loko o ka paʻakai paʻakai, hoʻolapalapa wai ma kahi o 250 degere Celsius (480 degere Fahrenheit). Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pālule synthetic i ka umauma a i ʻole ka ʻāʻī o ka mea hana i ka wā o ka ʻālohilohi ʻana, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻilika hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka ʻili i puhi ʻia, e hoʻohuli ai i kahi kuni ʻaʻa e hiki ke hoʻōla ʻia i ke kuni ʻokiʻoki piha. E hoʻohana mau i ka pulupulu maoli he 100 pākēneka hoʻoheheʻe ʻole, huluhulu, a i ʻole nā ​​papa kumu i helu ʻia ma lalo o nā lole FR.

No ke aha e hiki ai i kahi papa hana 480-volt ke hoʻopuka i kahi pahū uila ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka laina 13,800-volt?¶

ʻO ka nui o ka ikehu luku i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kukui arc e pili ana i ʻekolu mau kumu: ʻo ka volta, ke kuhi hewa i loaʻa (amperage), a, ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻo ka manawa pololei (i nā milliseconds a i ʻole kekona) e pono ai no ka fuse upstream a i ʻole circuit breaker e ʻike i ka hewa a ʻoki i ka mana. Hiki i ka 480-volt 3-phase industrial switchboard pili pono i nā wili lua o ka mea hoʻololi pono nui ke hāʻawi i 30,000 a 65,000 amperes o ka hewa o kēia manawa, a no ka mea, he impedance kiʻekiʻe ka hewa arcing ma 480 volts e hoʻohaʻahaʻa iki i ka manawa ma lalo o ka paepae huakaʻi mākaʻikaʻi hikiwawe o ka rc nui hiki ke puhi i 5 mau kekona. hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā calorie wela ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka relay kiʻekiʻe-voltage e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka 0.03 kekona.

No ke aha ʻoe e kū ai ma ka ʻaoʻao a hoʻohana i ka lima hoʻokahi i ka wā e hoʻolei ai i kahi kīwaha hoʻokaʻawale uila ʻenehana?¶

Inā loaʻa i kahi kīpili ʻokiʻoki a i ʻole ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kaapuni i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka pilikia mechanical a i ʻole ke kaʻapuni pōkole i ka manawa i hoʻolei ʻoe i ka ʻau, ʻo ka hopena arc e kūkulu i ke kaomi pahū i loko o ka pā metala i nā milliseconds. Puhi pinepine kēlā nalu pahū i ka puka keʻena kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka ikaika a i ʻole ke puhi ʻana i ke keleawe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka lapalapa pololei i waho o nā humu mua o ka pahu. Ma ke kū ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke keʻena keʻena (ma ka ʻaoʻao hinge ma mua o ka ʻaoʻao latch), e kīkoʻo ana me ka lima hoʻokahi i ka mālama ʻana i kou ʻōpū, ka maka, a me nā wāwae ma waho o ke ala o ka puka koli, a hoʻohuli i kou alo ma mua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka leve, e mālama ʻoe i kou kino mai ka pahu pahu mua inā hāʻule ke kī.

Ke hāʻawi nei kēia alakaʻi i ka ʻike kōkua mua a me ka palekana no ka uila uila arc a me nā pōʻino hoʻololi a ʻaʻole ia e pani i ka NFPA 70E / IEEE 1584 aʻo ʻana i nā limahana hana uila a i ʻole ka mālama lapaʻau ʻoihana. E noʻonoʻo e lawe i kahi papa kōkua mua i hōʻoia ʻia, CPR, a me AED mai ke Keʻa Ulaula, St John Ambulance, a i ʻole kahi ʻaha kūkā palekana kūloko.

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• ʻO ke kōkua mua i ka uila a me ka uila
• ʻO ke kuni a me ka wela ke kōkua mua
• ʻO ke ahi nui a me ka hoʻoheheʻe kemika
• Nā laina mana i lalo a me ka uila uila
• ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe ka maka, ka ʻāʻī ʻana o ke kino, a me ka uila uila
• ʻeha ʻeha a me ka maʻi compartment

Nānā ʻia nā kumu¶

• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): Kūlana no ka palekana uila ma ka wahi hana (NFPA 70E, 2024 Edition: Arc Flash Risk Assessment, PPE Categories, and Safe Work Practices)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations (IEEE Std 1584)
• ʻO ka hoʻokele palekana a me ke ola kino (OSHA, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mana uila, hoʻouna, a me ka hāʻawi ʻana (29 CFR 1910.269) a me nā hana hana e pili ana i ka palekana uila (29 CFR 1910.331 a i 335)
• Luna Hoʻokele Ola a palekana (HSE, United Kingdom): Uila ma ka hana: Nā Hana Hana Palekana (HSG85) a me ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino mai nā laina mana uila (GS6)
• American Burn Association (ABA, United States): Advanced Burn Life Support (ABLS) Alakaʻi no nā ʻeha Uila High-Voltage, Compartment Syndrome, a me Thermal Inhalation Airway Management