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Ha'alele 'ia ka'u 'ana i lalo, ka lanahu ma lalo o ka honua, a me ka hiolo koke o ka honua

He ʻokoʻa nā helu ulia pōpilikia ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻohana kēia ʻaoʻao i ka 911, ka helu no ʻAmelika a me Kanada. Nui nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana i ka 112, 999, a i ʻole ka helu ʻē aʻe. E huli i ka helu no kou ʻāina.

Ma nā wahi eli gula a puni ka honua, ka hao, ka hao, ke kēpau, zinc, paʻakai, gypsum, a me nā wahi eli gula ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, aia nā miliona o nā hale, nā ala nui, nā kula, a me nā mahiʻai ma luna pono ** i haʻalele ʻia nā hana koʻu lalo honua** i ʻeli ʻia ma waena o nā kenekulia ʻumikumamāwalu a me iwakālua ma mua o ka noho ʻana o nā kānāwai hoʻopaʻa palapala a i ʻole nā ​​kānāwai hoʻoponopono hou. ʻAʻole e like me nā lua limestone karst maoli e hoʻoheheʻe mālie ʻia i nā wā honua, haʻalele i koʻu haʻalele ʻana hiki ke hana ʻia i ka wā e popopo ai nā lāʻau koʻu lāʻau, e hiolo ana i lalo o ka honua a i ʻole nā pou pōhaku, a i ʻole nā kumu koʻu kūpaʻa i hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻili, hāʻule nā hale, nā iwilei, a me nā alanui i loko o ka lua o lalo o ka honua ** kapuaʻi) hohonu** i kekona a i ʻole hola.

I ka manawa like, ʻo ka ʻāina haʻihaʻi ma luna o ka lanahu haʻalele ʻia a me nā mines pōhaku paʻa e hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kapuahi hanu no nā koʻu kinoea make ma lalo o ka honua, e komo pū ana me ka oxygen-depleted "blackdamp" (\(CO_2\) a me \(N_2\)), pahū "firedamp" (methane [\(CH_4\)]) i loko o ka moʻo, a me ka lāʻau ʻawaʻawa i loko o ka moʻo, a me ka mea ʻawaʻawa. nā hale lalo o ka hale i ka wā e hele ai kahi ʻōnaehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i luna. Hāʻawi kēia alakaʻi i nā lula hoʻokuʻu ʻana, nā hōʻailona hōʻailona kumu mua, a me nā protocol pale mine-gas i hōʻoia ʻia e ka United States Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE), ka United States Geological Survey (USGS), ka Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), ka United Kingdom Coal Authority, a me nā noiʻi geological mokuʻāina. No nā ʻōpala hoʻoheheʻe pōhaku maoli, e heluhelu i kā mākou alakaʻi ʻo sinkholes; no ka neʻe ʻana o ke kahua hoʻoemi pālolo, heluhelu kaʻe ʻana o ka lepo pālolo a me ka emi ʻana o ka maloʻo.

Mai hoʻokokoke, e nānā i lalo, a i ʻole e piʻi i loko o kahi lua hou i wehe ʻia a i ʻole koʻu kumu.

Ke hāʻule ka hale o koʻu hale i haʻalele ʻia a i ʻole ka hale pāpaʻu a me ke kia, ʻo ka lua i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili mauʻu he ʻāʻī haiki wale nō ia o ka ʻāʻī hoʻohuli, ʻano bele ("bel-pit" a i ʻole "chimney" hāʻule) i wehe mua i ka lepo ma lalo o ka lepo a puni no 3 a 13 mau mika (1) i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka hele ʻana i ka rim e nānā i lalo ke kumu e ʻoki ai ka lehelehe o ka turf i kākoʻo ʻole ʻia a me ka asphalt, e hoʻokuʻu iā ʻoe i loko o kahi kumu kū i ka hohonu i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai hau a me 0-pakeneka-oxygen blackdamp gas. E mālama i nā kānaka a pau ma kahi o 30 mika (100 kapuaʻi) i hope mai ka rim a kāhea koke i nā lawelawe pilikia.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa

  1. **E hoʻokuʻu koke i kou home a hale paha inā lohe ʻoe i nā leo leo nui ma nā paia i hui pū ʻia me nā puka a me nā puka makani e pani koke ʻia, nā māwae diagonal-step-step e holo ana ma ka pā maloʻo a i ʻole ka hili ʻana o ka papahele. kiʻi o ka hale. E kiʻi i kēlā me kēia kanaka a me ka holoholona ma waho a ma kahi o 30 mika (100 kapuaʻi) ka mamao ma ka ʻāina paʻa i hōʻoia ʻia.
  2. **Hoʻopaʻa koke i kāu pahu pahu mika maoli maoli a i ʻole ka pahu pahu propane waho inā honi ʻoe i nā hua popopo (mercaptan odorant), lohe i nā paipu ʻakaʻaka, a ʻike paha i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka lepo ma kahi kokoke i nā paia o kou hale. ʻO kahi laina kinoea ʻoki ʻoki ʻia e kahe ana ma lalo o kahi kumu hoʻololi e hoʻoulu i nā pahū hale pōʻino. E hoʻohana i ka wili hiki ke hoʻololi e hoʻohuli i ka pahu hoʻopaʻa kinoea koʻikoʻi i hoʻokahi hapahā huli ʻana no laila e noho pololei ka lug i ka paipu; ike i ko makou alakaʻi pilikia leak gas.
  3. **Mai komo i lalo i lalo, wahi kolo, lua punawai, a i ʻole ka lua aʻa i loko o kahi ʻāpana eli inā ʻeha ʻoe, ʻehaʻeha, a ʻike paha i kahi ea ea pupū koke i ka wā o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka barometer (hoʻokokoke mai ka makani). [\(N_2\)] he 2% a hiki i ka 10% oxygen wale nō) a me ka methane (\(CH_4\)) pahū ma luna o nā māwae kumu i loko o nā hale lalo. ʻElua hanu o ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i hoʻopau ʻia ka oxygen ke kumu i ka ʻike ʻole koke me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana o ke koko; ike asphyxiation wahi paʻa.
  4. **E hoʻopaʻa i kekahi puka pōʻai hou i ʻike ʻia, ʻauwaha poho, a i ʻole nalo koke ʻia o ka loko/ka wai ma kahi o 30 mika (100 kapuaʻi) i hope mai ka lihi. ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka hoʻopiha piha ʻole ʻia i loko o kahi kumu koʻu hāmama e lubricate wale ai i ka ʻāʻī a i ʻole e hoʻohui i ke kaumaha hoʻopiʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka hāʻule lua nui ma lalo o kāu tractor.
  5. E kāhea koke i kāu helu ulia pōpilikia inā hoʻoweliweli ka hāʻule ʻana i kahi home, alanui, a i ʻole laina pono, a i ʻole e hāʻule kekahi i loko o ka lua hoʻohaʻahaʻa. Kāhea iā 911 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ka European Union, a i ʻole 999 i United Kingdom (kahi e hana pū ai ka UK Coal Authority i kahi 24-hola Coal Mining Hazard Line 402 i hoʻolaʻa ʻia ma 0808) helu pilikia. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hōʻike pū i ka hāʻule ʻana i kāu mokuʻāina ʻo Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Emergency Program a i ʻole ka federal OSMRE.
  6. **Inā hele wāwae ʻoe a holo paha i kahi kaʻa ATV/palapala ma ka ʻāina eli koʻikoʻi, e noho pono ma nā ala i kaha ʻia a ʻaʻole loa e komo i koʻu mau hale kahiko, awāwa, a i ʻole nāʻa paʻa ("Stay Out, Stay Alive"). ʻO ka papahele awāwa), nā lāʻau dynamite (nitroglycerin i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e pahū ana i ka hoʻopā ʻana), a me nā ʻeke kalapona monoxide make a me ka ʻeleʻele.

Ha'alele 'ia ka'u ho'oha'aha'a 'ana a me ka palapala ho'oholo ho'oholo pilikia

E hoʻohana i kēia kumulāʻau hoʻoholo no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻāina, ka ʻino ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana, a i ʻole nā pōʻino kinoea ma lalo o ka honua i loko o nā ʻāpana mining evaporite.

flowchart TD
    Start["Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Underground Void or Mine Subsidence:<br/>Sudden Ground Hole, Foundation Cracking,<br/>a i ʻole Basement Gas Alarm in Mining Region"] --> Type{"He aha ke ʻano pilikia<br/>ke kū nei i kēia manawa?"}

    Type -->|"1. HOLE POʻOPONO HOLOHOLO<br/>Hōʻuluʻulu ʻia a i ʻole Puni Puhi Puhi<br/>i loko o ka pā, alanui, a i ʻole kahua."| PitCollapse["KĀKĀWAI O KA HUMAHI / SHAFT COLLAPSE:<br/>1. E hoʻokuʻu i nā kānaka a pau >= 30 m (100 kapuaʻi) hoʻi mai ka rim koke<br/>2. MAI hele i ka lihi (e ʻoki ana ka lehelehe lua bele e kau ana)<br/>3. E pani i ka mita kinoea waho a me ka nui wai inā kokoke i ka hiolo<br/>4. Kāhea iā 911 / 112 / 999 + ʻoihana Mokuʻāina Haʻalele ʻia Mine Land (AML)"]

    Type -->|"2. HALE HALE A MAHAHA<br/>Puka Puka, Leo Leo Pope, <br/>Diagonal Wall Ma'i, Mihi Papa"| TroughSub["KUMU HANA HANA:<br/>1. E hoʻokuke koke i nā mea noho a me nā holoholona ma waho<br/>2. E pani i ke kinoea maoli / propane valve ma waho mita<br/>3. Mai hoʻokuʻu i nā puka mokulele a i ʻole nā ​​māwae a hiki i ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻenekinia AML<br/>4. E nānā i nā pono hana no nā laina wai i ʻoki ʻia ma lalo o ka pā"]

    Type -->|"3. KĀMĀ LĀLĀ A I ʻole NUI<br/>CO / Methane Alarm, Pilot Lights,<br/>Ai ʻole ka hanu ʻana i ka wā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa."| MineGas["MINE GAS (BLACKDAMP / FIREDAMP) INTRUSION:<br/>1. E haʻalele koke i ka basement & hale; MAI hoohuli i na hoololi kukui<br/>2. Mai komo i kahi haʻahaʻa kahi i hāʻule ai kekahi (0% O2 pilikia)<br/>3. Kāhea iā 911 / Keʻena Kinai Ahi no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka lewa 4-gas<br/>4. E hoʻouka i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā puʻupuʻu kinoea lehulehu"]

    Type -->|"4. HALAWAI OPEN MINE TUNNEL<br/>A I OLE SHAFT OUTDOORS<br/>Hiking, Hunting, or Off-Roading"| StayOut["'E noho i waho, e noho ola' RULE FIELD:<br/>1. E kū koke; e hoʻi i hope ma kāu mau ala hele pololei<br/>2. Mai hilinaʻi ma luna o ka pā lāʻau a kiola paha i nā pōhaku i lalo o nā kumulāʻau<br/>3. Mai komo i loko o nā ʻaoʻao ākea (blackdamp + nā winzes wai)<br/>4. E hoʻopaʻa i nā hoʻonohonoho GPS a hōʻike i ke kumu i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i BLM / AML / mākaʻi"]

ʻO nā ʻenehana ʻenekini ʻehā o ka haʻalele ʻana i koʻu subsidence

Wahi a nā ʻenekinia geotechnical ma ka US Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) a me ka British Geological Survey, waiho ka ʻeli ʻana ma lalo o ka lepo ma hope o ʻehā mau ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā lua lalo, ʻaʻole kēlā me kēia ma ka ʻili ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa loa.

1. Chimney / Pit Subsidence ("Pothole Sinkholes" ma luna o nā mines lumi papau a me nā pou)

Ma ka ** lumi-a-pou mining ** (hoʻohana nui ʻia mai ka makahiki 1700 a hiki i ka waena o ka makahiki 1900 no ka lanahu, ka limestone, gypsum, a me ka hao hao), ua ʻeli ka poʻe miners ma lalo o ka honua "lumi" 4 a 9 mika (13 a 30 kapuaʻi) ākea a waiho ʻia nā pou o ka lanahu ʻole a i ʻole ka hale e hoʻopaʻa i ka lanahu a i ʻole ka hale. - Pehea ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kapuahi: Ma luna o 50 a 150 mau makahiki, ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka wai o ka lepo, nā papa wai hoʻololi, a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ea e hoʻonāwaliwali i ka lāʻau o ka hale a i ʻole ke one ma waena o nā pou, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka maina ma lalo o 15 a 50 mika (50 a 165 kapuaʻi) ma lalo o ka ʻili. - Ke ana i luna: Ke hāʻule kekahi ʻāpana o ka hale koʻu i loko o ke keʻena wai a maloʻo paha ma lalo, neʻe ka mea ʻole i luna ma o ka pōhaku i luna a me ka lepo e like me ke aniani hola e holo ana mai ke one. ʻO ka hope, ma hope o ka ua nui a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau e hoʻopū ai i ka piko o ka lepo ma luna, e hāʻule koke ka mauʻu a i ʻole ke kahua alanui, e wehe ana i kahi pōʻai pōʻai a i ʻole conical pit subsidence lua 2 a 12 mika (6.5 a 40 kapuaʻi) ākea a 2 a 15 mika (6.5 a 50 kapuaʻi) hohonu.

2. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻo Sag a i ʻole Trough Subsidence (Pillar Crushing or Pillar Punching ma nā pae hohonu)

I ka wā e moe hohonu ai nā mines lumi a me nā pou ma lalo o ka lepo (30 a 150+ mika [100 a 500+ kapuaʻi]), a i ʻole e paʻi mālie nā pou lanahu ma lalo o ke kaumaha o ka ʻāpana o luna (a i ʻole e kuʻi i lalo i loko o kahi papa lepo pulu palupalu ma lalo o ke kaila lanahu, i kapa ʻia ʻo underclay squeeze holoʻokoʻa ma luna o ka pōhaku ma lalo o kahi ākea), - Ka hopena o ka ʻili: Ma kahi o ka puka kū pololei, e hāʻule ana ka puʻu haʻahaʻa i ke ʻano o ka saucer (sag or trough) 30 a 300 mika (100 a 1,000 kapuaʻi) laula hāʻule i ka 0.3 a 1.5 mika (1 a 5 kapuaʻi) i nā lā a i ʻole pule. - No ke aha e poino loa ai na hale ma ka RIM o ka pa: O na hale e noho pono ana ma ka lalo-waena o ka lua laula e noho pololei ana ilalo me ka hili iki. Eia naʻe, ua huki ʻia nā hale e noho ana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o waho (nā ʻāpana ʻāʻī a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana)** o ke kīʻaha hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka uʻi lepo ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho a ʻoki ʻia i loko e ka wili lepo ma ka pali o loko, ka ʻoki ʻana i nā kumu paʻa i ka hapalua a me nā alanui a me nā kumu kinoea.

3. Haʻalele ʻia ʻo Catastrophic Vertical Shaft Collapse

I loko o nā kenekulia ʻumikumamāiwa a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka iwakālua, ua "pani ʻia" ma ka hopena o ka ʻeli ʻana ma o ka waiho ʻana i nā pahu kaʻaahi kahiko i ʻeli ʻia e ka lima ʻo "lua bele" (30 a 300 mau mika [100 a 1,000 kapuaʻi] hohonu) i ka pau ʻana o ka ʻeli ʻana ma ka waiho wale ʻana i nā kaulahao kaʻaahi kahiko a i ʻole nā ʻōpala lāʻau. ka lepo a me ka mauʻu ma luna. - Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi haneli ma hope mai, popopo loa kēlā mau lāʻau lāʻau i kanu ʻia. ʻO ka mea nona ka hale e ʻoki ana i ko lākou mauu, kahi keiki e pāʻani ana ma hope, a i ʻole kahi kaʻa i kau ʻia e hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka hāʻule koke ʻana o ka puʻupuʻu lāʻau popopo, e wehe ana i kahi abyss kūpaʻa, paʻa pōhaku a i ʻole nā ​​​​pā pōhaku i ka hohonu ma kahi kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale.

4. Highwall Auger Mining Voids

Ma nā ʻāpana lanahu kiʻekiʻe (e like me Appalachia ma ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), hoʻohana pinepine ka poʻe miners i nā drill spiral horizontal giant spiral drills (coal augers 0.6 a 2 mika [2 a 6.5 kapuaʻi] ke anawaena) e hana i nā lua ākea a hiki i ka 60 mika (200 kapuaʻi) hohonu i loko o ka lanahu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka hale ma mua o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i nā puʻu. kūkulu ʻia. I ka wā e paʻi ana nā pūnaewele lanahu ma waena o nā lua auger, hāmama nā kaula o nā pūnāwai laina a me ka ʻaoʻao puʻu ma lalo o nā hale i kūkulu ʻia ma ka noho.

Hoʻohālikelike: Natural Karst Sinkholes vs. Pit Mine Subsidence vs. Sag Trough Subsidence vs. Expansive Clay Soil

Hoʻopili pinepine ka poʻe mea hale a me nā mea hoʻoponopono ʻinikua i koʻu hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i koʻu iho ʻana me nā pūnāwai maoli a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka lepo pālolo. E hoʻohana i kēia papa diagnostic mai nā alakaʻi ʻenekinia USGS a me OSMRE e ʻike ai i ka mea e hōʻino ai i kāu waiwai.

Hiʻona / hōʻailona hōʻailona 1. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka lua / Chimney Mine 2. Sag / Trough Mine Subsidence 3. ʻO ke Karst Sinkhole maoli (Limestone / Dolomite) 4. Hoʻoemi-Pehu ka lepo pālolo
Ke Kumuhonua a me ka Hohonu ʻO ka lanahu i eli ʻia, ka ʻala, ka gypsum, a i ʻole ka hili paʻakai \(< 50\text{m}\) (\(165\text{ ft}\)) hohonu a i ʻole ka lāʻau kū iʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia. ʻO kaʻu lumi-a-pou a i ʻole ka pā lōʻihi \(30\text{ a i }150+\text{ m}\) (\(100\text{ a i }500+\text{ ft}\)) hohonu ʻO ka carbonate hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe maoli ʻia (limestone) a i ʻole ka papa moe evaporite Palolo smectite/montmorillonite i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia ma luna o \(1\text{ a i }4\text{ m}\) (\(3\text{ to }13\text{ ft}\)) o ka lepo
Ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaka Moho koke (e hāʻule ka ʻili i nā kekona a i nā hola, pinepine ma hope o ka ua nui) La a hiki i nā mahina (wikiwiki ma mua o 1 a 4 pule, a laila hoʻolohi i ke koena hoʻoholo ʻana) Mālohilohi (uhi-hoʻemi) A i ʻole Moke koke (uhi-hihilo) Ka makahiki (e emi i ka wā maloʻo o ke kauwela, pehu i ka wā hoʻoilo hoʻoilo/pūnāwai)
Ke ʻano a me ke anawaena o ka hiʻona honua Puka pōʻai ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole puka bele \(1.5\text{ a i }12\text{ m}\) (\(5\text{ a i }40\text{ ft}\)) laula; huna pinepine ka lalo i kahi huna hohonu ʻAkea, paʻipaʻi kīkoʻo palahalaha \(30\text{ i }300\text{ m}\) (\(100\text{ a }1,000\text{ ft}\)) laula e iho ana i \(0.3\text{ i }1.5\text{ m}\) (\(1\text{ a i }5\text{ ft}\)) ʻO ka lua pōʻai pōʻai a i ʻole ka lua hiolo nui \(2\text{ a i }100+\text{ m}\) wide; ike alakaʻi ʻo sinkholes ʻAʻohe lua hohonu; ʻāwāwae pāpaʻu a puni ke kahua hale + nā māwae maloʻo
Ke ʻano o ka pōʻino hale hale Nalo koke ke kākoʻo ma lalo o kekahi kihi a i ʻole ka lānai; hāʻule ka papahele papahele i loko o ka lua hāmama Huli ka hale holoʻokoʻa; nā puka / puka makani i ka manawa like; ka hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻana o nā alahele a me nā alahele; ʻoki laina pono Nā māwae radial pōʻai puni ke kaumaha; ʻO nā leak paipu e hoʻoulu pinepine a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana Nā māwae wehe i ke kauwela maloʻo a pani i ka hoʻoilo pulu; ʻākaʻikahi ka ʻako ʻana i nā ala nui o ke kūlanakauhale
Pino kinoea ma lalo o ka honua? HIGH: Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka lethal blackdamp (\(CO_2/N_2\)), methane (\(CH_4\)), \(CO\), a i ʻole radon MĀKĀʻI A KIʻekiʻe: Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pōhaku moe i haʻi ʻia i kaʻu kinoea i loko o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me nā māwae ʻāʻī. LOW (koe wale nō ka radon maoli a i ʻole ke kinoea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia inā ua haki ka laina hoʻoheheʻe) NONE (koe ke pio ka paipu lawelawe kinoea papau e ka neʻe ʻana o ka lepo)

ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona mua o koʻu hāʻule ʻana i kou waiwai

Ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻole ʻana o ka ʻauwai a i ʻole ka luaahi, e hoʻopuka ka ʻāʻī ʻāina i nā pūlima mechanical maʻemaʻe o kou pā, alanui, a me ke kumu:

1. I loko o kou hale

  • ** ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa like ʻana o nā puka a me nā puka makani he nui:** ʻO ka puka pipili hoʻokahi i ka wā kauwela haʻahaʻa he pehu lāʻau maʻamau. Inā hōʻole ʻole ʻekolu a ʻehā mau puka o loko a me waho, nā puka keʻena a me nā puka aniani hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻopaʻa a ʻokiʻoki paha i ko lākou mau papa i loko o ka manawa 48-hola hoʻokahi**, ʻo ke kumu o ka hale ma waho o ka huinaha.
  • ** ʻOi aku ka laulā o ka "stair-step" diagonal ma mua o 5 millimeters (0.2 inches)** e ʻike koke ʻia ana ma nā hui mortar paʻa paʻa lalo, ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pōhaku waho, a i ʻole nā ​​kihi maloʻo o loko e piʻi ana i luna mai nā kihi o nā puka makani a me nā puka.
  • ** Ka leo pahū, paʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​pana pana pana i ka pō:** Ma ke ʻano he kumu lāʻau paʻa paʻa paʻa ma luna o kahi ʻauwai e hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke koʻikoʻi i nā hui mortar, nā ʻūhā o ka papahele lāʻau, a me nā wiliwili pā maloʻo me nā kani kani leo nui.
  • Nā papahele hili a me nā mea ʻōwili: E kau i ke kinikini, pōlele kolepa, a i ʻole ka pae ʻuhane o ke kamanā ma ka papahele kīhini a i ʻole ka papa lalo; i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka wai, hiki i ka hale ke hoʻokuʻu i ka 1 a 3 degere i loko o nā lā, e hoʻoulu ai ka wai ma ka ʻaoʻao hewa o nā pā ʻauʻau a me nā ʻauʻau.

2. Ma waho o kou pā a me ke alanui

  • Nā kua hoʻoemi ʻia ("'ōpuʻu wikiwiki") a me ke kuʻekuʻe wāwae: Ma ke kikowaena o kahi ʻauwai hāʻule ʻana, ua ʻomi ʻia ka ʻili o ka ʻāina me ka ʻāpae (compressive strain). Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā papa ala kaʻa paʻa i ke ʻano o ka hale lole "V", ʻo nā alanui asphalt e kuʻi i loko o nā kualono, ʻāwili pū nā pōhaku ʻokiʻoki, a lohi nā pā kaulahao a hāʻule i waena o nā pou.
  • Nā māwae a me nā pā i hohola ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao: Ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ke kīʻaha hoʻohaʻahaʻa, kaʻawale ka ʻāina (** tensile strain**), e huki ana i nā māwae honua lōʻihi 2 a 15 kenimika (1 a 6 ʻīniha) ka laulā ma waena o nā lau a huki i ka lāʻau a i ʻole nā ​​pa uwea e paʻa a paʻa.
  • Hoʻololi koke i ka wai punawai a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ʻili: Ua lilo koke nā pūnāwai kūʻokoʻa ma ke kaiāulu i ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻala o ka sulfur, a i ʻole ** hāʻule maloʻo loa i ka pō** i ka wā e kahe ana ka wai ma waena o ka pōhaku ʻāhaʻi hou i loko o ka hana koʻu lalo. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, lilo koke nā wahi pā i waenakonu o kahi ʻauwai hāwī a i ʻole ka waikahe no ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka pae ʻino.

ʻO nā kinoea mai lalo o ka honua make: Blackdamp, Firedamp, Whitedamp, a me Stinkdamp

ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole e hāʻule maoli ka lua koʻu i haʻalele ʻia ma lalo o kou waiwai, pili ia ma o nā haʻihaʻi moe, nā pūnāwai wai kahiko i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, a me nā ʻauwaha pono i ka lewa honua. Hoʻokaʻawale ka poʻe ʻenekinia mining i ʻehā mau huila kinoea lethal subterranean e neʻe ana i loko o nā basements, crawlspaces, a me nā ʻauwaha ʻeli:

Inoa Kuʻuna Miners Hoʻohui Kimia & Kaumaha kikoʻī No ke aha i hana ʻia ai ma nā mines i haʻalele ʻia Mechanism Make & Hoailona Hoailona
1. Blackdamp (Stythe / Choke Damp) Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\), \(5\%\text{ a hiki i }20\%\)) + Nitrogen (\(N_2\), \(80\%\text{ a i }95\%\)) me Oxygen (\(O_2\)) i emi iho i \(0\%\text{ a i }12\%\); Ua ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka ea (\(1.1\text{ a i }1.5\)) ʻO ka lanahu, pyrite (\(FeS_2\)), a me kaʻu mau lāʻau popopo e hoʻopau i ka oxygen mai ka ea lalo a hoʻokuʻu i \(CO_2\) ** ʻAʻala ʻole a ʻike ʻole ʻia.** Nā loko ma ka papahele o lalo a i loko o nā lua. Hoʻomaka i ka noʻonoʻo wikiwiki, ka ʻūhā, a me ka nalo ʻana o ka ʻike ma 2 a 3 hanu ke \(O_2 < 6\%\). E pio koke nā lapalapa ahi (pākui/kukui pailaka) i ka wā \(O_2 < 16\%\).
2. Puhi ahi Methane (\(CH_4\), \(5\%\kikokikona{ a hiki i }15\%\) pahū pahū); Ua ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka ea (\(0.55\)) Hoʻopau maoli ʻia mai nā ʻili lanahu a me nā ʻāpana shale organik He ʻala ʻole a waihoʻoluʻu ʻole (ʻaʻole like me ke kinoea maoli, ʻaʻohe ʻala o ka methane makaʻu ** ʻAʻohe mea ʻala mercaptan mercaptan **). Piʻi aʻe i nā ʻeke kaupaku a pahū me ka ikaika ma ka \(5\%\text{ i ka }15\%\) ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ea ke ʻā ka umu ahi a i ʻole ka hoʻololi kukui.
3. Whitedamp (Afterdamp) Carbon Monoxide (\(CO\)); Pono like me ka ea (\(0.97\)) ʻO ka oxidation lohi a i ʻole ka hū ʻana i lalo o ka lepo o nā ʻili lanahu (e nānā ka peat ma lalo o ka honua a me ke ahi lanahu) ** ʻAʻohe ʻala a ʻaʻole waihoʻoluʻu.** Nakinaki i ka hemoglobin 200 manawa ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka oxygen; ke kumu o ke poo, nausea, huikau, coma, a me ka make ma \(> 400\text{ a i }1,000\text{ ppm}\).
4. Stinkdamp Hydrogen Sulfide (\(H_2S\)); Ua ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka ea (\(1.19\)) ʻO ka wai koʻu waiʻakika e hana ana me ka hao sulfide (pyrite) a me ka mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa sulfate i ka hana wai. Honi hua manu popopo ma nā pae haʻahaʻa, hoʻopale i ka ʻala ma luna o \(100\text{ ppm}\), e hāʻule koke ana a me ka asphyxiation cellular.

No ke aha ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kaomi barometric e hoʻoulu ai i nā pilikia kinoea basement

Aia i loko o kahi paʻa koʻikoʻi i haʻalele ʻia he mau miliona cubic mika o ka ea paʻa a me ke kinoea. Hana ʻia e like me ke akemāmā lalo honua i hoʻopili ʻia i ka ʻili ma o nā pores lepo a me nā haʻihaʻi: - Ke kau nei kahi ** ʻōnaehana weather pressure ** ma luna o kou kūlanakauhale, hoʻokuʻu ke kaumaha o ka lewa kiʻekiʻe i ka ea hou i lalo i ka lepo, e mālama ana i kaʻu mau kinoea i loko o lalo. - Ke hoʻokokoke mai kahi ** ʻōnaehana ʻino haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (barometer hāʻule)**, hāʻule koke ke kaomi o ka lewa waho. Hoʻonui ʻia ke kinoea ʻoi aku ka piʻi i loko o ka lua o lalo (barometric pumping), e hoʻokuke ana i mau tausani cubic mika o ka oxygen-free blackdamp (\(CO_2/N_2\)) a me ka methane (\(CH_4\)) i luna ma o nā lua luawai lalo i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia, nā ʻauwai papahele, a me nā māwae kumu i ka wā e hiamoe ana kou ʻohana i loko. - Mandatory Basement Defense in Mining Districts: 1. E hoʻouka i kahi Kaona Monooksida (\(CO\)) + Explosive Gas (Methane/\(LEL\)) mea ʻike ** A me kahi haʻahaʻa-oxygen (\(O_2\)) / Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\)) kiaʻi ma kekahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma luna o nā hana lanahu pāpaʻu. 2. E hoʻopaʻa i nā māwae papa lepo o lalo me ka puʻupuʻu polyurethane maʻalahi, e hoʻokomo i kahi ** uhi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka ea ma luna o kāu lua puna wai lalo, a inā ʻike ʻia kaʻu kinoea a i ʻole ka radon kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻokomo ka mea hana ʻaelike i kahi Active Sub-Slab Depressurization System (e like me ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe radon ma luna aʻe o ka paipu hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kinoea ma luna o ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma luna o ke kinoea.

Ka pane ulia pōpilikia i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu inā hāʻule kekahi i loko o kahi lua hoʻohaʻahaʻa a i ʻole koʻu kumu

Mai lele, piʻi i lalo i ke kaula, a i ʻole e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kou hoalauna i loko o ka lua hou i wehe ʻia ai ʻole koʻu kumu i haʻalele ʻia e hoʻopakele i ke kanaka a i ʻole ka holoholona. Ma nā moʻolelo hoʻopakele MSHA a me ke keʻena kinai ahi, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā mea make i haʻalele ʻia i loko o koʻu kumu lāʻau i haʻalele ʻia he mau mea hoʻopakele ** e piʻi i lalo i loko o ke kinoea ʻeleʻele i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma luna o ke kinoea ʻeleʻele ($<) ka hāʻule lua o ke kola lepo e kau ana e kanu ola ana i nā kānaka ʻelua.

  1. Kahea koke iā 911 / 112 / 999 a haʻi maopopo: "Ua hāʻule ke kanaka i loko o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻāina ikaika / haʻalele i koʻu kumu kumu; pono mākou i kahi hoʻopakele ʻenehana High-Angle Confined-Space Rescue me Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) a me ka pae ʻāina."
  2. E mālama i nā kānaka a pau ma kahi o 15 a 30 mau mika (50 a 100 kapuaʻi) i hope mai ka lihi lua paʻa ʻole: ʻO ka haʻalulu kaʻa a i ʻole ka poʻe e kū ana ma kahi kokoke i ka lehelehe e hāʻule nā paia bele e kau ana ma luna o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia ma lalo.
  3. Inā pāpaʻu ka lua (\(< 3\text{ mika}\) [\(10\text{ feet}\)]) a pono ʻoe e kamaʻilio a kiola paha i kahi laina mai kahi mamao:
  4. E moe palahalaha loa ma kou ʻōpū ma kahi alapiʻi lāʻau lōʻihi, pepa plywood, a i ʻole ka papahele paʻa ma hope o ka rim e hohola i kou kaumaha.
  5. E hoʻolei i ka hope o ke kaula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole ka paipu kīhāpai i lalo i ka mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hiki iā lākou ke nakinaki i ko lākou umauma a paʻa paha inā e hāʻule ka papahele ma lalo o lākou, akā, mai huki iā lākou i luna i kahi lehelehe lepo e kau ana i loko o ko lākou poʻo ke ʻole ko lākou ea e komo ikaika i ka wai.
  6. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi ** puhi lau a mea pā hale kūʻai paha me kahi paipu ʻauʻau lōʻihi maʻalahi** ma ka lepo paʻa, ʻo ka puhi ʻana i ka ea hou i lalo i ka puka mai kahi mamao palekana hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka blackdamp lethal (\(CO_2\)) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma lalo o kahi lua pāpaʻu oiai e kali ana i ka hui holo kiʻi hoʻopakele SCBA o ke keʻena ahi.

Ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana a me Mine Subsidence Insurance checklist

Inā noho ʻoe a i ʻole ke kūʻai ʻana i hale i kahi lanahu, metala, limestone, gypsum, a i ʻole ka ʻāina eli paʻakai, e hoʻopiha i kēia papa inoa:

  • E ʻimi i kāu helu home pololei ma kāu mokuʻāina a i ʻole ka ʻāina Underground Mine Map Repository:
  • Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: E ʻimi i ka OSMRE National Mine Map Repository (NMMR) a me ka moku'āina interactive GIS mine portals (e like me Pennsylvania's PASDA / MSI Mine Subsidence Insurance map, Ohio's ODNR Mines of Ohio Viewer, Illinois's ILMINES Wiki, Colorado's *CGS Mine Subsidence's Information System M, Colorado's *CGS Mine Subsidence System M WVAGP).
  • Ma United Kingdom: E nānā i ka UK Coal Authority Interactive Map Viewer no ka hana ʻana i ka lanahu pāpaʻu i hala a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā koʻu komo (shafts/adits) i loko o 20 mika mai kou hale.
  • E kūʻai i kahi hōʻoia hōʻoia ʻia ʻo Mine Subsidence Insurance: ** ʻO nā kulekele ʻinikua maʻamau o nā mea hale ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻāina a me ka mokuʻāina ʻo ʻAmelika e hoʻokaʻawale loa i ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua a me koʻu iho ʻana. e uhi ana a hiki i $300,000 a i $500,000 i ka hooponopono hale. Pono ʻoe e kūʻai i ke kulekele *ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka subsidence.
  • E hoʻololi i ka hao hao a i ʻole ke kila kila ma lalo o ka honua me ka paipu polyethylene (PE) maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui kinoea hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia: Ma kahi e hele ai kāu laina kinoea maoli, laina lawelawe wai, a me ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe wai a me ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kou paia o lalo, e hoʻokomo i ** nā puka lou hoʻonui hikiwawe a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻopili maʻalahi** e pale ai i ka 5-centimeter (2-iniha).
  • E hoʻopaneʻe i nā ʻauwaha o ka hale a i lalo ma kahi o 3 mika (10 kapuaʻi) ka mamao mai kou kahua a mai hoʻokuʻu i ka wai ʻauʻau a i ʻole ka wai ʻauʻau i loko o hoʻokahi wahi koʻikoʻi o ka pā; ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e holoi i ka lepo i lalo i loko o nā māwae pāpaʻu o koʻu a hoʻoulu i nā lua luaahi.

Nīnau pinepine

Pehea e ʻeha koke ai koʻu hale i ka haʻalele ʻana iaʻu i ka wā i pani ʻia ai ka lua lanahu ma lalo o koʻu kūlanakauhale i ka makahiki 1910?

ʻO nā mines lumi a me nā pou i haʻalele ʻia he mau pōʻino geotechnical i hoʻopanee ʻia. I ka lawe ʻana o ka poʻe miners i ka lanahu ma 80 a 120 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua haʻalele lākou i nā pou lanahu a me nā lāʻau o ka hale i hana ʻia e paʻa i ka hale i ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kēlā ʻāpana. I kēia mau makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻai mālie ka ʻili o ka wai o ka lepo, ka wai koʻu wai (acid mine drainage), a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka ea ("spalling") i nā ʻaoʻao o waho o nā pou lanahu lalo a hoʻohuli i ka hale shale ma luna o nā lumi i pōhaku lepo palupalu palupalu. ʻO ka hopena, hoʻohui ka ua nui o ka pūnāwai nui a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe hau hau i ke kaumaha hydrostatic i ka lepo overburden e ʻoi aku i ka ikaika i koe o ka lōʻihi o ka hale 100 makahiki, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka pō.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o "Room-and-Pillar" kahiko a me ka emi ʻana o ka mining "Longwall" hou?

ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana o ka lumi mōʻaukala a me nā kia i waiho ʻia i kahi papa kuhikuhi ʻole o nā keʻena hāmama a me nā kia lanahu ma lalo o ka lepo e hiki ke paʻa mau no 20 a 150 mau makahiki ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻole ʻana i nā manawa like ʻole ma o nā lua hāmama a i ʻole nā ​​ʻauwai kūloko. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻeli lanahu o ka pā lōʻihi o kēia wā (hana ʻia ma ka hohonu o 150 a 600 mika [500 a 2,000 kapuaʻi]) ke hoʻohana i kahi mea ʻoki mīkini nunui e wehe i 100 pākēneka o kahi papa lanahu 250 a 450 mau mika (800 a 1,500 kapuaʻi) ākea a paʻa nā pale hydraulic i ka hale; i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mīkini i mua, ua ʻae ʻia ka pōhaku o ke kaupaku ma hope o nā pale e hāʻule koke i loko o ka hakahaka. No laila, ho'opuka ka mining longwall i kahi i ho'olālā 'ia a hiki ke 'ike 'ia (e emi iho ana ka ilikai ma 1 a 1.8 mika [3 a 6 kapua'i]) e ho'omaka ana i loko o nā lā o ka mīkini e hele ana ma lalo a ho'opau i ka 90 a hiki i ka 95 pakeneka o kona ho'opa'a 'ana i loko o kekahi mau mahina, me ka 'oihana mining ikaika e koi 'ia ma ke kānāwai ma ka hapanui o nā 'āina a me nā lako wai.

No ke aha i pio ai nā kukui a me ka umu ahi ma koʻu hale lalo ma mua pono o ka hekili?

Inā pio nā kukui hoʻokele kinoea e kū ana ma kahi haʻahaʻa i kūkulu ʻia ma luna o ka ʻāina i ʻeli ʻia, e mālama iā ia ma ke ʻano he pilikia weliweli a haʻalele i ka hale. Pono ka lapalapa hydrocarbon ma kahi o 16 pakeneka o ka oxygen i ka lewa e hoʻomālamalama (ʻo ka ea maʻamau he 20.9 pakeneka oxygen). Ke hāʻule koke ke kaomi barometric ma mua o ka hekili, hoʻopuka ka lua o kaʻu ma lalo o ka honua i ka "blackdamp" i hoʻopau ʻia ka oxygen (he hui pū ʻana o ka carbon dioxide a me ka nitrogen) ma luna o nā māwae kumu a me nā lua wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i loko o ka base. Inā ua emi haʻahaʻa ka pae o ka oxygen i loko o kou hale lalo e hoʻopau i kahi kukui pilot ($< 16\%$ $O_2$), the air near the floor can quickly drop below 10 percent oxygen, causing sudden unconsciousness and asphyxiation.

Pehea e hoʻoponopono mau ai nā ʻenehana geotechnical i kahi hale a i ʻole pā paha ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o kahi koʻu haʻalele?

Mai hoʻolei i ka lepo a i ʻole ka ʻōpala i loko o kahi lua hoʻohaʻahaʻa o kaʻu; Holoi wale ka wai o ka lepo i ka lepo i lalo i loko o nā pūnāwai koʻu ākea ma lalo, e hoʻonui ai i ka lua pele. Akā, hoʻohana nā ʻenekinia mokuʻāina ʻo Abandoned Mine Land (AML) i ʻelua mau ala mau: no ka hāmama ʻana i nā kumu kūwaho a i ʻole ka hiolo ʻana o ke kapuahi kūloko, ʻeli lākou i lalo a hiki i kahi moe paʻa a hoʻokomo i kahi pāpale lāʻau paʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole ke plug pōhaku i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. No ka pale ʻana i ke kumu o ka hale ma luna o nā puka ākea o ka lumi a me nā pou, e ʻeli nā mea ʻenekini i kahi mānoanoa o nā lua lua kūpaʻa mai ka pā i lalo i loko o nā keʻena koʻu (30 a 100 mau mika ka hohonu) a paʻi i nā kaukani cubic mika o ka lepo lele lele / cement grout slurry ma lalo o ka lepo e kūkulu i nā kolamu pōhaku paʻa paʻa e kākoʻo mau i ka hale o koʻu hale.

Nānā ʻia nā kumu

  • Ke Keʻena Kalaiaina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Ke Keʻena o ka Hoʻolaʻa ʻana a me ka Hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻili o ka ʻili (OSMRE): Nā Haʻalele ʻia ʻo Mine Land (AML) Nā Alakaʻi Program Emergency, Mine Subsidence Engineering Manual, a me National Mine Map Repository.
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS): Land Subsidence in the United States (Circular 1182): Underground Mining Subsidence vs. Karst Sinkholes.
  • Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA, United States Department of Labor): "Stay Out, Stay Alive" Haʻalele i ka Mine Hazards Campaign and Underground Mine Gas (Blackdamp, Firedamp, Whitedamp, Stinkdamp) Toxicology.
  • United Kingdom Coal Authority and British Geological Survey (BGS): Coal Mining Subsidence Damage Guide, Shallow Mine Workings and Mine Enter Collapse Pane, and Mine Gas Mitigation in Buildings.
  • Ke Keʻena ʻOihana Hoʻomalu Kaiapuni ʻo Pennsylvania (PA DEP) a me Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS): *Ke alakaʻi a ka mea nona ka hale no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i koʻu, Trough vs. Pit Mechanics, a me nā Kūlana Inisua Mine Subsidence *.

Nā alakaʻi pili