Abandoned Mine Subsidence, Underground Coal Voids, and Sudden Ground Collapse¶

A ko'ina cikin tarihin kwal, baƙin ƙarfe, gubar, zinc, gishiri, gypsum, da wuraren hakar gwal a duniya, miliyoyin gidaje, manyan tituna, makarantu, da gonaki suna zaune kai tsaye sama da ** watsi da ayyukan ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ** wanda aka tono tsakanin ƙarni na goma sha takwas zuwa ashirin kafin aiwatar da taswirar ma'adinai na zamani ko dokokin sake fasalin. Ba kamar dutsen dutse karst sinkholes na halitta wanda ke narkewa a hankali a kan zamanin ƙasa, ** watsi da nawa nawa ** yana faruwa a lokacin da ake ruɓe katako na katako na katako, rushewar garwashin ƙasa ko ginshiƙan dutse, ko ginshiƙan ma'adanin da ba su da kyau sun kasa ƙasa, zubar da gine-gine, yadi, da hanyoyi zuwa cikin ƙasa zuwa mita 10 zuwa 300 (0 zuwa 10 ƙafa) zurfi *** a cikin dakika ko sa'o'i.

A lokaci guda kuma, fashe ƙasa sama da gawayi da aka watsar da ma'adinan dutsen da aka yi watsi da su suna aiki azaman bututun hayaki don iskar iskar ma'adinan karkashin kasa, gami da iskar oxygen-depleted "blackdamp" ($ CO_2$ da \(N_2\)), fashewar "firedamp" (methane [\(CH_4\)])* carbon monoxide kai tsaye zuwa cikin ginshiƙan zama a duk lokacin da tsarin yanayi mara ƙarfi ya wuce sama. Wannan jagorar tana ba da ƙa'idodin ƙaura nan da nan, alamun gargaɗin tushe na farko, da ka'idojin tsaro na iskar gas da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Amurka ta Ma'aikatar Ma'adinan Ma'adinai da Tilasta (OSMRE), Binciken Yanayin Kasa na Amurka (USGS), Hukumar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Mine (MSHA), Hukumar Kula da Kwal ta United Kingdom, da binciken binciken ƙasa. Don narkar da dutsen farar ƙasa, karanta mu jagoran sinkholes; don lãka shrinkage motsi tushe motsi, karanta ƙasa mai faɗin yumbu sama da ƙarancin fari.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. **Fitar da gidanku ko ginin nan da nan idan kun ji sauti mai ƙarfi, tsagewa, ko nishi a cikin bangon tare da ƙofofi da tagogi suna rufewa ba zato ba tsammani, fashe-fashe-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle-tsalle kan busasshen bangon bango ko aikin bulo, ko karkatar da ƙasa. gida. Samu kowane mutum da dabba a waje kuma aƙalla ** mita 30 (ƙafa 100) nesa ** zuwa ƙasa tabbatacce.
2. **Kashe babban bawul ɗin mitar iskar gas ɗinka ko bawul ɗin tanki na waje idan ka ji warin ruɓaɓɓen qwai (mercaptan odorant), jin bututun hayaƙi, ko ganin ƙasa tana nutsewa kusa da bangon gidanka. Layin iskar iskar gas da ke zubowa a ƙarƙashin tushe mai juyawa yana haifar da fashe-fashen gidaje masu muni. Yi amfani da maɓalli mai daidaitacce don kunna babban bawul ɗin rufe gas ɗin zuwa kwata-kwata don haka luggin ya zauna daidai (madaidaici) zuwa bututu; ga mu jagorar gaggawar yabo gas.
3. Kada ku taba shiga cikin ginshiki, rarrafe, ramin rijiya, ko tushen ma'adinai a gundumar ma'adinai idan kun ji dimi, numfashi, ko kuma lura da buguwar iska, daftarin iska mai tsami kwatsam yayin faɗuwar barometer (hankalin guguwa). [\(CO_2\)] da nitrogen [\(N_2\)] mai ɗauke da kashi 2% zuwa 10% oxygen kawai) da abubuwan fashewa ** methane ($ CH_4$)* ta hanyar fashe harsashin ginin ƙasa. Numfashi guda biyu na damshin da ke da iskar oxygen yana haifar da sume nan take ba tare da wani gargadi na shakewa ba; gani takure sararin samaniya.
4. Karfe duk wani sabon ramin da'ira, ramin da ya nutse, ko asarar tafki/rafi kwatsam aƙalla mita 30 (ƙafa 100) baya daga gefen. Kada ku taɓa ƙoƙarin cika sabon rami na ma'adanan da aka buɗe ko rugujewar kanku ta hanyar zubar da datti, tsakuwa, duwatsu, ko siminti a cikin ramin tare da keken hannu ko tarakta. Zubar da cika ba tare da injiniyanci ba a cikin buɗaɗɗen ramin ma'adinan kawai yana mai da makogwaro ko ƙara ƙarin nauyi wanda ke haifar da babban rushewar sakandare a ƙarƙashin tarakta na ku.
5. Kira lambar gaggawa ta gida nan take idan rugujewa yana barazana ga gida, hanya, ko layin amfani, ko kuma idan wani ya faɗa cikin rami mai rahusa. Kira lamba 911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a cikin Tarayyar Turai, ko 999 a cikin United Kingdom (inda Hukumar Kula da Coal ta Burtaniya kuma tana aiki da sadaukarwar sa'o'i 24 na Coal Hazard Line na 2800) lambobin gaggawa. A {asar Amirka, ku kuma bayar da rahoton rugujewar zuwa ga Shirin Gaggawa na klzzw:0026 ko Gwamnatin Tarayya OSMRE.
6. **Idan kuna tafiya ko hawan keken ATV/datti a cikin ƙasa mai cike da tarihi, ku tsaya tsayin daka akan sahihan hanyoyi kuma kada ku taɓa shigar da tsoffin adits, ramuka, ko shingen shinge ("Stay Out, Stay Raye"). Ramin rami), sandunan dynamite gumi (crystallized nitroglycerin wanda ke fashewa akan taɓawa), da aljihunan carbon monoxide da blackdamp.

An watsar da tallafin na ma'adanan da kuma tsarin yanke hukunci na gaggawa na ɓoye¶

Yi amfani da wannan bishiyar yanke shawara don kimanta rugujewar ƙasa, gurɓacewar tsari, ko haɗarin iskar gas a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a wuraren haƙar ma'adinai na kwal, ƙarfe, da ƙafe.

flowchart TD
    Start["Underground Void or Mine Subsidence Suspected:<br/>Sudden Ground Hole, Foundation Cracking,<br/>or Basement Gas Alarm in Mining Region"] --> Type{"Wane irin gaggawa ne<br/> ke faruwa a yanzu?"}

    Type -->|"1. RAMI MAI ZURFIN KWATSA <br/> Rugujewar Shaft ko Ruguwar Chimney<br/>a cikin Yard, Titin, ko Filin"| PitCollapse["CHIMNEY / SHAFT RUSHE TSARI: <br/>1. A kwashe kowa da kowa>= 30m (100 ft) baya daga bakin gaba nan da nan<br/>2. KADA KA YI TAFIYA zuwa gefen (leben ramin kararrawa da ya wuce gona da iri zai yanke) <br/>3. Kashe mitar gas na waje & babban ruwa idan kusa da rugujewar <br/>4. Kira 911/112/999 + Hukumar Kula da Ma'adinan Ma'adinan Jiha (AML)"]

    Type -->|"2. CUTAR GIDA KO FASAHA<br/>Kofofi da murƙushewa, Ƙofofin Tsari mai ƙarfi, <br/> Fasasshen bangon Diagonal, Ƙaƙwalwar benaye"| TroughSub["TSARIN SAUKI:<br/>1. A kwashe duk mazauna da dabbobi a waje nan da nan<br/>2. Kashe babban bawul ɗin iskar gas / propane a mita na waje<br/>3. KADA ƙofofin jirgi ko faci har sai injiniyoyin AML sun duba<br/>4. Kula da abubuwan amfani don layukan ruwa/magudanar ruwa da aka yanke a ƙarƙashin katako"]

    Type -->|"3. GAS KO RUWA<br/>CO / Methane Ƙararrawa, Pilot Lights Out, <br/>ko Rashin Numfashi Yayin Karancin Matsi"| MineGas["GASKIYAR MANA GAS (BLACKDAMP / FIREDAMP) SHIGA: <br/>1. Fita ginshiki & gini nan da nan; KADA a jujjuya hasken wuta<br/>2. Kada a taɓa shiga cikin ginshiki inda wani ya ruguje (0% O2 haɗarin) <br/>3. Kira 911 / Ma'aikatar Wuta don gwajin iskar gas 4<br/>4. Shigar da ƙaƙƙarfan ɓarna da ƙararrawa masu yawan iskar gas"]

    Type -->|"4. SAMUN BUƊAɗɗiyar Ramin Ma'adinai <br/> KO SHAFT WAJE<br/>Yawo, Farauta, ko Wajen Hanya."| StayOut["'KA TSAYA, KA RAYU' MULKIN FILIN:<br/>1. Tsaya nan da nan; baya tare da ainihin waƙoƙin da kake shigowa<br/>2. Kar a taɓa jingine shingen shinge ko jefar da duwatsu a ƙasa.<br/>3. Kar a taɓa shiga cikin adits a kwance (blackdamp + winzes ambaliyar ruwa) <br/>4. Yi rikodin daidaitawar GPS & bayar da rahoton bututun da ba a rufe ba ga BLM / AML / 'yan sanda"]

Hanyoyin injiniya guda huɗu na watsi da tallafin ma'adanan¶

A cewar injiniyoyin injiniyoyi a Ofishin Ma'adinan Ma'adanai na Surface Surface Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) da kuma binciken binciken ƙasa na Biritaniya, hakar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya bar baya da nau'ikan cavities huɗu daban-daban, kowannensu yana kasawa a saman ta wata hanya dabam:

1. Chimney / Pit Subsidence ("Pothole Sinkholes" a saman ma'adinan Room-da-Pillar mara zurfi)¶

A cikin gargajiya ** daki-da-ginshiƙan ma'adinai ** (wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai daga shekarun 1700 zuwa tsakiyar 1900s don kwal, limestone, gypsum, da baƙin ƙarfe), masu hakar ma'adinai sun tono "dakuna" a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na mita 4 zuwa 9 (13 zuwa 30 feet) fadi yayin da suke barin ginshiƙai na gawayi ko dutse a baya don riƙe rufin. - Yadda rugujewar bututun hayaki ke faruwa: Sama da shekaru 50 zuwa 150, ruwan acidic na ruwa na kasa, canjin tebur na ruwa, da iskar oxygen suna raunana katakon katako ko yashi na rufin da ke tsakanin ginshiƙai, musamman ma inda ma'adinan bai wuce mita 15 zuwa 50 (ƙafa 50 zuwa 165) a ƙasan saman ƙasa**. - Kogo mai ci gaba: Lokacin da wani sashe na rufin ma'adinan ya ruguje zuwa cikin daki mai cike da ambaliya ko busasshen da ke ƙasa, ragon yana ƙaura zuwa sama ta saman dutsen da ƙasa kamar gilashin sa'a da ke gudu daga yashi. A ƙarshe, bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ko dusar ƙanƙara tana cike da saman saman ƙasa, ciyawar saman ko shimfidar hanya tana faɗuwa nan take, buɗe madauwari mai tsayi mai tsayi ko juzu'i ** ramin ramuka mai tsayi mita 2 zuwa 12 (ƙafa 6.5 zuwa 40) faɗi da mita 2 zuwa 15 (ƙafa 6.5 zuwa 50) zurfi**.

2. Sag ko Trough Subsidence (Pillar Crushing ko Pillar Punching a zurfin matakai)¶

Lokacin da ma'adinan daki-da-ginshiƙan ke kwance a ƙarƙashin ƙasa (** 30 zuwa 150+ meters [100 to 500+ feet]), ko kuma lokacin da ginshiƙan kwal ɗin da kansu suke murkushe su a hankali a ƙarƙashin nauyin ma'aunin ma'auni (ko kuma su dunƙule ƙasa cikin ƙasa mai laushi mai laushi ƙarƙashin kabu na kwal, wanda aka sani da ** underclay squeezeward a saman dutsen gabaɗaya). - Tasirin saman sama: Maimakon rami na tsaye, ɓacin rai mai laushi mai siffar saucer ( sag or trough**) ** 30 zuwa 300 mita (ƙafa 100 zuwa 1,000) faɗin ** 0.3 zuwa mita 1.5 (ƙafa 1 zuwa 5)** a tsawon kwanaki ko makonni. - ** Me yasa gidaje akan RIM na kwandon ke fama da mafi munin lalacewa:** Gine-ginen da ke zaune daidai a tsakiyar mataccen kasan babban tudun sag sau da yawa suna daidaitawa kai tsaye tare da ɗan karkata. Koyaya, gidajen da ke zaune tare da ** lanƙwasa waje mai lanƙwasa (yanayin tashin hankali da matsawa)** na kwanon da ke nutsewa ana cire su a kwance ta hanyar juzu'in ƙasa a gefen waje kuma a murƙushe su a ciki ta hanyar matsananciyar ƙasa a kan gangaren ciki, suna ƙwanƙwasa tushe na kankare a cikin rabin da manyan tituna da manyan iskar gas.

3. Bala'i Wanda Aka Yashe Tsaye¶

A cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon karni na ashirin, an “rufe” dubunnan ma’adinan ma’adanai a tsaye, da iskar iskar shafts, da na hannun da aka haƙa ** “ramin ƙararrawa”** (zurfin mita 30 zuwa 300) a ƙarshen haƙar ma’adinai ta hanyar ɗora tsofaffin layukan dogo, ko ƙwanƙolin katako na katako, a ƙarƙashin katako. bulldozing datti da ciyawa a saman. - Kusan ɗari ɗaya bayan haka, katakon katako da aka binne ya ruɓe gaba ɗaya. Mai gida yana yanka lawn su, yaro yana wasa a bayan gida, ko motar da aka faka na iya haifar da gazawar filogin katako na kwatsam, buɗe madaidaici, mai layin bulo ko dutse mai katanga da yawa ko ɗarurruwan mitoci masu zurfin zurfi a cikin unguwar waje.

4. Highwall Auger Mining Voids¶

A cikin yankunan tuddai masu tuddai (irin su Appalachia a gabashin Amurka), masu hakar ma'adinai sukan yi amfani da manyan ma'adanai na kwance a kwance (** augers augers ** 0.6 zuwa 2 mita [2 zuwa 6.5] a diamita) don ɗaukar ramukan kwance a layi daya har zuwa mita 60 (ƙafa 200) a cikin zurfin tudu da ke gefen tudu a gindin dutsen da aka tuɓe a gindin tudu. daga baya aka gina hanyoyi. Yayin da siraran ginshiƙan gawayi tsakanin ramukan auger ke murkushe, igiyoyin ramuka masu linzami da gangar jikin tudu suna buɗe ƙarƙashin gidajen da aka gina tare da benci.

Kwatanta: Halitta Karst Sinkholes vs. Pit Mine Subsidence vs. Sag Trough Subsidence vs. Expansive Clay Soil¶

Masu gida da masu gyara inshora akai-akai suna rikita rayuwa ta na tare da raƙuman ruwa na halitta ko raguwar ƙasa na yumbu na yanayi. Yi amfani da wannan tebur bincike daga jagororin injiniya na USGS da OSMRE don gano abin da ke lalata kayanku.

Gane alamun faɗakarwa da wuri na samun tallafi na akan kadarorin ku¶

Kafin rugujewar bututun hayaki ko bututun hayaki ya kai ga gaci, nau'in ƙasa yana samar da sa hannun injiniyoyi masu haske a fadin yadi, titi, da tushe:

1. A cikin gidan ku¶

• Haɗewar ƙofofi da tagogi da yawa a lokaci guda: Ƙofa mai mannewa guda ɗaya a cikin yanayin lokacin rani shine kumburin itace na al'ada. Idan ** kofofin ciki da na waje uku ko huɗu, kofofin majalisar, da tagogi masu zamewa ba zato ba tsammani sun ƙi ɗaure ko goge firam ɗin su a cikin sa'o'i 48 guda ɗaya **, ginin gidan yana tashe daga murabba'i.
• ** Diagonal "matakin-mataki" ya fashe sama da milimita 5 (0.2 inci)** yana bayyana ba zato ba tsammani tare da ginshiƙan shingen shingen turmi, bangon bulo na waje, ko sasanninta busassun bangon bangon ciki wanda ya shimfiɗa sama daga sasann tagogi da kofofi.
• Hayaniyar harba, tarwatsawa, ko harbin bindiga da daddare: A matsayin simintin katakon katako na katako a kan ramin da ke nutsewa, damuwa mai taurin kai yana kama mahaɗin turmi, joists ɗin bene na itace, da busassun bangon bango tare da bangs masu ƙarfi.
• ** Kasashe masu gangarewa da abubuwan birgima:** Sanya marmara, ƙwallon golf, ko matakin ruhun kafinta akan benen dafa abinci ko ginshiƙan ƙasa; a cikin sag subsidence mai aiki, gida na iya karkatar da digiri 1 zuwa 3 a cikin kwanaki, yana haifar da ruwa zuwa wurin da ba daidai ba na kwanon shawa da wuraren wanka.

2. Waje a cikin yadi da titi¶

• Rashin matsawa ("speed bumps") da siminti mai dunƙulewa: A tsakiyar tudun sag subsidence, an matse saman ƙasa a kwance tare (** matsananciyar damuwa**). Ƙwararren titin titin yana tura sama zuwa siffar tanti mai jujjuyawar "V", titin kwalta ya dunƙule cikin ƙugiya, duwatsu masu lanƙwasa tare, da shingen haɗin gwiwar sarƙoƙi suna lallausan kai tsaye tsakanin madogara.
• Tashin hankali da shimfidar shinge a bakin bakin: A kusa da gefen gefen kwano na ƙasa, ƙasa ta miƙe (nauyi mai tsauri), tare da jan dogon layi ɗaya daidai da fissures 2 zuwa 15 centimeters (1 zuwa 6 inci) a faɗin lawns tare da jan shingen itace ko waya taut har sai sun karye.
• Sauyi kwatsam a cikin ruwan rijiyar ko magudanar ruwa: Rijiyoyin ruwa masu zaman kansu da ke unguwar nan za su koma launin ruwan kasa, ko kamshin sulfur, ko kuma ** sun bushe gaba daya cikin dare** yayin da magudanar ruwa ke ratsawa ta wani sabon tsagewar dutse zuwa cikin ma'adinan da ke karkashinta. Akasin haka, wuraren yadi a tsakiyar tudun sag ba zato ba tsammani ya zama mai bushewa ko ambaliya saboda saman ƙasar ya faɗi ƙasa da magudanar ruwa.

Mummunan iskar gas na ƙasa: Blackdamp, Firedamp, Whitedamp, da Stinkdamp¶

Ko da ma'adanin da aka yi watsi da su a ƙarƙashin dukiyarku ba za ta taɓa rugujewa ba, tana haɗuwa ta hanyar karaya, tsoffin rijiyoyin ruwa da ba a rufe ba, da ramuka masu amfani zuwa yanayin saman. Injiniyoyin hakar ma'adinai sun rarraba gaurayawan iskar gas guda huɗu masu haɗari waɗanda ke ƙaura zuwa cikin ginshiƙai, wuraren rarrafe, da ramukan tono:

Me yasa faduwar matsa lamba barometric ke haifar da gaggawar iskar gas¶

Ginin ma'adinan karkashin kasa da aka yi watsi da shi ya ƙunshi miliyoyin cubic mita na iska da iskar gas. Yana aiki kamar ƙaton huhu na ƙasa wanda aka haɗa da saman ta hanyar pores na ƙasa da karaya: - Lokacin da tsarin yanayi mai tsananin matsin lamba *** yana zaune saman garinku, babban nauyin yanayi yana tura iska mai kyau zuwa ƙasa, yana sanya iskar gas ɗin nawa a cikin kwalbar ƙasa. - Lokacin da tsarin guguwa mara ƙarfi (faɗowa barometer) ke gabatowa, matsa lamba na waje yana faɗuwa da sauri. Gas mafi girma a cikin ma'adinan karkashin kasa yana faɗaɗa sama (** barometric famfo **), yana tura dubban cubic meters na oxygen-free blackdamp ($ CO_2/N_2\()** da fashewar ** methane (\) CH_4\()** ta cikin ramukan da ba a rufe ba, magudanan bene, da tushe ya fashe a kofa daidai lokacin da dangin ku ke barci. - ** Tsaro na tilas a cikin Gundumomin Ma'adinai:** 1. Shigar da **haɗin Carbon Monoxide (\) CO\() + Gas Mai Fashewa (Methane/\)LEL\() mai ganowa** DA ** low-oxygen (\)O_2\() / Carbon Dioxide (\) CO_2$) duba a cikin kowane ginshiki da ke kan sanannun ayyukan kwal. 2. Rufe duk fashewar shinge na ginshiƙi tare da cakulan polyurethane mai sassauƙa, shigar da murfin gas ɗin iska a saman ramin famfo na ginshiƙi, kuma idan an gano iskar gas ko radon mai ƙarfi, sami ɗan kwangilar da aka tabbatar ya shigar da Tsarin Tsarin Rashin Tsarin Rage Mai Ragewa ** (mai kama da radon rage bututun fanfo wanda ke tsotse iskar gas daga ƙasan rufin cikin aminci).

Amsar gaggawa ta mataki-mataki idan wani ya fada cikin rami mai rahusa ko ma'adana¶

*Kada kayi tsalle, hawa igiya, ko rage maƙwabci a cikin sabon ramin da aka buɗe ko watsar da ma'adanin don ceton mutum ko dabba. kwalawar kasa da ta binne mutanen biyu da ransu.

1. Kira 911/112/999 nan da nan kuma a bayyana a sarari: "Mutum ya fada cikin rugujewar ƙasa mai ƙarfi / watsar da ma'adinan ma'adinai; muna buƙatar Technical High-Angle Confined-Space Rescue with Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and ground shoring."
2. ** A ajiye kowa aƙalla mita 15 zuwa 30 (ƙafa 50 zuwa 100) baya daga gefen ramin da ba ya da ƙarfi:** Girgizawar mota ko mutanen da ke tsaye kusa da leɓe za su rurrushe bangon ramin kararrawa da ke kan wanda aka azabtar a ƙasa.
3. Idan ramin ba shi da zurfi (\(< 3\text{ meters}\) [\(10\text{ foot}\)]) kuma dole ne ku yi sadarwa ko jefa layi daga nesa:
4. Ki kwanta gabaki daya akan cikinki akan doguwar tsani na katako, zanen katako, ko katafaren shimfida da baya da kyau daga bakin baki don shimfida nauyin ki.
5. Jefa ƙarshen ** igiya mai ɗaure ko tiyon lambun** zuwa ga wanda abin ya shafa domin su ɗaure ta a ƙirjinsu ko kuma su riƙe ta idan ƙasan ƙarƙashinsu ta zurfafa, amma kar a ja su da wani leɓɓan datti wanda zai iya faɗowa a kansu sai dai idan hanyar iskar su tana nutsewa cikin ruwa.
6. Idan kuna da abin busa ** ganye ko fanfo mai dogon bututu mai sassauƙa** akan ƙasa mai ƙarfi, hura iska mai daɗi zuwa buɗewa daga nesa mai aminci zai iya taimakawa wajen kawar da blackdamp mai mutuwa ($ CO_2$) wanda aka taru a ƙasan rami mara zurfi yayin jiran ƙungiyar ceto ta SCBA na sashen kashe gobara.

Shirye-shiryen rugujewar riga-kafi da lissafin Inshorar Talla ta Mine¶

Idan kuna zaune a ciki ko kuma kuna siyan gida a cikin wani yanki na yanzu ko na tarihi, ƙarfe, farar ƙasa, gypsum, ko yankin haƙar gishiri, cika wannan jerin abubuwan dubawa:

• Duba ainihin adireshin gidanku akan Ma'ajiyar Taswirar Mine na ƙasa ko ƙasa:
• A Amurka: Bincika Ma'ajiyar Taswirar Mine na Kasa (NMMR)** da ma'adinan ma'adinan GIS na jiha (kamar taswirar Inshorar Inshorar Ma'adana ta Pennsylvania ta PASDA/MSI, Ohio's ODNR Mines of Ohio Viewer, Illinois's ILMINES Wiki, Colorado's ILMINES Wiki, Colorado's * Portal Mine, Kentucky's Mine Information System WVAGP na Virginia.
• A cikin Ƙasar Ingila: Duba ** UK Coal Authority Interactive Map Viewer** don ayyukan kwal da aka yi a baya da rikodin shigarwar nawa (shafts/adits) tsakanin mita 20 na ginin ku.
• Sayi sadaukarwar Inshorar Talla ta Mine: ** Manufofin inshora na masu gida a kusan kowace ƙasa da jihar Amurka a sarari EXCLUDE motsi na ƙasa da tallafin nawa.** Duk da haka, a cikin jihohin ma'adinan kwal (kamar Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, Colorado, da Wyoming), Tallafin Tallafin Jiha ($3) $150 a kowace shekara) yana rufe har zuwa $300,000 zuwa $500,000 a cikin gyare-gyaren tsari. Dole ne ku sayi tsarin kafin subsidence farawa.
• **Maye gurbin m simintin ƙarfe ko galvanized karfe mai amfani da ƙasa tare da sassauƙar polyethylene (PE) bututu da masu haɗin iskar gas mai sassauƙa: ** Inda layin iskar gas ɗin ku, layin sabis na ruwa, da bututun magudanar ruwa ya ratsa bangon ginshiƙi, shigar ** madaukai masu sassauƙa ko sassauƙan haɗin gwiwa ** yana hana 5-centimeter (2-inch) fashewar iskar gas.
• ** A kiyaye magudanan rufin da magudanan ruwa a ƙalla aƙalla mita 3 (ƙafa 10) nesa da kafuwarku** kuma kada ku taɓa fitar da ruwan wanka ko mai zubar da ruwa zuwa wuri ɗaya mai da hankali a farfajiyar; Kutsawar ruwa mai yawa yana wanke ƙasa mai nauyi zuwa fashewar ma'adanan kuma yana haifar da ramukan bututun hayaƙi.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Ta yaya gidana zai sha wahala ba zato ba tsammani nawa yasha sa’ad da aka rufe ma’adinan gawayin da ke ƙarƙashin garina a shekara ta 1910?¶

Ma'adinan daki-da-ginshiƙan da aka yi watsi da su haɗari ne na ɗan lokaci da aka jinkirtar. Sa’ad da masu hakar ma’adinai suka hako gawayi shekaru 80 zuwa 120 da suka shige, sun bar ginshiƙan gawayi da katakon rufin katako waɗanda aka tsara kawai don ɗaukar rufin har tsawon lokacin da za su gama hakar wannan sashe. A cikin karni na gaba, canjin ruwa na ƙasa, ruwan ma'adinan acidic (magudanar ruwa na acid), da jinkirin iskar oxygen ("spalling") a hankali suna cinye gefen ginshiƙan ginshiƙan kwal na ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma suna juya rufin shale na sama da ɗakuna zuwa dutse mai laushi, mai rauni. Daga ƙarshe, ruwan sama mai nauyi ɗaya ko dusar ƙanƙara yana ƙara isassun nauyi mai ƙarfi ga ƙasa mai nauyi don wuce sauran ƙarfin rufin da ke da shekaru 100, yana haifar da kogo cikin dare.

Menene bambanci tsakanin tallafin tarihi na "Room-da-Pillar" da tallafin ma'adinan "Longwall" na zamani?¶

Ma'adinan daki-da-ginshiƙi na tarihi yana barin allon bincike na buɗaɗɗen ɗakuna da ginshiƙan kwal a ƙarƙashin ƙasa waɗanda za su iya tsayawa tsayin daka har tsawon shekaru 20 zuwa 150 kafin gazawa ba zato ba tsammani a lokuta bazuwar ta hanyar ramukan ramin ramuka kwatsam ko tarkace. Aikin hakar ma'adinan gawayi na zamani (wanda ake gudanarwa a zurfin mita 150 zuwa 600) yana amfani da katuwar injin mai shear don cire kashi 100 na kwal ɗin kwal mai tsayin mita 250 zuwa 450 (ƙafa 800 zuwa 1,500) mai faɗi yayin da garkuwar ruwa ke riƙe da rufin; yayin da na'urar ta ci gaba, dutsen rufin da ke bayan garkuwar an bar shi da gangan ya ruguje cikin wofi nan da nan. Sakamakon haka, haƙar ma'adinai na dogon bango yana samar da wani tsari mai tsari, wanda za'a iya iya faɗi (yawanci zubar da saman da mita 1 zuwa 1.8 [ƙafa 3 zuwa 6]) wanda ke farawa a cikin kwanaki na injin yana wucewa a ƙasa kuma ya ƙare kashi 90 zuwa 95 cikin 100 na daidaitawa a cikin 'yan watanni, tare da kamfanin hakar ma'adinai bisa doka da ake buƙata a mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen ruwa da kuma samar da ruwa.

Me yasa ashana da fitilun tanderu suka fita a cikin ginshiki na daidai kafin tsawa?¶

Idan buɗe wuta, ashana, ko fitulun matukin iskar gas sun mutu da kansu a cikin wani ginshiki da aka gina akan ƙasan hakar ma'adinai, ɗauki shi azaman gaggawar gaggawar rayuwa kuma a kwashe ginin. Harshen wutar lantarki yana buƙatar aƙalla kashi 16 na iskar oxygen a cikin iska don kasancewa da haske (iska na yau da kullun shine kashi 20.9 na oxygen). Lokacin da matsa lamba na barometric ya faɗo da sauri gabanin tsawa, ɓoyayyiyar ma'adinan ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna fitar da "blackdamp" mai ƙarancin iskar oxygen (wani cakuɗi mai yawa na carbon dioxide da nitrogen) sama ta hanyar fasa tushe da ramukan da ba a rufe ba a cikin ginshiƙi. Idan matakin iskar oxygen a cikin ginshiki ya ragu sosai don kashe hasken matukin jirgi ($< 16\%$ $O_2$), the air near the floor can quickly drop below 10 percent oxygen, causing sudden unconsciousness and asphyxiation.

Ta yaya injiniyoyin injiniyoyi ke gyara gida ko yadi na dindindin bayan rushewar ma'adanan da aka yi watsi da su?¶

Kada a taɓa zubar da datti ko sharar cikin rami mai ma'adinai; Ruwan ƙasa kawai yana wanke ƙasa maras kyau zuwa cikin ramukan ma'adinai na kwance a ƙasa, yana mai da dutsen saman faffaɗa. Madadin haka, injiniyoyin ƙasar Mine Land (AML) na Jiha sun yi amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu na dindindin: don buɗe ramukan tsaye ko buɗaɗɗen bututun hayaki, suna hakowa zuwa ga kwanciyar hankali kuma suna shigar da madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin dutsen (tatar da manyan duwatsu masu jujjuyawar da aka ɗora ta hanyar ci gaba mai kyau dakakken dutse da masana'anta na geotextile). Don kare kafuwar gida a kan buɗaɗɗen ɗaki da ginshiƙai, injiniyoyi suna haƙa grid na rijiyoyin burtsatse a tsaye daga yadi zuwa cikin ɗakunan ma'adinan (zurfin mita 30 zuwa 100) kuma suna fitar da dubunnan mita mai siffar sukari na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙuda-ash/ciminti grout slurry ƙarƙashin ƙasa don gina ginshiƙan dutsen wucin gadi waɗanda ke tallafawa rufin na dindindin.

An duba tushe¶

• Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Amurka, Ofishin Ma'adinan Ma'adinai da Tilasta Sama (OSMRE): Jagorancin Shirin Gaggawa na Ƙasar Mine (AML), Manual Injiniyan Tallafin Mine, da Ma'ajiyar Taswirar Mine ta Ƙasa.
• Binciken Kasa na Amurka (USGS): Tallafin ƙasa a Amurka (Da'irar 1182): Tallafin Ma'adinan Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa da Karst Sinkholes.
• Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Ma'adinai (MSHA, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka): "Kasancewa, Ka raye" Yakin Hatsari na Mine da aka watsar da iskar gas na ma'adanan karkashin kasa (Blackdamp, Firedamp, Whitedamp, Stinkdamp) Likitan guba.
• Hukumar Coal ta Ƙasar Ingila da Binciken Yanayin ƙasa na Biritaniya (BGS): *Jagorancin Lalacewar Ma'adinan Ma'adinan Kwal, Ayyukan Ma'adanan Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa da Shigar Ma'adinan (Shaft/Bell-Pit) Amsa Rushewar Rugujewa, da Rage Gas a Gine-gine.
• ** Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Pennsylvania (PA DEP) da Binciken Yanayin Kasa na Jihar Illinois (ISGS):** Jagorar Mai gida don Taimakon Mine, Trough vs. Pit Makanikai, da Ka'idodin Inshorar Talla ta Mine.

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Sinkholes: alamun gargaɗi, ƙaura, da tsira
• Faɗin ƙasan yumbu sama sama, dusar ƙanƙara fari, da faɗuwar tushe
• Gobarar peat a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ƙoƙon tushen hayaƙi, da rugujewar toka
• Ƙararren sararin samaniya: ramuka, silos, da tankuna
• Tushen iskar gas: yadda ake gane da kubuta daga iskar gas ko propane