Ramin Ramin Ramin Canyon, Maƙeran igiyoyin Rappel, da Gudun Ruwan Filashi¶

Saukowa wani kunkuntar ramin ramin fasaha a cikin Plateau na Colorado (Zion, Escalante, Robbers Roost, Mowab, San Rafael Swell, ko Capitol Reef), Sierra de Guara a Spain, Dutsen Blue na Ostiraliya, ko Alpes-Maritimes a Faransa yana da ban mamaki na musamman saboda ** ba za ku iya komawa hanyar da kuka zo ba**. Lokacin da dan wasan canyone na ƙarshe a cikin ƙungiyarku ya ja igiyar dawo da ita daga ɗigon rappel na farko a tsaye, ƙungiyar ku ta himmatu a zahiri don kammala kowane cikas a cikin magudanar ruwa. A cewar Ma'aikatar Parking ta Amurka (NPS Bincike da Ceto), Ƙungiyar Canyoneering ta Amurka (ACA), da Hukumar Ceto ta Duniya na Alpine (ICAR), Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Ramin Kwana da Rikici na kwanaki da yawa sun taru a kusa da bala'i na gaggawa guda huɗu: ** (1) Matsakaicin Matsakaici** (kullun dutsen dutsen dutse mai laushi, mai siffar kararrawa cike da daskarewa 4 zuwa 10 digiri Celsius / 39 zuwa 50 digiri Fahrenheit m ruwan sama da tsayin mita 13 zuwa 7. jiki ba zai yiwu a yi iyo ko hawa daga ba tare da na musamman kayan gudun hijira), ** (2) Makale Rappel Ropes a kan Maidowa *** (bar kungiyar da makale a kasan digo tare da sifili igiya ga sauran rappels), ** (3) Stemming / High-Stepping Wedging Falls ** a cikin kunkuntar V-ramummuka, Matsala da walƙiya * (saukewa). dubban mita cubic na laka kuma ya rataya ƙasa mai faɗin mita 1 (faɗin ƙafa 3).

Idan ƙungiyar canyoneering ɗinku a halin yanzu tana makale a cikin rami mai tsaro, makale da igiya makale a ƙasan digo, wanda aka rataya a cikin dutsen yashi mai ƙunci, ko fuskantar tashin ambaliya, kunna SOS akan mai sadarwar tauraron dan adam (Garmin inReach, ACR ResQLink PLB, Zoleo, ko Apple Emergency SOS via Satellite* ta hanyar sanya eriya kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin mafi kunkuntar tsiri na sararin sama (canyon slot zenith), kira lambar gaggawa ta gida (911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a fadin Tarayyar Turai, 999 a Ƙasar Ingila), ko tuntuɓi littafin mu na duniya lambobin gaggawa. Bi hanyar guduwar fasaha da ka'idojin rayuwa da ke ƙasa.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. **Kada ka bar mutum na ƙarshe ya shiga cikin rami mai zurfi wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba har sai mutumin na farko ya haura leɓe mai nisa KO ya tabbatar da cewa za su iya taɓa ƙasa su fita **: A cikin "Pothole mai kiyayewa" (inda matakin ruwa ya zauna 1.5 zuwa 4 mita / 5 zuwa 13 ƙafa a ƙasa da goge, overhanging sandstone lebe kuma ruwa yana da zurfi sosai), kuma idan ruwan ya yi zurfi sosai. ya ja igiyar kasa, duk za ku nutsar da kasala da kasala tare. A ajiye igiyar rappel a tsaye a sama, a ajiye aƙalla mutum mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a kan gefen sama, kuma aika mai yin ninkaya na farko a kan madaidaicin madauri ko kafaffen igiya don su hau igiyar ko a ɗaga su sama idan ba za su iya hawa leɓe na ƙasa ba.
2. Idan an riga an makale ku a cikin Ramin Mai Kulawa ba tare da wata igiya da aka kafa a sama ba, TSAYA RUWAN GIDAN bangon dutsen yashi da aka goge sannan ku gina Mashin Juyawa / Potshot Counterweight ko mutum da yawa nutsewar kafada tsaye nan da nan: Wet Navajo da Wingate sandstone yana da gogayya kusa-sifili idan an rufe shi da algae ko yumɓun yumɓu mai ƙarancin digiri 45 a Celsius. yana hana gazawar tsokar ruwan sanyi (swim failure) cikin minti 15 zuwa 30. Haɓaka kowa da kowa a kan tudun ruwa mara zurfi ko fakiti mai iyo nan da nan don adana zafin jiki, kuma a tura ** Fakitin Juya**, ** Jakar Jakar Tukwane *, ko ** Dabarun Dala na Mutum a cikin Mataki na 1 na ƙasa.
3. Kafin mutum na ƙarshe ya yi wa KOWANE ɗigo, saita Anchor Contingency Mai Saki (Munter Mule Overhand / MMO ko Totem / FiddleStick) da gwada-jawo madaurin maidowa KAFIN YI: Kada ka taɓa zaren igiya kai tsaye ta zoben anga tare da ƙulli ko shingen ɗamara wanda ba ka gwada igiya-ja da igiya a kusa da ƙahonin dutsen yashi da tsage-tsage-maki. Lokacin da mutum na ƙarshe ya kasance a anka, sa ƙungiyar da ke ƙasa ta ja da nisan mita 1 (ƙafa 3) na layin dawo da su don tabbatar da zamewar da yardar rai kafin mutum na ƙarshe ya haye gefen.
4. Idan igiyar rappel ɗinka ta makale a lokacin da aka dawo da ita a ƙasan digo, KAR KA daure igiyoyin biyu wuri ɗaya ka hau sama sai dai idan ka tabbata 100 bisa 100 dalilin da yasa ta takure:
5. Na farko, gwada canza kusurwar jan ku (tafiya har zuwa ƙasa-canyon nesa da fuskar dutse kamar yadda zai yiwu don ɗaga igiyar daga cikin leɓen leɓe), ** bulala / jujjuya igiyar ruwa ** sama da layin ja, ko musanya santimita 30 (inci 12) na motsi baya-da-gaba tsakanin igiyoyin biyu idan duka biyu sun isa ƙasa.
6. Idan dole ne ka hau igiya mai makale don 'yantar da ita, karanta Lethal Single-Strand vs. Double-Strand Acension Rule a cikin Mataki na 2 da ke ƙasa don kada ka ja gefen da ba a toshe ta cikin zoben anga kuma ya faɗi har ya mutu.
7. ** Idan canyon ya kunkuntar zuwa cikin V-slot mai matsewa don kwatangwalo ko ƙafafu a ƙasa, KAR KA sauke ƙasa cikin fashe.Vertical Wedging Trap***: Idan ka zame yayin da kake tasowa sama da wani madaidaicin ramin dutsen yashi mai nau'in V kuma ka faɗo a tsaye a cikin tsagewar, nauyi yana jujjuya ƙashin ƙashinka, hakarkarinka, ko gwiwoyi tsakanin bangon da ke murɗawa kamar kwalabe a cikin kwalba. Duk lokacin da ka fitar da numfashi, jikin jikinka yana nutsewa da nisan millimita 5 (0.2 inci) cikin rami na V har sai ba za ka iya fadada huhunka ba (positional asphyxiation). Tsaya a madaidaicin maɗaukaki mai faɗi inda zaku iya gada a kwance tare da matsi na ƙafa / baya.
8. Idan kun ji ƙaramar jirgin ƙasa mai saukar ungulu, jin warin sagebrush / sararin samaniya, ko ganin busassun ruwa na canyon ya zama launin ruwan kasa, frothy, ko fara tashi, watsar da duk kayan aiki kuma ku hau kan bangon bangon kogin mafi girma ko alcove nan da nan. bushe Ramin Canyon a cikin mintuna. Kada a taɓa ƙoƙarin tserewa da ambaliyar ruwa da ke ƙasa da ƙasa; hawa hutu a bango, tayar da alcove, ko yin faifai a cikin babban anka mai tsayi sama da layin driftwood mai tarihi, sannan a tuntubi mu. zango flash ambaliya da kuma kwarin tsere jagora.

Bishiyar yanke shawara: Ramin Canyon fasaha na gaggawa¶

Yi amfani da wannan bishiyar yanke shawara lokacin da ƙungiyar ku ta ci karo da rami mai gadi, igiya mai ɗaurewa, faɗuwar faɗuwa, ko alamun ambaliya:

flowchart TD
    Crisis["Fasaha Ramin Canyon Gaggawa Ci karo"] --> Type{"Wani Gaggawa na Canyon kuke Fuskantar A yanzu?"}

    Type -->|"1. Zurfin Pothole Gaba (ko Tuni Ciki)"| PotholeCheck{"Shin Akwai Wani Har Yanzu Sama Da Ramin Kan Babban Rim?"}
    PotholeCheck -->|"Ee: Har yanzu a Rim"| TopRigg["KADA KA YI DUKAN: Ajiye igiya a sama + Belay Lead Swimmer KO Jefa Fakitin Tushen Tushen Tushen Gaba ɗaya Tushen Farko."]
    PotholeCheck -->|"A'a: Gabaɗayan Tawagar Sun Tarko A Cikin Pothole"| EscapeBuild["Kiyaye Dumi Akan Ledge/Packs -> Yi Juya Tukwane/Pack Counterweight Akan Leɓe KO Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ruwan Dala"]

    Type -->|"2. Igiyar Rappel Makale akan Maidowa"| BothEnds{"Shin duka Ƙarshen Igiya har yanzu suna isa ƙasa a ƙasa?"}
    BothEnds -->|"Ee: Dukansu Suna Ƙare A Hannu"| AnglePull["Komawa Ƙasa-Canyon zuwa Ƙaƙwalwar Leɓe -> Madadin Jawo Dukan Matsaloli -> Hawan Hauwa kawai ta Yanke Hawan Hawan Haɓaka Biyu Tare"]
    BothEnds -->|"A'a: Cike Kulli a cikin Ring/Crack Mid-Wall"| TieOff["KADA KA YI HAUKA KYAUTATA KYAUTA KYAUTA KADAI -> Kashe Maɓallan Biyu Tare ko Gina Ƙarƙashin ƙasa Kafin Duk wani Canyoneer ya hau."]

    Type -->|"3. Canyoneer Wedged a Tight V-Slot"| Wedge["KADA KA Tura Wanda aka Zalunta zuwa ƙasa -> Rig 3:1 Z-Jawo Daga Sama ko Tuwo Gefe da Wanda aka azabtar don ɗaga Hips/Ribcage Har zuwa Sashe Mai Faɗi"]

    Type -->|"4. Ruwan Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa / Ruwan Ruwa / Tashin Ruwa"| Flood["Yi watsi da igiyoyi & fakiti masu nauyi -> Hau Alcove / Crack / Babban Tushe Sama da Layin Driftwood Nan da nan"]

Mataki na 1: Yadda Ake Gujewa "Mai Rigakafi" (Rigakafin, Kunshin Juyawa, Tukwane, da Dala na Mutum)¶

A cikin fasaha na fasaha, ** Mai Kula da Pothole ** wani kwandon gado ne da aka rushe a cikin filin jirgin inda matakin ruwa ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa don isa leɓen fita daga saman ruwa, ruwan yana da zurfi sosai (ko ƙasa ya yi kunkuntar / overhange) don tsalle ko tashi tsaye, kuma bangon fitowar sandstone mai lankwasa yana da tsayi sosai kuma ya ja da baya.

   UPPER CANYON RIM (Rappel Anchor)
==============\
               \     Overhanging Polished Sandstone Exit Lip
                \                     _.-"""-._
                 \                   /         \   <-- Pack / Potshot Bag Tossed
                  |                 |   LIP     \      Over Lip Into Downstream
                  |    1.5m - 3.5m  | (No Holds) \     Crack / Chockstone / Pool
                  |    Vertical     |             \_____________________________
                  |    Smooth Wall  |                    DOWNSTREAM CANYON FLOOR
                  |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~|  <-- Freezing Stagnant Water Surface
                  |                 |      (4°C - 10°C / 39°F - 50°F)
                  \                 /
                   \_______________/   <-- Scoured Deep Basin (Cannot Touch Bottom)

1. Dokar Zinariya Kafin Shiga: "Cross-Jfa" ko "Sacrificial Belay"¶

Lokacin da yake tsaye a saman rappel wanda ke faɗuwa kai tsaye cikin rami mai zurfi: 1. ** Ƙoƙarin jefa jakar Potshot ɗinku mai nauyi ko jakunkuna gaba ɗaya a cikin ramin gaba ɗaya daga gefen babba KAFIN kowa ya ɓata ciki**: - Ɗaure igiyar dawo da ku ko 6-millimita (0.24-inch) igiyar igiya zuwa ** Potshot ** (jakar silinda mai kauri mai cike da 5 zuwa 8 kilogiram / 11 zuwa 18 fam na yashi ko tsakuwa wanda aka tsinkaya daga bene na canyon, ko juzu'in ruwa a cikin wani fakitin canyon) kuma jefa shi daga saman babban fakitin. lebe**. - Idan jakar da aka auna ta share lebe mai nisa da ƙasa a ƙasan ƙasa (ko kuma ta shiga cikin V-slot / chockstone da ke bayan lebe), tashin hankali layin: canyoneer na farko yanzu zai iya shiga cikin rami kuma nan da nan ya ja kansu sama da kan lebe mai nisa ta amfani da igiya mai tsauri da aka riga aka sanya kafin wani ya yi. - ** Munter alfadariMMO) ko Biner Block ***: Riƙe anka mai iya sakewa yana tabbatar da cewa za a iya saukar da rapeller mai cunkoso nan da nan. - ** Kiyaye Canyoneer na Ƙarshe akan Babban Rim ***: Canyoneer na farko yana fafatawa akan madaidaiciyar madauri guda ɗaya sanye da rigar rigar da masu hawa (Tibloc ko Prusik) don haka za su iya hawa baya idan leben ƙasa ba zai iya wucewa ba.

2. Hanyoyi guda 5 da aka tabbatar don tserewa lokacin da tuni suka shiga cikin rami mai kiyayewa.¶

Idan kun riga kun gangara cikin rami mai tsaro kuma dole ne ku hau leɓe mai tsayi ko sama da ƙasa, yi aiki ta waɗannan dabaru guda biyar daga mafi sauri zuwa mafi fasaha:

Mataki na 2: Hana da Gujewa Makalewar igiya Rappel a cikin Canyon¶

A cikin ramin ramin tsaye tare da rappel 6 zuwa 15 a jere, cire igiya daga Rappel # 4 da kallon kullin kulli a cikin dutsen dutse mai tsayi mita 25 (ƙafa 82) a sama da kai shine gaggawa mai barazanar rai: ba za ku iya hawan Rappel # 1 ta hanyar # 3 ba, kuma ba ku da igiya don saukowa Rappel # 15 #5.

1. Yadda Ake Hana Ciwon Igiya Kafin Mutum Na Ƙarshe Rappels (LMAR: Mutumin Ƙarshe a Haɗari)¶

Kashi 95 cikin 100 na igiyoyin canyon da aka makale suna haifar da kurakurai uku da za a iya hana su a anka kafin mutum na ƙarshe ya sauko: 1. **Kuskure A: Barin Zoben Anchor Babban Komawa akan Leda Mai Faɗaɗɗiya A maimakon Ƙarfafa shi zuwa Lebe ***: - Idan mai rataye aron ƙyalli ko anka na itace yana zama mita 2 (ƙafa 6.5) baya daga gefen dutsen kwance, ja igiyar daga ƙasa yana jan igiyar a kan kusurwar dutsen yashi mai digiri 90, yana tsinkayar tsagi mai zurfi a cikin dutsen mai laushi kuma yana haifar da babban juzu'in capstan wanda ke kulle igiya mara motsi. - **Gyara **: Tsawaita yanar gizo (rappel ring / rapide) gaba zuwa gefen leɓe, ko kuma a sa mutum na ƙarshe ya yi amfani da abin da za a iya dawo da shi FiddleStick / CEM / Sakin Sakewa *** saitin don haka babu kulli ya wuce gefen. 2. ** Kuskure B: Ba da izinin madaidaitan igiyoyi biyu don karkatar da juna (Barber-Poling: - Idan kun yi rappel a kan igiyoyi guda biyu ta amfani da ma'auni-8 mai saukowa ba tare da raba igiyoyin ba, mai sauko yana karkatar da igiyoyin biyu a kusa da juna sau 10 zuwa 20 a kan hanya. Lokacin da kuka ja igiya ɗaya a ƙasa, waɗannan murɗaɗɗen suna haɗawa daidai a saman zobe kuma ku kulle tare kamar tarkon yatsan Sinawa. - Gyara : Rig a ** Biner Block (Canyoneering Contingency Anchor: Sai kawai a sauke madauri guda ɗaya ** saukowa daga dutsen farko (a ajiye jakar maidowa yanke a anga ko jefa ta daban a waje da igiyar rappel) don haka igiyoyi biyu ** kada su juya a kusa da juna . 3. ** Kuskure C: Barin Kullin Maidowa Zuwa cikin V-Crack akan Ja-kasa: - Lokacin da mutum na ƙarshe ya gama rappelling na Biner Block saitin, tabbatar da ko wane nau'i ne mai jan igiya, cire shingen carabiner idan an saukar da shi, kuma ** sarrafa ƙarshen faɗuwar ** yayin da kuke ja don haka ƙarshen igiya mai nauyi ba zai yi bulala a kusa da ƙaho ko reshen bishiya a kan hanya ba.

2. Farfadowa ta mataki-mataki Lokacin da igiyarka ta ƙi ja a ƙasa¶

Idan ka ja igiyar maidowa a kasan rappel ɗin kuma ta kulle da ƙarfi, KADA ka sa mutane uku su rataya cikakken nauyin jikinsu akan igiyar don ɗaure shi da ƙarfi: yin amfani da kilogiram 300 (fam 660) na ƙarfi yana jan ƙulli ko igiya zurfi cikin sandstone V-crack har sai an gama walda shi a wuri. Maimakon haka, yi aiki ta waɗannan matakai guda huɗu:

1. **Mataki na 1 (Duba idan Kana Jawo Ba daidai ba ne ko kuma Idan Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙwara)
2. Duba da binoculars ko zuƙowa a kan kyamarar wayar ku: shin igiyoyin biyu suna karkatar da juna a ƙarƙashin zobe? Girgiza babban igiyar ruwan sinusoidal a tsaye (whip) sama da igiya don warware abin da ke nannade kusa da zoben.
3. Idan har yanzu iyakar duka biyun sun isa ƙasa kuma babu wani shingen biner a zoben, gwada ja da ** sauran ** madaidaicin santimita 30 (inci 12) baya don mayar da jam ɗin daga cikin ramin.
4. Mataki na 2 (Tafiya Kamar Nisa Daga Wurin Wuta Daga bangon kamar yadda zai yiwu a Canja kusurwar Vector):
5. Janye kai tsaye a gindin dutsen yana lankwasa igiyar digiri 180 akan leben yashi. Yi tafiya mai nisan mita 15 zuwa 30 (ƙafa 50 zuwa 100) zuwa ƙasan canyon (ko kuma ya tashi sama da bangon canyon) don haka layin ku ya samar da kusurwar digiri 30 zuwa 45 tare da lebe na sama, yana ɗaga igiya sama daga cikin tsagi na sandstone.
6. Mataki na 3 (Dokar LITTAFI Kafin Hawan Igiya Makale):

Mataki na 3: Gudun Ƙunƙarar "Matsi / V-Slot" Ƙunƙarar Ƙunƙwasa¶

Yawancin ramummuka na Colorado Plateau canyons (Shenanigans, Middle Leprechaun, Brimstone, Spooky, Zero Gravity) kunkuntar zuwa 20 zuwa 35 centimeters (8 zuwa 14 inci) fadi, tilasta canyoneers zuwa ** tushe (gada a kwance)** 3 zuwa 15 mita (10 zuwa 50 feet) sama da canyon bene inda ganuwar suna da fadi da isa ga jikin mutum.

1. Me Yasa Faduwa Cikin V-Slot Yana Bata Rayuwa Nan da nan (Positional Asphyxiation & Compartment Crush)¶

Idan takalmin canyoneer mai tsini ya zube a kan dutsen yashi kuma suna faɗuwa a tsaye cikin kunkuntar V-slot a ƙasa: 1. Ƙaƙƙarfan haƙoransu, cinyoyinsu, ko haƙarƙarinsu damƙaƙƙe a tsakanin bangon dutsen biyu tare da ratsa ƙafafu cikin iska. 2. ** Ratchet Respiratory (Positional Asphyxiation)**: Idan kirjin wanda abin ya shafa ya lullube tsakanin bangon biyu, duk lokacin da suka yi numfashi, haƙarƙarinsu yana raguwa da 1 zuwa 2 centimeters (0.4 zuwa 0.8 inci) kuma nauyi yana zame jikinsu ɗan zurfi cikin V-crack na gaba, yana hana su daga numfashi na gaba. 3. Raunin Dakatarwa & Murkushe Ciwon Zuciya: A cikin mintuna 20 zuwa 45 na cinya ko ƙwanƙwasa a cikin tsinken dutse a tsaye, wuraren tafkunan jini a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu.orthostatic shockNaman tsoka da aka murkushe sun fara sakin potassium da myoglobin (rhabdomyolysis; ga mu murkushe rauni da sashe ciwo jagora).

2. Yarjejeniyar Ceto Nan take don Canyoneer da aka yanke¶

1. Mataki na 1 (Tallafawa Nauyinsu Daga ƙasa ko Sama a cikin daƙiƙa 60 na farko):
2. Ka sa abokin aikinsu nan da nan ya tashi zuwa wuri ** kai tsaye ƙasa ko kusa ** wanda aka yi masa yankan (a matakin fadi) don haka wanda aka azabtar zai iya ** sanya ƙafafunsu a kan kafaɗun mai ceto, cinyoyinsu, ko fakitin canyon mai tushe ** don ɗaukar nauyi ƙasa daga haƙarƙarinsu.
3. Mataki na 2 (KADA KA TURA ƙasa; Koyaushe Ka ɗaga sama zuwa Faɗin Tafi):
4. Saboda ramukan dutsen yashi suna matsa ciki kamar V zuwa kasa kuma suna fitowa waje zuwa sama, ci gaba a kwance a tsayin wanda aka azabtar yakan kasa. Dole ne ku ɗaga wanda aka azabtar ** tsaye sama da 15 zuwa 45 centimeters (inci 6 zuwa 18)** cikin mafi faɗin yankin tsaye tukuna.
5. ** Mataki na 3 (Rig a Sama 3:1-Z-Jawo ko Gadar Fakitin/Chockstone Anchor)**:
6. Idan wanda abin ya shafa ya daɗe sosai don ɗagawa da hannu, toshe fakitin canyon, jakar Potshot, ko dutsen dutse a cikin ramin ** sama ** wanda abin ya shafa (ko kuma ya dasa masu ceto biyu a samansu), zazzage abin ɗigon ruwa (Micro Traxion) zuwa madaidaicin madauki na wanda abin ya shafa (da majajjawar ƙirji a ƙarƙashin hammatansu don su tsaya tsaye), kuma su ɗaga kai tsaye zuwa sama ta amfani da tsarin fa'idar injinan Z-3: 1 **.

Mataki na 4: Tsira da Ambaliyar Fish A Cikin Gidan Ramin Fasaha¶

Ambaliyar ruwa ita ce mafi munin haɗari na halitta guda ɗaya a cikin ramin hamada saboda ƙaƙƙarfan ruwan yashi na slickrock yana sha ruwan ruwan sama: milimita 10 (inci 0.4) na ruwan sama yana faɗowa a kan wani yanki mai faɗin kilomita 50 (square-mile) slickrock basin mai nisan kilomita 25 (mil mil 15 na ruwa mai nisa). Mita 1.5 (ƙafa 5) faɗi.

1. Gane Alamomin Gargaɗi na Ambaliyar Filashi 4 Kafin Tasirin:
2. Sauti: Karamar ƙararraki, mai ci gaba ** rugujewa ko ƙarar ƙara* mai ƙarar bangon canyon (sau da yawa ana kuskure da iska ko jirgin jet) wanda ya haifar da tumɓuke duwatsu da katako a gaban kogin ambaliya.
3. Kamshi: Ba zato ba tsammani wani ƙamshi mai ƙamshi na **rigar saƙar saƙar hamada, ciyayi, itacen al'ul, da yumɓun yumɓun yumɓun daɗaɗɗen yumɓun dutsen da ke ƙasa da gaban bangon ruwa ya tura gaban bangon ruwa.
4. ** Canje-canjen Ruwa *: Tsaftataccen ruwa mai daɗaɗɗa a kan bene na canyon ba zato ba tsammani ya juya ** cakulan launin ruwan kasa, laka, ko madara, ɗauke da busassun rassan rassan pine, da kumfa mai launin ruwan kasa, ko tashi da ko da santimita 2 (inch 1).
5. Sky & Echoes: Tsawar da ke fitowa daga ramin canyon, koda kuwa kunkuntar ɗigon sararin sama ya yi kama da rana da shuɗi.
6. ** Ayyukan Gudun Kai Tsaye (Dokoki na 60 na Biyu)**:
7. KADA KA YI KADA KA YI KOKARIN GUDANA KASAR RAI DON KARSHE GIRMAN: Ambaliyar ruwa tana tafiya kilomita 10 zuwa 25 a cikin sa'a guda (mil 6 zuwa 15) a kan filin da ke ɗaukar sa'a guda a kowace kilomita don yin iyo.
8. Duba ganuwar canyon nan da nan don "Masu Gudun Ruwa Mai Ruwa":
   • Bincika bangon biyu don ** alcoves, faffadan tudu, magudanar ruwa na gefe, ko ɓarke ​​raguwa ** wanda yake ** sama da mafi girman layin driftwood / tarkacen ambaliya ** cunkushe a cikin ganuwar canyon.
   • Idan kun kasance a cikin kunkuntar yanki mai bangon tsaye ba tare da ledoji ba, ** tashi (chimney climb*** a cikin babban aljihu mai faɗin mita 5 zuwa 10 (ƙafa 16 zuwa 33) a sama da bene, matse fakitin kwarin ku a matsayin wurin zama, ko kirƙira a cikin babban anka na rappel a saman hanyar ruwa.
9. ** Cire igiyoyin da ke rataye a cikin magudanar ruwa**: Kada a taɓa yayyanka igiya da wutsiyarta ta rataye cikin ruwan ambaliya; lokacin da katako masu iyo da ruwan launin ruwan kasa ya kama ƙananan igiya na mita 20 (ƙafa 65), yana ja da ƙasa da dubunnan sabbin ƙarfi, yana jan ku daga gefen ku ko yanke kayan aikin ku cikin kugu. Yanke ko ja sama da ƙananan jelar igiya nan da nan.
10. **Da zarar a kan Babban Ground, Yi Shirya Jira 6 zuwa 24 Hours ***: Ambaliyar ruwa ta hamada tana karuwa da sauri kuma yawanci tana raguwa zuwa matakan da za a iya wucewa cikin sa'o'i 6 zuwa 18, kodayake sabbin ramukan da aka zalunta a ƙasa za su kasance cike da laka da tarkace mai iyo. Saka rigar rigar ku ko busassun yadudduka nan da nan don hanawa hamada hypothermia yayin jiran fitar da ambaliya.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Me yasa masu canyoneers suke sanye da rigar ruwa mai kauri 5mm zuwa 7mm kuma suna ɗaukar kayan hypothermia lokacin tafiya a cikin 38°C (100°F) zafin hamadar Utah?¶

Ramin rami mai zurfi a cikin Sihiyona, Escalante, da Glen Canyon suna da zurfin mita 60 zuwa 300 (ƙafa 200 zuwa 1,000) da faɗin mita 1 zuwa 2 (ƙafa 3 zuwa 6), ma'ana hasken rana kai tsaye. bai taba kaiwa canyon bene a kowane lokaci na shekara. Tsayayyen ruwan sama da ke cikin inuwar ramukan dutsen yashi yana tsayawa a sanyi 4 zuwa 10 digiri Celsius (39 zuwa 50 Fahrenheit) ko da a watan Yuli da Agusta. Domin ruwa yana tafiyar da zafin jiki sau 25 da sauri fiye da iska, yin ninkaya ta ramuka goma jere ko kuma shiga cikin rami mai gadi na tsawon mintuna 45 ba tare da rigar rigar ba yana haifar da saurin rashin ƙarfi na ruwan sanyi ( gazawar iyo) da kuma kisa.

Menene "Potshot" a cikin canyoneering, kuma me ya sa ya fi jifa ƙugiya don tserewa rami mai tsaro?¶

A Potshot wata karamar nailan ce mai siliki mai nauyi ko jakar Cordura da aka tsara don a cika ta a wurin da yashi mai nauyin kilo 5 zuwa 10 (kilo 11 zuwa 22) na yashi ko tsakuwa daga kasan ramin da aka daure da igiya mai hawa. Ba kamar ƙugiya masu ƙulle-ƙulle ba (waɗanda ke billa dutsen yashi mai zagaye, dutsen shakatawa na ƙasa mai rauni, kuma ya koma kai tsaye kan shugabannin masu iyo da ke makale a cikin tafkin mai faɗin mita 2), Potshot mai yashi mai yashi yana gyaggyarawa cikin jita-jita mai santsi, ya ɗora a hankali cikin fasa, kuma yana amfani da Tsarin gogayya na Capstan bisa lankwasa leɓen dutsen yashi don tallafawa cikakken nauyin jikin baligi ba tare da lalata dutsen ba ko jefa ƙungiyar da ke ƙasa cikin haɗari.

Ta yaya za ku dawo da igiyar fyade bayan mutum na ƙarshe ya sauko ba tare da barin kayan aiki ba?¶

A daidaitaccen canyoneering, ƙungiyar tana zaren igiya ta zoben anga na ƙarfe (sauri ko zoben karfe mai walda) a saman digo da saita a Mai sakewa Biner Block (ko CEM / Munter Mule Overhand) ga mutanen farko don a iya saukar da su idan gashin kansu ko tufafin su ya cuce a cikin gangaren su. Lokacin da mutum na karshe suna shirye su sauko, ko dai su cire shingen carabiner don haka igiya ta tsaya kai tsaye ta cikin zobe kuma ta yi ƙasa a kan dukkan sassan biyu a lokaci guda, ko kuma su bar shingen carabiner a tsaye a kan zoben da ke fuskantar gefen ja don da zarar sun isa kasa, ja da baya na baya yana jan carabiner da igiya a hankali ta cikin zobe zuwa filin jirgin ruwa.

Shin Garmin inReach ko iPhone Satellite SOS zai yi aiki daga kasan rami mai zurfi, kunkuntar rami?¶

Masu sadarwar tauraron dan adam (Iridium tauraron dan adam-ƙananan-orbit da Garmin inReach ke amfani da shi, ko Globalstar wanda Apple Satellite SOS ke amfani dashi) yana buƙatar layin gani kai tsaye zuwa sama. A kasan wani kunkuntar, ramin ramin rataye inda kawai kintinkiri mai faɗin mita 1 (faɗin ƙafa 3) na sararin sama ake iya gani (ko ko kaɗan a cikin sashin "tashar jirgin ƙasa") na ƙarƙashin ƙasa), saƙonnin tauraron dan adam na iya ɗauka. 20 zuwa 90 mintuna don kama tauraron dan adam da ke wucewa kai tsaye a kan kunkuntar ramin zenith, ko kasa har sai kun matsa zuwa wani lanƙwasa mai faɗi kaɗan. Kunna na'urar, shirya saƙon SOS, sanya ko rataye na'urar tare da eriyarta tana nuni kai tsaye zuwa mafi facin sararin samaniya, sannan a bar ta a tsaye na aƙalla mintuna 45 ta yadda zai iya fashe- watsa lokacin da tauraron dan adam ya ketare kai tsaye.

An duba tushe¶

• Ma'aikatar Wuta ta Ƙasar Amurka (NPS, Gidan shakatawa na Sihiyona, Glen Canyon NRA, Capitol Reef & Canyonlands SAR): Tsarin Kariya, Makarantun Gudun Hijira, da Ka'idodin Tsirawar Ambaliyar Ruwa.
• Ƙungiyar Canyoneering ta Amurka (ACA) & Tsarin Koyarwar Jagoran Canyon: Manual Canyoneering Manual: Anchors Contingency (MMO / Biner Blocks), Maido da Igiya Makale, da Tsarin Gudun Hijira.
• Hukumar Ceto ta Duniya (International Commission for Alpine Rescue)ICAR, Canyon Ceto SubCommission): Shawarwari na Fasaha don Bincike da Ceto Canyon, Cutar Dakatar da Ramin Ramin Ƙaƙƙarfan Ramin, da Hatsari na Kanyan Ruwa na Swiftwater.
• Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa (NWS Salt Lake City / Grand Junction (Amurka): Colorado Plateau Ramin Canyon Flash Ramin Ƙimar Ƙimar Tsarin Ruwa da Zaman Lalacewar Ruwa.

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Ambaliyar ruwan sansani, tserewa daga canyon, da matsuguni mai tsayi
• Hawan dutse da hadurran duwatsu: belay ya tsere ya fado
• Kogo da ƙwanƙwasawa, ambaliya, da gazawar haske
• Ciwon daji hypothermia, gajiya mai sanyi-sanyi, da sake dawowa
• Murkushe rauni da ciwon sashe
• Lambobin gaggawa ta ƙasa