Matsalolin Jirgin Ruwa na Ketare: VHF DSC Mayday, Kunna EPIRB, da Yin watsi da Rayuwar Rayuwa¶

Yin tafiya a cikin teku ko yin hanyar bakin teku a cikin jirgin ruwa na nishaɗi, catamaran, ko ƙaramin jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci yana kawar da ku daga martanin gaggawa na birni. Lokacin da ƙwanƙwasa mai ɗamara ya kashe wuta, wutar lantarki ta cika ɗakin da hayaki, injin daskarewa ya ruguje a cikin tekuna masu nauyi, ko babban jirgin ruwa mai sauri ya tunkari tare da maƙiya, tsira ya dogara da hanyoyin bala'in teku na duniya. Tauraron dan adam na zamani da cibiyoyin ceto na rediyo wanda tsarin kula da damuwa na ruwa na duniya (GMDSS) ke daidaitawa zai iya nuna wani jirgin ruwa da ya fashe a ko'ina a duniya a cikin mintuna kaɗan, idan har ma'aikatan jirgin suka haifar da siginar lantarki daidai da siginar murya kafin su watsar da hular.

Firgita da watsi da wuri sune kurakurai biyu mafi muni a cikin gaggawar ruwan bluewater. Binciken da aka yi a cikin tekun ruwa ya nuna cewa jiragen ruwa a kai a kai na ci gaba da shawagi tun bayan da ma'aikatansu suka yi watsi da su cikin ayyukan ceto. Sai dai idan jirgin ruwan ku yana nutsewa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunku, yana konawa, ko kuma ya rabu da ruwa, yi yaƙi don kiyaye jirgin ruwa yayin watsa faɗakarwar damuwa a cikin tauraron dan adam da mitocin rediyo. Wannan jagorar tana ba da ka'idoji-mataki-mataki don watsa magana da dijital VHF Mayday, kunna 406 megahertz (MHz) Matsayin Gaggawa Mai Nuna Gidan Rediyo (EPIRB), amsa hanyoyin maƙiya na teku, da aiwatar da canji mai sarrafawa zuwa rayuwar rai.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. Saba jaket ɗin rai na bakin teku da kayan aikin tsaro nan da nan. Sanya igiyar ku zuwa mashin jackline ko madaidaicin jirgin kafin ku hau bene. Idan kana cikin kewayon ƙasar, kira lambar gaggawa ta gida (911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a fadin Tarayyar Turai, 999 a Burtaniya) ko duba mu lambobin gaggawa jagora, sannan canza zuwa rediyon VHF na ruwa.
2. Latsa ka riƙe maɓallin DISTRESS mai jan ruwa mai ɗorewa akan rediyon VHF na ruwa na tsawon daƙiƙa 5 cikakke. Wannan yana aika da ɓacin rai mai sarrafa kansa na Digital Selecting Calling (DSC) a tashar VHF Channel 70 mai ɗauke da lambar 9 na Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) da GPS daidaitawa zuwa kowane jirgin ruwa da tashar gadin bakin teku tsakanin kilomita 60 zuwa 2 (kilomita 2 zuwa 2tical).
3. ** Watsa kiran MAYDAY da aka yi magana akan tashar VHF 16 (156.8 MHz) a ƙarfin watts 25.** Jira 15 seconds bayan sakin jajayen maɓallin DSC, danna makirufo Push-To-Talk (PTT) canza, kuma magana a hankali: faɗi "MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAAYDAY," bayyana sunan ku na gaggawa, da bayyana sunan ku na gaggawa, ku bayyana sunan ku na gaggawa kuma ku ba da lokaci mai tsawo. adadin mutanen da ke cikin jirgin, kuma ya ƙare da "KASHE."
4. ** Kunna tauraron dan adam 406 MHz EPIRB da tashoshin AIS/PLB na sirri idan kuna cikin teku ko kuna fuskantar babban haɗari.** Cire EPIRB daga sashinsa, sanya eriya a tsaye, kunna maɓallin jagora zuwa ON, sannan ku haɗa shi zuwa jakar ɗaukar hoto ko rairayi don aika zuwa cibiyar sadarwar tauraron dan adam Cospas.S.
5. Shirya jakar ramin kuma sanya jirgin ruwa a gefen leda (gudanar iska) kawai a matsayin makoma ta ƙarshe. Kawo jakar ɗaukar gaggawa, ƙarin buhunan ruwan sha, rediyon VHF mai hana ruwa ruwa, da walƙiya a cikin jirgin. Daure layin mai zanen rai amintacce zuwa wani babban bene mai nauyi kafin a jefar da valise a kan ruwa.
6. ** Koyaushe Taka UP a cikin rafuffukan rayuwa; Kada ka taɓa shiga cikin ruwa har sai kwandon ya ɓace a ƙarƙashinka.** Jirgin ruwa mai fadama har yanzu babban burin gani ne da radar sama da rafin roba mai tsawon mita 2 (ƙafa 6.5). Yanke layin mai fenti kawai lokacin da mahaifiyar jirgin ke ja da kumbura a karkashin kasa.

flowchart TD
    A["An Gano Gaggawa Jirgin Ruwan Ruwa"] --> B{"Yanayin Barazana nan take?"}
    B -->|"Nitsewa, Wuta, Ragewa, ko Rikicin Likita"| C["Kowane Memba na Crew Dons Lifejacket, Harness, da PLB"]
    B -->|"Wanda ake zargin Skiff yana Gabatowa a cikin Ruwa mai Haɗari"| D["Kulle Hanyar Abokin Hulɗa, Ƙaho Sauti, Canja Koyarwa Cikin Tekuna"]
    C --> E["Riƙe Maɓallin damuwa na Red VHF DSC na daƙiƙa 5 (Ch 70)"]
    D --> F["Kira UKMTO / MSCHOA ta Wayar Tauraron Dan Adam da Trigger SSAS / EPIRB"]
    E --> G["Isar da Magana akan MAYDAY akan tashar VHF 16 (25W Babban ƙarfi)"]
    G --> H["Kunna 406 MHz Tauraron Dan Adam EPIRB kuma Mai da Ditch Bag"]
    F --> H
    H --> I{"Za a iya Ceci Jirgin Ruwa na Uwa ta Hanyar Lalacewa?"}
    I -->|"Ee: Famfu na Aiki ko Wuta Ta Ƙunshe"| J["Kasance Tare da Jirgin ruwa, Kula da Kallon Rediyo, Shirya don hawan helikwafta"]
    I -->|"A'a: Hull nutsewa a ƙasa Layin Ruwa ko Wuta mara Sarrafawa"| K["Amintaccen Mai Zane don Cleat, Kaddamar da Liferaft akan Side na Leeward, Mataki na bushewa"]

Rarraba radiyo na damuwa na ruwa: Mayday, Pan-Pan, da Securite¶

Dokokin sadarwa na kasa da kasa karkashin Hukumar Kula da Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (IMO) sun raba watsa shirye-shiryen gaggawa na teku zuwa matakai uku masu fifiko. Yin amfani da madaidaicin kalma yana gaya wa cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar ceto da jiragen ruwa na kusa ko a karkatar da su nan da nan ko kuma a tsaya don neman agajin gaggawa.

Yadda Digital Selective Calling (DSC) ke aiki akan tashar VHF 70¶

Rediyon VHF mai tsayayyen tsauni na zamani da raka'o'in hannu sun haɗa ** Kiran Zaɓin Dijital (DSC)**. Yayin da agogon murya ke gudana akan VHF Channel 16 (156.800 MHz), rediyon yana sa ido a lokaci guda *VHF Channel 70 (156.525 MHz) don fashe bayanan dijital.

Lokacin da aka haɗa rediyon VHF ɗin ku zuwa mai karɓar GPS kuma aka tsara shi tare da lambobi 9 ɗinku ** Lambar Sabis ɗin Wayar hannu ta Maritime (MMSI), ɗaga murfin bazara tare da riƙe maballin ** DISTRESS ja na daƙiƙa 5 yana cika ayyuka uku:

1. ** watsa GPS nan take:** Yana kawar da kuskuren ɗan adam a cikin karatun latitude da lambobi masu tsayi a cikin gida mai duhu.
2. ** Yana soki sautin sauti:** Yana ƙara ƙararrawa akan gadar kowane jirgi mai ɗaukar kaya, tanki, da hasumiya ga bakin teku tsakanin layin gani.
3. Canza tashoshi ta atomatik: Tilasta karɓar radiyo akan tasoshin da ke kusa don canzawa zuwa Channel 16 don haka jami'an gada suka ji saƙon da kuke magana bayan daƙiƙa 15.

Idan kana da daƙiƙa 10 kafin ka riƙe maɓallin ja, yi amfani da maɓallin menu na rediyo don zaɓar ** Yanayin Matsala** (Sinking, Fire/Fashewa, Piracy/Harin Makamai, Man Overboard, ko Jin Jirgin ruwa*. In ba haka ba, riƙe maɓallin ja yana aika faɗakarwa Bayanan da ba a Kayyade ba tare da gyara GPS ɗin ku.

Daidaitaccen rubutun don watsa shirye-shiryen tashar VHF 16 ga Mayu¶

Da zarar faɗakarwar dijital ta DSC na daƙiƙa 5 ya ƙare watsawa, jira daƙiƙa 15, tabbatar da saita rediyon zuwa Channel 16 da 25 Watts (Maɗaukakin ƙarfi), riƙe makirufo 5 centimeters (inci 2) daga bakinka daga cikin iska, sannan karanta wannan rubutun a hankali:

"RANAR MAYA, RANAR, RANAR MAYA." ** Wannan jirgin ruwa ne [Sunan Jirgin ruwa], [Sunan Jirgin ruwa], [Sunan Jirgin ruwa],** ** Alamun kira [Callsign], MMSI [karanta lambobi 9 kowanne ɗayan].** ** MAYU, jirgin ruwa [Boat Name].** ** Matsayina shine Latitude [Degrees and decimal minutes North/South], Longitude [Degrees and decimal minutes East/West].** Mun bugi wani abu da ya nutse kuma muna shan ruwa cikin sauri (ko gobarar jiha / lalata / fashin teku). Muna bukatar taimakon gaggawa. Akwai manya [Lamba] da yara [Lamba] a cikin jirgin. ** Jirgin mu shine [Length in meters and feet] [launi mai launi] sloop/catamaran.** Muna ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwan lemu kuma muna kunna EPIRB na 406. ** KARYA."**

Saki maɓallin Tura-To-Talk kuma saurare tsawon daƙiƙa 30. Idan babu tasha ta amsa akan Channel 16, maimaita kiran Mayu da aka yi magana a tazarar mintuna 2. Idan kun kasance fiye da nisan kilomita 40 (mil 22 na ruwa) a cikin teku bayan kewayon VHF kuma kuna ɗaukar mai ɗaukar ma'aunin ruwa na Marine Single Sideband (SSB / HF), aika da faɗakarwar damuwa ta DSC akan 2187.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312.0 kHz, 8414.5 kHz, 7.5 kHz, 12 kHz. kHz, sai kuma ranar Mayu da ake magana akan 2182 kHz, 4125 kHz, 6215 kHz, 8291 kHz, 12290 kHz, ko 16420 kHz.

Yadda ake watsa Relay na Mayday lokacin da kuka ji wani jirgin ruwa a cikin matsala¶

Idan kun ji karar Mayday kira a kan Channel 16 daga wani jirgin ruwa da aka buge wanda ba ya samun amsa daga hukumomin teku bayan mintuna biyu, kuna da aikin doka a ƙarƙashin ** SOLAS Babi na V, Dokar 33 ** don aika kiran damuwa:

1. Shiga lokacin, sunan jirgin ruwan da ke cikin damuwa, MMSI, GPS daidaitawa, da yanayin gaggawa.
2. Watsawa a tashar 16: "MAYDAY RELAY, MAYDAY RELAY, MAYDAY RELAY. Duk Tashoshi, wannan yana tafiya ne a cikin jirgin ruwa [Your Boat Name, Callsign, MMSI] sau uku. Ana biyo baya daga jirgin ruwa [Distressed Boat Name] a [Time UTC] akan Channel 16..." kuma karanta baya matsayinsu da cikakkun bayanai na damuwa.

Tauraron danniya na damuwa: 406 MHz EPIRBs, PLBs, da AIS SARTs¶

Lokacin da jirgin ruwa ya wuce nisan kilomita 35 zuwa 50 (mil mil 20 zuwa 30) daga ƙasa, lanƙwan ƙasa yana toshe siginar VHF daga isa ga eriya ta bakin teku. A wannan nisa, babban layin rayuwar ku shine **Cospas-Sarsat tsarin bincike da ceto tauraron dan adam *, ana samun dama ta hanyar 406 MHz Matsayin Gaggawa Mai Nuna Gidan Rediyo (EPIRB) ko Personal Locator Beacon (PLB).

Mahimman ƙa'idodi don aiki da EPIRB 406 MHz a cikin jirgin ruwa¶

Bi waɗannan ƙa'idodi don haka tauraron dan adam masu kewayawa ya kulle kan siginar ku:

• ** Kiyaye eriya a tsaye kuma ba ta toshewa:** EPIRB tana watsa fashewar dijital 5-watt kowane daƙiƙa 50 akan 406 MHz. Kwanta EPIRB lebur a kan kasan jirgin ruwa a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatan jirgin yana toshe makamashin rediyo da guntu GPS na ciki. Ko dai a sha ruwa EPIRB mai kunna ruwa a cikin tekun da ke daura da mashigar ruwa ta filin jirginsa, ko kuma a buga shi a tsaye zuwa ga baka tare da eriya tana nuni kai tsaye zuwa sama.
• Kada a kashe EPIRB don ajiye baturi da zarar an kunna: Da zarar kun kunna a cikin gaggawa, bar EPIRB yana ci gaba da gudana har sai an ɗaga ku a kan jirgin ceto ko helikwafta. Kunna fitila da kashewa yana katse bin diddigin tauraron dan adam kuma yana dakatar da siginar homing **121.5 MHz ** da ** AIS strobe ** waɗanda jirage masu saukar ungulu ke dogaro da su yayin kusancin ƙarshe.
• Idan kun kunna EPIRB da gangan ba cikin damuwa ba: Canja fitila nan da nan, sannan ku kira mafi kusa ** Cibiyar Ceto Coordination Center (RCC)** ko tashar Guard Coast ta rediyon VHF ko tarho don ba da rahoton faɗakarwar ƙarya ta amfani da ID na Hex mai haruffa 15, don haka sun soke binciken ba tare da wani hukunci ba.

Sarrafa lalacewa kafin yin watsi: faɗa da ambaliya, gobara, da tarwatsawa¶

Saboda jirgin ruwa mai tsawon mita 12 (ƙafa 40) yana ba da matsuguni, ruwa mai daɗi, da kwanciyar hankali idan aka kwatanta da raƙuman ruwa, dokar ku ta farko ita ce ** yaƙi don ceton jirgin ruwa ** yayin da kuke shirin yin watsi da layi daya.

Ambaliyar ruwa na gaggawa da gazawar ta-hull¶

Idan ƙararrawar birgi mai girma ta yi sauti ko ruwa ya tashi sama da allon bene:

1. Fara duk kayan aikin lantarki da na hannu kai tsaye kuma fara injin dizal.
2. Ku ɗanɗana ko a duba zafin ruwan ƙanƙara: Tushen tankin ruwan da ya fashe zai iya ambaliya tafin ƙafa da lita 300 (gallon 80) na ruwan sha mara lahani. Ruwan Gishiri yana tabbatar da ɓarna na waje ko ƙeta ruwan teku.
3. ** Nemo tushen ta hanyar keɓancewa na tsari:** Duba hatimin ramin tudu, gurɓar rudder, matattarar injuna, ruwan ruwa na bayan gida, da magudanan ruwa.
4. ** Kora filogi na gaggawa na itace mai laushi a cikin magudanar ruwa da suka gaza:** Duk wani abin da ya dace ya kamata ya kasance a ɗaure a jikin bawul ɗin. Idan magudanar ruwa ya tsage ko bututun ya gaza, yi guduma filogi mai laushi a cikin buɗaɗɗen.
5. ** Sanya tabarmar karo na waje (haɓakar jirgin ruwa) don karyewar ƙugiya:** Idan wani abu mai nutsewa ya fashe tarkacen fiberglass gaba, kunsa jib mai nauyi ko hadari mai ƙarfi a kusa da wajen bakan da ke riƙe da layin da ke ƙarƙashin keel zuwa winches. Matsin ruwa yana tsotse rigar jirgin ruwa zuwa cikin karaya, yana yanke shiga har zuwa kashi 80.

Wutar wutar lantarki da dakin injuna ta ruwa¶

Wuta a kan jirgin ruwan fiberglass a bakin teku yana haifar da baƙar fata cyanide mai guba da hayaƙin carbon monoxide yayin narkewar tudu a ƙarƙashin layin ruwa.

• Kashe mai da baturi da farko: Cire kebul ɗin kashe man dizal, kashe propane solenoid switch KASHE kuma rufe bawul ɗin tanki, sannan kunna ** Mai keɓewar Baturi Ya Kashe** (bayan aika VHF DSC Mayday ɗin ku).
• Kada a taɓa buɗe ƙyanƙyasar injin injin zafi: Buɗe akwatin injin yana ciyar da iskar oxygen zuwa wuta, yana haifar da walƙiya ta baya. Fitar da na'urar kashewa mai tsafta (FM-200, Novec 1230, ko CO2) ko busassun sinadarai ABC kashe kai tsaye ta cikin ** tashar wuta ta dakin injin ** ba tare da ɗaga ƙyanƙyashe ba.
• Mayar da jirgin ruwan ƙasa don jinkirin yaɗuwar harshen wuta: Idan wuta ta tashi gaba, canza hanya ta yadda iskar ta busa hayaki da harshen wuta daga wurin jirgin da jirgin ruwa da ke gefen baya.

Rushewa a cikin manyan tekuna¶

Idan abin rufe fuska ko sassan gandun daji da mast ɗin ya faɗo a gefe:

1. Asusun duk ma'aikatan jirgin da duba raunin kai ko na kashin baya.
2. Kada a kunna injin har sai kun tabbatar cewa babu wani layi da ke bin bayan kashin baya. Kunna halyard a kusa da sandar farfela yana hana motsi.
3. Kare ƙwanƙwasa daga ɓangaren mast ɗin da ya karye: Idan bututun mast ɗin yana hawan raƙuman ruwa kuma yana barazanar rami a ƙarƙashin layin ruwa, yanke riging na tsaye kyauta. Yi amfani da ** na'urar yankan na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa**, chisel mai sanyi da guduma, ko cire cotter pins da clevis fil daga cikin turnbuckles don haka injin ya nutse a sarari. Bar ƙwanƙwasa centimita 30 (ƙafa 1) na kebul na coax don juri-rig eriyar VHF ta gaggawa.

Masu fashin teku na ruwa, hanyoyin da ake tuhuma, da kuma tsaron kananun jiragen ruwa¶

Fashi da makami a cikin teku da tashin hankali kanana jiragen ruwa sun kasance masu haɗari a cikin takamaiman hanyoyin ruwa: Gulf of Aden, Basin Somalia, da Kudancin Bahar Maliya (Bab-el-Mandeb), *Gulf of Guinea (Afirka ta Yamma), tekun Sulu da Celebes (Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya), Tafsirin Malaccare da Tekun Bahar Maliya. ** Kudancin Caribbean da Amurka ta Tsakiya ***.

Rijistar riga-kafi a cikin manyan hanyoyin ruwa masu haɗari¶

Kafin shiga kowane Babban Haɗari (HRA) ko Yankin Bayar da Rahoto (VRA), jiragen ruwa na teku dole ne su yi rajistar tsarin tafiyarsu tare da cibiyoyin sa ido kan tekun yanki kuma su bi ** Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Gudanarwa (BMP)** jagororin:

• ** Tekun Indiya, Bahar Maliya, Gulf of Aden, da Tekun Arabiya:** Yi rijista da ** Cibiyar Tsaro ta Maritime Horn of Africa (MSCHOA)** (mschoa.org) da aika rahotannin matsayi na yau da kullun zuwa ** Ayyukan Kasuwancin Maritime na Burtaniya (UKMTO)** ta imel (watchkeepers@ukmto.org) ko wayar tauraron dan adam (+44 2392 222060).
• Gulf of Guinea (Yammacin Afirka): Yi rijista da bayar da rahoto ga MDAT-GoG (Fadar Fannin Kasuwancin Maritime don Ciniki - Gulf of Guinea) ta hanyar watchkeepers@mdat-gog.org ko tarho +33 2 98 22 88 88.
• ** Kudu maso Gabas Asiya (Malacca Strait, Singapore Strait, Sulu Sea):** Rahoto zuwa ** Cibiyar Rarraba Bayanan ReCAAP* da ** Cibiyar Fusion Bayani (IFC) Singapore** (+65 6594 5728).
• ** Manufar Tsarin Shaida ta atomatik (AIS):** Bi shawarwarin UKMTO na yanzu ko MDAT-GoG akan ko saita Class B AIS zuwa ** Yanayin shiru (Sarrafa kawai)** yayin da ake jigilar satar fasaha, sannan canza AIS ** koma CIKAKKEN TRANSMIT** nan take ka gano wata hanya mai cike da tuhuma ko aika ranar Mayu.

Ƙimar hanya mai ban tsoro da kwale-kwalen kamun kifi na gida¶

Masunta masu sana'a a fadin wurare masu zafi suna gudanar da buɗaɗɗen skiffs da sauri kuma akai-akai suna tuƙi zuwa jiragen ruwa don cinikin kifi ko gargaɗe ku daga raga. Bambance kwale-kwalen kamun kifi daga liyafar hawan maƙiya ta amfani da waɗannan alamomi:

Haɓaka motsin motsi da ayyukan tsira yayin hanya mai aiki ko shiga jirgi¶

Idan radar ko kallo na gani ya gano manyan skeffs masu sauri suna rufewa akai-akai ba tare da ganuwa na kamun kifi ba:

1. kararrawar, kunna babban injin a cikakken RPM, sannan tada dukkan ma'aikatan. Kowane mutum ya sanya jaket na rai (mai PLB), tufafi masu duhu, da takalma, yana motsawa ƙasa da benaye banda ma'aikacin jirgin.
2. ** Canza darasi 30 zuwa 45 nan da nan don gwada niyya:** Idan skiff ya canza hanya don kiyaye tsangwama akai-akai zuwa ga bayan ku, ɗauki shi azaman maƙiya.
3. ** Tsaya kai tsaye zuwa cikin mafi tsananin iska da saran igiyar igiyar ruwa:** Fiberglass skiffs masu haske suna rasa fa'idarsu ta saurin gudu yayin da suke zube cikin teku mai tsayi 1.5- zuwa 2.5-mita (5- zuwa 8-ƙafa) na teku, da bakuna suna yin wuyar haɗa tsani ko nufin makamai. Rike jirgin ruwa a kwance tare da injin a cikakken maƙura.
4. Watsa Mayday Piracy nan take da kuma jawo tasoshin tauraron dan adam:
   • Rike maɓallin damuwa na VHF DSC kuma watsa shirye-shirye akan Channel 16: "MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY. Wannan jirgin ruwa ne [Name, Callsign, MMSI]. Matsayi [Lat/Long]. skeffs [Lamba] sun kai mu hari da makami. Nemi taimakon soja na gaggawa. "
   • Kunna 406 MHz EPIRB ku kuma buga maɓallin SOS akan manzo naku Iridium / Garmin inReach.
   • Kiran kira ** UKMTO (+44 2392 222060)** ko cibiyar agogon sojan ruwa ta yanki akan wayar tauraron dan adam kuma bar layin a bude.
5. ** Haskaka bene da rafi da ke bin layin astern:** Da dare, kunna fitulun ruwa da haskaka haske a taƙaice zuwa skiff. Rarraba mita 50 (ƙafa 165) na layin polypropylene mai iyo daga duka ɓangarorin biyu zuwa ga masu talla.
6. Idan masu hawan jirgin sun zana makamai kuma suna tare, DENA WUTA kuma ku mika wuya cikin lumana:
   • Da zarar mutane dauke da makamai sun kasance a cikin babur inda suka yi harbi ko hawa, ci gaba da fada za a kashe ma'aikatan.
   • Mai da baya zuwa tsaka tsaki, kulle ƙyanƙyasar hanyar haɗin gwiwa daga ciki idan kuna da babban kangararre (ko tsayawa da hannayen wofi daga tsayin kafaɗa idan kuna kan bene), kada ku taɓa yin motsi kwatsam, guje wa haɗa ido, kuma ku faɗi cikin nutsuwa cewa babu makamai a cikin jirgin.
   • Ajiye "wallet ɗin yaudara da jakar kayan lantarki"* mai ɗauke da dalar Amurka 200 zuwa 400, kati da ya ƙare, da wata tsohuwar waya kusa da tebur ɗin don haka 'yan fashi suka kama ta suka tafi.

Ana shirya jakar rami da aiwatar da ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwa mai sarrafawa¶

Idan ambaliya ta shawo kan famfo ɗin ku ko wuta ta tilasta ku daga jirgin, tsira a cikin jirgin ruwa na teku (** ISO 9650-1 Nau'in 1 ** ko ** SOLAS A-Pack **) ya dogara da abin da kuke kawowa cikin jirgin da kuma yadda kuke hana raftan daga busa.

Jakar ɗaukar gaggawa ta bakin teku (jakar rami) jerin abubuwan dubawa¶

Ajiye mai hana ruwa, tabbataccen buoyant ** jakar rami *** an dora shi kusa da tsani na abokin tafiya, cike da waɗannan abubuwa:

• ** Rijista 406 MHz EPIRB** tare da kayan ajiya ** Wurin Wuta na Sirri (PLB)** da ** AIS SART**.
• ** Rediyon VHF na hannu mai hana ruwa mai hana ruwa** (cajin baturi tare da madadin alkaline AA).
• ** Mai sadarwar tauraron dan adam mai hanya biyu** (Garmin inReach / Iridium) a cikin busasshen busasshen tare da bankin wutar lantarki 10,000 mAh.
• ** SOLAS pyrotechnic da sigina na damuwa na lantarki: *** 4 jan wuta na parachute, 4 jan wuta na hannu, 2 ruwan hayaki na orange, 1 LED SOS strobe mai hana ruwa ruwa, da madubin sigina.
• ** Ruwan ruwa na gaggawa: ** Clip biyu ** lita 10 (gallon 2.5) jerrycan filastik ** cika kashi biyu bisa uku cike da ruwa mai dadi (don haka suna iyo) kusa da jakar ramin, ko shirya littafin jagora ** reverse-osmosis watermaker ** da buhunan ruwa na 125 ml.
• Cutar ruwan teku da kayan aikin likita: Rarraba baki ondansetron (Zofran) ko scopolamine faci da allunan ** meclizine** da za'a iya taunawa, yawon shakatawa, bandage mai hana ruwa, shingen rana, da wadatar magunguna na kwanaki 14.
• ** Rarraba tsira da kayan zafi: *** Sandunan abinci mai adadin kuzari (2,400 zuwa 3,600 kcal), ** SOLAS thermal protection aids (TPAs)**, wuka mai yawo, lanyards, walƙiya, safofin hannu na nitrile, da kwafin fasfo da rajista.

Mataki-mataki-mataki tura jirgin ruwa da tsarin shiga¶

Kar a taɓa ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwa da wuri; Jirgin da ba a zalunce shi ba wanda ke danne cikin iska yana iya jujjuya ko kama layinsa kafin kowa ya hau allo. Lokacin barin jirgi ya zama ba makawa:

1. ** Tabbatar cewa layin mai fenti yana ɗaure da wani babban jirgin ruwa mai nauyi:** Kafin cire igiyar gwangwani ko valise, ciro mita 1 (ƙafa 3) na farar ** layin mai zanen** sannan a tabbatar da cewa ƙarshen ɗaci yana lissafta shi zuwa wani katako mai ƙarfi.
2. Kaddamar da gwangwani ko valise a gefen LEEWARD (ƙasa): Jefa rafin a kan ruwa a gefen ** Leeward** (bayyana daga baya da faɗuwar spars) don haka iskar ta kada jirgin zuwa jirgin ruwa.
3. ** Cire duk layin mai fenti da yank da ƙarfi don ƙone CO2 Silinda: *** Yawancin rayayyun rai suna da layin mai fenti ** 8 zuwa 12 mita (ƙafa 26 zuwa 40) mai tsayi ***. Cire ** gaba ɗaya tsayin *** fita har sai ya tsaya, sannan ba da tug mai ƙarfi mai hannu biyu don jawo bawul ɗin CO2/N2. A cikin dakika 20, raft ɗin zai hauhawa.
4. Dama ramin rai idan ya juye zuwa sama: Idan aka juyo, mai ninkaya sanye da rigar rai da makala a cikin jirgin dole ne ya hau gefen da CO2 Silinda ya rataya, ya kama ** madaurin dama* a fadin kasa, ya karkata baya, sannan ya ja raft din cikin iska.
5. Jamo raft ɗin tare da MATSAYI BUSHE: Ja kan layin fenti don kawo ƙofar shiga ta manne da titin jirgin ƙasa ko kuma dandalin iyo. Jefa jakar ramin da tulun ruwa a ciki tukuna. Samun mafi kyawun jirgin ma'aikatan jirgin don fara daidaita ƙasa da taimakawa wasu a ciki. Kada kayi tsalle a kan alfarwar rayuwa.
6. Yanke layin mai fenti da wuka mai aminci a cikin mashigin raft: Da zarar kowa ya shiga ciki kuma jirgin yana nutsewa ko kuma yana kona kusa da zai narke bututun, sai a dauko wukar da ke shawagi da Bulnt-tipped mai iyo* wacce take kusa da kofar shiga sai a yanka layin fenti. Sanya ** drogue (anga ruwa)** nan da nan don matsawa.

Tsira a cikin jirgin ruwa da aiwatar da helikwafta ko ceton jirgin ruwa¶

Da zarar an tashi daga jirgin, tilasta wa jirgin ruwa **Ka'idoji huɗu na Rayuwa: Kariya, Wuri, Ruwa, da Abinci *** a cikin sa'a ta farko a cikin jirgin.

Ayyukan sa'a na farko cikin gaggawa a cikin jirgin ruwa¶

1. Magudanar ruwa anga ta teku (drogue): Tabbatar da ginshiƙin tekun da aka jibge akan layinta mai tsawon mita 30 (ƙafa 100) don karkatar da iskar ƙofa, rage ɗigon ruwa da kashi 70 cikin ɗari, da daidaitawa da kifewa.
2. Kwatar da ruwan teku sannan a bushe kasa gaba daya: Zama a cikin ruwan tekun da ke zubewa yana zubar da zafin jiki kuma yana haifar da ulcers na ruwan gishiri da kuma hypothermia. Yi amfani da bokitin beli da soso don bushe ƙasa, da hura wuta ** insulating bene biyu ** a cikin ruwan sanyi.
3. Rufe mashigin shigar alfarwa sannan a rarraba magungunan ciwon teku: Zazzage filayen iska suna barin ƙaramin tazarar iska a saman. Ka sa kowane mutum ya sha maganin ciwon sanyi nan take kafin tashin hankali ya fara.
4. ** Sanya jujjuyawar agogo da haɗa komai:** Ɗaure jakar rami, tulun ruwa, EPIRB, da VHF na hannu zuwa madaukai na rayuwa na ciki don haka babu abin da ya ɓace a cikin jujjuyawar. Ƙaddamar da jujjuyawar agogon sa'a 1 a tashar kallo.

Ƙuntataccen ruwa da ƙa'idodin rabon abinci a teku¶

Jikin mutum zai iya rayuwa na tsawon makonni 3 ba tare da abinci ba, amma kwanaki 3 zuwa 6 kawai ba tare da ruwa mai dadi ba:

• ** Ruwan sifili a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko (sai dai idan an ji rauni ko gumi a cikin matsanancin zafi):** A cikin awanni 24 na farko, kodanku yana fitar da ƙarin ruwa kamar fitsari. Bayan sa'o'i 24, ana shayar da ruwa ** milliliters 500 (ozas 16 / kofuna 2) na ruwa kowane mutum kowace rana**, a tsoma su a hankali.
• Kada a sha ruwan teku ko fitsari: Ruwan teku yana da adadin gishiri sau uku fiye da yadda jini ke sarrafawa; shan ruwan teku yana tilasta kodan ku fitar da ruwa daga cikin sassan jikin ku don zubar da sodium da yawa, yana haifar da gazawar koda da delirium. Shan fitsari yana da sakamako mai guba iri ɗaya.
• Kada a ci abinci mai gina jiki, kifi, ko busasshen abinci ba tare da yawan ruwan sha ba: Narkar da furotin yana cinye ruwan cikin jiki don fitar da sinadarin urea nitrogen. Ku ci carbohydrate kawai ** SOLAS biscuits tsira *** har sai kun tattara ruwan sama mai kyau akan rufin rufin da aka wanke.

Helicopter ya ɗaga ceto da amincin ɗaukar jirgi¶

Lokacin da helikwaftan ceto ko jirgin kasuwanci na AMVER ya zo, canja wuri na ƙarshe yana buƙatar tsayayyen horo:

1. Kafa lambar sadarwa ta rediyo akan tashar VHF 16 kuma bi umarnin matukin jirgin. Kada a taɓa harba harsashin roka na parachute lokacin da jirgin sama ke gabatowa. Yi amfani da wuta mai ja mai hannu (wanda aka riƙe a gefen lebe), ** hayakin orange, ko LED SOS strobe.
2. Shirya don saukar da rotor mai karfin guguwa: Jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu yana haifar da fashewar kasa da ta wuce ** 130 km/h (kudin 70)** wanda zai iya jujjuya jirgin ruwa. Saka rigar ceton ku da tabarau, amintattun kayan aikin da ba su da kyau, kuma kawai ku fita cikin ruwa idan mai iyo na ceto ya umarce ku da yin haka.
3. Kada a taɓa kebul ko kwando mai ɗaukar helicopter har sai ya taɓa ruwa ko bene da farko: Na'ura mai juyi tana gina ** 100,000 volts na wutar lantarki a tsaye** akan wayar hawan. Kame ƙugiya kafin ya faɗo cikin teku yana ba da mamaki. Bari ruwa ya fara ƙasa da kebul ɗin, kada ku taɓa haɗa kebul ɗin hawan zuwa jirgin ruwanku ko jirgin ruwa, kuma ku sanya hannayenku a ninke cikin kwandon.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Me zai faru idan na riƙe maɓallin damuwa na VHF DSC ja na tsawon daƙiƙa 5 lokacin da rediyo na ba shi da haɗin mota ko GPS?¶

Idan ba a yi shirye-shiryen rediyon VHF ɗin ku da lambar mota mai lamba 9 ba, maballin damuwa na DSC ja ba zai aika fashe na dijital ba; Dole ne ku canza zuwa tashar VHF 16 kuma ku yi watsa shirye-shiryen ranar Mayu. Idan rediyon ku yana da wani shiri da aka tsara ba tare da mai karɓar GPS ba, yana riƙe da maɓallin ja na tsawon daƙiƙa 5 yana watsa faɗakarwar DSC na dijital tare da ainihin jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa zuwa duk jiragen ruwa da tashoshi na bakin teku da ke cikin kewayo, kuma dole ne ku karanta latitude da tsayinku da ƙarfi a tashar 16.

Ta yaya zan san ko in saya da ɗaukar EPIRB ko Keɓaɓɓen Wutar Lantarki (PLB) don tukin teku?¶

Dukansu EPIRBs da PLBs suna watsawa akan mitar damuwa ta tauraron dan adam 406 MHz Cospas-Sarsat tare da siginar homing na 121.5 MHz, amma suna aiki daban-daban: an yiwa EPIRB rajista zuwa jirgin ruwa, yana iyo tsaye ta atomatik, yana kunna aƙalla sa'o'i 48 a -20 digiri Celsius (-4 digiri Fahren). An yi rajistar PLB ga mutum, yana aiki na sa'o'i 24, dole ne a kunna shi da hannu, kuma yana buƙatar mai yin iyo ya riƙe eriya a sama da ruwa, yana yin EPIRB mai mahimmanci don jirgin ruwa da PLBs masu kyau ga kowane ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa.

Shin zan zauna a cikin jirgin ruwana da aka lalata ko ambaliya ko kuma in shiga jirgin ruwa nan da nan?¶

Sai dai idan jirgin ruwanku yana nutsewa a ƙarƙashin teku ko yana ƙonewa da wuta marar ƙarfi, ku kasance a cikin kwale-kwalen yayin da kuke shirya jirgin ruwa tare. A lokacin tseren Fastnet na 1979 da 1998 Sydney zuwa Hobart Yacht Race bala'i, ma'aikatan jirgin da yawa sun mutu bayan watsi da lalatattun jiragen ruwa zuwa cikin raƙuman ruwa waɗanda suka kife a cikin tsatsauran raƙuman ruwa, yayin da aka ga jiragen ruwansu da aka yi watsi da su suna iyo. Koyaushe tashi sama cikin jirgin ruwa kawai lokacin da jirgin ruwa ke sauka.

Shin jiragen dakon kaya na 'yan kasuwa za su iya ceton ƙaramin jirgin ruwa ko jirgin ruwa a cikin mummunan yanayi na teku?¶

Ee, a ƙarƙashin tsarin Taimakawa Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue (AMVER) da kuma wajibcin SOLAS na ƙasa da ƙasa, Cibiyoyin Ceto na Ceto suna karkatar da jiragen ruwa na kwantena da tankunan ruwa akai-akai don ceton jiragen ruwa masu wahala a cikin teku. Lokacin da babban jirgi ya tashi sama da jirgin ku don samar da ruwa mai natsuwa kuma ya rage matakan matukin jirgi ko ya saukar da kwandon karfe, jira har sai raft ɗin ya kasance amintacce tare, sa jaket ɗin ku, kuma bari ma'aikatan ceto su tayar da waɗanda suka tsira ta hanyar kwandon crane maimakon hawa 15-mita (ƙafa 50 a cikin madaidaicin igiya).

An duba tushe¶

• ** International Maritime Organisation (IMO) da ICAO (International):** * Manual IAMSAR, Volume III* da * SOLAS Babi na V, Tsarin 33*.
• Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU, International): Dokokin Radiyo, Mataki na 32: Sadarwar Matsalolin GMDSS.
• ** Guard Coast Coast (USCG, Amurka):** GMDSS, DSC VHF Channel 70, 406 MHz EPIRB Ayyuka, da AMVER Tsarukan.
• ** UK Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) da RNLI (United Kingdom):** Tsaron Teku, Rayuwar Rayuwa, da Jagorar Canja wurin Hi-Line Helicopter.
• OCIMF, ICS, BIMCO, da UKMTO (International): Kyawawan Halayen Gudanarwa don Kashe fashin teku (BMP5).
• Tsarin Jirgin Ruwa na Duniya (Na Duniya): * Dokokin Musamman na Ketare (OSR) don Rukunin Jirgin Ruwa na 0, 1, da 2*.

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Matsalolin gaggawa na jirgin ruwa, watsar da jirgin ruwa, da mutum a cikin ruwa
• Tsare iyaka, binciken waya, da hana shiga
• Taimakon ofishin jakadanci da ofishin jakadanci
• Matsalolin gaggawa na likita da ƙaura daga ƙasashen waje
• Lambobin gaggawa