Guguwar Katabatic (Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw): Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa¶

Ba kamar iska mai zafi ba, bushe ** foehn da iska na Chinook ** (wanda ke da zafi ta hanyar matsawa adiabatic yayin da ake tilasta iska akan kewayon tsaunuka), ** iska mai ƙarfi ** (daga Girkanci *katabasis , ma'ana “saukarwa”) tashin hankali ne, daskarewa-sanyi, ** guguwa mai nauyi-kore ƙasa da iska mai ƙarfi ** wanda ke faruwa lokacin da babban tafki mai tsananin sanyi. saman kankara, dusar ƙanƙara, ko tsaunuka mai tsayi kuma ya zube bisa gaɓa kamar ruwa yana zubowa dam. Hanzarta zuwa ƙasa ta cikin kwararu masu tudu na bakin teku, tudun ruwa, da tsaunin tsaunuka suna wucewa ƙarƙashin ja da nauyi da ƙarancin matsa lamba na bakin teku, fashewar katabatic ya kai rukuni na 3 zuwa rukuni na 5 guguwa mai sauri na 150 zuwa sama da kilomita 300 a sa'a guda (95 zuwa 190 mil a cikin sa'a, share fage a cikin mintuna kaɗan). sararin sama tare da kwatsam digiri 15 zuwa 25 ma'aunin celcius (27 zuwa 45 digiri Fahrenheit) ya nutse cikin zafin jiki. An san shi a yanki kamar yadda ** Piteraq *** a Greenland, ** Bora (Bura) *** tare da bakin tekun Adriatic na Croatia, Slovenia, da Italiya, da ** Williwaw a cikin tsibiran Aleutian, Alaska, da Mashigin Magellan / Tierra del Fuego, da ** Mistral *** a kudancin Faransa, da ** Tehuntartectic, Mexico da guguwa ta Tehuntartectic. na Adélie Land da McMurdo, waɗannan iskoki sun toshe tantunan balaguro, suna jujjuya manyan motoci daga mashigin tekun tekun, suna ƙwanƙwasa jirgin ruwa da jiragen kamun kifi a saman katakon katako a anka, kuma suna binne garuruwan bakin teku a ƙarƙashin ruwan gishiri ko blizzards na ƙasa. Idan wani ya makale a cikin iskar katabatic subzero, ya ji rauni ta hanyar buguwar tsari, ko ya nutse a teku, kira lambar gaggawa ta gida nan da nan (911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a cikin Tarayyar Turai, 999 a Burtaniya) ko duba kundin adireshi na lambobin gaggawa. Don abubuwan da suka shafi iska da gaggawar sanyi, karanta jagorar mu akan Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, da Diablo guguwar iska, guguwar dusar ƙanƙara, busa fari dusar ƙanƙara, da layukan tether na tsari, polar vortex, fashewar arctic, da kuma tsira da sanyin iska mai sanyi, kuma hypothermia da sanyi taimako na farko.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. ** Saurari gargadin iska na katabatic na gida, tsarin siren, da rufe gadar bakin teku nan da nan:** Lokacin da hukumomin yanayin yanayi suka ba da Gargaɗi na Piteraq ** (a Gabashin Greenland, siginar siren gari da tashoshi masu walƙiya a cikin Tasiilaq), a ** Red Bora (Crveni Alarm / Bura) Gargaɗi Babban titin Jadranska Magistrala D8), ko Babban Iska / Gargaɗi na Williwaw a Alaska ko Patagonia, shiga cikin gida cikin ingantaccen tsari kafin farkon farawa. Iskar Katabatic tana sauri daga matacciyar nutsuwa (0 km/h) zuwa ** kilomita 160+ a sa'a guda (mil 100+ a sa'a) cikin ƙasa da mintuna 10**.
2. Idan kuna sansani a kan glacier, tundra, ko tudun tudu lokacin da guguwar katabatic ta gabato, gina bangon iska mai siffar dusar ƙanƙara mai siffar doki a gefen tantin ku nan da nan: Ko da tanti na balaguron balaguron yanayi na 4-lokaci zai sami aluminum ko sandunan carbon da aka karye ta hanyar 1802 km / h. cikakken fallasa. Gani ko shebur mai cike da dusar ƙanƙara mai cike da dusar ƙanƙara don gina katangar iska mai ƙarfi ** 1.2 zuwa mita 1.5 (ƙafa 4 zuwa 5) tsayin tsayin mita 1 zuwa 1.5 (ƙafa 3.3 zuwa 5) sama da tanti **, binne “matattu” dusar ƙanƙara (skin kankara, gatura na kankara, buhunan buhu 50 da aka binne kowane inci). da kuma ɗora nauyin kilogiram 50+ (fam 110) na kayan aiki a cikin bene na tanti don haka matsugunin ba zai iya tashi ba idan sanda ta karye.
3. Idan sandunan tantunan ku sun kama fashewar katabatic da daddare, KADA ku kwance ƙofar kuma ku watsar da tantin a cikin duhu: Ku zauna a cikin masana'antar tanti da ta ruguje, ja jakar barcinku, kushin barci mai rufi, man murhu, da abinci kewaye da ku a cikin harsashin nailan da aka ƙulla, kuma amfani da masana'anta tanti a matsayin sack na gaggawa (bivouac) kogon dusar ƙanƙara ko kogon dusar ƙanƙara. Tafiya daga rugujewar tanti a cikin guguwar ƙasa mai tsawon kilomita 150 a cikin sa'a yana haifar da ɓacin rai da rashin ƙarfi a cikin mintuna 15.
4. ** Idan kuna cikin jirgin ruwa da aka kafa a cikin fjord, bay, ko lee Coast lokacin da Williwaw ko Bora ya buge, kar ku ɓoye kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin dutsen dutse mai tsayi: ** Mariners akai-akai suna yin kuskuren kuskure na tsayawa daidai a kan tushe na babban dutse mai tsayi don "fita daga iska." A cikin wani Williwaw ko Bora, iska ta katabatic iska ta kori dutsen dutsen kuma ta faɗo ** kusan a tsaye ƙasa (70-to-80-degree downdraft angle)** akan ruwa a gindin dutsen, yana haifar da jujjuyawar vortex gusts (** rotors**) waɗanda ke jujjuya shugabanci a cikin daƙiƙa 180. (knockdown), kuma ja anchors cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Ko dai anga a cikin shimfidar wuri a waje da glacial chute, ninka girman anka (7: 1 zuwa 10: 1 hawan-zurfin rabo) tare da snubber da motar motsa jiki a cikin gusts, ko tsaya a cikin teku.
5. Idan kana tuki babban abin hawa (van, camper, boxer truck, SUV ja tirela, ko babur) a lokacin da katabatic crosswinds ya bugi hanyar gabar teku ko gada, ja da baya da kuma fakin da fuskantar cikin iska kafin a kai ga fallasa kwazazzabo ko viaduct: Kada ka yi ƙoƙarin haye wani fallasa bakin teku gada ko kwarin bakin teku a lokacin Bora, Mistralte. Kiki a kan faffadi, shimfidar shimfidar wuri mai nisa daga bishiyoyi, layukan wutar lantarki, da fale-falen rufin sama masu tashi, nuna gaban gaban kai tsaye cikin iskar don haka mafi ƙanƙantar bayanan sararin samaniya ya fuskanci fashewar, sannan saita birki.
6. ** Kare kowane santimita murabba'i na fatar fuska da idanu da aka fallasa tare da tabarau na ski da balaclava mai hana iska:** Saboda iskar katabatic tana haɗa yanayin iska mai ƙarfi tare da saurin iska mai 150+ km / h da lu'ulu'u na iska ko silt ɗin volcanic, ** iska-sanyi daidai zafin jiki ** yana faɗuwa ƙasa da digiri Celsius -50 zuwa -50 ° C. Fahrenheit), daskarewa mara tushe da kumatun kunci masu ƙarfi a cikin ** ƙasa da daƙiƙa 120.

Bishiyar yanke shawara: katabatic downslope guguwar guguwa tsira¶

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    Start["Guguwar iska ta Katabatic ta gabato: Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw, Mistral, ko fashewar Glacial"] --> Location{"1. Ina kuke lokacin da faɗakarwar faɗakarwa ko gaba ta faɗo?"}

    Location -->|"A CIKIN TENTIN ARCTIC/ALPINE: Glacier, Ice Cap, ko Tundra"| TentProtocol["TAFARKIN GANGAN HANNU: 1. Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙwararrun Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Ƙarshe 2. Binne Deadman Snow Anchors (Skis/Ice Axes/Snow Sacks) 50 cm (20 in) Zurfi a kan Duk Guylines 3. Gina 5.2-1 Dusar ƙanƙara. m Haɓaka Tanti 4. Kunna Dusar ƙanƙara a kan Dukan Ƙwayoyin Dusar ƙanƙara (Valances) 5. Idan Sandunan Sun Kashe: Tsaya A Ciki Fabric Rushewar Tantin A Matsayin Bivy; Kada Ka Taba Tafiya a cikin Whiteout"]

    Location -->|"A GUDA KO JIRGIN: Fjord, Anchorage, ko Lee Coast"| BoatProtocol{"2. An angi kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin wani dutse mai tudu ko bakin kwarin glacial?"}

    BoatProtocol -->|"Ee: A Tsayayyen Rotor / Williwaw Drop Zone"| MoveBoat["TSERATAR DA SHISHEN ROTOR MAI GIRMA: 1. Zuba Duk Jirgin Ruwa Nan da nan kuma Fara Injin 2. Idan Amintacciya Kafin Ƙoƙwalwar Fashewa: Fita Daga Glacial Chute zuwa Matsugunin Teku ko Zurfin Teku 3. Idan An haɗa shi a Anchor: Bari Fitar da 7: 1 zuwa 10: 1 Matsakaicin, Matsakaicin Matsakaici, Tsararre Motoci, Da Tsayar da Mota Rode Tari"]

    BoatProtocol -->|"A'a: Ana tafiya cikin Buɗaɗɗen tashar ko Tekun Tekun Tekun"| SeaProtocol["BUDADE-RUWAN RUWAN TSIRA DA TSIRA TSIRA: 1. Bare Sanduna (Zero Sail) ko Storm Trysail Kawai; Amintacciya Duk Sakonnin bene Gear 2. Duba don Daskarewar Teku Fashe Ice Accretion akan Superstructure (Hadarin Ciwon Maɗaukaki)"]

    Location -->|"A CIKIN MOTA KO GARIN KWANA: Hanyoyi, Gada, ko Gine-gine"| TownProtocol["TSIRA DA TSIRA DA HANYA: 1. Yi Biyayya ga Duk Gadar Gada da Rufe Manyan Hanyoyi na Teku (Kada Ka Ketare Viaducts a cikin Camper/Van) 2. Wurin Lantarki yana Fuskantar Kai tsaye Cikin Iska Daga Bishiyoyi, Cranes, da Rufin Rufin 3. A cikin Piteraq/Arctics: Siginan Wuta na Gari, Kallon Window da Hasken Wuta."]

Ilimin kimiyyar yanayi na igiyoyin katabatic da ke tafiyar da nauyi¶

Me yasa iska mai sanyi a saman tudun tudu ko kankara ke yin sauri fiye da guguwa mai zafi na Category 4 yayin da take gangarowa kasa? Ƙungiyoyin jiki guda uku sun haɗu a cikin ** tsalle-tsalle na hydraulic orographic da tashar tashar tashar ***:

1. Radiative pooling da korau buoyancy (The Gravity Engine)¶

1. ** High-Plateau Radiative Cooling:** Sama da kankara mai dusar ƙanƙara (irin su 3,000-mita [10,000-kafa] Greenland ko Antarctic kankara) ko wani tudu mai tsayin karst wanda ke kewaye da tsaunukan bakin teku (kamar Dinaric Alps a sama da Croatia ko Dutsen Kankara na Patagonian don kwantar da hankali a sararin samaniya). Mafi ƙanƙanta mita 50 zuwa 300 (ƙafa 165 zuwa 1,000) na iska da ke zaune akan kankara yana sanyaya zuwa -30 zuwa -60 digiri Celsius (-22 zuwa -76 digiri Fahrenheit).
2. ** Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaici:** Iska mai sanyi ya fi iska mai zafi (a -40 °C da matsi na matakin teku, busasshiyar iska tana auna ** 1.51 kilogiram a kowace mita cubic **, idan aka kwatanta da ** 1.20 kilo a kowace mita cubic ** a + 20 ° C, fiye da ** 25 bisa dari nauyi **). A halin yanzu, nisan kilomita 30 zuwa 80 (mil 20 zuwa 50) a kasan gangaren dutsen, ruwan teku mara daskarewa yana sa iskar bakin teku ta yi laushi (0 zuwa +10 ° C).
3. ** Me yasa matsi na Adiabatic baya sanya shi dumi:** Kamar yadda duk wani yanki na iska yana saukowa mita 1,000 (ƙafa 3,300) a tsayi, yana ƙara matsawa yanayin yanayi kuma yana dumama shi a ** busasshen adiabatic digiri na 9.8 Celsius a kowace ƙafa 1,000 (digiri 5.4 Fahrenheit). A cikin iska mai foehn ko Chinook, iskar da ke farawa daga tudun dutsen ba ta da sanyi, don haka bayan saukar mita 2,000 sai ta isa kasa tana zafi da bushewa. A cikin iska **katabatic iska *, farkon iska a kan babban hular kankara ya kasance ** tsananin sanyi (-40 zuwa -55 °C) wanda ko da bayan dumama ta 15 zuwa 20 ° C yayin da yake gangarowa a tsaye zuwa matakin teku, ** har yanzu yana isa bakin tekun 10 zuwa 25 digiri Celsius COLDER kuma mai zurfi fiye da yanayin yanayi na ci gaba da tafiya a cikin iska mai kyau.

2. Venturi chute funneling da na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa tsalle hargitsi¶

• Glacial Valley Venturi Acceleration: Yayin da iska mai sanyi ke zubowa daga gefen tudu, tana shiga cikin kunkuntar Fjord mai siffar V ko U-dimbin glacial da wucewar dutse. Matsa kwandon ruwan sanyi mai fadin kilomita 50 ta cikin makogwaron fjord mai tsawon kilomita 2 yana ninka saurin iska da kashi 300 zuwa 500.
• Lee-Slope Hydraulic Jump and Rotors: Kamar yadda babban saman iska mai sanyi ya harbe kan wani dutsen da ke bakin teku, yana gangarowa zuwa saman teku kuma ya koma sama cikin tashin hankali ** tsalle-tsalle na iska **. Kai tsaye ƙarƙashin wannan tsalle tare da bakin tekun da ruwan fjord na ciki, a kwance ** juyi juyi ** juyawa a 150 zuwa 250 km / h (95 zuwa 155 mph), yana faɗowa ƙasa kan gine-gine da kwale-kwale kafin juyar da shugabanci na daƙiƙa kaɗan daga baya.

Bayanan duniya na gwamnatocin katabatic mafi muni a duniya¶

Jeji da tsira na balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro: yin jigila da adana tanti a cikin Piteraq ko Williwaw¶

A kan Greenland Ice Sheet, Svalbard, Baffin Island, Alaska, Patagonia, da Antarctica, ƙarin balaguron iyaka da hawan dutse ana ƙarewa ta hanyar ** lalata tantin katabatic ** fiye da faɗuwar faɗuwar rana. Lokacin da fashewar katabatic mai gudun kilomita 180 (112 mph) ta faɗo wani sansanin da ba a shirya ba, yana ɗaukar ƙasa da daƙiƙa 60 kafin a kama sandunan aluminum, yaga takardar, da hura jakunkunan barci cikin duhu.

1. Pre-storm campsite positioning and tent pitching geometry¶

1. ** Sanin Katabatic Drainage Axis (Kada ku taɓa faɗin faɗuwa zuwa gangaren tudu):** Iskar Katabatic ** tana hura ƙasa / ƙasa-glacier** (da madaidaicin 15-zuwa-30-digiri zuwa dama a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere ko hagu a Kudancin Kudancin saboda ƙarfin Coriolis). Ko da iska tana busawa-kwari lokacin da kuke yin sansani, daidaita rami ko tanti na geodesic don haka ** mafi ƙanƙanta, mafi ƙarancin ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar kai tsaye zuwa saman glacier **, kuma ** ƙofar tanti yana fuskantar digiri 90 zuwa gefe ko ƙasa **. Kada ku taɓa fuskantar kofa ta tanti zuwa saman hular ƙanƙara: idan sassan zik din ta centimeters 2 a cikin Piteraq, tantin yana kumbura kamar parachute kuma yana fashe a waje.
2. Binne "Matattu" Dusar ƙanƙara (Ttukulan tantuna masu dacewa ba su da amfani): Matsakaicin santimita 15 (inci 6) V suna fitar da dusar ƙanƙara a ƙarƙashin nauyin gust na kilo 100.
3. A kan ƙarshen iska (har zuwa sama) da tarnaƙi, ɗaga kowane layi ta amfani da ** skis ɗin da aka kora 50 centimeters (inci 20) a tsaye cikin dusar ƙanƙara **, ** gatura na kankara da aka binne a kwance a matsayin mataccen T-slot ** 45 centimeters (inci 18) mai zurfi kuma ya taso mai ƙarfi don haka dusar ƙanƙara ta sinters na mintuna 20 kafin dusar ƙanƙara ta binne.
4. ** Guda biyu-biyu na hannayen riga:** Idan tantin ramin polar ku ya ba shi damar, zaren ** saiti biyu na sandunan aluminium ** a cikin kowane hannun riga don ninka rigidity mai sassauƙa a kan fashewar rotor na ƙasa.
5. ** Rufe Wutar Dusar ƙanƙara ta kewaye (Snow Skirts):** Kowane tanti na polar yana da faffadan yadudduka masu faɗi (** dusar ƙanƙara ***) a kusa da gefen kasan takardar gardama. Shebur dusar ƙanƙara mai yawan gaske yana toshe duk kewayen 360-digiri na dusar ƙanƙara kuma ta danne su da ƙarfi don haka dusar ƙanƙara ba za ta iya jet ƙarƙashin bene ba.

2. Yadda ake gina bangon iska mai kyau na Katabatic Dusar ƙanƙara-Block¶

• Tsawon Tsayi da Nisa: Yi amfani da tsinken dusar ƙanƙara don yanke shingen shingen iska ($ 40 sau 30 sau 20 rubutu {cm}$ [$ 16 sau 12 sau 8 rubutu a cikin} $ ]) da kuma gina bango mai lankwasa, ** bango mai siffar doki ** a gefen tudu (iska).
• Dokar Injiniya mai Muhimmanci: Gina bangon dusar ƙanƙara ** 1.0 zuwa mita 1.5 (ƙafa 3.3 zuwa 5) sama da tanti , ** BA *** taɓa masana'anta ta tanti, kuma ** kar a gina bangon sama da kashi 75 zuwa 80 na tsayin tantin (kimanin mita 1.2 [ƙafa 4] tsayi).
• Me ya sa? Katangar dusar ƙanƙara da aka gina ta fiye da tanti ta haifar da leeward ** drift drift ** wanda ke saukar da dusar ƙanƙara mita 2 (ƙafa 6.5) kai tsaye a kan rufin tantin cikin sa'o'i 2, yana murƙushe sandunan ƙarƙashin nauyin dusar ƙanƙara. Tsayawa tazarar mita 1 tsakanin bango mai tsayin kugu da tanti yana ba da damar jet na iska mai sauri don zazzage ratar mai tsabta yayin da yake karkatar da lalatawar iska a kan kambin tanti.
• ** Sanya Watch Shoveling na minti 60:** A lokacin guguwar katabatic mai aiki, wani memba na tawagar sanye da kayan guguwa, gilashin leda, kuma an zare shi zuwa babban layin anka ta tanti tare da ** hawa da igiya mai tsayin mita 5** dole ne su fita waje kowane minti 45 zuwa 60 don kawar da rufin dusar ƙanƙara.

3. Gaggawa "Rushewar Tanti Mai Sarrafa" Drill¶

Idan iska ta wuce 160 zuwa 200 km/h (100 zuwa 125 mph) kuma sandunan tanti suna lanƙwasa lebur kuma suna gab da zazzagewa ta cikin takarda: 1. Saba takalmi, wuraren shakatawa, mittens, goggles, da kayan aiki a cikin tanti yayin da yake tsaye. 2. A kashe murhun wuta nan take sannan a rufe kwalaben mai da karfi. 3. Da gangan a kwance ko zazzage sandunan daga cikin kofunansu daga ciki don karkatar da alfarwar a kan dusar ƙanƙara kafin sandunan su ɓalle su tsage masana'anta. 4. Tari buhunan kaya masu nauyi a saman sama na tantin da aka baje kuma ku kwanta a cikin harsashin tanti da ya ruguje a cikin jakunkunan barcin ku a saman fakitin kumfa, kuna shaƙar tazarar iska har sai Piteraq ya ragu.

Rayuwar Maritime: kula da Williwaws, Boras, da Piteraqs a teku da kuma a anga¶

Ga masuntan kasuwanci, ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, kayak, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, Croatia, Girka (** Meltemi** lee-cliff gusts), da Greenland, squalls katabatic suna haifar da gaggawar ruwa guda uku:

1. Gane farkon abin gani: "Foehn/Bora Cap Cloud" akan dutsen dutse.¶

Ko da lokacin da sararin sama ya kasance shuɗi mai haske, duba sama a kan tudun dutse kafin ku shiga fjord ko anchoring: - Idan kaga gajimare mai tsayi, zagaye ** farar nadi ko gajimaren hula (kapa a Croatia)** yana manne da kololuwar tare da gizagizai na gangarowa saman dutsen leda ya bace rabinsa, ** wani ruwan katabatic na iska mai sanyi yana gangarowa zuwa gangaren**. - Dubi saman ruwa kusa da dutsen dutse: ** fararen fararen kumfa ("cat's paws" yana juya zuwa ruwan shan taba mai farin, wanda ake kira * fumarea * a cikin Adriatic) ** racing a fadin bay yana nuna babban gefen 120-to-180 km / h (75-to-112 mph) Williwaw, 000 dakika na 3 * * yana ba da gargadi na 3 * * 03.

2. Me yasa tsayawa kusa da wani babban dutse yana haifar da ƙwanƙwasa digiri 180¶

A cikin iska ta al'ada, tsayawa kusa da gaɓar iska yana rage ɗaukar igiyoyin ruwa. A cikin katabatic Williwaw ko Bora, iska ta sauko daga wani dutse mai tsayin mita 600 (ƙafa 2,000) a wani kusurwa mai gangara zuwa ƙasa, ta bugi ruwa mai nisan mita 200 (ƙafa 650) a bakin teku, kuma ta rabu: fashewa ɗaya ta tsere zuwa teku yayin da tashin hankali ** juye juye (juyin baya) zuwa ga tseren. - Wani jirgin ruwa da aka makale a wannan yanki mai tasiri yana buge shi daga baka ta gust 70, yana jujjuyawa sosai, kuma bayan dakika 10 ya fashe daga gaba da gaba ta hanyar rotor mai ƙulli 80 zuwa ƙasa, yana shimfiɗa mashigin jirgin ruwa a cikin ruwa (** knockdown**) ko da ba tare da fasinja ba. - Madaidaicin Dabarun Anchorage: 1. Kada a taɓa ƙulla kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa na gulmar glacial ko bakin canyon mai siffar V; Ɗauki anga a bayan wani tsibiri mara nauyi, ƙasa mai lebur ko ƙasa mai laushi ** inda kwararar katabatic ba zai iya hanzarta saukar da tsibiri ba. 2. Fitar ** duk sarkar da ke akwai kuma ku hau (7: 1 zuwa 10: 1scope)**, rig nailan ** layin snubber *, saita babban kellet rabin sarkar, sannan ** ajiye babban injin yana gudana cikin kayan aiki ** tare da mai duba yana tuki cikin gusts. 3. A kan kwale-kwale, ** zare ko kuma lallasa ginshiƙan nadi masu ɗauke da madauri na gidan yanar gizo don haka Bora mai tafiyar kilomita 150 cikin sa'a ba zai iya yaga murfin UV da buɗe jirgin ba.

3. Daskarewar Teku Fasa Icing (Overising)¶

Lokacin da ƙaramin sifilin Piteraq (-20 ° C), Arctic Bora, ko Alaskan Williwaw ya fashe a cikin ruwan teku, yana lalata ruwan gishiri mai sanyi a cikin iska. Kowane fantsama da ke bugun bene mai sanyi, dogo, radar mast, da gida yana daskarewa nan take cikin kankarar ruwan teku. - Tarkon Kifi Mai Girma: Yana tara santimita 10 zuwa 15 (inci 4 zuwa 6) na ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara mai tsayi a kan magudanar ruwa na kamun kifi da kuma keken ƙafafu yana ƙara ton na nauyi ** sama da ma'aunin kwal ɗin*, yana lalata hannun damansa har sai kwale-kwalen ya juye ya nutse. - Mataki na Gaggawa: Rage saurin gudu ko musanya hanya zuwa ga ruwan da aka keɓe don rage faɗuwar baka, kuma aika ma'aikatan jirgin da ke da alaƙa cikin nutsuwa tare da ** jemagu na ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa.

Lambobin gaggawa na yanki da ka'idojin hukumar¶

• ** Greenland da Denmark:** Kira 112 ko tuntuɓi 'yan sanda na gida / ** Haɗin gwiwar Arctic Command (Arktisk Kommando)** akan tashar VHF 16**. Saka idanu DMI (Cibiyar Danmarks Meteorologiske Institute, dmi.dk / Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa KNR) na hukuma ** Gargadi na Piteraq (Piteraq-varsel)** kuma kuyi biyayya da siginar Siren birni na Tasiilaq.
• Croatia, Slovenia, da Italiya (Yankin Adriatic Bora): Kira 112* (ko 195 don Neman Bincike da Ceto Maritime na MRCC Rijeka a Croatia; 1530 don Guardia Costiera a Italiya). Duba DHMZ (Državni hidrometeorološki zavod, meteo.hr da HAK (Hrvatski autoklub, hak.hr don ainihin-lokaci ** Red Meteoalarm Bora Gargaɗi *** da kuma rufewar iska ta tilas a kan Hanyar ** A1 (Sveti Rok zuwa Posedarje / Maslenica), A6, Krk Bridge, Pag Bridge, da D8 Adriatic Highway **.
• ** Amurka (Alaska) da Kanada:** Kira 911 ko yaba da ** Amurka Coast Guard / Canadian Coast Guard ** akan tashar VHF 16** (ko kunna 406 MHz EPIRB / PLB / Garmin inReach). Saka idanu ** Sabis na Yanayi na Ƙasa (NWS Anchorage / Juneau / Fairbanks)** Hasashen ruwa don ** Gargadin Guguwar-Force Wind, Faɗakarwar Williwaw Squall, da Gargaɗi na Fasa Fasa Daskarewa**.
• Faransa (Yankin Mistral da Tramontane): Kira 112 (ko 196 don CROSS Méditerranée na ceton ruwa). Saka idanu Météo-Faransa (vigilance.meteofrance.fr don ** Orange/Jan Vigilance Vent Violent** faɗakarwa a cikin sassan Bouches-du-Rhône, Var, Vaucluse, Aude, da Pyrénées-Orientales.
• ** Chile da Argentina (Patagonian & Tierra del Fuego Williwaw Zone):** Kira 137 (Armada de Chile Maritime Rescue) ko 106 (Prefectura Naval Argentina) da kuma saka idanu VHF Channel 16 a cikin mashigar Magellan da Beagle Channel.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Menene bambanci tsakanin iskar katabatic (kamar Bora ko Piteraq) da iskan foehn ko Chinook?¶

Dukansu iskar tsaunuka masu zafi ne, amma suna da sa hannun yanayin zafi da tsarin tuki. Iska ** foehn ko Chinook** na faruwa ne lokacin da guguwar synoptic ta yi ƙarfi, iska mai laushi sama da kan kewayon dutse; iska tana sauke damshinta kamar ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara a gefen iska kuma tana ɗumi ta hanyar matsawa adiabatic yayin da take gangarowa gangaren leɓe, ta iso ƙasa da zafi da bushewa. Iskar **katabatic (kamar Piteraq, Bora, ko Williwaw)** tana farawa azaman sanyi mai matuƙar sanyi, tafki mai tsananin sanyi na iska mai sanyi (-30 zuwa -60 digiri Celsius) yana zaune a saman wani babban kankara ko tudun ƙasa. Ko da yake wannan iskar tana dumama da maki 9.8 a cikin mitoci 1,000 yayin da take gangarowa zuwa matakin teku, sai ya fara yin sanyi a samansa har ya zuwa yanzu a gabar tekun da maki 10 zuwa 25 a ma'aunin ma'aunin celcius da sanyi fiye da na bakin teku, yana saurin gangarowa kasa karkashin nauyi.

Me yasa guguwar Piteraq ko Bora za ta iya afkawa yayin da sararin sama ya fito gaba daya kuma yana cikin rana?¶

Iskar Katabatic ba ta zuwa daga gajimare mai tsawa ko kuma guguwa mai zafi. Tafkin ruwan sanyi mai tsayi wanda ke ciyar da guguwar katabatic yana yin sauri a cikin kwanciyar hankali, tsayayyen dare lokacin da babu gajimare da zai kama zafi sama da kankara ko tudu. Yayin da wannan iska mai tsananin sanyi ta zube bisa gagararsa ta gangarowa gangaren gabar teku, matsawar kasa tana kawar da duk wani karamin gajimare, yana haifar da "Clear Bora" (*Jasna Bura*) ko sararin samaniyar Piteraq inda gusts 220km/h (135 mph) ke bugewa a karkashin sama ko taurari masu haske, suna jujjuya sararin sama ko fari a kasa. atomized teku fesa.

Idan na yi zango a kan glacier ko tundra na arctic, yaya nisa daga tantina zan gina bangon dusar ƙanƙara, kuma nawa ne tsayinsa?¶

Gina bango mai lankwasa, mai siffa mai siffar doki na shingen dusar ƙanƙara wanda aka sanya ** 1.0 zuwa mita 1.5 (ƙafa 3.3 zuwa 5) sama da iska ** na ƙarshen tantin ku, kuma ku gina shi zuwa kusan kashi 75 zuwa 80 na tsayin tantinku (kimanin mita 1.2 [tsayi 4 ƙafa))**. Kada ku taɓa gina bangon daidai da masana'anta ta alfarwa, kuma kada ku taɓa gina shi sama da rufin tanti: bangon dusar ƙanƙara mai girman gaske yana haifar da tashin hankali a bayansa wanda ke zubar da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa kai tsaye zuwa saman tantin ku, yana murƙushe sandunan ƙarƙashin nauyin dusar ƙanƙara cikin sa'a guda. Barin tazarar mita 1 a bayan bango mai tsayin kugu yana karkatar da babbar iskar da ta tashi sama a kan tanti yayin da ke barin iska mai zazzagewa ta ratar.

Me yasa sanya jirgin ruwa a ƙarƙashin wani dutse mai tudu yana da haɗari yayin Williwaw ko Bora?¶

A rana mai natsuwa, wani dutsen da ke ƙarƙashin wani dutse mai tsawon mita 600 (ƙafa 2,000) ya yi kama da wurin da ya fi mafaka a cikin fjord. A lokacin katabatic Williwaw ko Bora, duk da haka, iska mai sanyi mai tsananin sanyi ta harba saman dutsen kuma tana kusan ƙasa a tsaye (a kusurwar digiri 70 zuwa 80) akan ruwa a gindin dutsen, yana birgima cikin rotors kwance masu tashin hankali. Wani kwale-kwalen da ke kusa da dutsen ya buge daga sama kuma ya buge shi da kulli 80 wanda ke jujjuya shugabanci da digiri 180 a kowane ƴan daƙiƙa, yana buga kwale-kwale a kan matsuguninsu ko da ba sa tashi da tsage anka daga cikin dutsen teku.

Me yasa zan tsaya a cikin tanti na ko da sandunan sun kama a tsakiyar guguwar katabatic?¶

A cikin 180 km/h (112 mph) Piteraq ko Antarctic katabatic dusar ƙanƙara, ganuwa yana faɗuwa zuwa ƙasa da mita 1 (fararen sifili) kuma zafin zafin iska yana faɗuwa ƙasa -60 digiri Celsius (-76 digiri Fahrenheit). Binciken da aka yi na mace-mace ya nuna cewa masu hawan dutsen da suka kwance zip din tanti da suka karye kuma suke kokarin tafiya zuwa wata tanti ko kuma su tona kogon dusar kankara a cikin duhu ba tare da kafaffen igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar igiyar ruwa ta busa su daga kafafunsu ba, kuma sun rasa ganin sansanin a cikin matakai 5, kuma sun mutu a cikin iska a cikin minti 30. Muddin kewayen tantin dusar ƙanƙara da anka matattu sun riƙe masana'anta ƙasa, zauna a cikin jakar barcinku a kan kumfa kumfa a cikin masana'anta ta tanti, yin amfani da harsashin nailan azaman buhun bivouac mai hana iska.

Wane taimako na farko ake buƙata ga wanda aka fallasa ga iskar katabatic da ke daskarewar ruwa?¶

Fuskantar iska ta Katabatic yana haifar da ** sanyi-sanyi mai sanyi ** akan hanci, kunci, kunnuwa, masara, da yatsu a cikin mintuna 2 zuwa 5, tare da tsarin **hypothermia**. Matsar da wanda abin ya shafa daga iskar nan da nan, cire rigar ko rigar ƙanƙara, sanya su a kan kumfa mai kauri a cikin busassun buhunan barci, da dumin yatsu ko yatsu a cikin dumin hammata na abokin tarayya (ko a cikin ma'aunin Celsius 37 zuwa 39 [98.6 zuwa 102.2 digiri Fahrenheit] ruwan wanka mai sanyi, ba sau ɗaya ba tare da ginin dusar ƙanƙara). Ɗaukar ingantaccen taimako na farko na jeji da kwas na CPR daga Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ko mai ba da sabis na gida yana shirya ku don gudanar da gaggawar yanayin sanyi.

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, da Diablo guguwa da ke gangarowar iska da simintin ruwa
• Dusar ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara, busa dusar ƙanƙara, da layukan igiya na tsari
• Polar vortex, fashewar arctic, da kuma tsira da sanyin iska mai sanyi
• Hypothermia da ganewar sanyi da taimakon farko

Tushen da jagorar hukuma¶

• ** Cibiyar Yanayi ta Danish (DMI, Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut) da Gwamnatin Greenland (Naalakkersuisut):** Piteraq Meteorology, Hasashen, da Ka'idojin Gaggawa na Al'umma don Gabashin Greenland (Tasilaq Warning System).
• ** Sabis na yanayi da yanayin yanayi na Croatian (DHMZ, Državni hidrometeorološki zavod) da Kulub din Motoci na Croatian (HAK):** Mai tsanani Adriatic Bora (Olujna i Orkanska Bura) Dynamics, Rotor Turbulence, da Coastal Bridge/Highway Closure Standards.
• ** National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS Alaska Region) da United States Coast Guard (USCG):** Jagorancin Rayuwa na Maritime don Alaskan Williwaw Downslope Squalls, Gap Winds, da Heavy Daskarewa Fesa Vessel Icing.
• ** Shirin Antarctic na Amurka (USAP / Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa) da Binciken Binciken Antarctic na Biritaniya (BAS):** * Littafin Filin Filin Fannin Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Gina , da kuma Rayuwa ta Bivouac *.
• ** Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) da Météo-Faransa:** * Tsarin iska na Orographic da Katabatic (Mistral, Bora, Piteraq, Tehuantepecer): Mesoscale Dynamics da Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko*.