Dabaylaha Duufaanta Katabatic (Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw): Qaraxyo Qabow uu kaxeeyo¶

Si ka duwan dabaylaha diiran, qalalan ** foehn iyo Chinook ** (kuwaas oo ku diirraya cadaadiska adiabatic sida hawada lagu qasbay in ka badan xadka buuraha), ** dabaylo katabatic ** (laga bilaabo Giriigga katabasis, taasoo la micno ah "soo degaysa") waa rabshado, baraf-qabow, ** dabaylo-dabaylo-cuf-jiidad-hoos u socda ** kuwaas oo dhaca marka barkad hawo leh oo aad u qabow. baraf sare oo baraf ah, glacier, ama dhul buuraley ah oo u daadanaya cidhifka sida biyo ku shubaya biyo-xidheenka. Kordhinta hoos iyada oo loo marayo dooxooyin xeebeedyo dhaadheer, tubooyin glacial ah, iyo buuraha hoostooda jiid jiidashada cufisjiidka iyo culayska hooseeyo ee xeebta, qaraxyada katabatic waxay gaadhaan Qaybta 3 ilaa Qaybta 5 xawliga duufaanta ee 150 ilaa in ka badan 300 kiiloomitir saacaddii (95 ilaa 190 mayl saacaddii gudaheed, marka loo eego daruuro aan badnayn)* Cirka *** si lama filaan ah 15 ilaa 25 darajo Celsius (27 ilaa 45 darajo Fahrenheit) ayaa hoos ugu dhacaya heerkulka. Waxaa loo yaqaanaa gobol ahaan sida ** Piteraq *** ee Greenland, ** Bora (Bura) *** ee ku teedsan xeebta Adriatic ee Croatia, Slovenia, iyo Talyaaniga, ** Williwaw ** ee Jasiiradaha Aleutian, Alaska, iyo Strait of Magellan / Tierra del Fuego, ** Mistral *** ee koonfurta France, the ** Tehuntartectic ka, Mexico Duufaanta. Adélie Land iyo McMurdo, dabaylahani waxay burburiyeen teendhooyin safar, waxayna ku rogeen gawaari heer sare ah oo ka baxsan marinnada xeebaha, waxay ku garaaceen shiraaca iyo maraakiibta kalluumeysiga oo siman oo ku yaal cidhifyada barroosinka, waxayna ku aaseen magaalooyinka xeebaha hoostiisa milix-barafka ama dabaylaha dhulka. Haddii qof uu ku xannibmo dabaylo katabatic subzero katabatic ah, oo ay ku dhaawacmaan jugyo dhismeed, ama badda ku qulqulaya, wac lambarka degdegga ah ee degaankaaga isla markaaba (911 gudaha Mareykanka iyo Kanada, 112 guud ahaan Midowga Yurub, 999 gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska) ama hubi buuggayaga tusaha nambarada degdega ah. Xaaladaha degdega ah ee dabaysha iyo qabowga ee la xidhiidha, akhri hagayaashayada Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, iyo Diablo dabaylaha hoose, dabaylaha dhulka, afuufaya baraf baraf ah, iyo xadhkaha xidhidhiyaha gabbaadka, vortex polar, dillaaca arctic, iyo badbaadada dhaxan dabayshaiyo hypothermia iyo dhaxan gargaar degdeg ah.

Hadda samee tan¶

1. ** Dhegayso digniinaha dabaysha katabatic-ka ee maxalliga ah, nidaamyada seeriga, iyo buundooyinka xeebta isla markiiba xira:** Marka wakaaladaha saadaasha hawada ay soo saaraan ** Digniinta Piteraq** ( ee Bariga Greenland, oo ay calaamad u tahay seeriga magaalada iyo nalalka cas ee Tasiilaq), a ** Red Bora (Crveni Alarm / Bura) Digniin Jidka weyn ee Jadranska Magistrala D8), ama Dabaysha Sare / Digniinta Williwaw ee Alaska ama Patagonia, gudaha gudaha u gal qaab dhismeed la xoojiyay ka hor inta uusan bilawga hore dhicin. Dabaylaha Katabatic waxay ka soo kiciyaan degganaansho dhintay (0 km/h) ilaa 160+ kiiloomitir saacaddii (100+ mayl saacaddii) in ka yar 10 daqiiqo.
2. ** Haddii aad ku degayso barafka, tundra, ama dhulka buuraleyda ah marka duufaan katabatic ahi soo food saarto, ku dhis darbi dabaysha baraf u qaabaysan oo fardaha u samaysan dhinaca dabaysha kor u kacaysa (glacier-ujeedka) ee teendhadaada isla markiiba:* si buuxda u qaawiyey. Majarafad ama majarafad cufan baraf baraf ah oo dabayshu ka buuxdo si loo dhiso darbi adag oo dabaysha **1.2 ilaa 1.5 mitir (4 ilaa 5 cagood) dhererkiisu yahay 1 ilaa 1.5 mitir (3.3 ilaa 5 cagood) kor u kaca teendhada ***, xabaal "dhintay" barafka barafka (skis, faashash baraf, jawaanno 50 iinj ah oo qoto dheer oo ay ka buuxaan wiil yar) oo ku shub 50+ kiiloogaraam (110+ rodol) oo qalab ah gudaha sagxadda teendhada si aanu hoygu u afuufi karin haddii uu tiir jabo.
3. Haddii tiirarka teendhadaadu ay ku dhuftaan qarax katabatic ah habeenkii, WELIGAA ha furin albaabka oo ha ka tagin teendhada gudcurka: Ku dhex jir dunta teendhada duntay, soo jiid boorsadaada hurdada, suufka hurdada ee dahaaran, shidaalka kariyaha, iyo raashinka kugu hareeraysan gudaha qolof nayloon oo xidhan, oo isticmaal dharka teendhada ku xidhan sida xaalad degdeg ah (bivouac) god baraf ah ama god baraf ah. Ka fogaanshaha teendho dumay 150 km/h dabaylo baraf dhulka ah waxay keenaysaa jahawareer dilaa ah iyo hypothermia 15 daqiiqo gudahood.
4. Haddii aad ku jirto markab ku xiran fjord, bay, ama lee xeebta marka Williwaw ama Bora ay ku dhuftaan, si toos ah ha u qarin meel hoose oo buur ah oo dheer: Mariners waxay inta badan sameeyaan khaladka dilaaga ah ee ku dhajinta saxda ah ee salka hoose ee qulqulka dheer si ay "dabaysha uga baxaan." Williwaw ama Bora gudaheeda, socodka hawada katabatic ayaa ku qulqulaya jiirka buurta oo hoos u dhacaya ** ku dhawaad ​​hoos hoose (70-ilaa-80-xagalka hoose ee hoose) biyaha ku yaal saldhigga dhagaxa, taasoo dhalinaysa qulqulo wareegyo wareeg ah (** rotors**) kuwaas oo u wareegaya jihadooda 180 darajo oo siman 180ts (** garaacid ***), oo barroosinnada ku jiid biyo qoto dheer. Ama barroosin ku yaal meel fidsan oo ka baxsan barxadda glacial, labanlaab baaxadda barroosinkaaga (7:1 ilaa 10:1 fuusho-ilaa- qoto dheer saamiga) oo leh snubber iyo matoor si firfircoon u gelaya qulqulka, ama istaag badda.
5. **Haddii aad wadato gaadhi heersare ah (van, camper, boxer box, SUV jiid jiid, ama mooto) marka dabaylaha isgoysyada katabatic ay ku dhuftaan waddo xeebeedka ama buundada, ka bax oo dhig u jeedda dabaysha ka hor inta aanad gaadhin jeexa qaawan ama marin-biyoodka. Ku dhig laami fidsan oo ka fog geedaha, xadhkaha korantada, iyo foornada saqafka duulaya, u tilmaan bambarka hore si toos ah dabaysha si astaanta hawada cidhiidhi ah u wajahdo qaraxa, oo deji bareega baarkinka.
6. ** Ilaali sentimitir labajibbaaran kasta oo maqaarka wajiga ah iyo indhaha oo leh muraayadaha ski iyo balaclava aan dabaylaha lahayn:** Sababtoo ah dabaylaha katabatic waxay isku daraan heerkulka hawada hoose ee 150+ km/saacadii iyo kiristaalo baraf hawadu qaado ama silbada volcano, ** dabaysha-qabow u dhigma heerkulka** hoos ayay u dhacdaa ** -50 ilaa -50 darajo Fahrenheit), baraf barafoobay iyo dhabanno qaawan oo adag ** in ka yar 120 ilbiriqsi.

Geedka go'aanka: katabatic down-slope dabaylaha badbaadada¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Duufaanta Katabatic ee dhow: Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw, Mistral, ama Qarxyada Glacial"] --> Location{"1. Halkeed ku taal marka dhawaaqa digniinta ama horudhacgu ku dhaco?"}

    Location -->|"Teendhada ARCTIC/ALPINE: Glacier, Cap Ice, ama Tundra"| TentProtocol["3. Dhis 5.2-4 Darbi Barafka ah (Skis/Fasaxa Barafka/Jooshadaha Barafka) 50 cm (20 in) Ku qotonta Dhamaan Guylines 3. Dhis 1ft.2-1 m Dabayl-sare ee Teendhada 4. Ku xidh baraf dhammaan wareegyada barafku (Valances) 5. Haddii tiirarku qabtaan: Ku dhex jir Maro Teendhooyin dumay sida Bivy; Weligaa ha ka socon Whiteout"]

    Location -->|"DOONKA AMA MARKABKA: Fjord, Anchorage, ama Lee Coast"| BoatProtocol{"2. Ma waxaad si toos ah ugu xidhan tahay af-jilicsan ama af dooxa glacial?"}

    BoatProtocol -->|"Haa: Gudaha Rotor-ka toosan / Williwaw Drop Zone"| MoveBoat["Ka baxso Aagga Rotor-ka-Cliff-Salka: 1. Dhammaan shiraacyada isla markiiba ku rid oo billow mishiinka 2. Haddii ay badbaado tahay ka hor inta aan qarxin ugu sarreysa: Ka guur glacial Chute una gudub Hoy-xeebeedka fidsan ama qolka badda moolka dheer Cadaadiska Rode"]

    BoatProtocol -->|"Maya: Ka socda Kanaalka Furan ama Badda Xeebta"| SeaProtocol["BUUFISKA BIYAHA FURAN & BADBAADINTA BUUFISKA BADBAADINTA: 1. Tiirar qaawan (Zero Shiil) ama Duufaan Duufaan ah oo keliya; Sug dhammaan qalabka sagxada dabacsan ee dabacsan 2. U fiirso kordhinta barafka ku buufida badda ee heer sare ah (Khatarta u saraysa ee soo kabashada)"]

    Location -->|"Baabuur ama Magaalo Xeebeed: Waddooyin, Buundooyin, ama Dhismayaal"| TownProtocol["HABKA BADBAADADA XEEBAHA & WADOOYINKA: 1. U hogaansan dhammaan xidhmayaasha Buundooyinka iyo Jidadka Xeebta (Weligaa ha Gudbin Viaducts gudaha Camper/Van) 2. Beerta Si Toos ah Ugu Wajahan Dabaysha Ka Fog Geedaha, Wiishashka, iyo Saqafka dabacsan"]

Fiisigiska atmospheric ee qulqulka katabatic-ka ee cufisjiidku wado¶

Maxay tahay sababta ay hawada qabow ee korka taagga buurta ama xaashida barafka ay uga dheereeyso duufaanta kulaylaha ee Qaybta 4 marka ay hoos u socoto? Saddex xoog oo jireed ayaa isku dhafan ** orographic boodboodka biyo-baxa iyo kanaalka qulqulka ***:

1. Isku-darka shucaaca iyo guuxa taban (Matoorka Gravity)¶

1. ** Qaboojinta shucaaca sare ee Plateau:** Goosha barafku daboolan yahay (sida 3,000-mitir (10,000-foot) Greenland ama xaashida barafka Antarctic) ama meel sare oo karst ah oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin buuro xeebeed (sida Dinaric Alps ee ka sarreeya Croatia ama Patagonian Ice Field), u ogolow barafka inuu dejiyo habeenkii barafka. Midka ugu hooseeya ee 50 ilaa 300 mitir (165 ilaa 1,000 cagood) ee hawada ku fadhida barafka waxay qaboojisaa -30 ilaa -60 darajo Celsius (-22 ilaa -76 darajo Fahrenheit).
2. ** Isbarbardhigga Cufnaanta Ba'an:** Hawada qabow aad ayey uga cufan tahay hawada diirran (--40 °C iyo cadaadiska heerka badda, hawada qalalan ayaa miisaankeedu yahay **1.51 kiiloogaraam mitir kuyuubig ah), marka la barbar dhigo ** 1.20 kiiloogaraam mitir kuyuubik ** at +20 ° C, in ka badan ** 25 boqolkiiba ka culus ** . Dhanka kale, 30 ilaa 80 kiiloomitir (20 ilaa 50 mayl) oo u jirta gunta hoose ee jiirada buurta, biyaha badda aan barafaysan ayaa hawo qabow ka dhigaya xeebaha (0 ilaa +10 °C).
3. Waa maxay sababta Cadaadiska Adiabatic uusan uga dhigin diirimaad: Sida qayb kasta oo hawadu hoos ugu dhacdo 1,000 mitir (3,300 cagood) sare u kaca, kordhinta cadaadiska atmospheric oo ku diiri ** heerka jilitaanka adiabatic qallalan ee 9.8 darajo Celsius 1,000 mitir (5.4 darajo Fahrenheit)* Dabaysha foehn ama Chinook, hawadu ka bilaabmatay meesha buurta waxay ahayd mid qabow oo keliya, markaa ka dib markay 2,000 mitir soo degto waxay timaaddaa xagga hoose iyadoo kulul oo engegan. Dabbayl katabatic ah ***, hawada bilawga ah ee daboolka sare ee barafka waxay ahayd ** aad u qabow (-40 ilaa -55 ° C) *** taas oo xitaa ka dib kulaylka 15 ilaa 20 ° C inta lagu jiro qulqulka tooska ah ee heerka badda, ** wali waxay timaaddaa xeebta 10 ilaa 25 darajo Celsius COLDER iyo cufan marka loo eego jawiga xeebta ee hawada si toos ah u socda.

2. Venturi chute funneling iyo boodboodka qulqulka¶

• ** Dardar-gelinta Dooxada Glacial Venturi:** Sida hawo qabow uga soo daadato cidhifka taagga, waxay u soo duuduubtaa V-qaabeeya ama U-qaabeeya fjords glacial oo cidhiidhi ah. Ku tuujin hawo qabow oo ballac ah 50 kiiloo mitir oo biyo-mareen ah iyada oo la marayo 2 kiiloomitir oo ballac ah cunaha fjord waxay ku dhufataa xawaaraha dabaysha 300 ilaa 500 boqolkiiba.
• ** Lee-Slope Hydraulic Jump iyo Rotors:** Sida lakabka aadka u daran ee hawada qabow ka dul toogto jiir xeebeedka, waxay u dhacdaa oogada badda oo ay kor ugu soo kacdaa boodboodka haydarooliga hawada. Si toos ah hoos ugu boodaan xeebta iyo biyaha fjord gudaha, toosan ** rotor vortices ** wareega 150 ilaa 250 km/h (95 ilaa 155 mph), hoos ugu dhufanaya dhismayaasha iyo doomaha ka hor inta aadan jihada u rogin ilbiriqsiyo kadib.

Muuqaalka caalamiga ah ee nidaamyada dabaysha katabatic ee ugu dhimashada badan adduunka¶

Cidlada iyo badbaadada socdaalka dabaysha: dajinta iyo badbaadinta teendhada Piteraq ama Williwaw¶

Xashiishka barafka ee Greenland, Svalbard, Baffin Island, Alaska, Patagonia, iyo Antarctica, safarro badan oo polar iyo buur fuulid ah ayaa lagu dhammeeyaa ** burburinta teendhada katabatic ** marka loo eego kuwa soo dhaca. Marka 180 km/h (112 mph) qarax katabatic ah uu ku dhufto xero aan diyaarsanayn, waxay qaadataa in ka yar 60 sekan in la qabsado tiirarka aluminiumka, jeexjeexa xaashida warqadaha, oo bacaha hurdada lagu afuufo gudcurka.

1. Meelaynta xerada ka hor duufaanta iyo joomatariga teendhada dhejinta¶

1. ** Ogow dhidibka Dheecaannada Katabatic (Weligaa ha u daadin meel ballaadhan oo jiirada sare leh):** Dabaylaha Katabatic ** hoos u dhaca / hoos-glacier** (oo lagu daray 15-ilaa-30-degree u leexashada dhinaca midig ee Hemisphere Waqooyiga ama bidix ee Hemisphere ee Koonfurta sababtoo ah ** Coriolis Force**). Xataa haddii neecawdu ay kor u kacayso dooxada marka aad xerada samaynayso, u jih tunnel-kaaga ama teendhada geodesic si ay ** ugu hooseeya, cag aerodynamic cag cidhiidhi ah u dhammaato si toos ah u kor ugu jeeddo madaxa barafka**, iyo ** albaabka teendhada wuxuu wajahayaa 90 darajo dhinaca ama dabaysha hoose**. Weligaa ha wajihin albaabka teendhada oo kor ugu sii jeedda koofiyadda barafka: haddii siibku uu ka kooban yahay 2 sentimitir gudaha Piteraq, teendhadu waxay u soo baxaysaa sida baarashuud oo kale oo dibadda ayay u qaraxdaa.
2. ** Aas "Dadka dhintay" Barafka barafka (Teendhooyinka caadiga ah waa kuwo aan faa'iido lahayn):** Heerka 15- sentimitir (6-inch) V-sharafyada waxay ka soo jiidaan barafka iyagoo ka hooseeya culeyska 100-kilogram.
3. Dhamaadka dabaysha (korka) iyo dhinacyada, ku dheji khad kasta adigoo isticmaalaya ** skis lagu wado 50 sentimitir (20 inji) si toosan barafka ***, ** faashash baraf ah oo si toos ah loogu aasay sidii nin dhintay T-slot *** 45 sentimitir (18 inji) qoto dheer oo si adag u tumay si barafku u qulqulo 20 daqiiqo ka hor inta aan la aasin hargabka.
4. Laba tiir gacmaha gacmaha: Haddii teendhadaada tunnel-ka tiirarka ay kuu ogolaato, dun labo tiir oo aluminium ah gasha gacan kasta si ay u labanlaabanto qallafsanaanta ka dhanka ah qaraxyada rotor-ka hoose.
5. Xabbad ku xidh Wareegyada Barafka (Goobaha Barafka): Teendhooyin kasta oo polar ah waxa uu leeyahay daboolyo dhar ballaadhan ah (calaamadaha barafka) ee ku wareegsan cidhifka hoose ee xaashida bannaanka. Majarafad baraf cufan oo dhan ku xira dhammaan wareegyada 360-degree ee wareegyada barafka oo ku dhufo si adag si baraf barafku uusan u raaci karin dhulka hoostiisa.

2. Sida loo dhiso gidaarka dabaysha ee Barafka-ka-hortagga saxda ah ee Katabatic¶

• ** Dhererka iyo Fogaanta Dib u dhigista:** Isticmaal miinshaar si aad u gooyso baloogyada dabaysha cufan (\(40 \ times 30 \ times 20\text{ cm}\) [\(16 \times 12 \ times 8\text{ in}\)]) oo u dhis qaloocsan, ** gidaar u samaysan qaabka fardaha** ee korka sare (dabaysha).
• Xeerka Injineerinka Muhiimka ah: Dhis darbiga barafka **1.0 ilaa 1.5 mitir (3.3 ilaa 5 cagood) kor u kaca teendhada *, ** AAN *** taaban dharka teendhada, iyo ** ha dhisin darbiga in ka badan 75 ilaa 80 boqolkiiba teendhada dhererkiisa (qiyaastii 1.2 mitir [4 cagood] sare).
• **Sabab? Haysashada farqiga 1-mitir ee u dhexeeya gidaarka dhexda-sare iyo teendhadu waxay u oggolaanaysaa jet hawo degdeg ah si ay u nadiifiso farqiga u dhexeeya iyada oo ka leexinaysa xoogga burburinta ee dabayshu kor u kaca taajka teendhada.
• ** U qoondee saacad 60-daqiiqo ah oo majarafad ah:** Inta lagu jiro baraf baraf ah oo katabatic ah, hal xubin oo koox ah oo ku labisan qalabka duufaanka, muraayadaha barafka, oo lagu gooyay xariiqda barroosinka weyn ee teendhada oo leh ** suunka fuulitaanka iyo xadhig 5-mitir ah** waa in uu dibadda u baxaa 45 ilaa 60 daqiiqo kasta si uu baraf uga saaro majarafad.

3. Gurmadka Degdegga ah ee "Teendhada La Xakameysan yahay oo Dumay"¶

Haddii dabayshu ay dhaafto 160 ilaa 200 km/h (100 ilaa 125 mph) oo tiirarka teendhadu ay si siman u foorarsan yihiin oo ay ku dhow yihiin inay dhex maraan xaashida duulista: 1. ** Xidho kabaha, jardiinooyinka, muraayadaha yaryar, muraayadaha indhaha, iyo suunadaha GUDAHA teendhada intay weli taagan tahay.** 2. ** Isla markiiba dami shooladaha** oo si adag u xidh dhalooyinka shidaalka. 3. Si ula kac ah u kala bixi ama uga soo bixi tiirarka koobabkooda gudaha si aad teendhada ugu sigto barafka ka hor intaanay tiirarka qaadin oo aanay dillaacin marada. 4. ** Ku rid jawaannada weelka culus ee teendhada fidsan cidhifka dabaysha** oo jiifso gudaha qolofka teendhada dumay ee ku dhex jira bacahaaga hurdada dushooda xumbo suuf, adigoo neefsanaya meel bannaan oo hawo-mareen ah ilaa uu Piteraq hoos u dhaco.

Badbaadada badda: maaraynta Williwaws, Boras, iyo Piteraqs ee badda iyo barroosinka¶

Kalluumaysatada ganacsiga, shaqaalaha doomaha, kayakers, iyo badmaaxiinta Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, Croatia, Greece (** Meltemi ** lee-cliff gusts), iyo Greenland, katabatic squalls waxay keenaysaa saddex xaalad degdeg ah oo badda ah:

1. Aqoonsiga horudhaca aragga: "Foehn/Bora Cap Cloud" ee ku yaal jiirka buurta¶

Xataa marka cirku dushiisa uu yahay buluug dhalaalayo, kor u eeg tiirarka buurta ka hor inta aanad gelin fjord ama barroosin: - Haddii aad aragto daruur taagan oo wareegsan, wareegsan ** daruur duub cad ama koofiyad ah (kapa gudaha Croatia)** ku dheggan shirwaynaha iyado maro daruuro ah oo hoos u dhacaya wejigii jarka sare oo hoos u sii lumaya, - Fiiri dusha biyaha ee u dhow saldhigga dhagaxa: ** xariijimo cad oo xumbo ah ("paws-ka bisadda" oo u beddelaya biyaha sigaarka cad, oo loo yaqaan * fumarea * ee Adriatic)** tartanka guud ahaan gacanka waxay calaamad u tahay cidhifka hore ee 120-ilaa-180 km/h (75-ilaa-112 mph) Williwaw, 03 digrii **03 ilbiriqsi.

2. Waa maxay sababta ku xidhidhsiga meel u dhow qariban hoostiisa ay sababto garaacid 180-degree ah¶

Dabaysha caadiga ah, ku xidhidhaynta meel u dhow xeebta dabayshu waxay yaraynaysaa soo jiidashada hirarka. Gudaha katabatic Williwaw ama Bora, dabayshu waxay ka soo dhacdaa 600 mitir (2,000-foot) dhagax xagal hoose ah, waxay ku dhufatay biyaha 200 mitir (650 cagood) oo ka baxsan xeebta, wayna kala qaybsantaa: hal qarax ayaa u soo baxay badda halka rabshado ** leexleexan (dib u leexin) tartanka. - Dooni ku xidhnayd aaggan saamaynta leh waxa qaansada kaga soo dhacay guux 70-jibbaar ah, si aad ah u lulatay, 10 ilbiriqsi ka dib waxa ay ka soo rogmatay jihada ka soo horjeeda rotor 80-knot ah oo hoos u socda, iyada oo dul saaraysa maro shiraac ah biyaha (** garaacid**) xitaa iyada oo shiraac eber la huwan yahay (****) - Xeeladaha Barkinta Saxda ah: 1. Weligaa si toos ah ha ugu xidhin hoos u ah gullaha glacial V-qaabeeya ama afka canyon; ka soo qaad barroosin gadaasheeda ** hooseeyo, jaziirad fidsan ama jasiirad jilicsan** halkaas oo socodka katabatiga uusan soo dedejin karin hoos u dhigga. 2. Soo saar ** dhammaan silsiladda la heli karo oo fuul (7:1 illaa 10:1 baaxadda)**, Riix naylon ** xariiqda snubber *, dhig ** kellet *** kala badh silsiladda, oo ** matoorka ugu weyn ku hayso qalabka oo uu la socdo ilaaliye isteerinka ku socda. 3. Doonta shiraaca dusheeda, ka fuji ama ku dheji shiraacyada rullaluistuyada leh ee leh xarkaha mareegaha si 150 km/saacadii Bora ma jeexjeexi karto daboolka UV oo ma furfuri karto shiraaca.

3. Baraf buufinta badda (kormeer)¶

Marka Piteraq (-20 ° C), Arctic Bora, ama Alaskan Williwaw uu ku qarxiyo biyaha badda, waxay atomize hawada ku buufisaa biyaha cusbada leh. Fiiq kasta oo ku dhufanaya sagxad qabow, tareenada, radar mast, iyo qolku waxay isla markiiba barafoobaan ** baraf glaze badda . - ** Dabinka Qabsiga Ugu Sareeya: Isku soo wada duuboo 10 ilaa 15 sentimitir (4 ilaa 6 inji) oo baraf adag ah oo ku sareya doomaha kaluumaysiga iyo guriga taayirrada ayaa ku daraya tobanaan tan oo miisaan ah ** ka sarreeya badhtamaha markabka, isagoo baabi'inaya cududdeeda midig ilaa ay doontu soo rogtay oo ay quusto. - ** Ficil degdeg ah:* Yaree xawaaraha ama u beddel koorsada hoose ee biyaha da'da ah si aad u yarayso qaansada firidhka, oo u dir xubnaha shaqaalaha isku xidhan ee ku habboon labbiska ** fiidmeeraha baseball alwaax ah, mallet alwaax ah, ama majarafad fiberglass** si aad baraf uga garaacdo dhismaha ugu sarreeya marka hore.

Lambarada degdega ah ee gobolka iyo borotokoolka wakaalada¶

• Greenland iyo Danmark: Wac 112 ama la xidhiidh Booliiska deegaanka / Taliska Wadajirka Arctic (Arktisk Kommando) ee VHF Channel 16. Kormeere **DMI (Danmarks Meteorologiske Institute, dmi.dk Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa KNR
• Croatia, Slovenia, iyo Italy (Adriatic Bora Zone): Wac 112* (ama 195 ee MRCC Rijeka Badbaadinta iyo Samatabbixinta Badda ee Croatia; 1530 ee Guardia Costiera ee Talyaaniga). Hubi DHMZ (Državni hidrometeorološki zavod, meteo.hr* iyo HAK (Hrvatski autoklub, hak.hr waqtiga-dhabta ah Red Meteoalarm Bora Digniinta iyo xiritaanka dabaysha ee qasabka ah ee A1 Highway (Sveti Rok to Posedarje / Maslenica), A6, Krk Bridge, Pag Bridge, iyo D8 Adriatic Highway.
• Mareykanka (Alaska) iyo Kanada: Wac 911 ama ammaan ** Ilaalada Xeebaha Mareykanka / Ilaalada Xeebaha Kanada** ee VHF Channel 16 (ama dhaqaaji 406 MHz EPIRB / PLB/ Garmin inReach). La Soco ** Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka ee NOAA (NWS Anchorage / Juneau / Fairbanks)** Saadaasha badda ee ** Digniinta Dabaysha Duufaanta- Xoogga Dabaysha, Digniinta Squall Williwaw, iyo Digniinta Buufista Qabowga Culus**.
• Faransiiska (Aagga Mistral iyo Tramontane): Wac 112 (ama 196 CROSS Méditerranée samatabbixinta badda). Kormeere Météo-France (vigilance.meteofrance.fr*Feejignaan Casaan ah oo Vent Violent ah oo dhan waaxyaha Bouches-du-Rhône, Var, Vaucluse, Aude, iyo Pyrénées-Orientales.
• Chile iyo Argentina (Patagonian & Tierra del Fuego Williwaw Zone):** Wac 137 (Armada de Chile Badbaadinta Badda) ama 106 (Prefectura Naval Argentina) oo la soco VHF Channel 16 ee marinka Magellan iyo kanaalka Beagle.

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda¶

Waa maxay faraqa u dhexeeya dabayl katabatic ah (sida Bora ama Piteraq) iyo dabaysha foehn ama Chinook?¶

Labaduba waa dabaylo buuraley ah oo aad u daran, laakiin waxay leeyihiin saxiixyo heerkul ah oo iska soo horjeeda iyo hababka wadista. Dabaysha **foehn ama Chinook** waxay dhacdaa marka duufaanta synoptic ay xooga saarto hawo qafiif ah, qoyan oo kor u kacaysa oo ka sarraysa safafka buuraha; hawadu waxay hoos u dhigtaa qoyaanka sida roobka ama baraf dhinaca dabaysha ah oo ay kulaylayso cadaadis adiabatic marka ay ka soo degto jiirada caleenta ah, oo soo gaadhaysa hoosta kulul oo engegan. Dabaysha **katabatic (sida Piteraq, Bora, ama Williwaw)** waxay ku bilaabataa qabow aan caadi ahayn, barkad cufan oo hawo qaboojin leh (-30 ilaa -60 darajo Celsius) oo fadhiya meel sare oo baraf ah ama dhulka dhuleed. Inkasta oo hawadani ay kulushahay 9.8 darajo Celsius 1,000kii mitir marka ay hoos ugu sii dhacayso heerka badda, waxa ay bilawday qabow aad u daran oo xagga sare ah oo ay weli soo gaadhayso xeebta 10 ilaa 25 digrii Celsius ka qabow iyo cufan marka loo eego hawada xeebta, iyada oo kor u kacda hoos udhaca cuf-jiidadka.

Maxay tahay sababta duufaanta Piteraq ama Bora ee dilaaga ah ay u dhici karto iyadoo cirku gabi ahaanba cad yahay oo qorraxdu yahay?¶

Dabaylaha Katabatic kama yimaadaan daruuraha onkodka ah ama duufaannada kulaalayaasha ah. Barkadda sare ee hawada qabow ee quudisa duufaanta katabatic waxay u samaysaa sida ugu dhaqsaha badan habeennada deggan, habeennada cad marka aanay jirin daruuro ku dabin kara kulaylka ka sarreeya xaashida barafka ama taagga. Maaddaama lakabkaas cufan ee hawada qabow uu ku dul daadanayo cidhifka oo uu hoos ugu soo yaaco jiirada xeebta, cadaadis hoose ayaa uumi baxa daruuraha hoose, abuurista "Clear Bora" (*Jasna Bura*) ama Piteraq-cad oo 220 km/h (135 mph) gusts ku dhufto cirro buluug dhalaalaya ama xiddigo, oo u rogaya heer baraf ah ama heer sare ah * badda. buufin badda atomized.

Haddii aan ku dul degayo barafka ama tundra arctic, intee in le'eg bay dabaysha teendhadayda u jirtaa inaan ka dhiso darbi baraf ah, iyo intee buu noqonayaa?¶

Dhis gidaar qalloocan, oo qaabka fardaha u samaysan ee baraf miinshaar ah oo taagan ** 1.0 ilaa 1.5 mitir (3.3 ilaa 5 cagood) dabayl koraysa** ee dabaysha dabaysha ee teendhadaada, una dhis ilaa qiyaastii **75 ilaa 80 boqolkiiba teendhadaada dhererkeeda (ilaa 1.2 mitir [4 cagood) dheer)**. Weligaa ha dhisin darbiga si sax ah oo ka soo horjeeda dharka teendhada, weligaa ha ka dheerayn saqafka teendhada: darbiga barafka weyn ayaa ka dambeeya gadaashiisa qulqulo qulqulaya kaas oo si toos ah ugu daadiya baraf baraf ah oo si toos ah korka teendhadaada, ku burburinaya tirarka miisaanka barafka saacad gudaheed. Ka tagista farqiga 1-mitir gadaasha darbi dhexda-sare ah waxay ka leexisaa qaraxa ugu weyn ee teendhada iyadoo u oggolaanaysa neecaw wax xoqaysa farqiga.

Waa maxay sababta ku xidhidhsiga doonta hoosteeda ay khatar u tahay buurta dheer ee Williwaw ama Bora?¶

Maalin dagan, bohol ka hooseeya 600-mitir (2,000-foot) hoostiisa waxay u egtahay meesha ugu gabbaadsan ee fjord. Inta lagu guda jiro katabatic Williwaw ama Bora, si kastaba ha ahaatee, hawo qabow oo cufan ayaa ka soo booda dusha sare ee dhagaxa waxayna u dhacdaa si toos ah hoos (oo ah xagal 70-ilaa-80-degree) oo ku yaal biyaha saldhigga dhagaxa, oo u rogaya rotors toosan oo rabshad leh. Dooni ku xidhnayd meel u dhow qararka hoostiisa ayaa kor laga soo garaacay oo ay ku dhufatay 80-gust oo jihada u rogaya 180 digrii dhowrkii ilbiriqsi kasta, doomaha shiraaca oo si siman u garaacaya masramada ay ku jiraan xitaa iyada oo aan shiraac lahayn oo dillaacaya barroosinnada ka soo baxay sagxadda badda ee dhagaxa leh.

Waa maxay sababta aan u joogo gudaha teendhadayda xiitaa haddii tiirarku ay ku dhacaan duufaan katabatic ah?¶

180 km/h (112 mph) Piteraq ama Antarctic katabatic baraf, aragtidu waxay hoos ugu dhacdaa in ka yar 1 mitir (eber-muuqasho caddaan ah) iyo heerkulka dabaysha-qabowgu wuxuu hoos u dhacayaa -60 darajo Celsius (-76 darajo Fahrenheit). Baaritaannada dhimashada ayaa muujinaya in kuwa fuula ee siibka teendho jabay oo isku daya in ay u lugeeyaan teendho kale ama qodaan god baraf ah oo mugdi ah iyada oo aan lahayn xadhig go'an in cagaha laga saaro, lumin aragtida xerada 5 tallaabo gudahood, oo ay u dhintaan hypothermia 30 daqiiqo gudahood. Ilaa inta wareegga barafka ee teendhada iyo barroosinnada meydka ay dharka hoos u dhigayaan, ku dheji bacdaada hurdada oo ku dheji suufkaaga xumbo ee gudaha marada teendhada fidsan, adoo isticmaalaya qolof naylon sidii jawaan bivouac ah oo dabayshu ka celinayso.

Waa maxay gargaarka degdegga ah ee looga baahan yahay qofka ay ku dhacayaan dabaylaha katabatic subzero iyo baraf buufinta badda?¶

Soo-gaadhista dabaysha Katabatic waxay sababtaa ** dhaxan-qabow-dabaysha** oo ku dhacda sanka, dhabannada, dhegaha, xuubabka, iyo faraha 2 ilaa 5 daqiiqo gudahood, iyada oo ay weheliso habsan **hypothermia**. Dhibbanaha ka saar isla markiiba dabaysha, ka saar dharka qoyan ama barafka leh, ku dahaadh suufka xumbo qaro weyn oo ku dhex jira bacaha hurdada ee engegan, iyo faraha diirran ama faraha diiran ee kilkilada diiran ee lammaanaha (ama 37 ilaa 39 digrii Celsius [98.6 ilaa 102.2 digrii Fahrenheit] qubays biyo dhaxan ah, marna maqaar ku xoqin dhisme baraf ah). Qaadashada gargaarka degdegga ah ee cidlada shahaadeysan iyo koorsada CPR ee Laanqeyrta Cas, St John Ambulance, ama bixiye maxalli ah ayaa kuu diyaarineysa inaad maareyso xaaladaha degdegga ah ee cimilada qabow.

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha¶

• Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, iyo Diablo dabaylaha dabaylaha hoose iyo shiidka
• Dabaylaha dhulka, afuufaya baraf cad, iyo xadhkaha xadhigga gabbaad
• Dabaysha vortex, dillaaca arctic, iyo badbaadada dhaxan dabaysha
• Hypothermia iyo aqoonsiga dhaxan iyo gargaarka degdega ah

Ilaha iyo hanuuninta rasmiga ah¶

• ** Machadka Saadaasha Hawada Danish (DMI, Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut) iyo Dowladda Greenland (Naalakkersuisut):** Piteraq Saadaasha Saadaasha, Saadaasha, iyo Hab-maamuuska Degdegga ah ee Bulshada ee Bariga Greenland (Nidaamka Digniinta Tasiilaq).
• ** Adeegga Saadaasha Hawada iyo Hawada Croatia (DHMZ, Državni hidrometeorološki zavod) iyo Naadiga Gawaarida Croatian (HAK):** Adriatic Bora daran (Olujna i Orkanska Bura) Dhaqdhaqaaqa, Rotor Turbulence, iyo Heerarka Xiritaanka Buundada Xeebta/Highway.
• ** Maamulka Badweynta iyo Cimilada Qaranka (NOAA) Adeegga Cimilada Qaranka (NWS Gobolka Alaska) iyo Ilaalada Xeebaha Maraykanka (USCG):** * Tilmaamaha Badbaadinta Badda ee Alaskan Williwaw Downslope Squalls, Dabaysha Farqiga ah, iyo Qaboojinta Culus ee Weelka Icing*.
• Barnaamijka Antarctic-ka Maraykanka (USAP/Aasaaska Sayniska Qaranka) iyo Sahanka Antarctic-ka Ingiriiska (BAS): * Buug-gacmeedka Beerta Deep-Field Camping: Teendhooyinka Duufaanta Katabatic, Dhimashada Barafka, Dhismaha gidaarka Barafka, iyo Badbaadinta Bivouac*.
• Ururka Saadaasha Hawada Adduunka (WMO) iyo Météo-France: Nidaamka dabaysha Orographic iyo Katabatic (Mistral, Bora, Piteraq, Tehuantepecer): Mesoscale Dynamics iyo Digniinta Hore.