Qarxinta Beddelka Xaafada, Dabka Tiirka, ama Sanduuqa Adeegga Cagaaran ee Furan¶

Guud ahaan xaafadaha la deggan yahay, guryaha dabaqyada ah, iyo waddooyinka ganacsiga, isbeddel-qeybiyeyaasha hoos-u-dhaca waxay yareeyaan khadadka quudiyaha aasaasiga ah ee korantada sare leh, sida caadiga ah u shaqeeya inta u dhaxaysa 4,160 iyo 34,500 volts (4.16 kV ilaa 34.5 kV), ilaa 120/240-volt ama 120 volt guriga 8-volt/20 gasha guriga. Transformers-yadani waxay u fadhiyaan korka sare sida silsilado bir cawlan oo ku xidhan tiirarka alwaaxyada ama heerka dhulka gudaha armaajooyinka birta madow ee cagaarka ah ee loo yaqaan ** transformers-ku-saaran . Marka hillaaca, dahaarka gudaha fashilanto, hawada-qaboojinta xad-dhaaf ah, xiriirka geed- addimada, ama saamaynta baabuur ay sababto wareegga gaaban gudaha gudaha taangiga transformer ah, fallaadh koronto-sare ayaa isla markiiba uumi saliidda macdan ah insulating gudaha. millise seconds gudahood, cadaadiska taangiga guduhu si ba'an ayuu u soo kacaa, isaga oo ku afuufaya fiyuuska aasaasiga ah kor u kaca qori dhega-jari ah ama dillaaca taangiga birta si uu u sii daayo indhoole buluug-cad ** arc flash iyo qubays cadaadis leh oo gubanaya ** 300-degree-Celsius (570-degree-Fahrenheit Saliid) dielectric.

Halis le'eg oo le'eg oo aamusan waxay ku dhuumataa cawska xaafadaha iyo sacadaha: ** fur, daxalaystay, ama armaajooyin cagaar ah oo ku rakiban qalab beddeleyaal ah**. Gudaha sanduuqa birta dhexda-sare ee fadhiya waxay soo ban dhigtay joojinta korantada sare ee hore iyo baska sare ee qaada kumanaan volts oo kaliya sentimitir ka dambeeya albaabka dibadda. Carruurta ciyaareysa dhuumasho-iyo-doon, milkiilayaasha guryuhu gooyaan haramaha, ama xayawaanka guriga ee baaraya albaabka golaha furan waxay la kulmi karaan koronto-sare oo degdeg ah oo dilaa ah iyaga oo aan waligood taaban silig qaawan haddii ay jebiyaan nadiifinta farqiga hawada sare ee ugu yar. Ogaanshaha sida loo daadgureeyo dabka saliidda transformer-ka tiirka, sida looga hortago wax dila tallaabo oo taabo awooda ee dhulka hoose, sida loo ilaaliyo sanduuqa adeega cagaaran ee furan ilaa ay ka imanayaan shaqaalaha tasiilaadka, iyo sida loola tacaalo awooda polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) wasakhowga saliida waxay ka ilaalisaa qoyskaaga iyo xaafadaada musiibo.

Hadda samee tan¶

1. **U dhaqaaq ugu yaraan 30 ilaa 50 mitir (100 ilaa 165 cagood) dabayl sare iyo kor uga soo bax wax kasta oo dhinbiil, huuris ah, sigaar cabbid, ama tiirka tamarta gubanaya ama sanduuqa beddelka cagaaran. Taangiyada beddelka ee la cadaadiyo waxay dilaaci karaan mar labaad ama seddexaad marka ay si toos ah ujabiyayaal kaabadaha tamarta ("reclosers") ay isku dayaan inay dib u kiciyaan khadka ilbiriqsiyo kadib qaraxa hore.
2. ** Waligaa ha ku buufin biyaha, hana isticmaalin tuubada beerta tiirka tamarta gubanaya, transformer-ka sare, ama kabadhada cagaaran ee ku rakiban.*
3. Ka soo qaad silig kasta oo soo dhacay, fiilada soo rogmatay, silig nin ah, deyrka birta ah, ama cawska qoyan ee 15 mitir (50 cagood) u jira transformer-ka dhaawacan ayaa tamar ku leh kumanaan volt Isku shaandheyn ama ka bood adiga oo labada cagoodba si adag iskula riixeen si aadan u xirin laba giraan oo koronto oo kala duwan oo ciidda ah ( tilaabo tilaabo**).
4. ** Wac lambarkaaga deg-degga ah iyo adeegga korontada 24-saac ee deg-degga ah ee u diritaanka meel fog oo badbaado leh.** Wac 911 gudaha Mareykanka iyo Kanada, 112 gudaha Midowga Yurub, 999 gudaha Boqortooyada Midowday nambarada degdega ah hagaha. Sii diraha ciwaanka ugu dhow oo, haddii laga arki karo masaafo badbaado leh iyada oo loo marayo binoculars ama zoom taleefoon, ** lambarka birta tiirka ama lambarka aqoonsiga stencil** oo lagu rinjiyeeyay beddelka ama tiirka.
5. **Haddii aad aragto sanduuq furan, jeexan, daxalaysan, ama baabuur-dhaawacmay sanduuqa beddelka suufka cagaaran, ha taaban kabadhka birta ah ama isku day inaad albaabka xidho.
6. **Hadduu qaraxa transformer-ku saliid madow ku tuuro maqaarkaaga, jidkaaga, ama daaradaada, ka fogow tuubada saliidda oo kula dhaqan saliidda beddelka wixii ka horreeyay 1980-kii inay tahay wasakh khatar ah oo PCB ah. haddii saliiddu ku firdhiso maqaarka, isla markiiba ku dhaq saabuun iyo biyo diirran ilaa 15 daqiiqo.

Fahamka Beddeleyaasha Xaafadda: Gasacad-sare vs. Sanduuqyada Cagaaran ee Ku-xidhan¶

flowchart TD
    A["Khatarta beddelka ee La Helay: Boom, Arc Flash, Saliid Liq, ama Sanduuqa Cagaaran ee Furan"] --> B{"Dhacdo noocee ah ayaa dhacaya?"}
    B -->|Exploding / Burning Pole or Pad Transformer| C["Ka bax 30 ilaa 50 m (100 ilaa 165 ft) Dabayl sare iyo kor isla markiiba"]
    B -->|Vehicle Struck Pole or Green Pad Box| D["Gaadhigu Gudihiisa Joog ilaa Uu Dab Qabo mooyaane: Wac 911/112/999"]
    B -->|Unlocked, Ajar, or Rusted Green Pad Box| E["Ha taaban albaabka ama golaha wasiirada: Carruurta iyo xayawaanka rabaayada ah ku hay 10 m (33 ft) Dib u celi"]
    C --> F["Waligaa ha u isticmaalin Dab-bakhtiiyeyaasha Biyaha ama Guriga Dabka Saliida Voltage-sare ee Nool"]
    C --> G["Hubi fiilooyinka hoos loo dhigay ama dayrarka silsiladda tamar leh ka hor inta aanad dhaqaaqin"]
    D --> H["Haddi Lagu Qasbo Inaad Ka Baxdo Baabuurka Gubanaya: Si Cad Labada Lugood Isku Wada Bood, Waligaa Baabuurka Iyo Dhulka Iskumar Ha taaban, Isku shaandhayn 30m"]
    E --> I["Akhri Lambarka Aqoonsiga Stencil meel fog oo ka wac Khadka Gurmadka Ah ee Mudnaanta Utility Electric"]
    F --> J["Sug inta laymanayaasha tasiilaadka si ay u go'doomiyaan goynta aasaasiga ah ka hor inta aan la xakamayn dabka ama nadiifinta"]

1. Waa maxay sababta tiirarka tas-hiilaadka ay u "u qarxaan" sida qoriga toogashada: Fiyuuska gooyay¶

Laba dhacdo oo kala duwan ayaa ku dhaca tiirarka sare:

• ** Hawlgalka Goynta Fiyuuska Aasaasiga ah ("Shotgun Boom"):** Kormayl kasta oo tiirka sare waxa uu fadhiyaa fiyuuska fiyuuska ah ee loo yaqaan ** goynta fiyuuska eryiga ah**. Marka dabagaalaha, laanta, ama hillaaca kor u kaco ay abuurto qulqulo degdeg ah, isku xirka fiyuuska ee gudaha ayaa dhalaaliya oo uumi xayndaabka fiber-ka gudaha ah, isaga oo abuuraya qarax gaas cadaadiskiisu sareeyo kaas oo afuufaya arc oo leh **140-decibel warbixinta qoriga **, qiiq cad, iyo foosto fiyuus ah oo furan.
• ** Fashilka taangiga gudaha ee masiibada ah (Arc Flash iyo Dabka Saliida):** Marka wareegga gaaban uu dhaco * gudaha * durbaanka birta ah ee xiran, qaansada korantada waxay ka hooseysaa 50 ilaa 250 litir (13 ilaa 65 gallon) oo saliid macdan ah ** 10,000 ilaa 19,000 darajo Celsius (18,5000 Fahrenheit) Saliiddu waxa ay noqotaa walxaha qarxa hydrogen, acetylene, iyo gaas methane. Cadaadisku wuxuu ka soo baxaa daboolka birta, wuxuu jeexjeexaa buushka weelka, ama wuxuu dillaacaa tolitaanka taangiga, wuxuu ku buufiyaa saliid gubanaya deyrarka iyo saqafka.

2. Dusha sare vs. suuf ku rakiban vs. transformers Subsurface: Isbarbardhigga khatarta¶

Badbaadada degdega ah Inta lagu jiro Qaraxa Transformer Firfircoon ama Dabka Tiirka¶

Marka transformer xaafadeed uu qarxo ama uu tiir alwaax ahi uu dab qabsado meesha isgooska ah, khataraha isla markiiba waa ** biraha dhalaalay ee hawada laga shubay iyo firileyda, soo dhacaya kirishbooyada hoose ee korantada sare, koronto-jilicsan dhulka, iyo qiiq sun ah**.

1. Ka bixitaanka aagga dayrta iyo xeerka "Span-Plus-One".¶

Marka transformer-ka gubanaya ama isgoysyada uu ka gubto tiirka sare ee alwaax ama uu dhalaaliyo kirishbooyga, xiisadda xariiqdu waxay keentaa in siliga go'ay uu si xoog leh ugu garaaco waddooyinka, waddooyinka, iyo saqafka sare ee saqafka.

• ** Dib uga noqo meel ka baxsan tiirarka ku xiga ("Span-Plus-One" Rule):** Sababtoo ah xadhigga asaasiga ah ama tiirka burburay ayaa hoos u dhigaya xiisadda dhammaan taako u dhexeeya labada tiir, guurto ** ugu yaraan hal tiir buuxa oo dheer ** marka lagu daro u dhaqaaqista 30 ilaa 50 mitir (100 ilaa 165 cagood) si siman ee xariiqda.
• ** Ka fiirso daariyaasha sare ee tamarta leh iyo deyrarka:** Haddii silig hoose oo 13,800-volt ah dhacay uu ku dahaadho deyrka silsiladda birta ah, waardiyaha, fiilada birta ah, ama fiilada coaxial, ** waxay tamar siinaysaa dhismahaas birta ah oo dhan boqolaal mitir hoos baloogga ***. Weligaa ha taaban xayndaabka silsiladda ah ama albaab meel u dhow dabka tiirka firfircoon.
• Indhahaaga ka ilaali fallaadhaha arc: Weligaa si toos ah ha u eegin fallaadho koronto. Fallaadho koronto leh ayaa soo daaya ** ultraviolet (UV-B iyo UV-C) shucaaca ** kaas oo sababa xanuun xanuun badan photokeratitis ("insha baalka" fallaadhaha korneal gubta) ilbiriqsiyo gudahood.

2. Baxsashada Talaabada suurtagalka ah iyo taabashada suurtagalka ah haddii siligu ku dhaco agtaada¶

Marka khadka korontadu uu dhulka la soo xiriiro, ama marka koronto-dhaliyaha suufka ku rakiban uu gaabsado suufkiisa shubka ah, korontadu waxay ku faaftaa bannaanka ciidda iyada oo ku jirta giraannada korantada ee xoogga leh (tusaale ahaan, 13,800V qaladka, 10,000V 1 mitir, 6,000V at 3 mitir).

• Waa maxay sababta socodku kuu dilayo (Tallaabada suurtogalka ah): Haddii aad qaado tallaabo caadi ah 0.8-mitir (2.5-foot) adigoo cararaya, cagtaada hore waxay ku istaagi kartaa ciidda tamarta 4,000 volts halka cagtaada dambe ay taagan tahay 6,000 volts. Taasi **2,000-volt farqigu waxa uu kor u kacaa hal lug, iyada oo loo marayo miskahaaga iyo lafahaaga, iyo hoos lugta kale ***, taas oo keenaysa xirmo degdeg ah oo wadnaha ah.
• ** Isku-shaandhaynta Labada-cagood ama Bunny Hop:**
  1. **Labada cagood iyo anqawyada si adag iskula dheji *** si labada kabood ay ugu sii sugnaadaan awood isku mid ah.
  2. ** Isku shaandhayn gadaal ama dibed** adigoo hal lugood simbiriirixanaya dhowr sentimitir (2 ilaa 3 inji) markiiba adigoon cagahaaga kala kicin, **ama ka bood adigoo labada cagood si adag u wada xidhan ** si ay labada cagood dhulka u taabtaan isla markiiba.
  3. ** Weligaa ha ku taaban shay kasta (baabuur, xayndaab, geed, tiir, ama qof) gacmahaaga marka aad isku shaandheynayso** (Taabo suurtagal ah). Sii wad ilaa aad ka nadiifinayso 15 ilaa 30 mitir (50 ilaa 100 cagood)

3. Maxaa la sameeyaa haddii koronto-bixiye dab qabsado ama khadka soo dhacay uu gurigaaga qabsado¶

1. Gudaha joog haddii siligu bannaanka ku yaal cawskaaga ama dariiqa gaadhiga gurigaaguna aanu dab ka shidnayn: Waxaad aad uga badbaadsan tahay gudaha gurigaaga intii aad ka gudubtay dayrka tamarta leh. Ka fogow daaqadaha u jeeda beddelka.
2. Ha taaban korantada weyn ee gurigaaga haddii hoos u dhaca adeegga uu yahay mid shidan, sigaar cabba, ama uu ku dhacay khad hoose oo dhacay: Korantada aasaasiga ah (7,200V ilaa 13,800V) gelitaanka dhibicda adeegga 120/240V waxay keeni kartaa in sanduuqa guriga laftiisa uu qarxo oo qarxiyo. Ka fogow guddiga jebiya, tuubooyinka biyaha, iyo qalabka elektarooniga ah ee ku xiran.
3. Haddii qaraxa transformer-ku uu shido saqafkaaga ama saqafkaaga, ka bax dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ee guriga: Ka soo bax albaab ama daaqad ka fog fiilooyinka kore ee dhacay iyo transformer-ka gubanaya ka dib markaad dhulka ka fiiriso khadadka soo dhacay.

Isku-dhacyada Baabuurka ee Badal-beelayaasha Ku-xidhan Cagaaran ama Tiirarka Adeegga¶

Baabuurta ku silbaata laamiga qoyan, qalooca baraf leh, ama meelaha baabuurta la dhigto ayaa si joogto ah u xiira tiirarka alwaaxda ama waxay si toos ah ugu xidhaan sanduuqyada beddelka suufka cagaaran ku rakiban. Labada xaaladoodba waxay si joogta ah ugu dabinayaan dadka gaariga ku jira gudaha guri nool 7,200-ilaa-34,500-volt qafis koronto.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       TRAPPED IN A VEHICLE ON A GREEN TRANSFORMER BOX OR POLE           |
|                                                                         |
|  1. STAY INSIDE THE CAR: Your rubber tires do NOT insulate you against  |
|     high voltage, but while inside the metal cabin (Faraday cage),      |
|     you are at the SAME voltage potential and current will not cross    |
|     your body.                                                          |
|  2. DO NOT TOUCH METAL DOOR FRAMES AND THE GROUND AT THE SAME TIME.     |
|  3. ROLL DOWN WINDOW slightly and shout to bystanders:                  |
|     "STAY BACK 30 METERS. THE CAR AND GROUND ARE LIVE. CALL 911."       |
|  4. ONLY EXIT IF THE CAR OR TRANSFORMER OIL CATCHES FIRE:               |
|     - Open door wide without touching exterior metal body.              |
|     - Stand on the door sill, cross arms over chest.                    |
|     - JUMP CLEAR with BOTH FEET TOGETHER so you are completely airborne |
|       before touching the ground.                                       |
|     - SHUFFLE OR HOP (feet together) 30 meters (100 feet) away.         |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Marka baabuurku burburiyo kabadh koronto-bixiye-ku-saaran oo cagaar ah, birta birta ah ama xiiraya waxay dhex maraan xusulka jabinta culayska sare ee korantada ee hoose ee gudaha golaha iyadoo ay dillaacinayso haanta saliidda gudaha.

• Haddii uusan jirin dab ama qiiq: Ku fadhiiso gudaha gaariga adiga oo gacmahaaga dhabta ku haya, wac nambarka degdega ah ee deegaankaaga (911 / 112 / 999), oo sug ilaa laymanka korantada ka imanaya goobta oo ay jidh ahaan kuu sheegaan in wareegga aasaasiga ah ee dhulka hoostiisa la demiyay oo la dejiyay. Xataa dab-demiyeyaasha kama soo jiidan karaan baabuurka ilaa ay korontada ka goyso.
• Haddii qiiq madow ama olol ka soo baxo sanduuqa cagaarka ah ee la jajabiyey ee ka hooseeya boombarkaaga: Waa inaad ka tagtaa baabuurka ka hor inta aanay haanta saliidda macdanta ee dillaacsan aanay daboolin qolka. Raac habka bood-iyo-shuffle ee kore: weligaa hal lug mar ha u bixin, waligaa ha qaban albaabka baabuurka inta cagtaadu taabato laamiga, oo si fiican u bood adiga oo labada cagood la isku cadaadiyo ka hor intaadan isku shaandhayn 30 mitir (100 cagood) dabayl sare ah.

Hanjabaadda Xaafadda Aamusan: Furan, Ajar, ama Sanduuqyada beddelka Cagaaran oo dhaawacmay¶

Ku dhex lugee ku dhawaad xaafad kasta oo xaafadeed ah, barxad guri, xerada dugsiga, ama goobta baabuurta la dhigto ee xarunta wax iibsiga waxaadna dhaafi doontaa daraasiin armaajooyin bir ah oo cagaar madow ah oo ku fadhiya suufyo shub ah. Deganayaal badan ayaa si qalad ah u maleeya in sanduuqyadani ay yihiin taleefoon yar oo korantada ah ama isgoysyada fiilada-TV-ga.

1. Sida loogu sheego transformer-ka cagaaran ee Voltage-ka sare leh ee isgaadhsiinta ee hooseeya¶

2. Maxaa ku dhex jira golaha beddelka cagaaran ee qufulan¶

Marka albaabka hore ee isbedbedelka suufka ku rakiban uu furmo, ma jiro ** gaashaan hoose oo hoose** naqshado badan oo hore oo hal waji ah:

• Dhanka bidix (Qaybta Hoose): Caag ku dahaaran ** xusullada culeyska korantada-sare leh** xambaarsan 7,200 ilaa 19,900 volts ku xidho buushka korantada sare, oo ay weheliso xarkaha dhulka iyo tilmaamayaasha khaladka. Haddii kabaha suxulka uu dillaaco, uu hoos u dhigo ozone, ama uu soo jiido xoogaa dabacsan, korontadu waxay qaadi kartaa hawada ilaa dhowr sentimitir ilaa gacanta ilmaha ama qalab bir ah iyada oo aan si toos ah taabteen.
• Dhanka midig (Qaybta Sare): Culus, badiyaa ** si buuxda u qaawan, naxaas aan daah lahayn ama busbarrada aluminiumka ah iyo marinnada spade ** tamar ku leh ** 120/240 volts (ama 277/480 volts ee aagagga ganacsiga)*** awood u leh bixinta **1,000 ilaa 10 amper. Ilmaha gudaha u soo galaya si uu u soo saaro kubad ama toy, ama eey sanka ku dhega gudaha si uu u nuugo buulka jiirka, ayaa taabta terminal tamar leh oo qaawan oo sababa koronto degdeg ah ama qarax fallaadho ah.

3. Nidaamka tillaabo-tallaabo marka aad hesho sanduuq furan, furan, ama daxalaystay¶

1. Jooji ugu yaraan 3 ilaa 10 mitir (10 ilaa 33 cagood) u jirta. Ha u soo kicin golaha wasiirada si aad gudaha ugu fiirsatid, ha isku dayin inaad ku riixdo albaabka birta lulaya ee gacantaada ama cagtaada ku xidhan, hana ku tusin ul. Haddii silig gudaha ah ama busku u leexday dhinaca albaabka, dhammaan armaajooyinka birta cagaaran waxa laga yaabaa in lagu tamarsiiyo tamarta aasaasiga ah.
2. ** Hubi daloolada saliidda ama godadka miridhku ee salka:** Rushshadaha cawska iyo milixda dariiqa ayaa had iyo jeer ka daadanaya daxalka ka soo baxa geesaha hoose ee transformers-ka cagaaran, taas oo u ogolaanaysa in saliidda dahaadhida ay ku soo daadato suufka shubka ah. Marka heerka saliida gudaha uu hoos uga dhaco dabaylaha korantada sare ee gudaha haanta danbe, transformer-ku waxa uu halis ugu jiraa **kuleyl xad dhaaf ah, gudaha ka ololaya, iyo qarxin ***.
3. ** Dhig waardiye qaangaar ah oo isticmaal carqaladaha aragga ee ku meel gaadhka ah meel fog:** Haddii albaabka golaha wasiiradu u furan yahay meel u dhow laamiga, garoonka ciyaaraha, ama joogsiga baska, dhig koofiyada taraafig ee liimiga ah, qasacadaha qashinka, ama kuraasta cawska ee goobaabin ballaaran ** 5 ilaa 10 mitir (16 ilaa 33 cagood) hareeraha sanduuqa *** qofna ilaali ilaa inta uu gaadhiga tamarta ka imanayo.
4. Isticmaal qoraalka saxda ah ee utility script dirida degdega ah ee hoose: Weligaa ha ku soo waramin sanduuqa transformer-ka cagaaran ee furan adigoo isticmaalaya foom shabakad online ah oo gaabis ah ama iimaylka adeegga macaamiisha ee aan degdega ahayn. Wac utility koronto 24-saac nambarka degdega ah/lambarka khadka hoose (iyo 911/112/999 haddii albaabku si weyn u furan yahay meel dadweyne ah oo carruurtu joogaan:

** Script Utility Dispatch Script:** "Waxaan ka warbixinaya Mudnaanta 1 Khatarta Nolosha-Nololeed: Furan oo furan oo koronto-dhal leh oo koronto-dhal ah oo ku rakiban qalabyo gudaha ah oo leh qaybo gudaha ah oo bannaan. Waxay ku taallaa horteeda [Cinwaanka Waddada/ Cross Street]. Lambarka Aqoonsiga Utility ee ku yaal xagga hore ee sanduuqa cagaaran waa [Akhri warqadaha stencil/lambarada fogfog, fadlan soo dhaaf dhinaca midigta ee talefoonka carruurta. dhibane ama shaqaalaha khadka isla markaaba si ay u sugaan oo ay u xidhaan golaha wasiirada, una soo dir dabdamiska deegaanka si ay u garab istaagaan haddii shaqaalahaagu ay maqan yihiin in ka badan 20 daqiiqo."

Qiiqa sunta ah, Saliida Macdanta Dielectric, iyo Wasakhda PCB ee Dhaxalgalka ah¶

Marka koronto-bixiye dusha sare ku rakiban yahay uu dillaaco ama gubto, dareeraha soo daadanaya iyo qiiqa madow ee qaro weyn ee ka soo baxaya daboolka waxay u baahan yihiin taxadar adag oo halis ah.

1. Waxa ku jira saliidda beddelka: saliidda macdanta, silikoon, iyo PCBs¶

Transformers-yada casriga ah ee la soo saaray 1980-kii ka dib waxaa lagu sifeeyay si heer sare ah loo sifeeyay ** saliid paraffin ama naphthenic macdanta ***, dhibic-dabka sare ** dareeraha silikoon **, ama biodegradable ** ester dabiiciga ah (khudradda-abuurka) dareere ***. Xataa marka ay gebi ahaanba bilaash tahay PCB, saliidda macdanta gubanaysa waxay abuurtaa daruuro cufan oo ah hydrocarbons aromatic polycyclic (PAHs), carbon monoxide, acrid aldehydes, iyo soot kuwaas oo kiciya bronchospasm daran iyo pneumonitis kiimikaad haddii la neefsado.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, laga bilaabo ** 1929 ilaa dabayaaqadii 1970-meeyadii ** (waxaa laga mamnuucay Mareykanka EPA ee hoos timaada Xeerka Xakamaynta Walxaha Sunta ee **1979 **, iyo guud ahaan Yurub iyo Boqortooyada Midowday ilaa 1980-meeyadii), boqollaal kun oo koronto-bixiyeyaal ah iyo capacitors tiir ayaa ka buuxsamay Askarel (Polychlorinated Biphenys, ganacsiyada hoostooda) Inerteen, iyo Chlorextol) ama saliid macdano ah oo iskutallaabtay PCB-yada inta lagu jiro adeegga.

• Waa maxay sababta PCB-yada dhaxalka ah ay wali uga jiraan tiirarka xaafadaha maanta: Iyadoo tasiilaadka laga saaray badmaaxayaasha PCB-ga saafiga ah ("Askarel") tobanaan sano ka hor, kumaan kun oo transformers bir ah oo qadiimi ah iyo unugyo miyi ah oo la sameeyay ka hor 1980 ayaa ku sii jira adeega ama ka kooban saliid macdanta wasakhaysan PCB (50 ilaa 500 qaybood halkii milyan PCBs).
• ** Dioxin iyo Furan Khatarta Dabka:** Marka saliidda beddelka ee ay ku jiraan PCB-yada iyo benzene koloriinaysan ay ku gubtaan qaanso koronto ama dab tiirar ah 300 ilaa 900 darajo Celsius (570 ilaa 1,650 darajo Fahrenheit), qayb oksaydhisku u beddelo PCB-yada ** polychlorinated dibenzofurans iyo poly-chlorinzofurans (PCDF) (PCDDs)**, kuwaas oo ka mid ah xeryahooda sunta ah ee joogtada ah ee la yaqaan.

2. Sida loo akhriyo heerka kombuyuutarka ee PCB meel fog oo ammaan ah¶

Waligaa ha u dhawaan tafaftiraha soo daadanaaya ama dhaawacan si aad u baadho saxanka birta ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, laga bilaabo 15 ilaa 30 mitir (50 ilaa 100 cagood) u jirta adiga oo isticmaalaya binoculars ama zoom kamarada casriga ah, ka raadi utility ** Non PCB Decal ***:

• Buluug, Cagaaran, ama Cadaan "NON-PCB" sticker: Tan iyo 1980-meeyadii, adeegyo badan oo Waqooyiga Ameerika iyo kuwa caalamiga ah waxay ku dhejiyaan labajibbaaran ** buluug ama cagaaran *** (ama stencil) NON-PCB / < 1 ppm PCB / NO PCBs) xagga hoose ama dhinaca daasadaha is beddelka sare ee la warshadeeyay ama shaybaadhka lagu tijaabiyay in aanay ku jirin PCB-yada.
• ** Ma jiro sticker ama Pre-1980-kii Rusted Dark-Gray Can / Pole Capacitor:** Haddii korantada da'da weyn, cimiladu aad u culus tahay ama bangi capacitor ku rakiban tiir leydi leh ** aan lahayn PCB decal ***, labada waaxood ee dabdemiska iyo maamulayaasha deegaanku waxay ula dhaqmaan saliid kasta oo daatay ama dambas sida ** wasakhda PCB Qandaraaslaha hazmat deegaanka utility wuxuu tijaabiyaa muunad.

3. nadiifinta wasakheynta mulkiilaha guriga iyo borotokoolka nadiifinta ka dib marka saliid lagu buufiyo¶

Haddii transformer-ka xaafadu dilaaco oo uu ku buufiyo dhibco saliid leh oo cad, amber, ama madow ah baabuurkaaga, geesaha, cawska, beerta, ama maqaarka:

1. Is-ka-saarista Maqaarka iyo Isha degdega ah:
   • Ka saar dharka wasakhaysan isla markaaba, ku xidh bac qashin ah, iyo maqaarka saameeya biyo diirran iyo saabuun khafiif ah ku dhaq 15 daqiiqo. Weligaa ha isticmaalin kerosene, shidaal, ama dareere maqaarka, kaas oo soo dedejiya nuugista PCB ee maqaarka.
   • Indhaha ku nadiifi biyo tuubo oo diirran ilaa 15 daqiiqo haddii ceeryaamo indhaha gasho.
2. Meesha Hoyga Lagaga Hortagayo Qiiq Dabka Transformer:
   • Keen xubnaha qoyska iyo xawayaanka guriga gudihiisa, ** xidh daaqadaha iyo dampers-ka dabka lagu shido *, iyo ** dami marawaxadaha dhexe ee HVAC iyo qaboojiyayaasha daaqadaha si qiiq furan aanu gudaha ugu soo bixin.
3. ** Waligaa Saliida Transformer-ka haku Hoosin Jidka Baabuurta ama Laftaada ha taaban:**
   • *** haku dhaqin saliida transformer-ka ee daatay baabuurkaaga ama wadadaada adigoo isticmaalaya tuubo; samaynta sidaas waxay ku faafisaa saliida iyo PCB-yada suurtagalka ah ee ciidda iyo mashiinnada duufaanka.
   • Sida waafaqsan shuruucda deegaanka ee federaalka iyo qaranka (sida US EPA 40 CFR 761 Qayb-hoosaad G iyo UK/EU qawaaniinta qashinka khatarta ah), ** korontada ayaa boqolkiiba 100 sharci ahaan iyo dhaqaale ahaan mas'uul ka ah muunad, qodista ciidda, iyo wasakheynta**. Codso in qandaraaslaha hazmat ee tamarta uu qodo ciidda qoyan ee saliidda, laamiyada nadiifka ah ee saameeyay iyo baabuurta, oo uu bixiyo ** shahaado shaybaar oo qoraal ah ee falanqaynta PCB**.
4. ** Tuur Waxsoosaarka Beerta ee Saliida Transformer-ka ah ama Soot-ka-soo-saarka:**
   • Ha dhaqin oo ha cunin wax soo saarka ay ku dhufatay saliid transformer ama danbas madow. Bac oo iska tuur dalagyada dhulka kor ku xusan oo leh tijaabada utility ama beddel 15 sentimitir (6 inji) ee ciidda beerta.

Ilaalinta Alaabta Gurigaaga iyo Xadhkahaaga Inta lagu jiro Cilad-beddele¶

Kahor inta aan fiyuuska aasaasiga ah ee transformer-ku afuufin, wax yar oo u dhexeeya dabaylaha hoose iyo kuwa sare ama dabaylaha dhexdhexaadka ah ee go'an ("dhexdhexaadka furan") ayaa u diri kara koronto rabshado wata guri kasta oo cutubkaas quudiyo.

• ** Aqoonso dhex-dhexaadka furan ee gurigaaga dhexdiisa:** Haddii kala badh nalalkaagu u noqdaan kuwo indho la'aan ah halka qaybta kalena isu rogaan orange, siligga dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa gubtay, isagoo u diraya 180 ilaa 210 volts badh ka mid ah xarumaha 120V. 60 ilbiriqsi gudahood, wareegyadaas waxay shiili karaan qalabka elektiroonigga ah iyo looxa foornada ama waxay shidi karaan xargaha korontada.
• ** Marka hore ka hubi guddiga jebiya meel u jirta 1 mitir (3 cagood)
• Haddii guddigu aamusan yahay oo qaboobo, ka rogo jebinta ugu weyn: Istaag hal dhinac oo ka mid ah albaabka guddiga xiran, iska eeg, oo ** jebinta weyn *** hal gacan ku dami *** hal gacan, ka dibna ka saar talaajadaha, qaboojiyeyaasha, iyo qaboojiyeyaasha si aad uga hortagto waxyeelada soo booda marka korontadu soo noqoto. Eeg Duub-ka-baxa, korontadu, iyo qalabka kombaresarada ka-hortagga gubashada iyo Shabaqyada gobolka oo dumay iyo mugdi.
• Ka hubi qolalka qiiqaya ilaalinta qalliinka: Xariijimaha balaastikada ah ayaa ku dhibtoon kara Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) kulaylka cararka inta lagu jiro cilad beddelka; qol kasta ka hubi urinta baco gubtay.

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda¶

Ilaha la hubiyay¶

• ** Maamulka Badbaadada iyo Caafimaadka Shaqada (OSHA, Mareykanka):** * Halbeegga Qaybinta Korontada, Gudbinta iyo29 CFR 1910.269)* iyo Qaybta V (29 CFR 1926.950) masaafada ugu yar ee korantada sare, khataraha fallaadh-flash, tillaabada iyo taabashada kartida, iyo shuruudaha xiritaanka qalabka suufka ku rakiban.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Soosaarista, Habaynta, Qaybinta Ganacsiga iyo Mamnuucyada Isticmaalka Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)40 CFR Part 761), oo ay ku jiraan Qayb-hoosaadka G (* PCB Spill Cleanup Policy*) iyo talooyinka halista dioxin/furan dab-damiska.
• ** Xeerka Badbaadada Korantada Qaranka (NESC / IEEE C2) iyo Ururka Soosaarayaasha Korontada Qaranka (NEMA, United States):** * NEMA C57.12.28 / C57.12.29 Heerarka Wanaagga Qalabka Dabka-Mounted Equipment Enclosure Standards * calaamadayn).
• Ururka Ilaalinta Dabka ee Qaranka (NFPA, United States) & Maamulka Caafimaadka iyo Badbaadada (HSE, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska): Hagida xakamaynta dabka tamarta korantada, khataraha dabka dareeraha tamarta sare leh, iyo borotokoolka go'doonka degdega ahHSE GS6 / HSG47).
• ** Wakaalada Walxaha Sunta ah iyo Diiwaanka Cudurada (ATSDR / CDC, United States):** * Tilmaamaha Maareynta Caafimaadka ee Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)* iyo borotokoollada wasakhaynta maqaarka iyo neefsashada degdega ah kadib dillaaca qalabka korantada.

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha¶

• Xadhkaha korontadu hoos u dhacay iyo korontadii baabuurta
• Qaraxii balaastigga ahaa, qalabka korontadu sareeyo, iyo isteeshinka gubanaya
• Godad sigaar cabbista, qaraxyada korantada ee dhulka hoostiisa, iyo dilaacyada tubooyinka uumiga
• Danab taabto jidka dhinaceeda (volt qalaad) oo saaran nalalka waddooyinka, godad biyoodka, iyo tiirarka tamarta
• Duub-ka-baxa, korontadu, iyo qalabka kombaresarada ka-hortagga gubashada
• Shabaqyada gobolka oo dumay iyo mugdi
• Gargaarka degdegga ah ee shoogga korontada
• Nambarada degdega ah